下载文档原格式
APA (American Psychological Association) 第六版參考文獻範例臚列參考文獻(reference list)及文章中之文獻引用(reference citations) ，中文文獻（需加註英譯）應置於英文文獻之前。
中文文獻應依作者姓氏筆劃順序排列、英文文獻則依作者姓氏字母順序排列（若作者姓氏、字母相同時，則依序比較後列之字元）。
一、定期刊物格式：作者姓名（姓在先）（西元出版年）．標題．期刊名稱，卷（期），起訖頁數。
蔡淑鳳（2011）．護理專業發展之機會與挑戰－臺灣護理精彩一百‧護理雜誌，58（3），5-11 。
[Tsay, S. F. (2011). The opportunities and challenges of nursing professional development: Celebrating 100 years of nursing in Taiwan. The Journal of Nursing, 58(3), 5-11.]※期刊名、卷數需以斜體字體呈現，若該期刊無卷數時，則僅列期數且不需斜體。
Chu, W., & Hsu, L. L. (2011). Developing practical knowledge content of emergency nursing professionals. The Journal of Nursing Research, 19(2), 112-118. doi: 10.1097/JNR. 0b013 e31821aa0eb※期刊若有「數位物件識別碼（digital object identifier, DOI）」，則列於文獻末。
Briscoe, R. (in press). Egocentric spatial representation in action and perception. Philosophy and Phenomenological Research. Retrieved from /5780/ 1/ECSRAP.F07.pdf ※付梓中的文章，因尚未正式出版，必須提供精確之網址。
APA参考文献格式-最新版APA 参考文献格式最新版在学术研究和写作中，正确的参考文献格式是至关重要的。
APA（美国心理学会）参考文献格式是社会科学领域广泛使用的一种规范，它有助于确保学术作品的准确性、一致性和可信度。
APA 参考文献格式的基本要求包括：1、引文的格式在正文中引用文献时，一般采用作者姓氏和出版年份的方式。
例如：（Smith, 2022）。
如果直接引用原文，还需要在引文后加上页码，如：（Smith, 2022, p 25）。
2、参考文献列表参考文献应按照作者姓氏的字母顺序排列。
如果有多个作者，在参考文献列表中，只列出第一作者的姓氏，后面跟上“et al”表示“等人”。
书籍的引用格式：作者姓氏，名字首字母（出版年份）书名出版地：出版社例如：Smith, J （2020) The History of Psychology New York: McGrawHill期刊文章的引用格式：作者姓氏，名字首字母（出版年份）文章标题期刊名，卷号（期号），页码比如：Johnson, A B （2021) The Impact of Technology on Education Journal of Educational Research, 110(2)， 56-78、电子资源的引用格式：作者姓氏，名字首字母（出版年份）文章标题网站名称网址获取日期例如：Brown, C D （2022) The Future of Work in the Digital Age Forbes Accessed on July 15, 2022、需要注意的是，对于没有作者的文献，应按照文献标题的字母顺序排列，并且在标题前用“Anon”表示匿名。
此外，APA 格式对于标点符号、字体和行距等也有明确的要求。
在标点符号方面，书名和期刊名要用斜体，逗号、句号的使用要准确无误。
例如，作者姓氏和名字首字母之间用逗号分隔，出版年份后面用句号。
最新版（6版）《APA格式》导读《APA格式》⾸版于1929年出版，当时还只是⼀个只有7页长的“规范性程式，尽管实践中的例外在所难免，但遇到疑问时总算有个参考”（Bentley et al.，1929，p. 57）。
⼋⼗年后的今天，我们本着同样的精神推出《APA格式》的第六版。
随着时间的推移，各⽅⾯的需要已使得《APA格式》由起初的⼀组单纯的体例规则，发展成为今天包括学术写作各⽅⾯问题的权威性资源，从出版物的引⽤伦理到如何遣词造句以最⼤限度地消除偏见性语⾔，各⽅⾯应有尽有。
美国⼼理协会体例取⾃⼴泛的⼼理学⽂献，取⾃有丰富学术写作经验的编辑和作者，取⾃公认的有关出版实践问题的权威机构。
这⼀版《APA格式》对上⼀版进⾏了⼴泛的修订，以能反映学术出版中的新标准以及学术信息传播中的新的实践⽅式。
⾃上⼀版⼿册出版以来，学术出版所⾯对的，已由单纯的读者群发展成为“学术内容的消费者群”。
新技术也使得⽇益复杂的分析成为可能，这和它们使得这些分析结果以多种形式加速传播⼀样，从博客到个⼈⽹站发帖到在线数据库发表⽂章等等。
为了能够在这些媒体以及其他新形式对学术出版发表的影响⽅⾯为⼴⼤读者提供指导，我们对《APA格式》的内容进⾏了重新安排，并对有些内容进⾏了很⼤的浓缩。
我们的⾸要⽬标是简化读者的⼯作；我们的⽅法是在同⼀个地⽅提供全部信息。
信息是按照出版发表的过程安排的：以想法始，以出版发表终。
我们保留并强化了美国⼼理协会的写作体例和如何避免偏见性语⾔的导则。
关于后者，这是美国⼼理协会三⼗多年前才⾸次提出来的。
最重要的是，我们对伦理导则、统计导则、学刊⽂章报告标准、电⼦⽂献参考格式以及各种表格和图像的制作导则，都做了显著扩充。
此次修订的⼀项关键⼯作是对《APA格式》配套⽀持⽹站的更新和扩展，这项⼯作使得我们能提供的信息翻番式地增长。
读者可以在⽹站上找到⼤量的关于APA体例的学习资源以及更多的写作和出版发表导则，这些导则将随着标准和实践的变化⽽及时更新。
References/BibliographyAPABased on the “Publication Manual of theAmerican Psychological Association” 6th edition.The “APA style” is an author-date style for citing and referencing information in assignments and publications. This guide is based on the American Psychological Association’s Publication Manual, 6th edition (2010).Note: Before you write your list of references, check with your lecturer or tutor for the bibliographic style preferred by the School. There may be differences in the stylerecommended by the School.What is referencing?Referencing is a standardised way of acknowledging the sources of information and ideas that you have used in your assignments. This allows the sources to be identified.Why reference?Referencing is important to avoid plagiarism, to verify quotations and to enable readers to identify and follow up works you have referred to.Steps in referencing•Record the full bibliographic details and relevant page numbers of the source from which information is taken.•Note the DOI (digital object identifier), if present. When a DOI is used, do not provide the URL or date of retrieval.•Insert the citation at the appropriate place in the text of your document.•Include a reference list that includes all in-text citations at the end of your document.In-text citations•In an author-date style, in-text citations usually require the name of the author(s) and the year of publication.• A page number is included if you have a direct quote. When you paraphrase a passage, or refer to an idea contained in another work, providing a page number is not required, but is "encouraged", especially if you are referring to a long work and the page numbers might be useful to the reader.How to create a reference list/bibliography• A reference list includes just the books, articles, and web pages etc that are cited in the text of the document. A bibliography includes all sources consulted for background reading.• A reference list is arranged alphabetically by author. If an item has no author, it is cited by title, and included in the alphabetical list using the first significant word of the title.