2016年全国硕士研究生招生考试英语(一)试题(完整版)

2015 年全国硕士研究生入学一致考试英语一试题Section 1 Use of EnglishDirections:Read the following text. Choose the best word(s) for each numbered blank and mark [A], [B], [C]or [D] onANSWER SHEET 1. (10 points)Though not biologically related, friends are as related as fourth cousins, sharing about 1% of genes. That is 1 astudy published from the University of California and Yale University in the Proceedings ofthe NationalAcademy of Sciences, has 2 .The study is a genome-wide analysis conducted 3 1932 unique subjects which 4 pairs of unrelated friends andunrelated strangers. The same people were used in both 5 .While 1% may seem 6 , it is not so toa geneticist. AsJames Fowler, professor of medical genetics at UC San Diego, says, Most people do not even 7 their fourthcousins but somehow manage to select as friends the people who 8 our kin.The study 9 found that the genes for smell were something shared in friends but not genesfor immunity. Whythis similarity in olfactory genes is difficult to explain, for now. 10 Perhaps, as the team suggests,it draws us tosimilar environments but there is more 11 it. There could be many mechanisms working in tandem that 12 us inchoosing genetically similar friends 13 than nal kinship of being friends with 14 !One of the remarkablefindings of the study was that the similar genes seem to be evolving 15 than other genes. Studying this couldhelp 16 why human evolution picked pace in the last 30,000 years, with social environment beinga major 17The findings do not simply corroborate peoples 18 to befriend those of similar 19 backgrounds,say theresearchers. Though all the subjects were drawn from a population of European extraction,care was taken to 20that all subjects, friends and strangers were taken from the same population. The team also controlled the data tocheck ancestry of subjects.Section II Reading Comprehension1、What2、Concluded223、On4、Compared5、Samples6、Insignificant7、Know8、Resemble9、Also10、 Perhaps11、 To12、 Drive13、 Ratherthan14、 Benefits15、 Faster16、 understand17、 Contributory18、 Tendency19、 Ethnic20、 see23Read the following four texts. Answer the questions below each text by choosing [A], [B], [C] or [D]. Markyour answers on ANSWER SHEET 1. (40 points)原标题： 2015 年考研英语一真题答案（完好版）TEXT 1King Juan Carlos of Spain once insistedkings dont abdicate, they die in their sleep. But embarrassing scandalsand the popularity of the republicans left in the recent Euro-elections have forced him to eat his words and standdown. So, does the Spanish crisis suggest that monarchy is seeing its last days Does thatmean the writing is onthe wall for all European royals, with their magnificent uniforms and majestic lifestylesThe Spanish case provides arguments both for and against monarchy. When public opinion is particularlypolarized, as it was following the end of the France regime, monarchs can rise above mere polities and embodya spirit of national unity.It is this apparent transcendence of polities that explains monarchys continuing popularity as heads of state. Andso, the Middle East expected, Europe is the most monarch-infested region in the world, with 10 kingdoms (notcounting Vatican City and Andorra). But unlike their absolutist counterparts in the Gulf and Asia, most royalfamilies have survived because they allow voters to avoid the difficult search for a non-controversial butrespected public figure.Even so, kings and queens undoubtedly have a downside. Symbolic of national unity as they claim to be, theirvery history-and sometimes the way they behave today-embodies outdated and indefensible privileges andinequalities. At a time when Thomas Piketty and other economists are warming of rising inequality and theincreasing power of inherited wealth, it is bizarre that wealthy aristocratic families should stillbe the symbolicheart of modern democratic states.The most successful monarchies strive to abandon or hide their old aristocratic ways. Princes and princesseshave day-jobs and ride bicycles, not horses (or helicopters). Even so, these are wealthyfamilies who party withthe international 1%, and media intrusiveness makes it increasingly difficult to maintain the right image.While Europes monarchies will no doubt be smart enough to survive for some time to come, itis the Britishroyals who have most to fear from the Spanish example.24It is only the Queen who has preserved the monarchys reputation with her rather ordinary (if well-heeled)granny style. The danger will come with Charles, who has both an expensive taste of lifestyleand a prettyhierarchical view of the world. He has failed to understand that monarchies have largelysurvived because theyprovide a service-as non-controversial and non-political heads of state. Charles ought to know that as Englishhistory shows, it is kings, not republicans, who are the monarchys worst enemies.21.According to the first two graphs, King Juan Carlos ofSpain [A]eased his relationship with his rivals.[B]used to enjoy high public support.[C]was unpopular among European royals.[D]ended his reign in embarrassment.22.Monarchs are kept as head of state in Europe mostly[A]to give voters more public figures to look up to.[B]to achieve a balance between tradition and reality.[C]owing to their undoubted and respectable status.[D]due to their everlasting political embodiment.23.Which of the following is shown to be odd, according to graph4 [A] The role of the nobility in modern democracies.[B] Aristocrats excessive reliance on inherited wealth.[C] The simple lifestyle of the aristocratic families.[D] The nobilitys adherence to their privileges.2524.The British royals have most to fear because Charles[A]takes a tough line on political issues.[B]fails to change his lifestyle as advised.[C]takes republicans as his potential allies.[D]fails to adapt himself to his future role.25.Which of the following is the best title of the text[A]Carlos, Glory and Disgrace Combined[B]Charles, Anxious to Succeed to the Throne[C]Charles, Slow to React to the Coming Threats[D]Carlos, a Lesson for All European Monarchs21.Dended his reign in embarrassment.22.C owing to the undoubted and respectable status23.A the role of the nobility in modern democracy24.B fails to change his lifestyle as advised.25.D Carlos, a lesson for all MonarchiesTEXT 2Just how much does the Constitution protect your digital data The Supreme Court will now consider whetherpolice can search the contents of a mobile phone without a warrant if the phone is on or arounda person duringan arrest.26California has asked the justices to refrain from a sweeping ruling, particularly one thatupsets the oldassumptions that authorities may search through the possessions of suspects at the time of their arrest. It is hard,the state argues, for judges to assess the implications of new and rapidly changing technologies. The court would be recklessly modest if it followed Californias advice. Enough of the implications arediscernable, even obvious, so that the justice can and should provide updated guidelines to police, lawyers anddefendants.They should start by discarding Californias lame argument that exploring the contents of a smartphone- a vaststorehouse of digital information is similar to say, going through a suspects purse .The court has ruled thatpolice dont violate the Fourth Amendment when they go through the wallet or pocketbook, of an arresteewithout a warrant. But exploring ones smartphone is more like entering his or her home. A smartphone maycontain an arrestees reading history, financial history, medical history and comprehensive records of recentcorrespondence. The development of cloud computing. meanwhile, has made that exploration so much theeasier.But the justices should not swallow Californias argument whole. New, disruptive technology sometimesdemands novel applications of the Constitutions protections. Orin Kerr, a law professor, compares the explosionand accessibility of digital information in the 21st century with the establishment ofautomobile use as a digitalnecessity of life in the 20th: The justices had to specify novel rules for the new personaldomain of thepassenger car then; they must sort out how the Fourth Amendment applies to digital information now.26.The Supreme court, will work out whether, during an arrest, it is legitimateto [A] search for suspects mobile phones without a warrant.[B] check suspects phone contents without being authorized.[C] prevent suspects from deleting their phone contents.[D] prohibit suspects from using their mobile phones.27.The authors attitude toward Californias argument is one of[A]tolerance.27[B]indifference.[C]disapproval.[D]cautiousness.28.The author believes that exploring ones phone content is combleto [A] getting into ones residence.[B] handing ones historical records.[C] scanning ones correspondences.[D] going through ones wallet.29.In graph 5 and 6, the author shows his concern that[A] principles are hard to be clearly expressed.[B] the court is giving police less room for action. [C]phones are used to store sensitive information.[D] citizens privacy is not effective protected.30.Orin Kerrs comparison is quoted to indicate that(A)the Constitution should be implemented flexibly.(B)New technology requires reinterpretation of the Constitution.(C)Californias argument violates principles of the Constitution.(D)Principles of the Constitution should never be altered.2826.28.A getting into ones residence29. D citizens privacy is not effectively protected30.B new technology requires reinterpretation of theconstitution Text 3The journal Science is adding an extra source at Peer-review process, editor-in-chief Marcia McNott announcedtoday. The Follows similar efforts from other journals, after widespread concern that Mistakes in data analysisare contributing to the Published research findings.Readers must have confidence in the conclusions published in our journal,writes McNutt inan editorial.Working with the American Statistical Association, the Journal has appointed seven experts toa statistics boardof reviewing Manut will be flagged up for additional scrutiny by the Journals editors, or by its existing Board ofReviewing Editors or by outside peer The SBoRE panel will then find external statisticians to review theseAsked whether any particular papers had impelled the change, McNutt said,The creation of thestatisticsboardwas motivated by concerns broadly with the application of statistics and data analysis in scientificresearch and is part of Sciences overall drive to increase reproducibility in the research we publish.Giovanni Parmigiani ， a biostatistician at the Harvard School of Public Health, a mr of theSBoRE group, sayshe expects the board to play primarily on advisory role. He agreed to join because he foundthe foresight behindthe establishment of the SBoREto be novel, unique and likely to have a lasting impact. This impact will notonly be through the publications in Science itself, but hopefully through a larger group of publishing places thatmay want to model their approach after Science.John Ioannidis, a physician who studies research methodology, says that the policy is a most welcome stepforwardand long overdue,Most journals are weak in statistical review ， and this damages the quality of what theypublish. I think that, for the majority of scientific papers nowadays, statistical review is more essential thanexpert review,he says. But he noted that biomedical journals such as Annals of Internal Medicine, the Journal ofthe American Medical Association and The Lancet pay strong attention to statistical review.29Professional scientists are expected to know how to analyze data, but statistical errors are alarmingly commonin published research ，according to David Vaux，a cell biologist. Researchers should improve their standards, hewrote in 2012， but journals should also take a tougher line ， engaging reviewers who are statistically literate andeditors who can verify the process.Vaux says that Sciences idea to pass some papers to statisticians has somemerit ，but a weakness is that it relies on the board of reviewing editors to identifythe papers that need scrutinyinthe first place.31. It can be learned from graph I that[A]Science intends to simplify its peer-review process.[B]journals are strengthening their statistical checks.[C]few journals are blamed for mistakes in data analysis.[D]lack of data analysis is common in research projects.32.The phrase flagged up (.2)is the closest in meaning to[A]found.[B]revised.[C]marked[D]stored33.Giovanni Parmigiani believes that the establishment of the SBoRE may[A]pose a threat to all its peers[B]meet with strong opposition[C]increase Sciences circulation.[D]set an example for other journals3034.David Vaux holds that what Science is doing now35.Which of the following is the best title of the text A.Science Joins Push to Screen Statistics in Papers B.Professional Statisticians Deserve More Respect C.Data Analysis Finds Its Way onto Editors Desks D.Statisticians Are Coming Back with Science31.B journals are strengthening their statistical checks32.B marked33.D set an example for other journals34.C has room for further improvement35.A science joins Push to screen statistics in papersText4Two years ago. Rupert Murdochs daughter, spoke at the unsettling dearth of integrity acrossso many of ourcollapsed, she argued, because of a collective acceptance that the mechanismin society shouldbe profit and themarket we the people who create the society we want, not profit.31Driving her point home, she continuedIts increasingly absence of purpose， of a moral language with ingovernment, could become one of the most dangerous goals for capitalism and freedom. This same absence ofmoral purpose was wounding companies, such as International, she thought, making it more likely that it wouldfore had with widespread illegal telephone hacking.As the hacking trial concludes-finding guilty one ex-editor of the News of the World, Andy Coulson, forconspiring to hack phones, and finding the predecessor, Rebekah Brooks, innocent of the same charge-the widedearth of integrity still stands. Journalists are known to have hacked the phones of up to 5,500 people. This ishacking on an industrial scale, as was acknowledged by Glenn Mulcaire, the man hired by the News of theWorld in 2001 to be the point person for phone hacking. Others await trial. This long story still unfolds.In many respects, the dearth of moral purpose frames not only the fact of such widespread phone hacking butthe terms on which the trial took place. One of the astonishing revelations was how little Rebekah Brooks knewof what went on in her newsroom, how little she thought to ask and the fact that she never inquired how thestories arrived. The core of her successful defence was that she knew nothing.In todays world, it has become normal that well-paid executives should not be accountablefor what happens inthe organizations that they run. Perhaps we should not be so surprised. For a generation, the collective doctrinehas been that the sorting mechanism of society should be profit. The words that have matteredare efficiency,flexibility, shareholder value, business-friendly, wealth generation, sales, impact and, in newspapers, circulation.Words degraded to the margin have been justice, fairness, tolerance, proportionality andaccountability.The purpose of editing the News of the World was not to promote reader understanding, tobe fair in what waswritten or to betray any common humanity. It was to ruin lives in the quest for circulationand impact. MsBrooks may or may not have had suspicions about how her journalists got their stories, butshe asked noquestions, gave no instructions-nor received traceable, recorded answers.36.Accordign to the first two graphs, Elisabeth was upset by(A) the consequences of the current sorting mechanism.(B) companies financial loss due to immoral practices(C) governmental ineffectiveness on moral issues.(D) the wide misuse of integrity among institutions.3237.It can be inferred from graph 3 that(A)Glenn Mulcaire may deny phone hacking as a crime.(B)more journalists may be found guilty of phone hacking.(C)Andy Coulson should be held innocent of the charge.(D)phone hacking will be accepted on certain occasions.38. The author believes that Rebekah Brookss defence(A)revealed a cunning personality.(B)centered on trivial issues.(C)was hardly convincing.(D) was part of a conspiracy.39.The author holds that the current collective doctrine shows(A) generally distorted values.(B)unfair wealth distribution.(C)a marginalized lifestyle.(D)a rigid moral code.40 Which of the following is suggested in the last graph(A) The quality of writings is of primary importance.(B)Common humanity is central to news reporting.33(C)Moral awareness matters in editing a newspaper.(D)Journalists need stricter industrial regulations.36.A the consequences of the current sorting mechanism37.Bmore journalists may be found guilty of phone hacking38.C was hardly convincing39.A generally distorted values40.C moral awareness matters in editing a newspaperPart BIn the following text, some sentences have been removed. For Questions 41-45, choose themost suitable onefrom the list A- G to fit into each of numbered blanks. There are two extra choices, which do notfit in any ofthe blanks. Mark your answers on ANSWER SHEET. (10 points)How does your reading proceed Clearly you try to comprehend, in the sense of identifying meanings forindividual words and working out relationships between them, drawing on your implicit knowledge of Englishgrammar.(41) You begin to infer a context for the text, for instance, by making decisions aboutwhat kind ofspeech event is involved.Who is making the utterance, to whom, when and where.The ways of reading indicated here are without doubt kinds of comprehension. But they show comprehension toconsist not just of passive assimilation but of active engagement in inference and problem-solving. You inferinformation you feel the writer has invited you to grasp by presenting you with specificevidence and clues.(42)Conceived in this way, comprehension will not follow exactly the same track for each reader. What is inquestion is not the retrieval of an absolute, fixed or true meaning that can be read off andchecked for accuracy,or some timeless relation of the text to theworld.(43)Such background material inevitably reflects who we are. (44)34This doesnt, however, make interpretation merely relative or even pointless. Precisely because readers fromdifferent historical periods, places and social experiences produce different but overlapping readings of thesame words on the page-including for texts that engage with fundamental human concerns-debates about textscan play an important role in social discussion of beliefs and values.How we read a given text also depends to some extent on our particular interest in reading it.(45)Suchdimensions of reading suggest-as others introduced later in the book will also do-that we bringan implicit(oftenunacknowledged)agenda to any act of reading. It doesnt then necessarily follow that one kindof reading is fuller,more advanced or more worthwhile than another. Ideally, different minds of reading informeach other, and actas useful reference points for and counterbalances to one another. Together, they make up the readingcomponent of your overall literacy, or relationship to your surrounding textual environment.[A] Are we studying that text and trying to respond in a way that fulfills the requirement of a given courseReading it simply for pleasure Skimming it for information Ways of reading on a train or inbed are likely todiffer considerably from reading in a seminar room.[B]Factors such as the place and period in which we are reading, our gender, ethnicity, ageand social class willencourage us towards certain interpretations but at the same time obscure or even close off others.[C]If you are unfamiliar with words or idioms, you guess at their meaning, using clues presentedin the context.On the assumption that they will become relevant later, you make a mental note of discourse entities as well aspossible links between them.[D]In effect, you try to reconstruct the likely meanings or effects that any given sentence, imageor referencemight have had: These might be the ones the author intended.[E]You make further inferences, for instance, about how the text may be significant to you, orabout itsvalidity-inferences that form the basis of a personal response for which the author will inevitablybe far lessresponsible.[F]In plays, novels and narrative poems, characters speak as constructs created by the author,not necessarily asmouthpieces for the authors own thoughts.[G]Rather, we ascribe meanings to texts on the basis of interaction between what we might call textual andcontextual material:between kinds of organization or patterning we perceive in a texts formal structures(so35especially its language structures) and various kinds of background, social knowledge, beliefand attitude thatwe bring to the text.Part CRead the following text carefully and then translate the underlined sentences into Chinese.Your translationshould be written neatly on the ANSWER SHEET. (10 points)Within the span of a hundred years, in the seventeenth and early eighteenth centuries, a tideof emigration-onethe great folk wanderings of history-swept from Europe to America. (46) This movement,driven by powerfuland diverse motivations, built a nation out of a wilderness and, by its nature, shaped the character and destiny ofan uncharted continent.(47)The United States is the product of two principal forces-the immigration of European peoples with theirvaried ideas,customs and national characteristics and the impact of a new country which modified these traits.Of necessity, colonial America was a projection of Europe. Across the Atlantic came successive groups ofEnglishmen, Frenchmen, Germans, Scots, Irishmen, Dutchmen, Swedes, and many others who attempted totransplant their habits and traditions to the new world. (48) But the force of geographic conditions peculiar toAmerica, the interplay of the varied national groups upon one another, and the sheer difficultyof maintainingold-world ways in a raw, new continent caused significant changes. These changes were gradual and at firstscarcely visible. But the result was a new social pattern which, although it resembledEuropean society in manyways, had a character that was distinctly American.(49) The first shiploads of immigrants bound for the territory which is now the United States crossed theAtlantic more than a hundred years after the 15th-and-16th-century explorations of North America. In themeantime, thriving Spanish colonies had been established in Mexico, the West Indies, and South America.These travelers to North America came in small, unmercifully overcrowded craft. During their six-to twelve-week voyage, they survived on barely enough food allotted to them. Many of the shipsstorms, many passengers died of disease, and infants rarely survived the journey. Sometimes storms blew thevessels far off their course, and often calm brought unbearably long delay.To the anxious travelers the sight of the American shore brought almost inexpressible relief. Said one recorderof events, The air at twelve leagues distance smelt as sweet as a new-blown garden.Thecolonists first glimpseof the new land was a sight of dense woods.(50)The virgin forest with its richness and variety of trees was a real36treasure-house which extended from Maine all the way down to Georgia. Here was abundant fuel and lumber.Here was the raw material of houses and furniture, ships and potash, dyes and naval stores.46）在多种强盛的动机驱动下，此次运动在一片荒原上建起了一个国家，其自己塑造了一个未知大陆的性格和命运。

