2013年考博英语武汉大学模拟题1

武汉大学考博英语-10(总分：79.50，做题时间：90分钟)一、Part Ⅰ Reading Comprehension(总题数：5，分数：39.50)Public speaking fills most people with dread. Humiliation is the greatest fear; self- exposure and failing to appeal to the audience come a close second. Women hate it most, since girls are pressurized from an early age to be concerned with appearances of all kinds.Most people have plenty of insecurities, and this seems like a situation that will bring them out. If you were under pressure to be perfect, you are terrified of falling in the most public of ways.Extroverts, on the contrary, will feel less fear before the ordeal. It does not mean they will necessarily do it better. Some very shy people manage to shine. When I met the British comedian Julian Clary, he was shy and cautious, yet his TV performances are perfect.In fact, personality is not the best predictor of who does it well. Regardless of what you are like in real life, the key seems to be to act yourself.Actual acting, as in performing the scripted lines of a character other than yourself, does not do the job. While politicians may limit damage by having carefully rehearsed, written scripts to speak from, there is always a hidden awareness among the audience that the words might not be true.Likewise, the incredibly perfect speeches of many American academics are far from natural. You may end up buying their book on the way out, but soon afterwards, it is much like fast food, and you get a nameless sense that you"ve been cheated.Although, as Earl Spencer proved at his sister Princess Diana"s funeral, it is possible both to prepare every word and to act naturally. A script rarely works and it is used to help most speakers. But, being yourself doesn"t work either. If you spoke as if you were in your own kitchen, it would be too authentic, too unaware of the need to communicate with an audience.I remember going to see British psychiatrist R. D. Laing speak in public. He behaved like a seriously odd person, talking off the top of his head. Although he was talking about madness and he wrote on mental illness, he seemed to be exhibiting rather than explaining it.The best psychological place from which to speak is an unselfconscious self- consciousness, providing the illusion of being natural. Studies suggest that this state of "flow", as psychologists call it, is very satisfying.（分数：8.00）(1).Women hate public speaking most mainly because of ______.（分数：2.00）A.their upbringing very early onB.their inability to appeal to the audienceC.their sense of greater public pressure √D.their sense of greater humiliation解析：[解析] 女人最讨厌当众演讲，因为她们意识到在公众面前有更大的压力。

2013年武汉大学考博英语真题及详解科目名称：英语科目代码：1101注意：所有的答题内容必须写在答题纸上，凡写在试题或草稿纸上的一律无效。

Part I Reading Comprehension(2×20=40分)Directions: In this part for the test, there will be 5 passages for you to read. Each passage is followed by 4 questions or unfinished statement, and each question or unfinished statement is: followed by: four choices marked A, B, C and D. You are to decide on the best choice by blackening the corresponding letter on the ANSWER SHEET.Passage 1The changing profile of a city in the United States is apparent in the shifting definitions used by the United States Bureau of the Census. In 1870 the census officially distinguished the nation’s “Urban”from its “rural”population for the first time. “Urban population”was defined as persons living in towns of 8,000 inhabitants or more. But after 1900 it meant persons living in incorporated places having 2,500 or more inhabitants.Then, in 1950 the Census Bureau radically changed its definition of “urban”to take account of the new vagueness of city boundaries. In addition to persons living in incorporated units of 2,500 or more, the census now included those who lived inunincorporated units of that size, and also all persons living in the densely settled urban fringe, including both incorporated and unincorporated areas located around cities of 50,000 inhabitants or more. Each such unit, conceived as an integrated economic and social unit with a large population nucleus, was named a Standard Metropolitan Statistical Area (SMSA).Each SMSA would contain at least one central city with 50,000 inhabitants or more or two cities having shared boundaries and constituting, for general economic and social purposes, a single community with a combined population of at least 50,000, the smaller of which must have a population of at least 15,000. Such an area included the country in which the central city is located, and adjacent countries that are found to be metropolitan in character and economically and socially integrated with the country of the central city. By 1970, about two-thirds of the population of the United States was living in these urbanized areas, and of that figure more than half were living outside the central cities. While the Census Bureau and the United States government used the term SMSA (by 1969 there were 233 of them), social scientists were also using new terms to describe the elusive, vaguely defined areas reaching out from what used to be simple “town”and “cities.”A host of terms came into use: “metropolitan regions,”“polynucleated population groups,”“conurbations,”“metropolitan clusters,”“megalopolises.”and so on.1. What does the passage mainly discuss?A. How cities in the United States began and developedB. Solutions to overcrowding in citiesC. The changing definition of an urban areaD. How the United States Census Bureau conducts a census2. Prior to 1900, how many inhabitants would a town has to have before being defined as urban?A. 2,500B. 8,000C. 15,000D. 50,0003. According to the passage, why did the Census Bureau revise the definition of urban in 1950?A. City borders had become less distinctB. Cities had undergone radical social changeC. Elected officials could not agree on an acceptable definitionD. New businesses had relocated to larger cities4. Which of the following is NOT true of an SMSA?A. It has a population of at least 50,000B. It can include a city’s outlying regionsC. It can include unincorporated regionsD. It consists of at least two cities【答案与解析】1.C 浏览全文，可知文章首段主要讲述了19世纪和20世纪50年代前美国统计局对城区的定义，第二段则描述了1950年城区定义的改变，并引出SMSA的概念，最后第三段则着重于对SMSA的详细介绍。