•If you have more than one item with the same author, list the items chronologically, starting with the earliest publication.•Each reference appears on a new line.•Each item in the reference list is required to have a hanging indent.•References should not be numbered.Referencing SoftwareThe University of Queensland Library provides access to EndNote and RefWorks software, which assist in creating reference lists. An APA 6th style is provided in the Endnote X4 software.(22/11/2011)APA 6th EditionBookElements of the citationAuthor(s) of book – family name and initials, use & for multiple authors. (Year of publication). Title of book – italicised. Place of publication: Publisher.Reference type In-text examples Reference list example EndNote referencetypeOne author Sophisticated searching techniques areimportant in finding information (Berkman,1994)ORBerkman (1994) claimed that … Berkman, R. I. (1994). Find it fast: How to uncover expert information. New York, NY: Harper Perrenial.BookTwo authors It is futile to maintain that the sexes areinterchangeable (Moir & Jessel, 1991)ORMoir and Jessel (1991) found students…Always list the authors in the order in whichthey appear in the publication.Cite both authors for each use of reference. Moir, A., & Jessel, D. (1991). Brain sex: The real difference between men and women. London: Mandarin.BookThree to five authors (O’Keefe, Bell, & Wyne, 2009)(O’Keefe et al., 2009)O'Keefe, J. H., Bell, D. S. H., & Wyne, K.L. (2009). Diabetesessentials. Sudbury, MA: Jones and Bartlett Publishers.Book2O’Keefe, Bell, and Wyne argue that (2009)Cite all authors the first time the reference appears; for all subsequent uses, cite last name of first author followed by “et al.”Six or more authors Johnson et al. (2005) argue …ORIt was argued that…(Johnson et al., 2005)Cite just the last name of the first authorfollowed by “et al.” and year for the first andall other citationsJohnson, L., Lewis, K., Peters, M., Harris, Y., Moreton, G.,Morgan, B., . . . Smith, P. (2005). How far is far? London:McMillan.When a reference has up to seven authors, include allauthors’ names in the reference list. When a work haseight or more authors, cite the last names & initials ofthe first six authors then follow with a comma and threespaced ellipsis points (. . .), then the last author’s name.BookNo author Management is defined as (CCH MacquarieDictionary, 1993)ORCCH Macquarie Dictionary (1993) defines…Cite in the text the first few words of the titleand the year. The CCH Macquarie dictionary of business. (1993). North Ryde, NSW: CCH Australia.BookAuthor Identified As Anonymous (Anonymous, 1996)Use only if author is specifically named as“Anonymous”Anonymous. (1996). Primary colors : A novel of politics.New York, NY: Random House.BookAuthors With Same Last Name (J. P. Lewis, 2007)J. P. Lewis argues that (2007)(R. Lewis, 2007)R. Lewis stated that (2007)Include first author’s initials in all citations.Lewis, J.P. (2007). Fundamentals of project management.New York, NY: American Management Association.Lewis, R. (2007). Human genetics : concepts andapplications. Boston, MA: McGraw-Hill HigherEducation.Book3Multiple works by the same author …geology of Queensland’s national parks(Willmott, 2004, 2006).Willmott, W.F . (2004). Rocks and landscapes of thenational parks of Southern Queensland. Brisbane:Geological Society of Australia, Queensland Division.Willmott, W.F. (2006). Rocks and landscapes of the nationalparks of Central Queensland. Brisbane: GeologicalSociety of Australia, Queensland Division.Order chronologically from earliest in the reference listBookMultiple works by the same author, published in the same year (Dawkins, 1996a, 1996b) Dawkins, R. (1996a). Climbing Mount Improbable. London:Viking.Dawkins, R. (1996b). River out of Eden. London: Phoenix.Order alphabetically by title in the Reference list.BookBook by an organisation or institution (corporate author) (Queensland Health, 2002)Queensland Health (2002) recommends that….Queensland Health. (2002). Best practice guidelines for themanagement of type 1 diabetes in children andadolescents. Brisbane, Australia: Author.BookDifferent Editions (DeHart, Sroufe, & Cooper, 1995)DeHart, Sroufe, & Cooper (1995) state the ideathat…DeHart, G. B., Sroufe, L.A., & Cooper, R. G. (1995). Childdevelopment: Its nature and course (4th ed.). Boston,MA: McGraw-Hill.The edition statement is placed after the title of the work.This is not necessary for a first edition.BookEdited book (Friedman & Wachs, 1999)(Everson, 1991) Friedman, S. L., & Wachs, T. D. (Eds.). (1999). Measuringenvironment across the life span: Emerging