2015 年全国硕士研究生入学统一考试英语一试题Section 1 Use of EnglishDirections:Read the following text. Choose the best word(s) for each numbered blank and mark [A], [B], [C] or [D] onANSWER SHEET 1. (10 points)Though not biologically related, friends are as related as fourth cousins, sharing about 1% of genes. That is 1 astudy published from the University of California and Yale University in the Proceedings of the NationalAcademy of Sciences, has 2 .The study is a genome-wide analysis conducted 3 1932 unique subjects which 4 pairs of unrelated friends andunrelated strangers. The same people were used in both 5 .While 1% may seem 6 , it is not so to a geneticist. AsJames Fowler, professor of medical genetics at UC San Diego, says, Most people do not even 7 their fourthcousins but somehow manage to select as friends the people who 8 our kin.The study 9 found that the genes for smell were something shared in friends but not genes for immunity. Whythis similarity in olfactory genes is difficult to explain, for now. 10 Perhaps, as the team suggests, it draws us tosimilar environments but there is more 11 it. There could be many mechanisms working in tandem that 12 us inchoosing genetically similar friends 13 than nal kinship of being friends with 14 !One of the remarkablefindings of the study was that the similar genes seem to be evolving 15 than other genes. Studying this couldhelp 16 why human evolution picked pace in the last 30,000 years, with social environment being a major 17factor.The findings do not simply corroborate peoples 18 to befriend those of similar 19 backgrounds, say theresearchers. Though all the subjects were drawn from a population of European extraction, care was taken to 20that all subjects, friends and strangers were taken from the same population. The team also controlled the data tocheck ancestry of subjects.Section II Reading Comprehension1、What2、Concluded223、On4、Compared5、Samples6、Insignificant8、Resemble9、Also10、Perhaps11、To12、Drive13、Ratherthan14、Benefits15、Faster16、understand17、Contributory18、Tendency19、Ethnic20、see23Read the following four texts. Answer the questions below each text by choosing [A], [B], [C] or [D]. Markyour answers on ANSWER SHEET 1. (40 points)原标题：2015 年考研英语一真题答案（完整版）TEXT 1King Juan Carlos of Spain once insistedkings dont abdicate, they die in their sleep. But embarrassing scandalsand the popularity of the republicans left in the recent Euro-elections have forced him to eat his words and standdown. So, does the Spanish crisis suggest that monarchy is seeing its last days? Does that mean the writing is onthe wall for all European royals, with their magnificent uniforms and majestic lifestyles?The Spanish case provides arguments both for and against monarchy. When public opinion is particularlypolarized, as it was following the end of the France regime, monarchs can rise above mere polities and embodya spirit of national unity.It is this apparent transcendence of polities that explains monarchys continuing popularity as heads of state. Andso, the Middle East expected, Europe is the most monarch-infested region in the world, with 10 kingdoms (notcounting Vatican City and Andorra). But unlike their absolutist counterparts in the Gulf and Asia, most royalfamilies have survived because they allow voters to avoid the difficult search for anon-controversial butrespected public figure.Even so, kings and queens undoubtedly have a downside. Symbolic of national unity as they claim to be, theirvery history-and sometimes the way they behave today-embodies outdated and indefensible privileges andinequalities. At a time when Thomas Piketty and other economists are warming of rising inequality and theincreasing power of inherited wealth, it is bizarre that wealthy aristocratic families should still be the symbolicheart of modern democratic states.The most successful monarchies strive to abandon or hide their old aristocratic ways. Princes and princesseshave day-jobs and ride bicycles, not horses (or helicopters). Even so, these are wealthy families who party withthe international 1%, and media intrusiveness makes it increasingly difficult to maintain the right image.While Europes monarchies will no doubt be smart enough to survive for some time to come, it is the Britishroyals who have most to fear from the Spanish example.24It is only the Queen who has preserved the monarchys reputation with her rather ordinary (if well-heeled)granny style. The danger will come with Charles, who has both an expensive taste of lifestyle and a prettyhierarchical view of the world. He has failed to understand that monarchies have largely survived because theyprovide a service-as non-controversial and non-political heads of state. Charles ought to know that as Englishhistory shows, it is kings, not republicans, who are the monarchys worst enemies.21. According to the first two graphs, King Juan Carlos of Spain[A]eased his relationship with his rivals.[B]used to enjoy high public support.[C]was unpopular among European royals.[D]ended his reign in embarrassment.22. Monarchs are kept as head of state in Europe mostly[A]to give voters more public figures to look up to.[B]to achieve a balance between tradition and reality.[C]owing to their undoubted and respectable status.[D]due to their everlasting political embodiment.23. Which of the following is shown to be odd, according to graph 4?[A] The role of the nobility in modern democracies.[B] Aristocrats excessive reliance on inherited wealth.[C] The simple lifestyle of the aristocratic families.[D] The nobilitys adherence to their privileges.2524. The British royals have most to fear because Charles[A]takes a tough line on political issues.[B]fails to change his lifestyle as advised.[C]takes republicans as his potential allies.[D]fails to adapt himself to his future role.25. Which of the following is the best title of the text?[A]Carlos, Glory and Disgrace Combined[B]Charles, Anxious to Succeed to the Throne[C]Charles, Slow to React to the Coming Threats[D]Carlos, a Lesson for All European Monarchs21.Dended his reign in embarrassment.22. C owing to the undoubted and respectable status23. A the role of the nobility in modern democracy24. B fails to change his lifestyle as advised.25. D Carlos, a lesson for all MonarchiesTEXT 2Just how much does the Constitution protect your digital data? The Supreme Court will now consider whetherpolice can search the contents of a mobile phone without a warrant if the phone is on or around a person duringan arrest.26California has asked the justices to refrain from a sweeping ruling, particularly one that upsets the oldassumptions that authorities may search through the possessions of suspects at the time of their arrest. It is hard,the state argues, for judges to assess the implications of new and rapidly changing technologies.The court would be recklessly modest if it followed Californias advice. Enough of the implications arediscernable, even obvious, so that the justice can and should provide updated guidelines to police, lawyers anddefendants.They should start by discarding Californias lame argument that exploring the contents of asmartphone- a vaststorehouse of digital information is similar to say, going through a suspects purse .The court has ruled thatpolice dont violate the Fourth Amendment when they go through the wallet or pocketbook, of an arresteewithout a warrant. But exploring ones smartphone is more like entering his or her home. A smartphone maycontain an arrestees reading history, financial history, medical history and comprehensive records of recentcorrespondence. The development of cloud computing. meanwhile, has made that exploration so much theeasier.But the justices should not swallow Californias argument whole. New, disruptive technology sometimesdemands novel applications of the Constitutions protections. Orin Kerr, a law professor, compares the explosionand accessibility of digital information in the 21st century with the establishment of automobile use as a digitalnecessity of life in the 20th: The justices had to specify novel rules for the new personal domain of thepassenger car then; they must sort out how the Fourth Amendment applies to digital information now.26. The Supreme court, will work out whether, during an arrest, it is legitimate to[A] search for suspects mobile phones without a warrant.[B] check suspects phone contents without being authorized.[C] prevent suspects from deleting their phone contents.[D] prohibit suspects from using their mobile phones.27. The authors attitude toward Californias argument is one of[A] tolerance.27[B] indifference.[C] disapproval.[D] cautiousness.28. The author believes that exploring ones phone content is comble to[A] getting into ones residence.[B] handing ones historical records.[C] scanning ones correspondences.[D] going through ones wallet.29. In graph 5 and 6, the author shows his concern that[A] principles are hard to be clearly expressed.[B] the court is giving police less room for action.[C] phones are used to store sensitive information.[D] citizens privacy is not effective protected.30.Orin Kerrs comparison is quoted to indicate that(A)the Constitution should be implemented flexibly.(B)New technology requires reinterpretation of the Constitution.(C)Californias argument violates principles of the Constitution.(D)Principles of the Constitution should never be altered.2826. Bcheck suspects phone contents without being authorized.27.Cdisapproval28.A getting into ones residence29. D citizens privacy is not effectively protected30.B new technology requires reinterpretation of the constitutionText 3The journal Science is adding an extra source at Peer-review process, editor-in-chief MarciaMcNott announcedtoday. The Follows similar efforts from other journals, after widespread concern that Mistakes in data analysisare contributing to the Published research findings.Readers must have confidence in the conclusions published in our journal,writes McNutt in an editorial.Working with the American Statistical Association, the Journal has appointed seven experts to a statistics boardof reviewing Manut will be flagged up for additional scrutiny by the Journals editors, or by its existing Board ofReviewing Editors or by outside peer The SBoRE panel will then find external statisticians to review theseAsked whether any particular papers had impelled the change, McNutt said,The creation of thestatisticsboardwas motivated by concerns broadly with the application of statistics and data analysis in scientificresearch and is part of Sciences overall drive to increase reproducibility in the research we publish.Giovanni Parmigiani，a biostatistician at the Harvard School of Public Health, a mr of the SBoRE group, sayshe expects the board to play primarily on advisory role. He agreed to join because he found the foresight behindthe establishment of the SBoRE to be novel, unique and likely to have a lasting impact. This impact will notonly be through the publications in Science itself, but hopefully through a larger group of publishing places thatmay want to model their approach after Science.John Ioannidis, a physician who studies research methodology, says that the policy is a most welcome stepforwardand long overdue,Most journals are weak in statistical review，and this damages the quality of what theypublish. I think that, for the majority of scientific papers nowadays, statistical review is more essential thanexpert review,he says. But he noted that biomedical journals such as Annals of Internal Medicine, the Journal ofthe American Medical Association and The Lancet pay strong attention to statistical review.29Professional scientists are expected to know how to analyze data, but statistical errors are alarmingly commonin published research，according to David Vaux，a cell biologist. Researchers should improve their standards, hewrote in 2012，but journals should also take a tougher line，engaging reviewers who are statistically literate andeditors who can verify the process.Vaux says that Sciences idea to pass some papers to statisticians has somemerit，but a weakness is that it relies on the board of reviewing editors to identifythe papers that need scrutinyinthe first place.31. It can be learned from graph I that[A] Science intends to simplify its peer-review process.[B]journals are strengthening their statistical checks.[C]few journals are blamed for mistakes in data analysis.[D]lack of data analysis is common in research projects.32. The phrase flagged up (.2)is the closest in meaning to[A]found.[B]revised.[C]marked[D]stored33. Giovanni Parmigiani believes that the establishment of the SBoRE may[A]pose a threat to all its peers[B]meet with strong opposition[C]increase Sciences circulation.[D]set an example for other journals3034. David Vaux holds that what Science is doing nowA. adds to researchers worklosd.B. diminishes the role of reviewers.C. has room for further improvement.D. is to fail in the foreseeable future.35. Which of the following is the best title of the text?A. Science Joins Push to Screen Statistics in PapersB. Professional Statisticians Deserve More RespectC. Data Analysis Finds Its Way onto Editors DesksD. Statisticians Are Coming Back with Science31.B journals are strengthening their statistical checks32.B marked33. D set an example for other journals34. C has room for further improvement35.A science joins Push to screen statistics in papersText4Two years ago. Rupert Murdochs daughter, spoke at the unsettling dearth of integrity across so many of ourcollapsed, she argued, because of a collective acceptance that the mechanismin society should be profit and themarket we the people who create the society we want, not profit.31Driving her point home, she continuedIts increasingly absence of purpose，of a moral language with ingovernment, could become one of the most dangerous goals for capitalism and freedom. This same absence ofmoral purpose was wounding companies, such as International, she thought, making it more likely that it wouldfore had with widespread illegal telephone hacking.As the hacking trial concludes-finding guilty one ex-editor of the News of the World, Andy Coulson, forconspiring to hack phones, and finding the predecessor, Rebekah Brooks, innocent of the same charge-the widedearth of integrity still stands. Journalists are known to have hacked the phones of up to 5,500 people. This ishacking on an industrial scale, as was acknowledged by Glenn Mulcaire, the man hired by the News of theWorld in 2001 to be the point person for phone hacking. Others await trial. This long story still unfolds.In many respects, the dearth of moral purpose frames not only the fact of such widespread phone hacking butthe terms on which the trial took place. One of the astonishing revelations was how little Rebekah Brooks knewof what went on in her newsroom, how little she thought to ask and the fact that she never inquired how thestories arrived. The core of her successful defence was that she knew nothing.In todays world, it has become normal that well-paid executives should not be accountable for what happens inthe organizations that they run. Perhaps we should not be so surprised. For a generation, the collective doctrinehas been that the sorting mechanism of society should be profit. The words that have mattered are efficiency,flexibility, shareholder value, business-friendly, wealth generation, sales, impact and, in newspapers, circulation.Words degraded to the margin have been justice, fairness, tolerance, proportionality and accountability.The purpose of editing the News of the World was not to promote reader understanding, to be fair in what waswritten or to betray any common humanity. It was to ruin lives in the quest for circulation and impact. MsBrooks may or may not have had suspicions about how her journalists got their stories, but she asked noquestions, gave no instructions-nor received traceable, recorded answers.36. Accordign to the first two graphs, Elisabeth was upset by(A) the consequences of the current sorting mechanism.(B) companies financial loss due to immoral practices(C) governmental ineffectiveness on moral issues.(D) the wide misuse of integrity among institutions.3237. It can be inferred from graph 3 that(A) Glenn Mulcaire may deny phone hacking as a crime.(B) more journalists may be found guilty of phone hacking.(C) Andy Coulson should be held innocent of the charge.(D) phone hacking will be accepted on certain occasions.38. The author believes that Rebekah Brookss defence(A) revealed a cunning personality.(B) centered on trivial issues.(C) was hardly convincing.(D) was part of a conspiracy.39. The author holds that the current collective doctrine shows(A) generally distorted values.(B) unfair wealth distribution.(C) a marginalized lifestyle.(D) a rigid moral code.40 Which of the following is suggested in the last graph?(A) The quality of writings is of primary importance.(B) Common humanity is central to news reporting.33(C) Moral awareness matters in editing a newspaper.(D) Journalists need stricter industrial regulations.36. A the consequences of the current sorting mechanism37. Bmore journalists may be found guilty of phone hacking38. C was hardly convincing39. A generally distorted values40. C moral awareness matters in editing a newspaperPart BIn the following text, some sentences have been removed. For Questions 41-45, choose the most suitable onefrom the list A- G to fit into each of numbered blanks. There are two extra choices, which do not fit in any ofthe blanks. Mark your answers on ANSWER SHEET. (10 points)How does your reading proceed? Clearly you try to comprehend, in the sense of identifying meanings forindividual words and working out relationships between them, drawing on your implicit knowledge of Englishgrammar.(41) You begin to infer a context for the text, for instance, by making decisions about what kind ofspeech event is involved.Who is making the utterance, to whom, when and where.The ways of reading indicated here are without doubt kinds of comprehension. But they show comprehension toconsist not just of passive assimilation but of active engagement in inference and problem-solving. You inferinformation you feel the writer has invited you to grasp by presenting you with specific evidence and clues.(42)Conceived in this way, comprehension will not follow exactly the same track for each reader. What is inquestion is not the retrieval of an absolute, fixed or true meaning that can be read off and checked for accuracy,or some timeless relation of the text to theworld.(43)Such background material inevitably reflects who we are. (44)34This doesnt, however, make interpretation merely relative or even pointless. Precisely because readers fromdifferent historical periods, places and social experiences produce different but overlapping readings of thesame words on the page-including for texts that engage with fundamental human concerns-debates about textscan play an important role in social discussion of beliefs and values.How we read a given text also depends to some extent on our particular interest in reading it.(45)Suchdimensions of reading suggest-as others introduced later in the book will also do-that we bring an implicit(oftenunacknowledged)agenda to any act of reading. It doesnt then necessarily follow that one kind of reading is fuller,more advanced or more worthwhile than another. Ideally, different minds of reading inform each other, and actas useful reference points for and counterbalances to one another. Together, they make up the readingcomponent of your overall literacy, or relationship to your surrounding textual environment.[A] Are we studying that text and trying to respond in a way that fulfills the requirement of a given course?Reading it simply for pleasure? Skimming it for information? Ways of reading on a train or in bed are likely todiffer considerably from reading in a seminar room.[B] Factors such as the place and period in which we are reading, our gender, ethnicity, age and social class willencourage us towards certain interpretations but at the same time obscure or even close off others.[C] If you are unfamiliar with words or idioms, you guess at their meaning, using clues presented in the context.On the assumption that they will become relevant later, you make a mental note of discourse entities as well aspossible links between them.[D] In effect, you try to reconstruct the likely meanings or effects that any given sentence, image or referencemight have had: These might be the ones the author intended.[E] You make further inferences, for instance, about how the text may be significant to you, or about itsvalidity-inferences that form the basis of a personal response for which the author will inevitably be far lessresponsible.[F] In plays, novels and narrative poems, characters speak as constructs created by the author, not necessarily asmouthpieces for the authors own thoughts.[G] Rather, we ascribe meanings to texts on the basis of interaction between what we might call textual andcontextual material:between kinds of organization or patterning we perceive in a texts formal structures(so35especially its language structures) and various kinds of background, social knowledge, belief and attitude thatwe bring to the text.41.C 42.E 43.G 44.B 45.APart CRead the following text carefully and then translate the underlined sentences into Chinese. Your translationshould be written neatly on the ANSWER SHEET. (10 points)Within the span of a hundred years, in the seventeenth and early eighteenth centuries, a tide of emigration-onethe great folk wanderings of history-swept from Europe to America. (46) This movement, driven by powerfuland diverse motivations, built a nation out of a wilderness and, by its nature, shaped the character and destiny ofan uncharted continent.(47) The United States is the product of two principal forces-the immigration of European peoples with theirvaried ideas,customs and national characteristics and the impact of a new country which modified these traits.Of necessity, colonial America was a projection of Europe. Across the Atlantic came successive groups ofEnglishmen, Frenchmen, Germans, Scots, Irishmen, Dutchmen, Swedes, and many others who attempted totransplant their habits and traditions to the new world. (48) But the force of geographic conditions peculiar toAmerica, the interplay of the varied national groups upon one another, and the sheer difficulty of maintainingold-world ways in a raw, new continent caused significant changes. These changes were gradual and at firstscarcely visible. But the result was a new social pattern which, although it resembled European society in manyways, had a character that was distinctly American.(49) The first shiploads of immigrants bound for the territory which is now the United States crossed theAtlantic more than a hundred years after the 15th-and-16th-century explorations of North America. In themeantime, thriving Spanish colonies had been established in Mexico, the West Indies, and South America.These travelers to North America came in small, unmercifully overcrowded craft. During their six-totwelve-week voyage, they survived on barely enough food allotted to them. Many of the ships were lost instorms, many passengers died of disease, and infants rarely survived the journey. Sometimes storms blew thevessels far off their course, and often calm brought unbearably long delay.To the anxious travelers the sight of the American shore brought almost inexpressible relief. Said one recorderof events, The air at twelve leagues distance smelt as sweet as a new-blown garden. Thecolonists first glimpseof the new land was a sight of dense woods.(50)The virgin forest with its richness and variety of trees was a real36treasure-house which extended from Maine all the way down to Georgia. Here was abundant fuel and lumber.Here was the raw material of houses and furniture, ships and potash, dyes and naval stores.46）在多种强大的动机驱动下，这次运动在一片荒野上建起了一个国家，其本身塑造了一个未知大陆的性格和命运。

硕士研究生英语学位真题2016年12月(A)(总分：99.15，做题时间：150分钟)一、PAPER ONEPART Ⅰ LISTENING COMPREHENSION(总题数：0，分数：0.00)二、Section A(总题数：9，分数：9.00)（分数：5.00）A.There are many gas stations.B.There are few gas stations.C.There are various risks.D.There are few cars on the road.（分数：4.00）A.She doesn't trust the man.B.She needs the man's help.C.The man is trust-worthy.D.The man is late for school.三、Section B(总题数：0，分数：0.00)四、Mini-talk One(总题数：3，分数：3.00)（分数：3.00）A.In designing a perfect school curriculum.B.In promoting the physical health of kids.C.In reading classical literary works.D.In the intellectual development of kids.五、Mini-talk Two(总题数：3，分数：3.00)（分数：3.00）A.36%.B.60%.C.83%.D.90%.六、Section C(总题数：5，分数：5.00)(1). You should look for day care centers that provide..., along with a safe and 1 (2 words).（分数：0.83）填空项1:__________________(2). You want your child to be happy and comfortable, which is your 1 (2 words).（分数：0.83）填空项1:__________________(3). ...any good day care center is going to encourage 1 (2 words) between the children.（分数：0.83）填空项1:__________________(4). Whatever your option, 1 (2 words) that you know who you are leaving your child with.（分数：0.83）填空项1:__________________(5). Once you have done all this, you can feel more 1 (3 words) in knowing that....（分数：0.83）填空项1:__________________七、PART Ⅱ VOCABULARY(总题数：0，分数：0.00)八、Section A(总题数：10，分数：5.00)5. Studies on cats have helped illuminate some of the abilities of our mysterious housemates.（分数：0.50）A.lightenB.obscureC.explainD.cherish6. The application of renewable sources of energy can be optimized through sophisticated analytics.（分数：0.50）A.conventionalB.expensiveC.exhaustiveD.advanced7. Lung cancer is the UK's biggest cancer killer, claiming more than 35,000 lives a year.（分数：0.50）A.savingB.takingC.demandingD.producing8. This girl has acquired an intense desire to study medicine in order to become a clinical doctor.（分数：0.50）A.strongB.sharpC.shrewdD.shrinking9. World peace requires that the UN resolutions have to be carried out in a strict manner.（分数：0.50）A.behaviorB.fashionC.aspectD.politeness10. The government of China has been backing up the resumption of the six-party talk on DPRK.（分数：0.50）A.relocatingB.condemningC.supportingD.pledging11. Some stereotypes of the Chinese persist in the United States because of the large number of negative reports.（分数：0.50）A.endureB.vanishC.insistD.deteriorate12. Most of the third-year students in our laboratory are occupied with experiments.（分数：0.50）A.are bored withB.are crazy aboutC.are busy withD.are casual about13. The girl spoke at length about her experiences as a volunteer teacher at a high school in Yunnan Province.（分数：0.50）A.at randomB.in detailC.at lastD.for sure14. After the marathon race, some athletes are too fatigued to answer the reporter's questions.（分数：0.50）A.wiped outB.figured outid outD.worn out九、Section B(总题数：10，分数：5.00)15. Treatments that ______ the immune system have shown great promise against some forms of cancer.（分数：0.50）A.proceedB.erodeC.harnessD.precede16. A year ago there were slightly more ______ than jobseekers, but now there are twice as many openings.（分数：0.50）A.vacuumsB.vacanciesC.vacationsD.vocations17. Dogs seem to experience separation anxiety, which also indicates that they feel ______ to their owners.（分数：0.50）A.hostilityB.objectionC.relianceD.attachment18. Previous research has shown that there are immediate ______ benefits from eating chocolate.（分数：0.50）A.cognitiveB.imaginativeC.creativepetitive19. A discovery into the genetic makeup of tumors may deliver therapies that are ______ to individual patients.（分数：0.50）A.entitledB.affiliatedC.tailoredD.obliged20. A major obstacle ______ English learning is the profound influence of the mother tongue.（分数：0.50）A.forB.onC.toD.over21. As the vote will be ______ in favor of the Democratic Party, Hillary Clinton is getting near to the presidency.（分数：0.50）A.deliberatelyB.overwhelminglyC.conscientiouslyD.crudely22. It takes courage to ______ all the opposition to the decision to have these corrupt officials arrested.（分数：0.50）A.break downB.turn downC.let downD.shut down23. One choice has to ______ another when you are making a decision as to which college to attend.（分数：0.50）A.be oriented toB.be indulged inC.be coupled withD.be weighed against24. This company is constantly looking for ways to improve services ______ different customers.（分数：0.50）A.on behalf ofB.in case ofC.by means ofD.with a view to十、PART Ⅲ CLOZE TEST(总题数：10，分数：10.00)Free schools are flourishing in the UK. More than 400 free schools have either opened or been approved to open across England 1 . These schools have been made possible by the hundreds of teachers, parents and charities working in their own time to go through a 2 application process to bring their 3 of a new school tolife. 4 these schools proving so popular, parents and groups continue to come forward in significant numbers to set them up. The government's commitment to expand the program with another new 500 schools is 5 a logical next step.Importantly these schools are already making a(n) 6 to the education of thousands of pupils around the country. Over 70% of those inspected have been judged good or outstanding by inspectors, and 7 they are being opened where they are most needed. There are far more free schools in 8 local communities than in wealthy neighborhoods. Obviously free schools can play a role in 9 the current shortage of school places. For free schools to continue to have the biggest impact, they must be allowed to bring in new ideas and challenge existing schools in areas where low 10 have been accepted for far too long.（分数：10.00）A.by farB.so farC.in turnD.at first十一、PART Ⅳ READING COMPREHENSION(总题数：0，分数：0.00)十二、Passage One(总题数：6，分数：6.00)The death of Harambe, the endangered lowland gorilla (大猩猩) shot at the Cincinnati Zoo after a 4-year-old crawled through a barrier and fell into his enclosure, was a shocking event. After such a tragedy, it seems someone must be blamed, but fingers are pointed in the wrong direction.Many in the animal protection community suggest that Harambe wasn't a threat to the boy. Gorillas tend not to be aggressive, and if Harambe wanted to hurt the child, he could have done so immediately, not after playing with this curious creature for 10 minutes.Did the gorilla care staff do enough to separate Harambe from the child? If they could lure the female gorillas away, why not Harambe? Some activists are calling the killing of Harambe an act of cowardice by incompetent zoo employees. Others are arguing that the boy's mother is to blame. How could she let her child fall into a wild-animal enclosure? How long did she let her child wander unsupervised before he got through the barriers? Some people suggest that she be deemed legally negligent and charged with causing the death of an endangered animal.For me, the real question is not who to blame, but why anyone was in a situation in which they had to make a choice between the life of a human child and the life of an endangered teenage gorilla. Keeping wild animals in captivity is detrimental to their health. This tragic choice arose only because we keep animals in zoos. So why have zoos?One of the reasons often given is that zoos protect endangered wild animals. A few zoos, including the Cincinnati Zoo, do fund conservation efforts that are praiseworthy, but captive animals, especially large mammals born in captivity, like Harambe, cannot be "returned to the wild." These sensitive, smart, long-lived gorillas are destined to remain confined, never to experience the freedom of the wild. They are, at best, symbols meant to represent their wild counterparts. Zoos distort our understanding of these wonderful beings and perpetuate the notion that they are here for our purposes.If we really need someone to blame, maybe we should look at our society, which supports these types of institutions of captivity. If zoos were more like shelters where captive animals are treated with respect, free from screaming crowds and external dangers, no one would have had to decide to kill Harambe. Kids could see gorillas in cinemas, where their curiosity could be safely satisfied.Many of the animal conservationists believe that Harambe ______.（分数：6.00）A.should have lived in the wildB.posed a threat to the boy's lifeC.should not have been killedD.was not interested in this boy十三、Passage Two(总题数：6，分数：6.00)Julie Lythcott-Haims noticed a disturbing trend during her decade as the former dean of freshmen at Stanford University. Incoming students were brilliant and accomplished and virtually flawless, on paper. But with each year, more of them seemed incapable of taking care of themselves.At the same time, parents were becoming increasingly involved in their children's lives. They talked to their children multiple times a day and rushed in to personally intervene whenever something difficult happened.Lythcott-Haims came to believe that parents in wealthy communities have been hindering their children by trying so hard to protect the children from any disappointment, failure and hardship. Such "over-helping" might assist children in developing impressive résumés for college applications, but it also deprives them of the chance to learn who they are, what they love and how to navigate the world, she argues in her book."We want so badly to help them by shepherding them from milestone to milestone and by shielding them from failure and pain. But over-helping is devastating," she writes. "It can leave young adults without the strengths of skill, will and character that are needed to know themselves and to craft a life.""Don't call me a parenting expert," she said in an interview. "I'm interested in humans' thriving, and it turns out that over-parenting is getting in the way."She cites statistics on the rise of depression and other mental health problems among the young people. She has seen the effects up close: she lives in a community that, following a string of suicides in the past year, has undertaken a period of soul-searching about what parents can do to stem the pressure that young people face.Her book tour is taking her to more school auditoriums and parent groups than bookstores. She tells stories about over-involvement and shares statistics about problems in young people, which she hopes will spark change incommunities where helicopter parents are making themselves and their children miserable."Our job as a parent is to put ourselves out of a job," she said. "We need to know that our children are able to get up in the morning and take care of themselves."And how can parents help their children become serf-sufficient? Teach them the skills they'll need in real life and make sure they practice those skills on their own. And have them do chores. "Chores build a sense of accountability. They build life skills and a work ethic," she said.According to this passage, many students failed to take care of themselves ______.（分数：6.00）A.because of excessive school assignmentsB.due to low IQ and limited book knowledgeC.for lack of skills needed in real lifeD.for lack of care and love from parents十四、Passage Three(总题数：6，分数：6.00)Teams have become the basic building—blocks of organizations. Recruitment ads routinely call for "team players". Business schools grade their students in part on their performance in group projects. Office managers knock down walls to encourage team-building. Numerous companies were either in the middle of restructuring or about to embark on it, and restructuring meant putting more emphasis on teams.Companies are abandoning functional silos and organizing employees into cross-disciplinary teams that focus on particular products, problems or customers, with more power to run their own affairs and more time to work with each other rather than reporting upwards. A network of teams is replacing the conventional hierarchy.However, teams are not always the answer—teams may provide more insight, creativity and knowledge, but teamwork may also lead to confusion, delay and poor decision-making.It is noted that teams are hindered by problems of coordination and motivation that erode the benefits of collaboration. High-flyers forced to work in teams may be undervalued and free-riders empowered. Groupthink may be unavoidable. Less than 10% of the supposed members agree on who exactly is on the team. Agreeing on its purpose is harder.Profound changes in the workforce are making teams trickier to manage. Teams work best if their members have a strong common culture. This is hard to achieve when, as is now the case in many big firms, a large proportion of staff are temporary contractors. Teamwork improves with time: 73% of the incidents in a civil-aviation database occurred on a crew's first day of flying together.Companies need to think harder about managing teams to keep teams small and focused. A new study finds that the best way to ensure employees are "engaged" is to give them more control over where and how they do their work—which may mean liberating them from having to do everything in collaboration with others.However, organizations need to ask themselves whether teams are the best tools for the job. Team-building skills are in short supply: Deloitte reports that only 12% of the executives understand the way people work together in networks and only 21% feel capable of building cross-functional teams. Slackly managed teams can become hotbeds of distraction—employees routinely complain that they can't get their work done because they are forced to spend too much time in meetings or in noisy offices. Even in the age of open-plan offices and social networks some work is best left to the individual.It can be concluded from the first paragraph that ______.（分数：6.00）A.team players can easily enter better collegesB.team building will probably be short-livedC.team-building is getting increasingly popularD.team players are likely to be business leaders十五、Passage Four(总题数：6，分数：6.00)On the surface, shopping online seems environmentally friendly: it eliminates car trips and carbon emissions. But what about the emissions from fleets of delivery vehicles bringing orders to houses? Delivery trucks also contributesubstantially to the burden of PM2.5, which is associated with many effects on human health.Researchers recently conducted a survey of downtown Newark residents' shopping habits and preferences to calculate the quantity of goods purchased online. They also used the information from delivery companies about the number of trucks on the road and the number of packages per truck to determine how many delivery trucks are required to distribute home shopping purchases. Finally, the researchers used transportation simulation software and data from local transportation authorities to determine the effect of delivery trucks on the transportation network, focusing on an area of downtown Newark that includes a portion of the university's campus. They conducted similar analyses in 2001, at the dawn of the online shopping era, and again in 2008.Curiously, the 2008 data suggested that home shopping in Newark had grown by only 14.8% since 2001. That's much less than the researchers predicted in their earlier study. It also contrasts with data from other researchers showing that Internet shopping increased six-fold between 2001 and 2011.This is an unexpected finding. However, a large proportion of their survey respondents were university students, and the convenience of Internet shopping may appeal more to people who are running a household. Also, the researchers' latest data are from 2008, which suggests that their study underestimates the effect of home shopping on the transportation network.In any case, the researchers found that even though home shopping by residents of Newark grew more slowly than anticipated, traffic in 2008 was worse than they had predicted, for more home shopping purchases increase travel time, traffic delays, and vehicle emissions of the transportation network.While some previous studies suggest that e-commerce is associated with lower carbon emissions than traditional retail, other researchers have warned of a "rebound effect," which occurs when gains in efficiency merely stimulate new consumption. Something similar may be going on in Newark, the results suggest."We found that the total number of vehicles miles travelled hasn't decreased at all with the growth of online shopping," says study leader Arde Faghri. "This suggests that people are using the time saved by Internet shopping to do things like eating out at restaurants, going to the movies, or visiting friends."According to the first paragraph, the author ______.（分数：6.00）A.doubts the environmental friendliness of online shoppingB.believes in the benefit of online shopping to the environmentC.insists that delivery trucks can reduce the emission of PM2.5D.associates online shopping with better human health十六、Passage Five(总题数：6，分数：6.00)Everyone in the UK seems to agree that recorded crime is decreasing. This is one of the arguments the government is using to justify its savage cuts in police budgets. All we have to do now is to get the police more efficient—working smarter, making better use of IT. Reduction in crime means we don't need so many police officers.This belief is based on a false premise. Recorded crime is declining, but that's largely due to the fact that crime has moved from the physical world to cyberspace or the Internet: cybercrime is much safer and more appealing. The rewards are much greater, and the risks of being caught and convicted are vanishingly small. So if you're a rational criminal with a reasonable IQ, why would you bother robbing people, breaking into houses, stealing cars and doing all the other things that old- style crooks do—and that old-style cops are good at catching them doing?Each senior police officer believes that cybercrime has been at alarming levels but none seems confident that our law enforcement system can deal with it. These views are supported by the experiences of the 5% of UK Internet users who have been the victims of various cybercrime; they report a variety of responses—almost none of them helpful—from the local police forces to whom they turn for help.One good reason is that the criminals are hard to identify or turn out to be operating abroad. Other reasons include bureaucratic inertia, lack of technical knowledge and a shortage of resources, which means that cybercrime receives lower priority than other, more urgent, responsibilities. Or simply the fact that officers often don't take it seriously.It's exceedingly difficult to measure accurately, for a variety of reasons—the spectrum of wrongdoing, the fact that much of it is under-reported and widely distributed, and the high cost that includes not only the actual damage done, but the costs of self-protection and the costs of clearing up after an attack. And then there are the opportunity costs: for example, security software used by online merchants typically rejects 4.3% of orders out of fear of fraud, even thoughmany of those potential orders are in fact genuine.The reality we face is that cybercrime is vast and flourishing. But do not expect to hear much about it in the election. What we actually need are more policemen on the net.Police budgets will be cut down in the UK because of the belief that ______.（分数：6.00）A.recorded crime is decliningB.the police will become more efficientC.high-technology will be usedD.cybercrime cases need fewer police officers十七、PAPER TWO(总题数：0，分数：0.00)十八、Section A(总题数：1，分数：10.00)31. At any elementary school in China's metropolises, you will find numerous kids who wear glasses. Undesirable reading habits and chronic exposure to screens not only account for the higher incidence of nearsightedness, but take a heavy toll on the well-being of kids. Kids who are lost in the virtual world are more vulnerable to overweight, whose grades are bound to suffer. The appeal of digital gadgets, such as cell phones or smartphones, seems so irresistible that keeping oneself unplugged for a single day is virtually out of the question. While we are enjoying the benefits of modern conveniences, we are also having some basic necessities of life deprived, including peace of mind and a robust body.（分数：10.00）__________________________________________________________________________________________十九、Section B(总题数：1，分数：10.00)32. 尽管录取标准不同，但中国大多数研究生院的学生人数多得惊人。