methodsand concepts. Washington, DC: American PsychologicalAssociation.Everson, S. (Ed.). (1991). Psychology. Cambridge:Cambridge University Press.Edited book4Electronicversion of printbook(De Lara & Doyen, 2008)(Ardia, 2008) De Lara, M., & Doyen, L. (2008). Sustainable managementof natural resources: Mathematical models andmethods. [SpringerLink version]. Retrieved from/openurl.asp?genre=book&isbn=978-3-540-79073-0Ardia, D. (2008). Financial risk management with Bayesianestimation of GARCH models: Theory and applications[SpringerLink version]. doi: 10.1007/978-3-540-78657-3Add the name of the provider of the electronic version insquare brackets.Electronic bookEnter the DigitalObject Identifier of thebook in the DOI field.If the book has no DOI,use the URL field andenter the full URL ofthe e-book if it wasonly publishedelectronically. If thebook was originallypublished in print,enter the URL of thehomepage of thewebsite on which it isavailable.Electronic-only book (Stevens, n.d.) Stevens, K. (n.d.) The dreamer and the beast. Retrievedfrom/showitem.asp?itemID=332Electronic bookTranslation of a book (Ylinen, 2008) Ylinen, J. (2008). Stretching therapy: For sport and manualtherapies (J. Nurmenniemi, Trans.). Edinburgh,Scotland: Churchill Livingstone.BookEnter translator’sname in Translatorfield5Chapter in a bookElements of the citationAuthor(s) of chapter – family name and initials, use & for multiple authors. (Year of publication). Title of chapter. In Editor(s) – initials and family name - of book (Eds), Title of book – italicised, (pp. Page numbers). Place of publication: Publisher.Reference type In-text examples Reference list example EndNote referencetypeChapter in an edited book (Baker & Lightfoot, 1993)Use the chapter authors, NOT the editors of thebookBaker, F. M., & Lightfoot, O. B. (1993). Psychiatric care ofethnic elders. In A. C. Gaw (Ed.), Culture, ethnicity,and mental illness (pp. 517-552). Washington, DC:American Psychiatric Press.Book sectionChapter from an electronic book without DOI (Scott, 2005) Scott, D. (2005). Colonial governmentality. In J. X. Inda(Ed.), Anthropologies of modernity (pp. 21-49).Retrieved from/cgi-bin/bookhome/117909832Book sectionChapter from an electronic book with DOI (Iacono, 2008) Iacono, W. G. (2008). Polygraph testing. In E. Borgida & S.T. Fiske (Eds.), Beyond common sense: Psychologicalscience in the courtroom (pp. 219-235). doi:10.1002/9780470696422Book sectionReview from the Mental Measurements Yearbook database (McInerney, 2004) McInerney, V. (2004). Review of the Neale Analysis ofReading Ability, 3rd Edition [AustralianStandardisation]. In The fifteenth mentalmeasurements yearbook. Retrieved from EBSCOMental Measurements Yearbook database.Book sectionAdd “EBSCO MentalMeasurementsYearbook database” inthe URL field.6Dictionary or EncyclopaediaElements of the citationAuthor(s) of work – family name and initials, use & for multiple authors. (Year of publication). Title – italicised. Place of publication: Publisher.Reference type In-text examples Reference list example EndNote referencetypeDictionary or Encyclopedia – print version (Wolman, 1989) Wolman, B.B. (Ed.). (1989). Dictionary of behavioralscience (2nd ed.). San Diego, CA: Academic Press. BookEntry from Electronic dictionary or encyclopedia (Community, 2009) Community. (2009). In J. Scott & G. Marshall (Eds.), Adictionary of sociology (3rd rev. ed.). Retrieved from/views/ENTRY.html?subview=Main&entry=t88.e337Book section7Journal ArticleIf the journal article has a digital object identifier (DOI), include this in your reference.If there is no DOI and you have accessed the article electronically, include the URL of the journal’s homepage in your reference.Elements of the citationJournal article with DOI (print or electronic)Author(s) of journal article – family name and initials, use & for multiple authors. (Year of publication). Title of journal article. Journal name – italicised, Volume – italicised(Issue or number), Page number(s). doi:xx.xxxxxxxxxxJournal article – DOI not available and journal retrieved onlineReference type In-text examples Reference list example EndNote ReferenceTypeJournal article from print journal, no DOI (Lowrie & Diezmann, 2009) Lowrie, T., & Diezmann, C. M. (2009). Nationalnumeracy tests: A graphic tells a thousand words.Australian Journal of Education, 53, 141-158.Journal articleJournal article (print or electronic) with DOI – one author – paginated by issue (Osman, 2010)OROsman (2010) thought that….Osman, M. (2010). Controlling uncertainty: A reviewof human behavior in complex dynamicenvironments. Psychological Bulletin, 136(1), 65-86. doi: 10.1037/a0017815Note: The volume