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写在试题卷、草稿纸和答题卡上的非答题区域均无效。

4.考试结束后，请将本试题卷和答题卡一并上交。

第Ⅰ卷第一部分听力（共两节，满分30 分）做题时，现将答案标在试卷上，录音内容结束后，你将有两分钟的时间将试卷上的答案转涂到答题卡上。

第一节（共 5 小题；每小题 1.5 分，满分7.5 分）听下面 5 段对话，每段对话后有一个小题。

从题中所给的A,B,C 三个选项中选出最佳选项，并标在试卷的相应位置。

听完每段对话后，你都有10 秒钟的时间来回答有关小题和阅读下一小题。

每段对话仅读一遍。

例：How much is the shirt?A.£ 19.15B.£ 9.18C.£ 9.15答案是C。

1.What are the speakers talking about?A. Having a birthday party.B. Doing some exercise.C. Getting Lydia a gift2.What is the woman going to do?A. Help the man.B. Take a bus.C. Get a camera3.What does the woman suggest the man do?A. Tell Kate to stop.B. Call Kate, s friends.C. Stay away from Kate.4.Where does the conversation probably take place?A. In a wine shop.B. In a supermarket.C. In a restaurant.5.What does the woman mean?A. Keep the window closed.B. Go out for fresh air.C. Turn on the fan.听第6段材料，回答第6、7题。

2016普通高等学校招生全国统一考试（新课标I)英语试卷类型A第Ⅰ卷第一部分听力（共两节，满分 30 分)做题时，现将答案标在试卷上，录音内容结束后，你将有两分钟的时间将试卷上的答案转涂到答题卡上。

第一节（共5小题；每小题1。

5分，满分7.5分）听下面5段对话,每段对话后有一个小题.从题中所给的A、B、C三个选项中选出最佳选项,并标在试卷的相应位置。

听完每段对话后，你都有10秒钟的时间来回答有关小题和阅读下一小题。

每段对话仅读一遍。

例：How much is the shirt？A。

£ 19. 15 B. £ 9. 18 C. £ 9. 15答案是 C。

1。

What are the speakers talking about?A. Having a birthday party。

B。

Doing some exercise。

C. Getting Lydia a gift。

2。

What is the woman going to do？A。

Help the man。

B. Take a bus。

C。

Get a camera.3. What does the woman suggest the man do？A. Tell Kate to stop.B. Call Kate， s friends。

C. Stay away from Kate。

4。

Where does the conversation probably take place?A. In a wine shop.B. In a supermarket. C。

In a restaurant.5。

What does the woman mean?A。

Keep the window closed. B。

Go out for fresh air。

C。

Turn on the fan.听第6段材料，回答第6、7题.6。

绝密★启用前2015年全国硕士研究生招生考试英语（一）（科目代码：201）试卷条形码☆考生注意事项☆1. 答题前，考生须在试题册指定位置上填写考生编号和考生姓名；在答题卡指定位置上填写报考单位、考生姓名和考生编号，并涂写考生编号信息点。