number is in italicsJournal articleWhen citing an articlewhich you accessedelectronically, use the“Electronic article”reference type.Author(s) of journal article – family name and initials, use & for multiple authors. (Year of publication). Title of journal article. Journal name – italicised, Volume – italicised( Issue or number), Page number(s). Retrieved from http: www.xxxxxx8Journal article with DOI – two authors (Kerrigan & Kingdon, 2010) Kerrigan, A. M., & Kingdon, C. (2010). Maternalobesity and pregnancy: A retrospective study.Midwifery, 26, 138-146. doi:10.1016/j.midw.2008.12.005Journal articleJournal article with DOI–three to five authors (Skenderian, Siegel, Crano, Alvaro, & Lac,2008)For works with 3-5 authors, in the in-textcitation, cite all authors the first time thereference appears; for all subsequentuses, cite last name of first authorfollowed by “et al.”Skenderian, J. J., Siegel, J. T., Crano, W. D., Lac, A., &Alvaro, E. E. (2008). Expectancy change andadolescents' intentions to use marijuana.Psychology of Addictive Behaviors, 22, 563-569.doi:10.1037/a0013020Note: In the reference list, include all authors up toseven.Journal articleJournal articlewith DOI – sixauthors or more(Wolchik et al., 2008)Note: For the in-text citation, for workswith six or more authors, use only thefirst author’s last name followed by “etal.”, for every use of the citation. Wolchik, S. A., West, S. G., Sandler, I. N., Tein, J.,Coatsworth, D., Lengua, L., . . . Griffin, W. A.(2000). An experimental evaluation of theory-based mother and mother-child programsfor children of divorce. Journal of Consulting andClinical Psychology, 68,843-856.doi:10.1037/0022-006X.68.5.843Note: In the reference list, include all authors up toseven. For eight or more, include the first six, then anellipsis, followed by the last author's name.Journal articleJournal article with DOI - continuous pagination throughout volume (Wilens & Biederman, 2006) Wilens, T.E., & Biederman J. (2006). Alcohol, drugs,and attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder: Amodel for the study of addictions in youth.Journal of Psychopharmacology, 20, 580-588.doi:10.1177/0269881105058776Note: Issue number is not required.Journal articleJournal article with DOI –available in (Allan, 2010) Allan, H. (2010). The perils facing nurse education: Acall for leadership for learning. Nurse EducationToday, Advance online publication. doi:10.1016/j.nedt.2010.01.002Electronic article9advance in an online publication (before it is assigned a volume, issue or page numbers)Cochrane Review with DOI (Shaw, O’Rourke, Del Mar, & Kenardy,2005)Shaw, K., O'Rourke, P., Del Mar, C., & Kenardy, J.(2005). Psychological interventions for overweightor obesity. The Cochrane database of systematicreviews (2).doi:10.1002/14651858.CD003818.pub2Journal articleJournal article accessed electronically, without DOI (Fallon & Engel, 2008) Fallon, A., & Engel, C. (2008). Hypertensive disordersof pregnancy. The Practising Midwife, 11(9), 1-27.Retrieved fromElectronic articleNote: In the URLfield, enter either theURL of the journal'swebsite (forsubscription-basedjournals), or the fullURL of the article (forarticles available freeon the web)Journal article – in press (Williams & Beattie, in press) Williams, S., & Beattie, H. J. (in press). Problem basedlearning in the clinical setting – a systematicreview. Nurse Education Today.Journal articlePut “in press” in yearfieldArticle from UQ eReserve (Shaw, 2003) Shaw, J. (2003). Epidemiology and prevention of type2 diabetes and the metabolic syndrome. MedicalJournal of Australia, 179, 379-383. Retrieved fromUniversity of Queensland Library E-Reserve.Electronic articlePut “University ofQueensland Library E-Reserve” in URL field10Conference papers and proceedingsElements of the citationAuthor(s) of paper – family name and initials, use & for multiple authors. (Year of publication). Title of paper. Title of published proceeding – italicised. Place of Publication: Publisher.Reference type In-text examples Reference list example EndNote referencetypePublished conference paper (Scheinin, 2009) Scheinin, P. (2009). Using student assessment to improveteaching and educational policy. In M. O'Keefe, E.Webb, & K. Hoad (Eds.), Assessment and studentlearning: Collecting, interpreting and using data toinform teaching, 12-14. Melbourne, Australia:Australian Council for Educational Research.Book sectionUnpublished conference paper (Bowden & Fairley, 1996) Bowden, F.J., & Fairley, C.K. (1996, June). EndemicSTDs in the Northern Territory: Estimations ofeffective rates of partner change. Paper presented atthe Scientific Meeting of the Royal Australian Collegeof Physicians, Darwin.Conference paperAdd “June” in the DatefieldConference paper from proceedings published regularly online Note: include a DOI or URL as for an online journal article (Herculano-Houzel, Wong, Kaas, & Lent, 2008) Herculano-Houzel, S., Collins, C. E., Wong, P., Kaas, J. H.& Lent, R. (2008). The basic nonuniformity of thecerebral cortex. Proceedings of theNational Academy of Sciences, 105, 12593-12598.doi:10.1073/pnas.0805417105Electronic article11Newspaper and magazine articlesElements of the citationAuthor(s) of article – family name and initials, use & for multiple authors. (Year of publication, month day). Title of article. Title of newspaper – italicised, p. page number(s).Reference type In-text examples Reference list example EndNotereference typeNewspaper article with author (Cook, 2002) Cook, D. (2002, January 28). All in the mind. The Age, p.8.Note: Precede page numbers with p. or pp.Newspaper articleNewspaper article, no author (Meeting the needs, 2001) Meeting the needs of counsellors. (2001, May 5). TheCourier Mail, p. 22. Newspaper articleMagazine article (Marano, 2008) Marano, H.E. (2008, March-April). Making of aperfectionist. Psychology Today, 41, 80-86.Magazine articleElectronic newspaper or magazine article (Sandy, 2009)Sandy, A. (2009, January 22). Cheaper to fly than hire abike in Brisbane. The Courier Mail. Retrieved from.au/couriermail/Newspaper articleEnter the URL ofthe newspaper’shomepage in theURL field.Newspaper article from fulltext database (Lampathakis, 1997) Lampathakis, P. (1997, August 11). Tantrums seen assuicide warning. The West Australian, p. 26.Retrieved from Factiva database.Newspaper articleEnter “August 11”in the Issue field.Enter “Factivadatabase” in theURL field.12Government PublicationsElements of the citationAuthor(s) of report – (person or organisation), use & for multiple authors. (Year of Publication). Title of report – italicised. Place of publication: Publisher.Reference type In-text examples Reference list example EndNote referencetypeGovernment report (Queensland Health, 2005) Queensland Health. (2005). Health systems review.Final report. Brisbane, Australia: QueenslandGovernment.ReportOnline report (Australian Institute of Health and Welfare[AIHW], 2010) Australian Institute of Health and Welfare. (2010). Childprotection Australia 2008-09 (Report No.CWS 35).Retrieved from.au/publications/cws/35/10859.pdf ReportEnter “Report No. CWS 35” in the Report Number field.13ThesisElements of the citation for a thesisAuthor of thesis – family name and initials. (Year of preparation of thesis). Title of thesis – italicised. (Award, Institution, Year).Reference type In-text examples Reference list example EndNote referencetypeThesis- retrieved from institutional or personal website (Axford, 2007) Axford, J.C. (2007). What constitutes success in Pacificisland community conserved areas? (Doctoraldissertation, University of Queensland, 2007).Retrieved from.au/view/UQ:158747ThesisThesis – retrieved from database (Sheehan, 2007) Sheehan, L. R. (2007). Destination managementorganizations: A stakeholder perspective. Retrievedfrom Proquest Digital Dissertations. (AAT NR25719)Thesis14WebpagesElements of the citationAuthor(s) of page – person or organisation, use & for multiple authors. (Year page created or revised). Title of page – italicised. Retrieved from web address. Do not include retrieval date unless the material may change over time (e.g., Wikis).Reference type In-text examples Reference list example EndNote referencetypeWeb page - with author (Atherton, 2005) Atherton, J. (2005). Behaviour modification. Retrieved from/learning/ behaviour_mod.htmWeb PageWeb page - no author (Behaviourmodification, 2007)Use title instead ofauthor nameBehaviour modification. (2007). Retrieved from cational-/behaviour.htmlWeb PageWebpage – no date (Society of ClinicalPsychology, n.d.)Society of Clinical Psychology. (n.d.). About clinical psychology. Retrieved from/about/division/div12.aspxWeb PageWebpage – corporate author (Queensland Health,2009)As stated byQueensland Health(2009),Queensland Health. (2009). Sun safety and physical activity. Retrieved from.au/hid/SkinHealth/SunSafety/sunSafetyAndPhysicalActivity_ap.asp.Web PageImage on a webpage The image of the rash(Scarlet Fever RashPicture, n.d.)Scarlet fever rash picture [Image] (n.d.). Retrieved from/hardin/md/dermatlas/scarletfever.htmlAudiovisual materialAdd “Image” to Typefield15Other Internet Sources:Elements of the citationAuthor. (Year, month day). Title, [Type of media]. Retrieved from Web addressReference type In-text examples Reference list example EndNote reference typePodcasts (Al Zaabi & Bjarnesen, 2006) Al Zaabi, M. (Producer), & Bjarnesen, T. (Presenter).