2. 考生须把试题册上的“试卷条形码”粘贴条取下，粘贴在答题卡的“试卷条形码粘贴位置”框中。

不按规定粘贴条形码而影响评卷结果的，责任由考生自负。

3. 选择题的答案必须涂写在答题卡相应题号的选项上，非选择题的答案必须书写在答题卡指定位置的边框区域内。

超出答题区域书写的答案无效；在草稿纸、试题册上答题无效。

4. 填（书）写部分必须使用黑色字迹签字笔书写，字迹工整、笔迹清楚；涂写部分必须使用2B铅笔填涂。

5. 考试结束，将答题卡和试题册按规定交回。

（以下信息考生必须认真填写）考生编号考生姓名Section ⅠUse of EnglishDirections:Read the following text. Choose the best word(s) for each numbered blank and mark A, B, C or D on the ANSWER SHEET. (10 points)Though not biologically related, friends are as “related” as fourth cousins, sharing about 1% of genes. That is 1 a study, published from the University of California and Yale University in the Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, has 2　.The study is a genome-wide analysis conducted 3 1,932 unique subjects which 4 pairs of unrelated friends and unrelated strangers. The same people were used in both 5　.While 1% may seem 6　, it is not so to a geneticist. As James Fowler, professor of medical genetics at UC San Diego, says, “Most people do not even 7 their fourth cousins but somehow manage to select as friends the people who 8 our kin.”The study 9 found that the genes for smell were something shared in friends but not genes for immunity. Why this similarity exists in smell genes is difficult to explain, for now. 10　, as the team suggests, it draws us to similar environments but there is more 11 it. There could be many mechanisms working together that 12 us in choosing genetically similar friends 13　“functional kinship” of being friends with 14　!One of the remarkable findings of the study was that the similar genes seem to be evolving 15 than other genes. Studying this could help 16 why human evolution picked pace in the last 30,000 years, with social environment being a major 17 factor.The findings do not simply explain people’s 18 to befriend those of similar 19 backgrounds, say the researchers. Though all the subjects were drawn from a population of European extraction, care was taken to 20 that all subjects, friends and strangers, were taken from the same population.1. [A] what [B] how [C] why [D] when2. [A] defended [B] concluded [C] withdrawn [D] advised3. [A] for [B] with [C] by [D] on4. [A] separated [B] sought [C] compared [D] connected5. [A] tests [B] objects [C] samples [D] examples6. [A] insignificant [B] unexpected [C] unreliable [D] incredible7. [A] visit [B] miss [C] know [D] seek8. [A] surpass [B] influence [C] favor [D] resemble9. [A] again [B] also [C] instead [D] thus10. [A] Meanwhile [B] Furthermore [C] Likewise [D] Perhaps11. [A] about [B] to [C] from [D] like12. [A] limit [B] observe [C] confuse [D] drive13. [A] according to [B] rather than [C] regardless of [D] along with14. [A] chances [B] responses [C] benefits [D] missions15. [A] faster [B] slower [C] later [D] earlier16. [A] forecast [B] remember [C] express [D] understand17. [A] unpredictable [B] contributory [C] controllable [D] disruptive18. [A] tendency [B] decision [C] arrangement [D] endeavor19. [A] political [B] religious [C] ethnic [D] economic20. [A] see [B] show [C] prove [D] tellSection ⅡReading ComprehensionPart ADirections:Read the following four texts. Answer the questions below each text by choosing A, B, C or D. Mark your answers on the ANSWER SHEET. (40 points)Text 1King Juan Carlos of Spain once insisted “kings don’t abdicate, they die in their sleep.”But embarrassing scandals and the popularity of the republican left in the recent Euro-elections have forced him to eat his words and stand down. So, does the Spanish crisis suggest that monarchy is seeing its last days? Does that mean the writing is on the wall for all European royals, with their magnificent uniforms and majestic lifestyles?The Spanish case provides arguments both for and against monarchy. When public opinion is particularly polarised, as it was following the end of the Franco regime, monarchs can rise above “mere” politics and “embody” a spirit of national unity.It is this apparent transcendence of politics that explains monarchs’ continuing popularity as heads of state. And so, the Middle East excepted, Europe is the most monarch-infested region in the world, with 10 kingdoms (not counting Vatican City and Andorra). But unlike their absolutist counterparts in the Gulf and Asia, most royal families have survived because they allow voters to avoid the difficult search for a non-controversial but respected public figure.Even so, kings and queens undoubtedly have a downside. Symbolic of national unity as they claim to be, their very history—and sometimes the way they behave today—embodies outdated and indefensible privileges and inequalities. At a time when Thomas Piketty and other economists are warning of rising inequality and the increasing power of inherited wealth, it is bizarre that wealthy aristocratic families should still be the symbolic heart of modern democratic states.The most successful monarchies strive to abandon or hide their old aristocratic ways. Princes and princesses have day-jobs and ride bicycles, not horses (or helicopters). Even so, these are wealthy families who party with the international 1%, and media intrusiveness makes it increasingly difficult to maintain the right image.While Europe’s monarchies will no doubt be smart enough to survive for some time to come, it is the British royals who have most to fear from the Spanish example.It is only the Queen who has preserved the monarchy’s reputation with her rather ordinary (if well-heeled) granny style. The danger will come with Charles, who has both an expensive taste of lifestyle and a pretty hierarchical view of the world. He has failed to understand that monarchies have largely survived because they provide a service—as non-controversial and non-political heads of state. Charles ought to know that as English history shows, it is kings, not republicans, who are the monarchy’s worst enemies.21. According to the first two paragraphs, King Juan Carlos of Spain[A] used to enjoy high public support.[B] was unpopular among European royals.[C] ended his reign in embarrassment.[D] eased his relationship with his rivals.22. Monarchs are kept as heads of state in Europe mostly[A] owing to their undoubted and respectable status.[B] to achieve a balance between tradition and reality.[C] to give voters more public figures to look up to.[D] due to their everlasting political embodiment.23. Which of the following is shown to be odd, according to Paragraph 4?[A] Aristocrats’ excessive reliance on inherited wealth.[B] The simple lifestyle of the aristocratic families.[C] The role of the nobility in modern democracies.[D] The nobility’s adherence to their privileges.24. The British royals “have most to fear” because Charles[A] takes a tough line on political issues.[B] fails to change his lifestyle as advised.[C] takes republicans as his potential allies.[D] fails to adapt himself to his future role.25. Which of the following is the best title of the text?[A] Carlos, Glory and Disgrace Combined[B] Carlos, a Lesson for All European Monarchs[C] Charles, Slow to React to the Coming Threats[D] Charles, Anxious to Succeed to the ThroneText 2Just how much does the Constitution protect your digital data? The Supreme Court will now consider whether police can search the contents of a mobile phone without a warrant if the phone is on or around a person during an arrest.California has asked the justices to refrain from a sweeping ruling, particularly one that upsets the old assumption that authorities may search through the possessions of suspects at the time of their arrest. It is hard, the state argues, for judges to assess the implications of new and rapidly changing technologies.The court would be recklessly modest if it followed California’s advice. Enough of the implications are discernable, even obvious, so that the justices can and should provide updated guidelines to police, lawyers and defendants.They should start by discarding California’s lame argument that exploring the contents of a smartphone—a vast storehouse of digital information—is similar to, say, going through a suspect’s purse. The court has ruled that police don’t violate the Fourth Amendment when they go through the wallet or pocketbook of an arrestee without a warrant. But exploring one’s smartphone is more like entering his or her home. A smartphone may contain an arrestee’s reading history, financial history, medical history and comprehensive records of recent correspondence. The development of “cloud computing”, meanwhile, has made that exploration so much the easier.Americans should take steps to protect their digital privacy. But keeping sensitive information on these devices is increasingly a requirement of normal life. Citizens still have a right to expect private documents to remain private and protected by the Constitution’s prohibition on unreasonable searches.As so often is the case, stating that principle doesn’t ease the challenge of line-drawing. In many cases, it would not be overly burdensome for authorities to obtain a warrant to search through phone contents. They could still invalidate Fourth Amendment protections when facing severe, urgent circumstances, and they could take reasonable measures to ensure that phone data are not erased or altered while waiting for a warrant. The court, though, may want to allow room for police to cite situations where they are entitled to more freedom.But the justices should not swallow California’s argument whole. New, disruptive technology sometimes demands novel applications of the Constitution’s protections. Orin Kerr, a law professor, compares the explosion and accessibility of digital information in the 21st century with the establishment of automobile use as a virtual necessity of life in the 20th: The justices had to specify novel rules for the new personal domain of the passenger car then; they must sort out how the Fourth Amendment applies to digital information now.26. The Supreme Court will work out whether, during an arrest, it is legitimate to[A] search for suspects’ mobile phones without a warrant.[B] check suspects’ phone contents without being authorized.[C] prevent suspects from deleting their phone contents.[D] prohibit suspects from using their mobile phones.27. The author’s attitude toward California’s argument is one of[A] tolerance.[B] indifference.[C] disapproval.[D] cautiousness.28. The author believes that exploring one’s phone contents is comparable to[A] getting into one’s residence.[B] handling one’s historical records.[C] scanning one’s correspondences.[D] going through one’s wallet.29. In Paragraphs 5 and 6, the author shows his concern that[A] principles are hard to be clearly expressed.[B] the court is giving police less room for action.[C] phones are used to store sensitive information.[D] citizens’ privacy is not effectively protected.30. Orin Kerr’s comparison is quoted to indicate that[A] the Constitution should be implemented flexibly.[B] new technology requires reinterpretation of the Constitution.[C] California’s argument violates principles of the Constitution.[D] principles of the Constitution should never be altered.Text 3The journal Science is adding an extra round of statistical checks to its peer-review process, editor-in-chief Marcia McNutt announced today. The policy follows similar efforts from other journals, after widespread concern that basic mistakes in data analysis are contributing to the irreproducibility of many published research findings.“Readers must have confidence in the conclusions published in our journal,” writes McNutt in an editorial. Working with the American Statistical Association, the journal has appointed seven experts to a statistics board of reviewing editors (SBoRE). Manuscript will be flagged up for additional scrutiny by the journal’s internal editors, or by its existing Board of Reviewing Editors or by outside peer reviewers. The SBoRE panel will then find external statisticians to review these manuscripts.Asked whether any particular papers had impelled the change, McNutt said: “The creation of the ‘statistics board’ was motivated by concerns broadly with the application of statistics and data analysis in scientific research and is part of Science’s overall drive to increase reproducibility in the research we publish.”Giovanni Parmigiani, a biostatistician at the Harvard School of Public Health, a member of the SBoRE group, says he expects the board to “play primarily an advisory role.” He agreed to join because he “found the foresight behind the establishment of the SBoRE to be novel, unique and likely to have a lasting impact. This impact will not only be through the publications in Science itself, but hopefully through a larger group of publishing places that may want to model their approach after Science.”John Ioannidis, a physician who studies research methodology, says that the policy is “a most welcome step forward” and “long overdue.”“Most journals are weak in statistical review, and this damages the quality of what they publish. I think that, for the majority of scientific papers nowadays, statistical review is more essential than expert review,” he says. But he noted that biomedical journals such as Annals of Internal Medicine, the Journal of the American Medical Association and The Lancet pay strong attention to statistical review.Professional scientists are expected to know how to analyze data, but statistical errors are alarmingly common in published research, according to David Vaux, a cell biologist. Researchers should improve their standards, he wrote in 2012, but journals should also take a tougher line, “engaging reviewers who are statistically literate and editors who can verify the process.” Vaux says that Science’s idea to pass some papers to statisticians “has some merit, but a weakness is that it relies on the board of reviewing editors to identify ‘the papers that need scrutiny’ in the first place.”31. It can be learned from Paragraph 1 that[A] Science intends to simplify its peer-review process.[B] journals are strengthening their statistical checks.[C] few journals are blamed for mistakes in data analysis.[D] lack of data analysis is common in research projects.32. The phrase “flagged up” (Para. 2) is the closest in meaning to[A] found.[B] revised.[C] marked.[D] stored.33. Giovanni Parmigiani believes that the establishment of the SBoRE may[A] pose a threat to all its peers.[B] meet with strong opposition.[C] increase Science’s circulation.[D] set an example for other journals.34. David Vaux holds that what Science is doing now[A] adds to researchers’ workload.[B] diminishes the role of reviewers.[C] has room for further improvement.[D] is to fail in the foreseeable future.35. Which of the following is the best title of the text?[A] Science Joins Push to Screen Statistics in Papers[B] Professional Statisticians Deserve More Respect[C] Data Analysis Finds Its Way onto Editors’ Desks[D] Statisticians Are Coming Back with ScienceText 4Two years ago, Rupert Murdoch’s daughter, Elisabeth, spoke of the “unsettling dearth of integrity across so many of our institutions”. Integrity had collapsed, she argued, because of a collective acceptance that the only “sorting mechanism” in society should be profit and the market. But “it’s us, human beings, we the people who create the society we want, not profit.”Driving her point home, she continued: “It’s increasingly apparent that the absence of purpose, of a moral language within government, media or business could become one of the most dangerous goals for capitalism and freedom.” This same absence of moral purpose was wounding companies such as News International, she thought, making it more likely that it would lose its way as it had with widespread illegal telephone hacking.As the hacking trial concludes—finding guilty one ex-editor of the News of the World, Andy Coulson, for conspiring to hack phones, and finding his predecessor, Rebekah Brooks, innocent of the same charge—the wider issue of dearth of integrity still stands. Journalists are known to have hacked the phones of up to 5,500 people. This is hacking on an industrial scale, as was acknowledged by Glenn Mulcaire, the man hired by the News of the World in 2001 to be the point person for phone hacking. Others await trial. This long story still unfolds.In many respects, the dearth of moral purpose frames not only the fact of such widespread phone hacking but the terms on which the trial took place. One of the astonishing revelations was how little Rebekah Brooks knew of what went on in her newsroom, how little she thought to ask and the fact that she never inquired how the stories arrived. The core of her successful defence was that she knew nothing.In today’s world, it has become normal that well-paid executives should not be accountable for what happens in the organisations that they run. Perhaps we should not be so surprised. For a generation, the collective doctrine has been that the sorting mechanism of society should be profit. The words that have mattered are efficiency, flexibility, shareholder value, business-friendly, wealth generation, sales, impact and, in newspapers, circulation. Words degraded to the margin have been justice, fairness, tolerance, propor-tionality and accountability.The purpose of editing the News of the World was not to promote reader understanding, to be fair in what was written or to betray any common humanity. It was to ruin lives in the quest for circulation and impact. Ms Brooks may or may not have had suspicions about how her journalists got their stories, but she asked no questions, gave no instructions—nor received traceable, recorded answers.36. According to the first two paragraphs, Elisabeth was upset by[A] the consequences of the current sorting mechanism.[B] companies’ financial loss due to immoral practices.[C] governmental ineffectiveness on moral issues.[D] the wide misuse of integrity among institutions.37. It can be inferred from Paragraph 3 that[A] Glenn Mulcaire may deny phone hacking as a crime.[B] more journalists may be found guilty of phone hacking.[C] Andy Coulson should be held innocent of the charge.[D] phone hacking will be accepted on certain occasions.38. The author believes that Rebekah Brooks’s defence[A] revealed a cunning personality.[B] centered on trivial issues.[C] was hardly convincing.[D] was part of a conspiracy.39. The author holds that the current collective doctrine shows[A] generally distorted values.[B] unfair wealth distribution.[C] a marginalized lifestyle.[D] a rigid moral code.40. Which of the following is suggested in the last paragraph?[A] The quality of writing is of primary importance.[B] Common humanity is central to news reporting.[C] Moral awareness matters in editing a newspaper.[D] Journalists need stricter industrial regulations.Part BDirections:In the following text, some sentences have been removed. For Questions 41-45, choose the most suitable one from the list A-G to fit into each of the numbered blanks. There are two extra choices, which do not fit in any of the blanks. Mark your answers on the ANSWER SHEET. (10 points)How does your reading proceed? Clearly you try to comprehend, in the sense of identifying meanings for individual words and working out relationships between them, drawing on your implicit knowledge of English grammar. (41) You begin to infer a context for the text, for instance, by making decisions about what kind of speech event is involved: Who is making the utterance, to whom, when and where.The ways of reading indicated here are without doubt kinds of comprehension. But they show comprehension to consist not just of passive assimilation but of active engagement in inference and problem-solving. You infer information you feel the writer has invited you to grasp by presenting you with specific evidence and clues. (42) Conceived in this way, comprehension will not follow exactly the same track for each reader. What is in question is not the retrieval of an absolute, fixed or “true” meaning that can be read off and checked for accuracy, or some timeless relation of the text to the world.(43) Such background material inevitably reflects who we are. (44) This doesn’t, however, make interpretation merely relative or even pointless. Precisely because readers from different historical periods, places and social experiences produce different but overlapping readings of the same words on the page—including for texts that engage with fundamental human concerns—debates about texts can play an important role in social discussion of beliefs and values.How we read a given text also depends to some extent on our particular interest in reading it. (45) Such dimensions of reading suggest—as others introduced later in the book will also do—that we bring an implicit (often unacknowledged) agenda to any act of reading. It doesn’t then necessarily follow that one kind of reading is fuller, more advanced or more worthwhile than another. Ideally, different kinds of reading inform each other, and act as useful reference points for and counterbalances to one another. Together, they make up the reading component of your overall literacy, or relationship to your surrounding textual environment.[A] Are we studying that text and trying to respond in a way that fulfils the requirement ofa given course? Reading it simply for pleasure? Skimming it for information? Ways ofreading on a train or in bed are likely to differ considerably from reading in a seminar room.[B] Factors such as the place and period in which we are reading, our gender, ethnicity, ageand social class will encourage us towards certain interpretations but at the same time obscure or even close off others.[C] If you are unfamiliar with words or idioms, you guess at their meaning, using cluespresented in the context. On the assumption that they will become relevant later, you make a mental note of discourse entities as well as possible links between them. [D] In effect, you try to reconstruct the likely meanings or effects that any given sentence,image or reference might have had: These might be the ones the author intended. [E] You make further inferences, for instance, about how the text may be significant to you,or about its validity—inferences that form the basis of a personal response for which the author will inevitably be far less responsible.[F] In plays, novels and narrative poems, characters speak as constructs created by theauthor, not necessarily as mouthpieces for the author’s own thoughts.[G] Rather, we ascribe meanings to texts on the basis of interaction between what we mightcall textual and contextual material: between kinds of organization or patterning we perceive in a text’s formal structures (so especially its language structures) and various kinds of background, social knowledge, belief and attitude that we bring to the text.Part CDirections:Read the following text carefully and then translate the underlined segments into Chinese. Your translation should be written neatly on the ANSWER SHEET. (10 points)Within the span of a hundred years, in the seventeenth and early eighteenth centuries, a tide of emigration—one of the great folk wanderings of history—swept from Europe to America. (46) This movement, driven by powerful and diverse motivations, built a nation out of a wilderness and, by its nature, shaped the character and destiny of an uncharted continent.(47) The United States is the product of two principal forces—the immigration of European peoples with their varied ideas, customs, and national characteristics and the impact of a new country which modified these traits. Of necessity, colonial America was a projection of Europe. Across the Atlantic came successive groups of Englishmen, Frenchmen, Germans, Scots, Irishmen, Dutchmen, Swedes, and many others who attempted to transplant their habits and traditions to the new world. (48) But the force of geographic conditions peculiar to America, the interplay of the varied national groups upon one another, and the sheer difficulty of maintaining old-world ways in a raw, new continent caused significant changes. These changes were gradual and at first scarcely visible. But the result was a new social pattern which, although it resembled European society in many ways, had a character that was distinctly American.(49) The first shiploads of immigrants bound for the territory which is now the United States crossed the Atlantic more than a hundred years after the 15th-and-16th-century explorations of North America. In the meantime, thriving Spanish colonies had been established in Mexico, the West Indies, and South America. These travelers to North America came in small, unmercifully overcrowded craft. During their six- to twelve-week voyage, they survived on barely enough food allotted to them. Many of the ships were lost in storms, many passengers died of disease, and infants rarely survived the journey. Sometimes storms blew the vessels far off their course, and often calm brought unbearably long delay.To the anxious travelers the sight of the American shore brought almost inexpressible relief. Said one recorder of events, “The air at twelve leagues’ distance smelt as sweet as a new-blown garden.” The colonists’ first glimpse of the new land was a sight of dense woods. (50) The virgin forest with its richness and variety of trees was a real treasure-house which extended from Maine all the way down to Georgia. Here was abundant fuel and lumber. Here was the raw material of houses and furniture, ships and potash, dyes and naval stores.Section Ⅲ WritingPart A51. Directions:You are going to host a club reading session. Write an email of about 100 words rec-ommending a book to the club members.You should state reasons for your recommendation.You should write neatly on the ANSWER SHEET.Do not sign your own name at the end of the letter. Use “Li Ming” instead.Do not write the address. (10 points)Part B52. Directions:Write an essay of 160-200 words based on the following picture. In your essay, you should1) describe the picture briefly,2) interpret its intended meaning, and3) give your comments.You should write neatly on the ANSWER SHEET. (20 points)手机时代的聚会2015年全国硕士研究生入学统一考试英语（一）真题参考答案1-5ABDCC6-10ACDBD11-15BDBCA16-20DBACA21-25CACDB26-30BCADB31-35BCDCA36-40ABCAC41-45CEGBA【参考译文】46.受到多种强大的动机驱动，这次移民在一片荒野上建起了一个国家，由于其本质，它也塑造了一个未知大陆的性格和命运。

2016年普通高等学校招生全国统一考试（课标全国卷I）第一部分听力（共两节，满分30分）第一节（共5小题；每小题1.5分，满分7.5分）听下面5段对话。

每段对话后有一个小题，从题中所给的A、B、C三个选项中选出最佳选项，并标在试卷的相应位置。

听完每段对话后，你都有10秒钟的时间来回答有关小题和阅读下一小题。

每段对话仅读一遍。

例：How much is the shirt?A. £ 19.15.B. £ 9.18.C. £ 9.15.答案是C。

1. What are the speakers talking about?A. Having a birthday party.B. Doing some exercise.C. Getting Lydia a gift.2. What is the woman going to do?A. Help the man.B. Take a bus.C. Get a camera.3. What does the woman suggest the man do?A. Tell Kate to stop.B. Call Kate’s friends.C. Stay away from Kate.4. Where does the conversation probably take place?A. In a wine shop.B. In a supermarket.C. In a restaurant.5. What does the woman mean?A. Keep the window closed.B. Go out for fresh air.C. Turn on the fan.第二节（共15小题；每小题1.5分，满分22.5分）听下面5段对话或独白。