(2006, November 7). Diabetes in the elderly[Audio podcast]. Retrieved from.au/hn/talks/Audiovisual materialAdd “Producer” and “Presenter” in manually Add “Audio podcast” to the Type field.Email or personal communication es (personalcommunication, August 6, 2008)Or(L.J. Henderson, personalcommunication, February 5,2007)Not included in reference list, only cited in text. Entered into text manuallyMessage posted to a newsgroup, online forum or discussion group (Winther, 2009) Winther, M. (2009, January 14). The unconscious isspirit [Online forum comment]. Retrieved from/group/alt.psychology.jung/topics?lnkWeb PageAdd “January 14” to LastUpdate Date fieldAdd “Online forum comment”to Type of Medium field.16Blog Post (Reville, 2006) Reville, L. (2006, September 5). Where to findfundraising ideas [Web log message].Retrieved from /BlogEmail Discussion List – Web Archive (Vuinovich, 2001) Vuinovich, G. (2001, April 4). Report on malariaoutbreak [Electronic mailing list message].Retrieved from/VirtualListserv_Archives/ HCM/Policy/2001/msg016.htmlWeb PageAdd “April 4” to Last UpdateDate fieldAdd “Electronic mailing listmessage” to Type of Mediumfield.Eric document (limited circulation book or monograph, from electronic database) (Alberta Education, 2009) Alberta Education, Learning and Teaching ResourcesBranch. (2009). Cree language and culture: 9-year program guide to implementation, grades4-5-6 [Monograph]. Retrieved from/Web PageAdd “Monograph” to Type ofMedium field.Eric document (informally published or self-archived) (Montgomery, 2009) Montgomery, J.R. (2009). Using audio books toimprove reading and academic performance.Retrieved from ERIC database (ED505947).Web Page17BrochuresElements of the citationAuthor. (Year). Title of brochure.[Brochure]. Place: Use author aspublisher.Reference typeIn-text examples Reference list example EndNote reference typeBrochure (University of Queensland, StudentServices, 2000) University of Queensland, StudentServices, Personal CounsellingProgram. (2000). Eatingdisorders [Brochure]. Brisbane,Australia: Author.PamphletLecture NotesElements of the citationName of author(s) or the institution responsible, use & for multiple authors. (Year of publication). Title and subtitle of publication – italicised, Name of institution, Location of institution.Reference type In-text examples Reference list example EndNoteLecture notes - print (Johnson, 2008) Johnson, A. (2008). Week three:Foucault [Powerpoint slides].Unpublished manuscript,BESC1001, University ofQueensland, St Lucia, Australia.List name of city, state and country.Do not include state if listed inuniversity name. ManuscriptAdd [Powerpoint slides] manually Add “manuscript” to Type of Work fieldAdd “BESC1001, University of Queensland, St Lucia, Australia” to the Institution field18Lecture notes - online (Johnson, 2008) Johnson, A. (2008). Week three:Foucault [Powerpoint slides].Retrieved from BESC1001,University of QueenslandBlackboard Online:.au/ Web PageAdd “Week three: Foucault [Powerpoint slides] to the Title field Add “BESC1001, University of Queensland Blackboard Online: .au/” to URL fieldVideo or DVDElements of the citationProducer, A.A. (Producer), & Director, B.B. (Director). (Year). Title of video or DVD – italicised [Motion picture, DVD, etc] . Place of origin: Studio. Reference type In-text examples Reference list example EndNote reference typeVideo or DVD (Smith, 2009) Smith, S. (Producer). (2009).Excellence in teaching : Lessonplanning [DVD]. Plainview, NY :Sunburst Media. Audiovisual mediaAdd “DVD” to the Type field.19Television programsElements of the citationWriter name(s) (Writer). (Year, month day). [ Type of medium]. Place of broadcast: Name of broadcasterReference type In-text examples Reference list example EndNote reference typeTelevision or radio program (Bryant, 2001) Bryant, B. (Writer). (2001,September 12). The Bryantmedical hour [Televisionbroadcast]. Sydney, Australia:Public Broadcasting Service. Audiovisual materialIn Date field, add “September 12”. Add “Television broadcast” to the Type field.Indirect citationAn indirect citation is when the ideas of one author are published in another author’s text but you have not read or accessed the original author’s work. In the list of References provide the details of the author of the work you have read.Reference type In-text examples Reference list example EndNote reference typeIndirect citation or secondary source Miller (cited in Agrios 2005) found …… it was found (Miller, cited in Agrios2005). Agrios, G.N. (2005). Plant pathology(5th ed.) Burlington, MA.:Elsevier Academic Press.Cite the source where you foundthe citationBookUse the relevant reference type forthe item you are citing. Add “citedin” manually using “Edit Citation”option.20。
APA格式主要用于心理学、教育学、社会科学领域的论文写作。
其规范格式主要包括文内文献引用（Reference Citations in Text）和文后参考文献列举（Reference List）两大部分。
APA格式强调出版物的年代（Time of the Publication Year）而不大注重原文作者的姓名。
引文时常将出版年代置于作者缩写的名（ the Initial of Author's First Name）之前。
中国的外语类期刊（语言学刊物为主）及自然科学类的学术刊物喜欢使用APA格式。
APA格式APA格式是一个为广泛接受的研究论文撰写格式，特别针对社会科学领域的研究，规范学术文献的引用和参考文献的撰写方法，以及表格、图表、注脚和附录的编排方式。
APA格式因采用哈佛大学文章引用的格式而广为人知，其“作者和日期”的引用方式和“括号内引用法”相当著名。
正式来说，APA格式指的就是美国心理学会（A merican P sychological A ssociation）出版的《美国心理协会刊物准则》，目前已出版至第五版（ISBN 1-55798-791-2），总页数超过400页，而此协会是目前在美国具有权威性的心理学学者组织。
APA格式起源于1929年，当时只有7页，被刊登在《心理学期刊（Psychological Bulletin）》。
另一种相当有名的论文格式为MLA格式（The MLA Style Manual），主要被应用在人文学科，如文学、比较文学、文学批评和文化研究等。
虽然有些作者对于APA格式其中的一些规范感到不妥，但APA格式仍备受推崇。
期刊采用同一种格式能够让读者有效率的浏览和搜集文献资料，写作时感到不确定的学者们发现这样的格式手册非常有帮助。
譬如，手册中的“非歧视语言”章节明文禁止作者针对女性和弱势团体使用歧视的文字，不过使用APA格式的学术期刊有时也会为了让文章更有条理而允许作者忽略此规定。
第六版的APA写作风格手册与第五版有何不同？提问：我要向期刊投稿的论文即将完成了，我想遵循社会科学领域的学术写作规范。
APA第五版与最新的第六版有什么重大差别吗？W. R-C, 中央大学人文学院博士生回答：我们将在这次的电子报中，介绍由我们的社会科学领域编辑师总结的，美国心理协会写作风格手册［American Psychological Association (APA) Style Manual］第六版与旧版的不同之处。
标题♦APA Note (p. 79): APA 建议作者使用 2005 年版的《韦氏大词典》（Merriam-Webster’s Collegiate Dictionary）。
♦APA Note (p. 23; titles): 避免在标题使用缩写，应将所有词语的全文拼写出来，APA 的标题建议长度约为 12 个字。
♦APA Note (p.63; headings): 请勿以数字或字母来标示标题。
语法♦APA Note (p. 77; voice): 应使用主动而非被动语态，哪怕必须使用人称代词。
♦APA Note (p. 78; tense): 讨论过去的研究时应使用过去式。
赘字♦APA Note (p. 67; wordiness): 请将“based on the fact that”改成“because”。
♦APA Note (p. 67; wordiness): 请将“at the present time”改成“now”。
♦APA Note (p. 67; wordiness): 请将“for the purpose of”改成“for”或“to”。
♦APA Note (p. 67; wordiness): 当上下文明确时，应使用“this study”，而非“the present study”。
♦APA Note (p. 67; wordiness): 请将“there were several students who completed”改成“several students completed”。
american psychological association 格式
APA格式（American Psychological Association）是一个广泛接受的研究论文撰写格式，特别针对社会科学领域的研究，规范学术文献的引用和参考文献的撰写方法，以及表格、图表、注脚和附录的编排方式。
其全称为美国心理学会（American Psychological Association）格式标准。
APA格式要求文中的引用、参考文献、目录、标题、字体大小和样式、行距等均需要遵守一定的规范，以保证学术论文的规范性和可读性。
具体到APA格式的引用和参考文献的撰写方法，一般包括以下几个方面：
1.引文格式：APA格式规定，引文需要使用双引号（" "），并注明作者姓名和出版年
份。
如果引文没有作者，则需要注明文章标题和出版年份。
2.参考文献格式：参考文献需要按照APA格式的要求进行编排，包括作者姓名、出版
年份、文章标题、期刊名称、卷号、期号和页码等信息。
3.引用次数：APA格式要求在文中引用他人观点或数据时，需要在引文后面注明具体
的引用次数，以便读者可以快速找到原始来源。
4.参考文献排列顺序：参考文献需要按照文中引用的顺序进行排列，并在文末进行完
整的参考文献列表。
总之，APA格式是一种规范、严谨的学术论文撰写格式，旨在保证学术论文的规范性和可读性。
在撰写论文时，需要认真遵守APA格式的要求，以便能够更好地展示自己的研究成果。
APA格式范例在学术研究和写作领域，正确使用 APA 格式是一项重要的技能。
APA 格式，即美国心理学会（American Psychological Association）制定的一种学术写作和引用格式，被广泛应用于社会科学领域，如心理学、教育学、社会学等。
APA 格式的主要特点包括特定的页面布局、标题格式、引用和参考文献的书写方式等。
首先，页面布局方面，通常要求使用标准的 A4 纸张，页边距上下左右分别为254 厘米，字体一般为Times New Roman，字号 12 磅，行间距为双倍行距。
标题格式上，APA 格式分为多个级别。
一级标题居中，使用大写字母，字体加粗；二级标题左对齐，使用大写字母和小写字母，字体加粗；三级标题缩进，使用大写字母和小写字母，字体加粗，句点后接标题内容。
在引用他人的观点、研究成果或数据时，需要在文中进行恰当的引用，并在文末列出详细的参考文献。
文中引用分为直接引用和间接引用。
直接引用时，需要使用双引号将引用的内容括起来，并注明页码。
例如：“根据史密斯（2020）的研究，‘这是一个重要的发现’（p 25）。
”间接引用则不需要使用双引号，但仍需注明作者和出版年份，比如：史密斯（2020）指出，这是一个重要的趋势。
参考文献部分是 APA 格式的重要组成部分。
参考文献应按照作者姓氏的字母顺序排列。
书籍的参考文献格式通常为：作者姓氏，名字首字母（出版年份）书名出版地：出版社。
例如：布朗，A （2018）心理学的奥秘纽约：ABC 出版社。
期刊文章的参考文献格式为：作者姓氏，名字首字母（出版年份）文章标题期刊名，卷号（期号），起止页码。
例如：约翰逊，B （2019）教育改革的新视角教育研究，25（3），45 55。
对于网络资源，需要提供作者（如果有）、出版年份（如果可获取）、文章标题、网站名称、网址以及获取日期。
例如：＿____，（2021）最新科技动态科技资讯网，，访问日期：2021 年 5 月 10 日。
APA格式主要用于心理学、教育学、社会科学领域的论文写作。
其规范格式主要包括文内文献引用（Reference Citations in Text）和文后参考文献列举（Reference List）两大部分。
APA格式强调出版物的年代（Time of the Publication Year）而不大注重原文作者的姓名。
引文时常将出版年代置于作者缩写的名（ the Initial of Author's First Name）之前。
中国的外语类期刊（语言学刊物为主）及自然科学类的学术刊物喜欢使用APA格式。
APA格式APA格式是一个为广泛接受的研究论文撰写格式，特别针对社会科学领域的研究，规范学术文献的引用和参考文献的撰写方法，以及表格、图表、注脚和附录的编排方式。
APA格式因采用哈佛大学文章引用的格式而广为人知，其“作者和日期”的引用方式和“括号内引用法”相当著名。
正式来说，APA格式指的就是美国心理学会（A merican P sychological A ssociation）出版的《美国心理协会刊物准则》，目前已出版至第五版（ISBN 1-55798-791-2），总页数超过400页，而此协会是目前在美国具有权威性的心理学学者组织。
APA格式起源于1929年，当时只有7页，被刊登在《心理学期刊（Psychological Bulletin）》。
另一种相当有名的论文格式为MLA格式（The MLA Style Manual），主要被应用在人文学科，如文学、比较文学、文学批评和文化研究等。
虽然有些作者对于APA格式其中的一些规范感到不妥，但APA格式仍备受推崇。
期刊采用同一种格式能够让读者有效率的浏览和搜集文献资料，写作时感到不确定的学者们发现这样的格式手册非常有帮助。
譬如，手册中的“非歧视语言”章节明文禁止作者针对女性和弱势团体使用歧视的文字，不过使用APA格式的学术期刊有时也会为了让文章更有条理而允许作者忽略此规定。
電子文獻DOI 格式和實用之主張（1）APA 引用電子文獻之改變APA 於第六版已經承認電子文獻，因為其出版及傳輸之效率和資料可呈現的出影音等多元模式，隨時變更的網路，文章的連結不一定可靠。
APA 引用電子文獻首先採行URL (Uniform Resource Loators)此為電子資料之網址，目前是DOI 碼(Digital Object Identifier)，APA 引用電子文獻使用的格式。