每段对话或独白后有几个小题，从题中所给的A、B、C三个选项中选出最佳选项，并标在试卷的相应位置。

2024年全国硕士研究生入学统一考试英语(一)试题Section I Use of EnglishDirections:Read the following text.Choose the best word(s) for each numbered blank and mark A,B,C or D on the ANSWER SHEET.(10 points)There's nothing more welcoming than a door opening for you. 1 the need to be touched to open or close, automatic doors are essential in 2disabled access to buildings and helping provide general3to commercial buildings.Self-sliding doors began to emerge as a commercial product in 1960 after being invented six years4by Americans Dee Horton and Lew Hewitl. They5as a novelty feature, but as their use has grown, their 6 have extended within our technologically advanced world.Particularly7in busy locations or during times of emergency, the doors8crowdmanagement by reducing the obstacles put in people's way.9 making access both in and out of buildings easier for people, the difference in the way many of these doors open helps reduce the total area10 by them. Automatic doors often open to the side, with the panels sliding across one another. Replacing swing doors, these 11 smaller buildings to maximise the usable space inside without having to12 the way for a large, sticking-out door. There are many different types of automatic door, with each13 specific signals to tell them when to open.14 these methods differ, the main15 remain the same.Each automatic door system 16 the light, sound weight or movement in their vicinity as a signal to open. Sensor types are chosen to 17 the different environments they are needed in.18,a busy street might not19 a motion-sensored door, as it would constantly be opening for passers-by. A pressure sensitive mat would be more20 to limit the surveyed area.1.[A]Through [B]Despite [C]Besides [D]Without2.[A]revealing [B]demanding [C]improving[D]tracing3.[A]experience [B]convenience[C]guidance [D]reference4.[A]previously[B]temporarily [C]successively [D]eventually5.[A]held on [B]started out[C]settled down [D]went by6.[A]relations [B]volumes [C]benefits[D]sources7.[A]useful[B]simple [C]flexible [D]stable8.[A]call for [B]yield to [C]insist on [D]act as9.[A]As well as[B]In terms of [C]Thanks to [D]Rather than10.[A]connected[B]shared [C]represented [D]occupied11.[A]allow[B]expect [C]require [D]direct12.[A]adopt [B]lead [C]clear[D]change13.[A]adapting te [B]deriving from [C]relying on[D]pointing at14.[A]Once [B]Since [C]Unless [D]Although15.[A]records [B]positions [C]principles[D]reasons16.[A]controls [B]analyses[C]produces [D]mixes17.[A]decorate [B]compare [C]protect [D]complement18.[A]In conclusion [B]By contrast [C]For example[D]Above all19.[A]identify [B]suit[C]secure [D]include20.[A]appropriate[B]obvious [C]impressive [D]delicateSection II Reading ComprehensionPart ADirections:Read the following four texts. Answer the questions below each text by choosing A,B,C or D. Mark your answers on the ANSWER SHEET.(40 points)Text 1Nearly 2000 years ago, as the Romans began to pull out of Scotland, they left behind a curious treasure:10 tons of nails, nearly a million of the things. The nail hoard was discovered in 1960 in a four-metre-deep pit covered by two metres of gravel.Why had the Romans bunied a million nails? The likely explanation is that the withdrawal was rushed, and they didn't want the local Caledonians getting their hands on 10 tons of weapon-grade iron. The Romans buried the nails so deep that they would not be discovered for almost two millennia.Later civilisations would value the skilled blacksmith's labour in a nail even more than the raw material. As Roma Agrawal explains in her new delightful book Nuts and Bolts, early 17th-century Virginians would sometimes bum down their homes if they were planning to relocate. This was an attempt to recover the valuable nails, which could be reused after sifting the ashes. The idea that one might bum down an entire house just to reclaim the nails underlines how scarce, costly and valuable the simple-seeming technology was.The price of nails fell by 90%between the late 1700s and mid-1900s,as economist Daniel Sichel points out in a research paper. According to Sichel, although the falling price of nails was driven partly by cheaper iron and cheaper energy, most of the credit goes to nail manufactures who simply found more efficient ways to turn steel into nails.Nails themselves have changed over the years, but Sichel studied them because they haven't changed much. Roman lamps and Roman chariots are very different from LED strips and sports cars,but Roman nails are still clearly nails. It would be absurd to try to track the changing price of sports cars since 1695,but to ask the same question of nails makes perfect sense.I make no apology for being obsessed by a particular feature of these objects: their price. I am an economist, after all. After writing two books about the history of inventions, one thing Ive leamt is that while it is the enchantingly sophisticated technologies that get all the hype, it's thecheap technologies that change the world.The Gutenberg printing press transformed civilisation not by changing the nature of writing but by changing its cost-and it would have achieved little without a parallel collapse in the price of surfaces to write on, thanks to an often-overlooked technology called paper. Solar panels had few niche uses until they became cheap; now they are transforming the global energy system.21.The Romans buried the nails probably for the sake of[A]saving them for future use[B]keeping them from rusting[C]letting them grow in value[D]hiding them from the locals22.The example of early 17th-century Virginians is used to[A]highlight the thriftiness of early American colonists[B]illustrate the high status of blacksmiths in that period[C]contrast the attitudes of different civilisations toward nails[D]show the preciousness of nail-making technology at that time23.What played the major role in lowering the price of nails after the late 1700s?[A]Increased productivity.[B]Wider use of new energies.[C]Fiercer market competition.[D]Reduced cost of raw materials.24.It can be leamed from Paragraph 5 that nails[A]have undergone many technological improvements[B]have remained basically the same since Roman times[C]are less studied than other everyday products[D]are one of the world's most significant inventions25.Which of the following best summarises the last two paragraphs?[A]Cheap technologies bring about revolutionary change.[B]Technological innovation is integral to economic success.[C]Technology defines people's understanding of the world.[D]Sophisticated technologies develop from small inventions.Text 2Parenting tips obtained from hunter-gatherers in Africa may be the key to bringing up more contented children, researchers have suggested. The idea is based on studies of communities such as the Kung of Botswana, where each child is cared for by many adults. Kung children as young as four will help to look after younger ones and baby-wearing", in which infants are carried in slings, is considered the norm.According to Dr Nikhil Chaudhary, an evolutionary anthropologist at Cambridge University, these practices, Known as all oparenting, could lead to less anxiety for children and parents.Dr Annie Swanepoel, a child psychiatrist, believes that there are ways to incorporate them into western life. In Germany, one scheme has paired an old people's home with a nursery. The residents help to look after the children, an arrangement akin to alloparenting. Another measure could be encouraging friendships between children indifferent school years to miror the unsupervised mixed-age playgroups in hunter-gatherer communities.In a paper published in the Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry, researchers said that the western nuclear family was a recent invention which family broke with evolutionary history. This abrupt shift to an "intensive mothering narrative", which suggests that mothers should manage childcare alone, was likely to have been harmful. "Such narratives can lead to maternal exhaustion and have dangerous consequences, "they wrote.By contrast, in hunter-gatherer societies adults other than the parents can provide almost half of a child's care. One previous study looked at the Efe people of the Democratic Republic of Congo. It found that infants had an average of 14 alloparents a day by the time they were 18 weeks old and were passed between caregivers eight times an hour.Chaudhary said that parents now had less childcare support from family and social networks than during most of humans'evolutionary history,but introducing additional caregivers could reduce stress and maternal depression,which could have a“knock-on"benefit to a child's wellbeing.An infant bom to a hunter-gatherer society could have more than ten caregivers-this contrasts starkly to nursery settings in the UK where regulations call for a ratio of one carer to four children aged two to three.While hunter-gatherer children leamt from observation and imitation in mixed-age playgroups,researchers said that western"instructive teaching",where pupils are asked to sit still,may contribute to conditions such as attention deficit hyperactivity disorder.Chaudhary said that Britain should explore the possibility that older siblings helping their parents“might also enhance their own social development”26.According to the first two paragraph,alloparenting refers to the practice of[A]sharing child care among community members[B]assigning babies to specific adult caregivers[C]teaching parenting details to older children[D]carrying infants around by their parent27.The scheme in Germany is mentioned to illustrate[A]an attempt to facilitate intergenerational communication[B]an approach to integrating alloparenting into western culture[C]the conventional parenting style in western culture[D]the differences between western African ways ofliving28.According to Paragraph 4,the"intensive mothering narrative"_[A]alleviate parenting pressure[B]considerate family relationships[C]results in the child-centered family[D]departs from the course of evolution29.According to paragraph 6,what can we lean about nursery in the UK?[A]They tend to fall short of official requirements.[B]They have difficulty finding enough caregivers.[C]They ought to improve their carer-to-child ratio.[D]They should try to prevent parental depression.30.Which of the following would be the best title?[A]Instructive teaching:a dilemma for anxious parents[B]For a happier family,learn from the hunter-gatherers[C]Mix-aged playgroup,a better choice for lonely children[D]Tracing the history of parenting:from Africa to EuropeText 3Rutkowski is a Polish digital artist who uses classical painting styles to create dreamy fantasy landscapes.He has made illustrations for games such as Sony's Horizon Forbidden West,Ubisoft's Anno,Dungeons&Dragons,and Magic:The Gathering.And he's become a sudden hit in the new world of text-to-image AI generation.His distinctive style is now one of the most commonly used prompts in the new open-source AI art generator Stable Diffusion,which was launched late last month.The tool,along with other popular image-generation AI models,allows anyone to create impressive images based on text prompts.For example,type in"Wizard with sword and a glowing orb of magic fire fights a fierce dragon GregRutkowski,"and the system will produce something that looks not a milion miles away from works in Rutkowski's style.But these open-source programs are built by scraping images from the Internet,often without permission and proper attribution to artists.As a result,they are raising tricky questions about ethics and copyright.And artists like Rutkowski have had enough.According to the website Lexica,which tracks over 10 million images and prompts generated by Stable Diffusion,Rutkowski's name has been used as a prompt around 93,000 times.Some of the world's most famous artists,such as Michelangelo,Pablo Picasso,and Leonardo da Vinci,brought up around 2,000 prompts each or less.Rutkowski's name also features as a prompt thousands of times in the Discord of another text-to-image generator,Midjourney.Rutkowski was initially surprised but thought it might be a good way to reach new audiences.Then he tried searching for his name to see if a piece he had worked on had been published.The online search brought back work that had his name attached to it but wasn't his.“It's been just a month.What about in a year?I probably won't be able to find my work out there because[the internet]will be flooded with AI art,"Rutkowski says."That's concerning."“There is a coalition growing within artist industries to figure out how to tackle or mitigate this,"says Ortiz.The group is in its early days of mobilization,which could involve pushing for new policies or regulation.One suggestion is that AI models could be trained on images in the public domain,and AI companies could forge partnerships with museums and artists,Ortiz says.31.What can be leamed about Rutkowski from the first two paragraphs?[A]He is enthusiastic about AI generation painting.[B]He is popular with the users of an Al art generator.[C]He attracts admiration from other illustrators.[D]He specializes in classical painting digitalization.32.The problem with open-source AI art generators is that they[A]lack flexibility in responding to prompts[B]produce artworks in unpredictable styles[C]make unauthorized use of online images[D]collect user information without consent33.After searching online,Rutkowski found[A]a unique way to reach audiences[B]a new method to identify Al images[C]AI-generated work bearing his name[D]heated disputes regarding his copyright34.According to Ortiz,AI companies are advised to[A]campaign for new policies or regulations[B]offer their services to public institutions[C]strengthen their relationships with AI users[D]adopt a different strategy for Al model training35.What is the text mainly about?[A]Artists'responses to Al art generation.[B]AI's expanded role in artistic creation.[C]Privacy issues in the application of Al.[D]Opposing views on AI development.Text 4The miracle of the Chesapeake Bay lies not in its depths,but in the complexity of its natural construction,the interaction of fresh and saline water and the mix of land and water.The shallows provide homes for hundreds of species while storing floodwaters,filtering pollutants from water,and protecting nearby communities from potentially destructive storm surges.All this was put at great risk late last month,when the US Supreme Court issued a ruling in an Idaho case that provides the EPA far less authority to regulate wetlands and waterways.Specifically,a 5-4 majority decided that wetlands protected by the EPA under it Clean Water Act authority must have a“continuous surface connection”to bodies of water.This narrowing of the regulatory scope was a victory for builders,mining operators and other commercial interests often at odds with environmental rules.And it carries"significant repercussions for water quality and flood control throughout the US,"as Justice Brett Kavanaugh observed.In Maryland,the good news is that there are many state laws in place that provide wetlands protections.But that's a very shortsighted view,particularly when it comes to the Chesapeake Bay.The reality is that water and the pollutants that so often come with it,don't respect state boundaries.The Chesapeake draws from a 64000-square-mile watershed that extends to Virginia,Pennsylvania,New York,West Virginia,the District of Columbia and Delaware.Will thosejurisdictions extend the same protections now denied under Sackett V.EPA?Perhaps some,but all?That seems unlikely.It is too easy,and misleading,to see such court rulings as merely standing up for the rights of land owners when the consequences can be so dire for their neighbors.And it's reminder that they EPA's involvement in the Chesapeake Bay program has long been crucial as the means to transcend the influence of deep-pocketed special interests in neighboring states.Pennsylvania farmers,to use one telling example,aren't thinking about next year's blue crab harvest in Maryland when they decide whether to spread animal waste on their fields,yet the runoff into nearby creeks can have enormous impacts downstream.And so we would also call on state lawmakers from Richmond to Albany to consider reviewing their own wetlands protections and see for themselves the enormous stakes involved.We can't offer them a trip to the Chesapeake Bay model.It's been gone since the 1980s but perhaps a visit to Blackwater National Wildlife Refuge in Dorchester County where American bald eagles fly over tidal marshes so shallow you could not paddle a boat across them but teaming with aquatic life.It's worth the scenic drive.36.The Chesapeake Bay is described in Paragraph 1 as[A]a value natural environment[B]a controversial conservation area[C]a place with commercial potential[D]a headache for nearby communities37.The U.S.Supreme Court's ruling in the Idaho case[A]reinforces water pollution control[B]weakens the EPA's regulatory power[C]will end conflicts among local residents[D]may face opposition from mining operators38.How does the author feel about the future of the Chesapeake Bay?[A]Worried.[B]Puzzled.[C]Relieved[D]Encouraged.39.What can be inferred about the EPA's involvement in the Chesapeake BayProgram?[A]It has restored the balance among neighboring jurisdictions.[B]It has triggered a radical reform in commercial fisheries.[C]It has set a fine example of respecting state authorities.[D]It has ensured the coordination of protection efforts.40.The author holds that the state lawmakers should[A]be cautious about the influence of landowners[B]attach due importance to wetlands protections[C]recognize the need to expand wildlife refugesPart BDirections:Read the following comments on a report about American museums returning artifacts to their countries of origin and a list of statements summarizing the comments.Choose the best statement from the list A-G for each numbered name(41—45).There are two extra choices which you do not need to use.Mark your answers on the ANSWER SHEET.(10 points)(41)HannabSimply,there are people in Nigeria who cannot travel to the Smithsonian Institution to see that part of their history and culture represented by the Benin Bronzes.These should be available to them as part of their cultural heritage and history and as a source of national pride.There is no good reason that these artifacts should be beyond the ordinary reach of the educational objectives or inspiration of the generations to which they were left.They serve no purpose in a museum in the United States or elsewhere except as curious objects.They cannot be compared to works of art produced for sale which can be passed from hand to hand and place to place by purchase.(42)BuckWe know very exact reproductions of artwork can be and are regularly produced.Perhaps museums and governments might explore some role for the use of nearly exact reproductions as a means of resolving issues relating to returning works of art and antiquities.The context of any exhibit is more important to me than whether the object being displayed is 2,000 years old or 2 months old.In many cases the experts have a hard time agreeing on what is the real object and what is a forgery.Again,the story an exhibit is trying to tell is what matters.The monetary value of the objects on display is a distant second place in importance.(43)SaraWhen visiting the Baltimore Museum of Art,I came across a magnificentlSth-century Chinese sculpture.It inspired me to learm more about the culture that it represented.Artifacts in museums have the power to inspire,and perhaps spark that need to learn and understand the nature of their creators.Having said that,I do feel that whatever artifacts find their way to public museums should,in fact,be sanctioned as having been obtained on loan,legally purchased,or obtained by treaty.Stealing artifacts from other peoples'cultures is obscene;it robs not only the physical objects,but the dignity and spirit of their creators.(44)VictorAncient art that is displaced in foreign countries should be returned.…(缺失)(45)JuliaTo those of you in the comments section,by all means,who are having strong feeling about artifacts being removed from cities in the US and Britain,I would ask you to consider…(缺失)[A]It is clear that countries of origin have never been compensated for stolen artifacts.[B]It is a flawed line of reasoning to argue against returning artifacts to their countries of origin.[C]Museum visitor can still learn as much from artifacts copies after the originals are returmed.[D]Reproductions,even if perfectly made,cannot take the place of the authentic objects.[E]The real value of artifacts can only be recognized in their countries of origin rather than anywhere else[F]Ways to get artifacts from other countries must be decent and lawful.[G]Concern over security is no excuse for refusing to return artifacts to their countries of origin. 参考答案：41.E 42.C 43.F 44.G 45.BPart CDirections:Read the following text carefully and then translate the underlined segments into Chinese.Your translation should be written clearly on the ANSWER SHEET.(10 points)“Elephants never forget”—or so they say—and that piece of folklore seems to have some foundation.The African savanna elephant also known as the African bush elephant,is distributed across 37 African countries.(46)They sometimes travel more than sixty miles to find food or water,anc are very good at working out where other elephants are—even when they are out of ing tracking devices,researchers have shown that they have"remarkable spatial acuity",when finding their way to waterholes,they headed off in exactly the right direction,on one occasion from a distance of roughly thirty miles.What is more,they almost always seem to choose the nearest water hole.(47)The researchers are convinced that the elephants always know precisely where they are in relation to all the resources they need,and can therefore take shortcuts,as well as following familiar routes.Although the cues used by African elephants for long-distance navigation are not yet understood,smell may well play a part.Elephants are very choosy eaters,but until recently litle was known about how they selected their food.(48)One possibility was that they merely used their eyes and tried out the plants they found,but that would probably result in a lot of wasted time and energy,not least because their eyesight is actually not very good.(49)The volatile chemicals produced by plants can be carried a long way,and they are very characteristic:Each plant or tree has its own particular odor signature.What is more,they can be detected even when they are not actually visible.New research suggests that smell is a crucial factor in guiding elephants—and probably other herbivores—to the best food resources.The researchers first established what kinds of plant the elephants preferred either to eat or avoid when foraging freely.They then set up a“food station”experiment,in which they gave elephants a series of choices based only on smell.(50)The experiment showed that elephants may well use smell to identify patches of trees that are good to eat,and secondly to assess the quality ofthe trees within each patch.Free-ranging elephants presumably also use this information to locate their preferred food.参考译文：(46)它们有时跋涉六十多英里寻找食物或水，并且非常善于寻找其他大象的位置——即使它们不在视线范围内。

2016年全国硕士研究生入学统一考试押题卷（含答题卡）英语（二）模拟考试Section I Use of EnglishDirections:Read the following text. Choose the best word(s) for each numbered blank and mark A, B, C or D on the ANSWERE SHEET. (10 points)The outbreak of swine flu that was first detected in Mexico was declared a global epidemic on June 11, 2009. It is the first worldwide epidemic_____1_____ by the World Health Organization in 41 years.The heightened alert _____2_____ an emergency meeting with flu experts in Geneva that convened after a sharp rise in cases in Australia, and rising_____3_____in Britain, Japan, Chile and elsewhere.But the epidemic is "_____4_____" in severity, according to Margaret Chan, the organization's director general, _____5_____ the overwhelming majority of patients experiencing only mild symptoms and a full recovery, often in the _____6_____ of any medical treatment.The outbreak came to global_____7_____in late April 2009, when Mexican authorities noticed an unusually large number of hospitalizations and deaths_____8_____healthy adults. As much of Mexico City shut down at the height of a panic, cases began to _____9_____in New York City, the southwestern United States and around the world.In the United States, new cases seemed to fade_____10_____warmer weather arrived. But in late September 2009, officials reported there was _____11_____flu activity in almost every state and that virtually all the_____12_____tested are the new swine flu, also known as (A) H1N1, not seasonal flu. In the U.S. , it has_____13_____more than one million people, and caused more than 600 deaths and more than 6,000 hospitalizations.Federal health officials_____14_____Tamiflu for children from the national stockpile and began _____15_____ orders from the states for the new swine flu vaccine. The new vaccine, which is different from the annual flu vaccine, is ____16_____ ahead of expectations. More than three million does were to be made available in early October 2009, though most of those _____17_____doses were of the FluMist nasal spray type, which is not_____18_____for pregnant women, people over 50 or those with breathing difficulties, heart disease or several other _____19_____. But it was still possible to vaccinate people in other high-risk group: health care workers, people _____20_____infants and healthy young people.1 [A] criticized [B] appointed [C]commented [D] designated2 [A] proceeded [B] activated [C] followed [D] prompted3 [A] digits [B] numbers [C] amounts [D] sums4 [A] moderate [B] normal [C] unusual [D] extreme5 [A] with [B] in [C] from [D] by6 [A] progress [B] absence [C] presence [D] favor7 [A] reality [B] phenomenon [C] concept [D] notice8 [A]over [B] for [C] among [D] to9 [A] stay up [B] crop up [C] fill up [D] cover up10 [A] as [B] if [C] unless [D] until11 [A] excessive [B] enormous [C] significant [D]magnificent12 [A]categories [B] examples [C] patterns [D] samples13 [A] imparted [B] immerse [C] injected [D] infected14 [A] released [B] relayed [C] relieved [D] remained15 [A] placing [B] delivering [C] taking [D] giving16 [A] feasible [B] available [C] reliable [D] applicable17 [A] prevalent [B] principal [C] innovative [D] initial18 [A] presented [B] restricted [C] recommended [D] introduced19 [A] problems [B] issues [C] agonies [D] sufferings20 [A] involved in [B] caring for [C] concerned with [D] warding offSection II Reading ComprehensionPart ADirections:Read the following four texts. Answer the questions after each text by choosing A, B, C or D. Mark your answers on the ANSWER SHEET. (40 points)Text 1Working at nonstandard times－evenings, nights, or weekends－is taking its toll on American families. One-fifth of all employed Americans work variable or rotating shifts, and one-third work weekends, according to Harriet B. Presser, sociology professor at the University of Maryland. The result is stress on familial relationships, which is likely to continue in coming decades.The consequences of working irregular hours vary according to gender, economic level, and whether or not children are involved. Single mothers are more likely to work nights and weekends than married mothers. Women in clerical, sales, or other low-paying jobs participate disproportionately in working late and graveyard shifts.Married-couple households with children are increasingly becoming dual-earner households, generating more split-shift couples. School-aged children, however, may benefit from parents’ nonstandard work schedules because of the greater likelihood that a parent will be home before or after school. On the other hand, a correlation exists between nonstandard work schedules and both marital instability and a decline in the quality of marriages.Nonstandard working hours mean families spend less time together for diner but more time together for breakfast. One-on-one interaction between parents and children varies, however, based on parent, shift, and age of children. There is also a greater reliance on child care by relatives and by professional providers.Working nonstandard hours is less a choice of employees and more a mandate of employer. Presser believes that the need for swing shifts and weekend work will continue to rise in the coming decades. She reports that in some European countries there are substantial salary premiums for employees working irregular hours --- sometimes as much as 50% higher. The convenience of having services available 24 hours a day continues to drive this trend.Unfortunately, says Presser, the issue is virtually absent from public discourse. She emphasizes the need for focused studies on costs and benefits of working odd hours, the physical and emotional health of people working nights and weekends, and the reasons behind the necessity for working these hours. “Nonstandard work schedulesnot only are highly prevalent among American families but also generate a level of complexity in family functioning that needs greater attention,” she says.21．Which of the following demonstrates that working at nonstandard times is taking its toll on American families？A．Stress on familial relationships．B．Rotating shifts .C．Evenings，nights，or weekends. D．Its consequences .22．Which of the following is affected most by working irregular hours？A．Children. B．Marriage.C．Single mothers. D．Working women.23．Who would be in favor of the practice of working nonstandard hours？A．Children. B．Parents.C．Employees D．Professional child providers.24．It is implied that the consequences of nonstandard work schedules are ______________ . A．emphasized B．absentC．neglected D．prevalent25．What is the author’s attitude towards working irre gular hours？A．Positive. B．Negative.C．Indifferent. D．Objective.Text 2Most human beings actual1y decide before they think. When any human being —— executive, specialized expert, or person in the street —— encounters a complex issue and forms an opinion, often within a matter of seconds, how thoroughly has he or she explored the implications of the various courses of action? Answer: not very thoroughly. Very few people, no matter how inte1ligent or experienced, can take inventory of the many branching possibilities, possible outcomes, side effects, and undesired consequences of a policy or a course of action in a matter of seconds. Yet, those who pride themselves on being decisive often try to do just that. And once their brains lock onto an opinion, most of their thinking thereafter consists of finding support for it.A very serious side effect of argumentative decision making can be a lack of support for the chosen course of action on the pa t of the “losing” faction. When one faction wins the meeting and the others see themselves as losing, the battle often doesn’t end when the meeting ends. Anger, resentment, and jealousy may lead them to sabotage the decision later, or to reopen the debate at later meetings.There is a better way. As philosopher Aldous Huxley said, “It isn’t who is right, but what is right, that counts.”The structured-inquiry method offers a better alternative to argumentative decision making by debate. With the help of the Internet and wireless computer technology the gap between experts and executives is now being dramatically closed. By actually putting the brakes on the thinking process, slowing it down, and organizing the flow of logic, it’s possible to create a level o f clarity that sheer argumentation can never match.The structured-inquiry process introduces a level of conceptual clarity by organizing the contributions of the experts, then brings the experts and the decision makers closer together. Although it isn’t p ossible or necessary for a president or prime minister to listen in on every intelligence analysis meeting, it’s possible to organize the experts’information to give the decision maker much greater insight as to its meaning. This process may somewhat resemble a marketing focus group; it’s a simple, remarkably clever way to bring decision makers closer to the source of the expert information and opinions on which they must base their decisions.26．From the first paragraph we can learn that .A．executive, specialized expert, are no more clever than person in the streetB．very few people decide before they thinkC．those who pride themselves on being decisive often fail to do soD．people tend to consider carefully before making decisions27．Judging fro m the context, what does the word “them” (line 4, paragraph 2) refer to?A．Decision makers. B．The “losing” faction.C．Anger, resentment, and jealousy. D．Other people.28．Aldous Huxley’s remark (Paragraph 3) imp lies that ___________ .A．there is a subtle difference between right and wrongB．we cannot tell who is right and what is wrongC．what is right is more important than who is rightD．what is right accounts for the question who is right29．According to the author, the function of the structured-inquiry method is ___________ .A．to make decision by debateB．to apply the Internet and wireless computer technologyC．to brake on the thinking process, slowing it downD．to create a level of conceptual clarity30．The structured-inquiry process can be useful for ___________ .A．decision makers B．intelligence analysis meetingC．the experts’ information D．marketing focus groupsText 3Sport is heading for an indissoluble marriage with television and the passive spectator will enjoy a private paradise. All of this will be in the future of sport. The spectator (the television audience) will be the priority and professional clubs will have to readjust their structures to adapt to the new reality: sport as a business.The new technologies will mean that spectators will no longer have to wait for broadcasts by the conventional channels. They will be the ones who decide what to see. And they will have to pay for it. In the United States the system of the future has already started: pay-as-you-view. Everything will be offered by television and the spectator will only have to choose. The review Sports Illustrated recently published a full profile of the life of the supporter at home in the middle of the next century. It explained that the consumers would be able to select their view of the match on a gigantic, flat screen occupying the whole of one wall, with images of a clarity which cannot be foreseen at present; they could wat ch from the trainer’s stands just behind the batter in a game of baseball or from the helmet of the star player in an American football game. And at their disposal will be the sane options the producer of the recorded programmer has: to select replays, to choose which camera to use and to decide on the sound -- whether to hear the public, the players, the trainer and so on.Many sports executives, largely too old and too conservative to feel at home with the new technologies will believe that sport must control the expansion of television coverage in order to survive and ensure that spectators attend matches. They do not even accept the evidence which contradicts their view: while there is more basketball than ever on television, for example, it is also certain that basketball is more popular than ever.It is also the argument of these sports executives that television harming the modest team. This is true, but the future of those teams is also modest. They have reached their ceiling . It is the law of the market. The great events continually attract larger audience.The world is being constructed on new technologies so that people can make the utmost use of their time and , in their home have access to the greatest possible range of recreational activities. Sport will have to adapt itself to the new world.The most visionary executives go further. That philosophy is: rather than see television take over sport why not have sports taken over television?31．What does the writer mean by use of the phrase “an indissoluble marriage” in the first paragraph?A．Sport is combined with television. B．Sport controls television.C．Television dictates sports. D．Sport and television will go their own ways. 32．What does “they” in line 2 paragraph 2 stand for?A．Broadcasts. B．Channels.C．Spectators. D．Technologies.33．How do many sports executives feel with the new technologies?A．They are too old to do anything. B．They feel ill at ease.C．They feel completely at home. D．Technologies can go hand in hand with sports. 34．What is going to be discussed in the following paragraphs?A．The philosophy of visionary executives.B．The process of television taking over sport.C．Television coverage expansion.D．An example to show how sport has taken over television.35．What might be the appropriate title of this passage?A．The arguments of sports executives.B．The philosophy of visionary executives.C．Sports and television in the 21st century.D．Sports: a business.Text 4Convenience food helps companies by creating growth, but what is its effect on people? For people who think cooking was the foundation of civilization ,the microwave is the last enemy. The communion of eating together is easily broken by a device that liberates households citizens from waiting for mealtimes. The first great revolution in the history of food is in danger of being undone. The companionship of the campfire, cooking pot and common table, which have helped to bond humans in collaborative living for at least 150,000 years could be destroyed.Meals have certainly sated from the rise of convenience food. The only meals regularly taken together in Britain these days are at the weekend, among rich families struggling to retain something of the old symbol of togetherness. Indeed, the day’s first meal has all but disappeared. In the 20th century the leisure Bri tish breakfast was undermined by the corn flake; in the 21st breakfast is vanishing altogether , a victim of the quick cup of coffee in Starbucks and the cereal bar.Convenience food has also made people forget how to cook. One of the apparent paradoxes of modern food is that while the amount of time spent cooking meals has fallen from 60 minutes a day in 1980 to 13 minutes a day in 2002, the number of cooks and television programmes on cooking has multiplied. But perhaps this isn’t a paradox. Maybe it is because people can’t cook anymore, so they need to be told how to do it, or maybe it is because people buy books about hobbies---golf, yachting ---not about chores. Cooking has ceased to be a chore and has become a hobby.Although everybody lives in the kitchen, its facilities are increasingly for display rather than for use. Mr. Silverstein’s now book, ”Trading U p” look s at mid-range consumer’s willingness to splash out. He says that industrial–style Viking cooktops, with nearly twice the heat output of other ranges, have helped to push the “kitchen as theater” trend in home goods. They cost from $1000 to $9000. Some 75% of them are never used.Convenience also has an impact on the healthiness, or otherwise, of food. Of course there is nothing bad about ready-to-eat food itself. You don’t get much healthier than an apple, and supermarkets sell a better-for-you range of ready-meals. But there is a limit to the number of apples people want to eat; and these days it is easier for people to eat the kind of food that makes them fat. The three Harvard economists in their paper “Why have Americans become more obese?” point out that in the past, if people wanted to eat fatty hot food, they had to cook it. That took time and energy -- a good chip needs frying twice, once to cook the potato and once to get it crispy ---- which discouraged consumption of that sort of food. Mass preparation of food took away that constraint. Nobody has to cut and double cook their own fries these days. Who has the time?36．What might the previous paragraphs deal with?A．The relationship between meals and convenience food.B．The importance of convenience food in people’s life.C．The rise of convenience food.D．The history of food industry.37．What is the paradox in the third paragraph?A．Peo ple don’t know how to cook.B．The facilities in the kitchen are not totally used.C．People are becoming more obese, thus unhealthy.D．Convenience food actually does not save people time.38．What does the passage mainly discuss?A．The bad effects of convenience food.B．Mr. Silverstein’s new book.C．People’s new hobby.D．Disappearance of the old symbol of togetherness.39．Why has American become more obese?A．Because of eating chips.B．Because of being busy.C．Because of being lazy.D．B and C.40．Which of the following might the another mostly agree with?A．There is nothing bad about convenience food.B．Convenience food makes people lazy.C．Convenience food helps companies grow.D．Convenience food is a revolution in cooking.Part BDirections:Read the following text and answer the questions by finding a subtitle for each of the marked parts or paragraphs. There are two extra items in the subtitles. Mark your answers on the ANSWER SHEET.(10 points)(A) They who know nothing listen more(B) Women support is essential(C) Women who create pink-collar industry(D) Women: backbone for e-commerce(E) Men: pretended fashion experts(F) Men: technology savvy in fashion business(G) New form of gender equality41.According to a 2010 report from comScore, women spend more time online than men, and they’re overrepresented in social networking, gaming, photos, blogs, and retail. Not only do women spend time online, they spend money, too-female customers make up 61% of online transactions. In a TechCrunch article on the topic, Silicon Valley venture capitalist Aileen Lee called women the “rocket fuel” of e-commerce. “Especially when it comes to social and shopping, ” Lee explains, “women rule the Internet. ”42.Hence the surge in “pink-collar”start-ups----businesses in traditionally feminine industries like fashion, beauty, and shopping. But women aren’t the only tech entrepreneurs with their eyes on female customers. Fromthe men behind Pinterest to the dudes who started Shoe Dazzle, smart men are defying gender stereotypes in the pursuit of great business and jumping at the chance to cash in on pink-collar opportunities.Nils Johnson is one of the three male co-founders of Beautylish, a beauty-focused social network. What attracted three men to the female-dominated cosmetics industry? “Most engineers are guys, so they think about products for guys, ” Johnson explains. “When we thought about the intersection of technology and beauty, we saw a large opportunity in a market that was significantly underserved. ”Josh Berman and Diego Berdakin are another great example: The duo took their expertise in technology and proximity to the heart of Hollywood and identified a huge opportunity to revolutionize e-commerce. The result was Beachmint, a designer-curated social-commerce site, which catered exclusively to women. “The founders never pretended to be fashion experts, ” says Ara Katz, Beachmint’s Head of Creative and Partnerships. “Their strengths are in technology and operations. ”43.When I asked Johnson whether he and his founders had ever encountered criticism, he groaned. “Totally. It’s reverse discrimination. They say, ‘Why don’t you address something that scratches your own itch? ’” But Johnson adds, “I made it clear that I was going to hire the best people. ”In many cases, that hiring philosophy means actively seeking to hire women, and some male founders are making strategic choices to recruit women to join their founding teams. Of course, these male entrepreneurs make it clear that their co-founders aren’t just window dressing. In addition to their personal knowledge of the female market, women have brought valuable skills to their ventures.44.These pink-collar male entrepreneurs aren’t letting gender hold them back. In fact, they even see some benefits of their outsider perspective. “It can be hard for entrepreneurs to not think their personal experiences are a proxy for the market, ” explained Topolovac. “Because I come to the table without emotional attachment to the answers, it’s made me a better listener. ”45.Women are the economic engines of some of the Internet’s hottest markets from e-commerce to social media. It’s no wonder then that savvy entrepreneurs ---- both men and women ---- are developing ways to better serve the female market. And as with any growing industry, it takes teams of both genders to truly succeed. Just as we need more women to bring their unique perspective to traditionally male-dominated fields, so too will pink-collar industries benefit from smart, innovative men.Section III Translation46. Directions:Translate the following text from English into Chinese. Write your translation on the ANSWER SHEET.(15 points)Intelligence quotients (IQs) testing is controversial and regarded by some as a crude indicator of ability or potential. When comparing nations, measured average IQ tends to be affected by class, nutrition, and cultural factors including education. There is also disagreement over the influences of nature and nurture.IQs have risen in developed nations for almost a century. But in Britain, research has found a reversal of this trend. The average had declined by two points on average, but by as much as six points among teenagers in the top half of the IQ scale, a fall that wiped out the previous two decades of gains in that group.No cause for this fall in IQs has been established: the internet, the dumbing down of education, and an obsession with exam results have been suggested. Flynn has argued that youth culture has made a contribution.Section IV WritingPart A47. Directions:Suppose you have a friend who is about to enter university, and he wants you to advise him on which subject to specialize in ---- history, in which he is very interested, or computer science, which offers better job prospects.1)Give your suggestions, and explain the reasons.2)Other recommendations.You should write about 100 words on the ANSWER SHEET.Do not sign your own name at the end of the letter. Use “Zhang Wei” instead.Do not write your address. (10 points)Part B48. Directions:Write an essay based on the following table. In which, you should1)describe the table and2)give your comments.You should write at least 150 words.Write your essay on the ANSWER SHEET. (15 points)。