（1.1）APA 第五版第五版規定引用電子文獻的皆須說明，以方括弧如：[Electronic version]來標記所引用的資料類型，例（2001，頁271)：VandenBos, G., Knapp, S., & Doe, L. (2001). Role of referenceelements in the selection of resource by psychology under graduates[Electronic version]. Journal of Bibliography Research, 5, 117-123.網際網路上的電子學術期刊，引用方式與紙本相同，須加上檢索的網址和檢索日期（APA，2001，頁272）如：Retrieved October 13, 2001, from /articles.html，例：VandenBos, G., Knapp, S., & Doe, L. (2001). Role of referenceelements in the selection of resource by psychology under graduates[Electronic version]. Journal of Bibliography Research, 5, 117-123.Retrieved October 13, 2001, from /articles.htmlAPA 引用資料庫電子文獻時，須列出資料庫名稱和檢索日期，如：Retrieved October 23, 2000, from PsycARTICLES database.，不須提供資料庫網址（APA，2001，頁278-279），例：Borman, W. C., Hanson, M. A., Oppler, S. H., Pulakos,E.D., &White, L. A. (1993). Role of early supervisory experience insupervisor performance. Journal of Applied Psychology, 78, 443-449. Retrieved October 23, 2000, from PsycARTICLES database.（1.2）2007年“APA Style Guide to Electronic References”2007年，美國心理學會為了因應近來網路科技的發展、新型態的參考資源紛紛出現，出版了APA Style Guide to Electronic References，基本上此篇是APA 寫作手冊第五版當中的4.16項的更新與改版，當中對於電子文獻的引用規範有更完善的說明，重要的改變式提出「數位物件辨識碼」DOI 碼（Digital Object Identifier），彌補了URL 可能因為時間或其他因素而消失的缺點。
apa 参考文献格式APA格式是一个为广泛接受的研究论文撰写格式，特别针对社会科学领域的研究，规范学术文献的引用和参考文献的撰写方法，以及表格、图表、注脚和附录的编排方式。
下面是小编为大家整理的apa 参考文献格式，希望对大家有帮助。
APA参考文献的格式与其他写作格式比较,虽然比较单纯但也相当复杂，以下介绍文献的排列顺序。
一、依作者姓氏字母顺序排列，如以文章篇名或书名当作者，而该篇名或书名是以数字开头时，以国字之字母顺序比较，如21st century education 是以Twenty-first century education 作为比较的基准。
二、第一位作者姓名相同时，如为同一作者，依年代先后顺序排列: 例如:Hewlett, L. S. (1996) Hewlett, L. S. (1999)三、一位作者永远排在多位作者之前例如:Razik, T. A. (1991) Razik, T. A. , & Lin, T. -Y. (1995)四、当有多位作者必须比较时，依序由第二或第三第四…作者姓氏字母例如:Gosling, J. R., Jerald, K., & Belfar, S. F. (2000) Gosling, J. Y., & Tevlin, D. F. (1996)五、相同作者且相同年代，则依 (去除A, The等冠词之后) 篇名或书名字母例如:Razik, T. A., & Lin, T. -Y. (1990a). Fundamental concepts… Razik, T. A., & Lin, T. -Y. (1990b). Human relations…六、作者姓氏相同，名字不同时，依名字字母顺序排列例如:Liu,C. -R. (1993). Liu, M. -C. (1990).七、作者为机关团体时，以机关团体全名字母作为比较的基础，当作者为机关团体的附属团体时，全名要以「主团体先，附属团体后」来呈现例如:State University of New York at Buffalo, Department of Educational Organization, Administration, and Policy. (1994).八、作者署名为Anonymous，以Anonymous来比较.九、没有作者时，把(去除冠词之后的) 篇名或书名视为作者来比较.十、引用后设分析(meta-analysis)之文献时,不必以附录一一列举,但融入於参考文献中并在文献前加注* 号,且在参考文献一开始时说明加注星号者为后设分析的相关文献。
APA（American Psychological Association）段落格式是一种常见的学术论文写作格式，主要用于社会科学领域。
以下是APA段落格式的基本要求：
1. 段落开头：每个段落应以一个缩进开头，通常为0.5英寸或1个空格。
段落之间应空一行。
2. 段落对齐：段落文本应左对齐，不要使用两端对齐。
3. 标题和段落：标题应与段落分开，标题应缩进，且应使用粗体或斜体。
标题下方应有一条线分隔，以示标题与其他内容的区分。
4. 引用格式：引用格式遵循APA的引用格式规范，包括作者、年份、文章标题、期刊名、卷号、期号和页码等。
在正文中引用时，应使用括号括起来，并按照作者的姓氏字母顺序排列。
5. 列表：列表应以字母顺序排列，并使用字母缩写表示不同级别的列表。
例如，a、b、c表示第一级列表，1、2、3表示第二级列表，
i、ii、iii表示第三级列表。
6. 表格和图形：表格和图形应放在文中适当的位置，并给出适当的标签和说明。
表格和图形不应重复提供相同的信息，而应相互补充。
7. 参考文献：参考文献应按照APA的规范进行排版，包括作者、文章标题、期刊名、卷号、期号和页码等。
总之，APA段落格式要求严谨、规范，对于学术论文写作非常重要。
在撰写学术论文时，应该注意遵守APA段落格式的要求，以确保论
文的可读性和可引用性。
APA论文写作格式APA 格式是由美国心理学会(the American Psychological Association)制定的，在社会科学学术论文写作中广泛使用的一种格式。
它分作三个部分：文内括号引用、参考文献目录和内容脚注。
参考网站：/owl/section/2/10//1.文内括号引用APA格式在文内引用时，使用简短的括号引文形式。
这种引用与文末按字母顺序编排的参考文献目录相呼应。
典型的括号引文由作者的姓（后用逗号）和文献的出版年份构成，并置于句末。
比如：Many people exhibit symptoms of depression after the death of a pet (Russo, 2000).如果作者的名字已经出现在正文中，那么在括号中直接写出文献的出版年份即可。
比如：According to Russo (2000), many people exhibit symptoms of depression after the death of a pet.如果直接引用文献，需要在引文后用括号表明原文页码。
比如：According to Weston (1996), children from one-parent homes read at “a significantly lower level than those from two-parent homes” (p. 58).需要注意的是，如果直接引用多于40个词时，不再使用引号，而是将其单列一段，整段向右缩进五格，双倍行距，括号引文置于引文后标点外空一格的位置。
1)只有一个作者的文献Many college students suffer from sleep deprivation (Anton, 1999).2)有两个作者的文献There is growing concern over the use of psychological testing in elementary schools (Albright & Glennon, 1982).3)有三到五个作者的文献如果一份文献的作者介于二到六位之间，第一次文内引用时要全部列出；在同一段落中再次引用时只写第一个作者后跟et al.（意为“等”）；如果在后续其他段落出现，还要包含年份。
APA参考文献著录格式（著者-出版年制）详细要求本刊来稿从即日起废止顺序编码制的参考文献著录格式，采用APA的著者-出版年制。
详细规定请查阅Publication Manual of the American Psychological Association，2010年第6版。
正文中的文献引用标志正文中的文献引用标志可以作为句子的一个成分，如：Dell（1986）基于语误分析的结果提出了音韵编码模型，……汉语词汇研究有庄捷和周晓林（2001）的研究。
也可放在引用句尾的括号中，如：在语言学上，音节是语音结构的基本单位，也是人们自然感到的最小语音片段。
按照汉语的传统分析方法，汉语音节可以分析成声母、韵母和声调（胡裕树，1995；黄伯荣，廖序东，2001）。
音韵编码模型假设音韵表征包含多个层次（Dell，1986）。
可以根据行文的需要灵活选用一种方式。
总体要求1 正文中引用的文献与文后的文献列表要完全一致。
⏹文中引用的文献可以在正文后的文献列表中找到；文献列表的文献必须在正文中引用。
2 文献列表中的文献著录必须准确和完备。
3 文献列表的顺序⏹文献列表按著者姓氏字母顺序排列；姓相同，按名的字母顺序排列；著者姓和名相同，按出版年排列。
⏹相同著者，相同出版年的不同文献，需在出版年后面加a、b、c、d……来区分，按文题的字母顺序排列。
如：Wang, M. Y. (2008a). Emotional……Wang, M. Y. (2008b). Monitor……Wang, M. Y. (2008c). Weakness……4 缩写chap. chapter 章ed. edition 版Rev. ed. revised edition 修订版2nd ed. second edition 第2版Ed. (Eds.) Editor (Editors) 编Trans. Translator(s) 译n.d. No date 无日期p. (pp.) page (pages) 页V ol. V olume (as in V ol. 4) 卷vols. volumes (as in 4 vols.) 卷No. Number 第Pt. Part 部分Tech. Rep. Technical Report 技术报告Suppl. Supplement 增刊5 元分析报告中的文献引用⏹元分析中用到的研究报告直接放在文献列表中，但要在文献前面加星号*。