2016考研英语二真题及答案（完整版）分析令人期待的2016英语初试结束了，凯程教育的电话瞬间变成了热线，同学们兴奋地汇报自己的答题情况，几乎所有内容都在凯程考研集训营系统训练过，英语专业课难度与往年相当，答题的时候非常顺手，英语题型今年是选择题，阅读填空，作文。

相信凯程的学员们对此非常熟悉，预祝亲爱的同学们复试顺利。

英语分笔试、面试，如果没有准备，或者准备不充分，很容易被挂掉。

如果需要复试的帮助，同学们可以联系凯程老师辅导。

下面凯程英语老师把英语的真题全面展示给大家，供大家估分使用，以及2017年考英语的同学使用，本试题凯程首发，转载注明出处。

2016年全国硕士研究生入学统一考试英语（二）真题及答案（完整版）（注：以下选项标红加粗为正确答案）Section I Use of EnglishDirections:Read the following text. Choose the best word(s) for each numbered blank and mark A, B, C or D on the ANSWER SHEET. (10 points)Happy people work differently. They're more productive, more creative, and willing to take greater risks. And new research suggests that happiness might influence how firms work, too.Companies located in place with happier people invest more, according to a recent research paper. In particular , firms in happy places spend more on R&D(research and development).That's because happiness is linked to the kind of longer-term thinking necessary for making investment for the future.The researchers wanted to know if the optimism and inclination for risk-taking that come with happiness would change the way companies invested. So they compared U.S. cities' average happiness measured by Gallup polling with the investment activity of publicly traded firms in those areas.sure enough, firms' investment and R&D intensity were correlated with the happiness of the area in which they were headquartered. But it is really happiness that's linked to investment, or could something else about happier cities explain why firms there spend more on R&D? To find out, the researches controlled for various factors that might make firms more likely to invest like size, industry , and sales-and-and for indicators that a placewas desirable to live in, like growth in wages or population. They link between happiness and investment generally held even after accounting for these things.The correlation between happiness and investment was particularly strong for younger firms, which the authors attribute to "less confined decision making process" and the possible presence of younger and less experienced managers who are more likely to be influenced by sentiment.'' The relationship was also stronger in places where happiness was spread more equally. Firms seem to invest more in places.While this doesn't prove that happiness causes firms to invest more or to take a longer-term view, the authors believe it at least hints at that possibility. It's not hard to imagine that local culture and sentiment would help shape how executives think about the future. It surely seems plausible that happy people would be more forward -thinking and creative and lean towards R&D more than the average," said one researcher.Section II Reading ComprehensionPart ADirections:Read the following four texts. Answer the questions below each text by choosing A, B, C or D. Mark your answers on the ANSWER SHEET. (40 points)Text 1It's true that high-school coding classes aren't essential for learning computer science in college. Students without experience can catch up after a few introductory courses, said Tom Cortina, the assistant dean at Carnegie Mellon's School of Computer Science.However, Cortina said, early exposure is beneficial. When younger kids learn computer science, they learn that it's not just a confusing, endless string of letters and numbers - but a tool to build apps, or create artwork, or test hypotheses. It's not as hard for them to transform their thought processes as it is for older students. Breaking down problems into bite-sized chunks and using code to solve them becomes normal. Giving more children this training could increase the number of people interested in the field and help fill the jobs gap, Cortina said.Students also benefit from learning something about coding before they get to college, where introductory computer-science classes are packed to the brim, which can drive the less-experienced or-determined students away.The Flatiron School, where people pay to learn programming, started as one of the many coding bootcamps that's become popular for adults looking for a career change. The high-schoolers get the same curriculum, but "we try to gear lessons toward things they're interested in," said Victoria Friedman, an instructor. For instance, one of the apps the students are developing suggests movies based on your mood.The students in the Flatiron class probably won't drop out of high school and build the next Facebook. Programming languages have a quick turnover, so the "Ruby on Rails" language they learned may not even be relevant by the time they enter the job market. But the skills they learn - how to think logically through a problem and organize the results - apply to any coding language, said Deborah Seehorn, an education consultant for the state of North Carolina.Indeed, the Flatiron students might not go into IT at all. But creating a future army of coders is not the sole purpose of the classes. These kids are going to be surrounded by computers-in their pockets ,in their offices, in their homes -for the rest of their lives, The younger they learn how computers think, how to coax the machine into producing what they want -the earlier they learn that they have the power to do that -the better.21.Cortina holds that early exposure to computer science makes it easier to _______[A] complete future job training[B] remodel the way of thinking[C] formulate logical hypotheses[D] perfect artwork production22.In delivering lessons for high - schoolers , Flatiron has considered their________[A] experience[B] interest[C] career prospects[D] academic backgrounds23.Deborah Seehorn believes that the skills learned at Flatiron will ________[A] help students learn other computer languages[B] have to be upgraded when new technologies come[C] need improving when students look for jobs[D] enable students to make big quick money24.According to the last paragraph, Flatiron students are expected to ______[A] bring forth innovative computer technologies[B] stay longer in the information technology industry[C] become better prepared for the digitalized world[D] compete with a future army of programmers25.The word "coax"(Line4,Para.6) is closest in meaning to ________[A] persuade[B] frighten[C] misguide[D] challengeText 2Biologists estimate that as many as 2 million lesser prairie chickens---a kind of bird living on stretching grasslands-once lent red to the often grey landscape of the midwestern and southwestern United States. But just some 22,000 birds remain today, occupying about 16% of the species 'historic range.The crash was a major reason the U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service (USFWS)decided to formally list the bird as threatened ."The lesser prairie chicken is in a desperate situation ," said USFWS Director Daniel Ashe. Some environmentalists, however, were disappointed. They had pushed the agency to designate the bird as "endangered," a status that gives federal officials greater regulatory power to crack down on threats .But Ashe and others argued that the" threatened" tag gave the federal government flexibility to try out new, potentially less confrontational conservations approaches. In particular, they called for forging closer collaborations with western state governments, which are often uneasy with federal action. and with the private landowners who control an estimated 95% of the prairie chicken's habitat.Under the plan, for example, the agency said it would not prosecute landowner or businesses that unintentionally kill, harm, or disturb the bird, as long as they had signed a range-wide management plan to restore prairie chicken habitat. Negotiated by USFWS and the states, the plan requires individuals and businesses that damage habitat as part of their operations to pay into a fund to replace every acre destroyed with 2 new acres of suitable habitat .The fund will also be used to compensate landowners who set aside habitat , USFWS also set an interim goal of restoring prairie chicken populations to an annual average of 67,000 birds over the next 10 years .And it gives the Western Association of Fish and Wildlife Agencies (WAFWA), a coalition of state agencies, the job of monitoring progress. Overall, the idea is to let "states" remain in the driver 's seat for managing the species," Ashe said.Not everyone buys the win-win rhetoric. Some Congress members are trying to block the plan, and at least a dozen industry groups, four states, and three environmental groups are challenging it in federal court. Not surprisingly, doesn't go far enough. "The federal government is giving responsibility for managing the bird to the same industries that are pushing it to extinction, " says biologist Jay Lininger.26.The major reason for listing the lesser prairie as threatened is____.[A]its drastically decreased population[B]the underestimate of the grassland acreage[C]a desperate appeal from some biologists[D]the insistence of private landowners27.The "threatened" tag disappointed some environmentalists in that it_____.[A]was a give-in to governmental pressure[B]would involve fewer agencies in action[C]granted less federal regulatory power[D]went against conservation policies28.It can be learned from Paragraph3 that unintentional harm-doers will not be prosecuted if they_____.[A]agree to pay a sum for compensation[B]volunteer to set up an equally big habitat[C]offer to support the WAFWA monitoring job[D]promise to raise funds for USFWS operations29.According to Ashe, the leading role in managing the species in______.[A]the federal government[B]the wildlife agencies[C]the landowners[D]the states30.Jay Lininger would most likely support_______.[A]industry groups[B]the win-win rhetoric[C]environmental groups[D]the plan under challengeText 3That everyone's too busy these days is a cliché. But one specific complaint is made especially mournfully: There's never any time to read.What makes the problem thornier is that the usual time-management techniques don't seem sufficient. The web's full of articles offering tips on making time to read: "Give up TV" or "Carry a book with you at all times." But in my experience, using such methods to free up the odd 30 minutes doesn't work. Sit down to read and the flywheel of work-related thoughts keeps spinning-or else you're so exhausted that a challenging book's the last thing you need. The modern mind, Tim Parks, a novelist and critic, writes, "is overwhelmingly inclined toward communication…It is not simply that one is interrupted; it is that one is actually inclined to interruption." Deep reading requires not just time, but a special kind of time which can't be obtained merely by becoming more efficient.In fact, "becoming more efficient" is part of the problem. Thinking of time as a resource to be maximised means you approach it instrumentally, judging any given moment as well spent only in so far as it advances progress toward some goal. Immersive reading, by contrast, depends on being willing to risk inefficiency, goallessness, even time-wasting. Try to slot it as a to-do list item and you'll manage only goal-focused reading-useful, sometimes, but not the most fulfilling kind. "The future comes at us likeempty bottles along an unstoppable and nearly infinite conveyor belt," writes Gary Eberle in his book Sacred Time, and "we feel a pressure to fill these different-sized bottles (days, hours, minutes) as they pass, for if they get by without being filled, we will have wasted them." No mind-set could be worse for losing yourself in a book.So what does work? Perhaps surprisingly, scheduling regular times for reading. You'd think this might fuel the efficiency mind-set, but in fact, Eberle notes, such ritualistic behaviour helps us "step outside time's flow" into "soul time." You could limit distractions by reading only physical books, or on single-purpose e-readers. "Carry a book with you at all times" can actually work, too-providing you dip in often enough, so that reading becomes the default state from which you temporarily surface to take care of business, before dropping back down. On a really good day, it no longer feels as if you're "making time to read," but just reading, and making time for everything else.31. The usual time-management techniques don't work because .[A] what they can offer does not ease the modern mind[B] what challenging books demand is repetitive reading[C] what people often forget is carrying a book with them[D] what deep reading requires cannot be guaranteed32. The "empty bottles" metaphor illustrates that people feel a pressure to .[A] update their to-do lists[B] make passing time fulfilling[C] carry their plans through[D] pursue carefree reading33. Eberle would agree that scheduling regular times for reading helps .[A] encourage the efficiency mind-set[B] develop online reading habits[C] promote ritualistic reading[D] achieve immersive reading34. "Carry a book with you at all times" can work if .[A] reading becomes your primary business of the day[B] all the daily business has been promptly dealt with[C] you are able to drop back to business after reading[D] time can be evenly split for reading and business35. The best title for this text could be .[A] How to Enjoy Easy Reading[B] How to Find Time to Read[C] How to Set Reading Goals[D] How to Read ExtensivelyText 4Against a backdrop of drastic changes in economy and population structure, younger Americans are drawing a new 21st-century road map to success, a latest poll has found.Across generational lines, Americans continue to prize many of the same traditional milestones of a successful life, including getting married, having children, owning a home, and retiring in their sixties. But while young and old mostly agree on what constitutes the finish line of a fulfilling life, they offer strikingly different paths for reaching it.Young people who are still getting started in life were more likely than older adults to prioritize personal fulfillment in their work, to believe they will advance their careers most by regularly changing jobs, to favor communities with more public services and a faster pace of life, to agree that couples should be financially secure before getting married or having children, and to maintain that children are best served by two parents working outside the home, the survey found.From career to community and family, these contrasts suggest that in the aftermath of the searing Great Recession, those just starting out in life are defining priorities and expectations that will increasingly spread through virtually all aspects of American life, from consumer preferences to housing patterns to politics.Young and old converge on one key point: Overwhelming majorities of both groups said they believe it is harder for young people today to get started in life than it was for earlier generations. Whlie younger people are somewhat more optimistic than their elders about the prospects for those starting out today, big majorities in both groups believe those "just getting started in life" face a tougher a good-paying job, starting a family, managing debt, and finding affordable housing.Pete Schneider considers the climb tougher today. Schneider, a 27-yaear-old auto technician from the Chicago suburbs says he struggled to find a job after graduating from college. Even now that he is working steadily, he said." I can't afford to pay ma monthly mortgage payments on my own, so I have to rent rooms out to people to mark that happen." Looking back, he is struck that his parents could provide a comfortable life for their children even though neither had completed college when he was young."I still grew up in an upper middle-class home with parents who didn't have college degrees,"Schneider said."I don't think people are capable of that anymore. "36. One cross-generation mark of a successful life is .[A] trying out different lifestyles[B] having a family with children[C] working beyond retirement age[D] setting up a profitable business37. It can be learned from Paragraph 3 that young people tend to .[A] favor a slower life pace[B] hold an occupation longer[C] attach importance to pre-marital finance[D] give priority to childcare outside the home38. The priorities and expectations defined by the young will .[A] become increasingly clear[B] focus on materialistic issues[C] depend largely on political preferences[D] reach almost all aspects of American life39. Both young and old agree that .[A] good-paying jobs are less available[B] the old made more life achievements[C] housing loans today are easy to obtain[D] getting established is harder for the young40. Which of the following is true about Schneider?[A] He found a dream job after graduating from college[B] His parents believe working steadily is a must for success[C] His parents' good life has little to do with a college degree[D] He thinks his job as a technician quite challengingPart BDirections:Read the following text and answer the questions by choosing the most suitable subheading from the list A-G for each numbered paragraphs (41-45). There are two extra subheadings which you do not need to use. Mark your answers on the ANSWER SHEET.(10 points)[A] Be silly[B] Have fun[C] Ask for help[D] Express your emotions.[E] Don't overthink it[F] Be easily pleased[G] Notice thingsAct Your Shoe Size, Not Your Age.(1) As adults, it seems that we're constantly pursuing happiness, often with mixed results. Yet children appear to have it down to an art-and for the most part they don't need self-help books or therapy. Instead, they look after their wellbeing instinctively and usuallymore effectively than we do as grownups. Perhaps it's time to learn a few lessons from them.41_____ [D] Express your emotions(2) What does a child do when he's sad? He cries. When he's angry? He shouts. Scared? Probably a bit of both. As we grow up, we learn to control our emotions so they are manageable and don't dictate our behaviours, which is in many ways a good thing. But too often we take this process too far and end up suppressing emotions, especially negative ones. That's about as effective as brushing dirt under a carpet and can even make us ill. What we feel appropriately and then-again, like children-move on.42______[F] Be easily pleasedA couple of Christmases ago, my youngest stepdaughter, who was 9 years old at the time, got a Superman T-shirt for Christmas. It cost less than a fiver but she was overjoyed, and couldn't bigger house or better car will be the magic silver bullet that will allow us to finally be content, but the reality is these things have little lasting impact on our happiness levels. Instead, being grateful for small things every day is a much better way to improve wellbeing.43_______[A] Be sillyHave you ever noticed how much children laugh? If we adults could indulge in a bit of silliness and giggling, we would reduce the stress hormones in our bodies, increase good hormones like endorphins, improve blood flow to our hearts and ever have a greater chance of fighting off infection. All of which would, of course, have a positive effect on our happiness levels.44______ [B] Have funThe problem with being a grownup is that there's an awful lot of serious stuff to deal with-work, mortgage payments, figuring out what to cook for dinner. But as adults we also have the luxury of being able to control our own diaries and it's important that we schedule in time to enjoy the thing we love. Those things might be social, sporting, creative or completely random (dancing around the living room, anyone?)-it doesn't matter, so long as they're enjoyable, and not likely to have negative side effects, such as drinking too much alcohol or going on a wild spending spree if you're on a tight budget.45______ [E] Don't overthink itHaving said all of the above, it's important to add that we shouldn't try too hard to be happy. Scientists tell us this can back fire and actually have a negative impact on our wellbeing. As the Chinese philosopher Chuang Tzu is reported to have said: "Happiness is the absence of striving for happiness." And in that, once more, we need to look to the example of our children, to whom happiness is not a goal but a natural byproduct of the way they live.Section III TranslationDirections:Translate the following text into Chinese. Write your translation on the ANSWER SHEET. (15 points)The supermarket is designed to lure customers into spending as much time as possible within its doors. The reason for this is simple: The longer you stay in the store, the more stuff you'll see, and the more stuff you see, the more you'll buy. And supermarkets contain a lot of stuff. The average supermarket, according to the Food Marketing Institute, carries some 44,000 different items, and many carry tens of thousands more. The sheer volume of available choice is enough to send shoppers into a state of information overload. According to brain-scan experiments, the demands of so much decision-making quickly become too much for us. After about 40 minutes of shopping, most people stop struggling to be rationally selective, and instead began shopping emotionally-which is the point at which we accumulate the 50 percent of stuff in our cart that we never intended buying.【参考译文】超市旨在吸引顾客在自己店内停留尽量长的时间。