武汉理工大学考博英语模拟真题及其解析Text1In the atmosphere,carbon dioxide acts rather like a one-way mirror--the glass in the roof of a greenhouse which allows the sun’s rays to enter but prevents the heat from escaping.According to a weather expert’s prediction,the atmosphere will be3℃warmer in the year2050than it is today,if man continues to burn fuels at the present rate.If this warming up took place,the ice caps in the poles would begin to melt,thus raising sea level several metres and severely flooding coastal cities.Also,the Geng duo yuan xiao wan zheng kao bo ying yu zhen ti ji qi jie xi qing lian xi quan guo mian fei zi xun dian hua:si ling ling liu liu ba liu jiu qi ba,huo jia zi xun qq:qi qi er liu qi ba wu san qi increase in atmospheric temperature would lead to great changes in the climate of the northern hemisphere,possibly resulting in an alteration of earth’s chief food-growing zones.In the past,concern about a man-made warming of the earth has concentrated on the Arctic because the Antarctic is much colder and has a much thicker ice sheet.But the weather experts are now paying more attention to West Antarctic,which may be affected by only a few degrees of warming,in other words,by a warming on the scale that will possibly take place in the next fifty years from the burning of fuels.Satellite pictures show that large areas of Antarctic ice arealready disappearing.The evidence available suggests that a warming has taken place.This fits the theory that carbon dioxide warms the earth.However,most of the fuel is burnt in the northern hemisphere, where temperatures seem to be falling.Scientists conclude,therefore, that up to now natural influences on the weather have exceeded those caused by man.The question is:Which natural cause has most effect on the weather?One possibility is the variable behavior of the sun.Astronomers at one research station have studied the hot spots and“cold”spots (that is,the relatively less hot spots)on the sun.As the sun rotates, every27.5days,it presents hotter or“colder”faces to the earth, and different aspects to different parts of the earth.This seems to have a considerable effect on the distribution of the earth’s atmospheric pressure,and consequently on wind circulation.The sun is also variable over a long term:its heat output goes up and down in cycles,the latest trend being downward.Scientists are now finding mutual relations between models of solar-weather interactions and the actual climate over many thousands of years,including the last Ice Age.The problem is that the models are predicting that the world should be entering a new Ice Age and it is not.One way of solving this theoretical difficulty is to assume a delay of thousands of years while the solar effects overcome the inertia(惯性)of the earth’s climate.If this is right,the warmingeffect of carbon dioxide might thus be serving as a useful counter-balance to the sun’s diminishing heat.36.It can be concluded that a concentration of carbon dioxide in the atmosphere would________.[A]prevent the sun’s rays from leeching the earth’s surface[B]mean a warming up in the Arctic[C]account for great changes in the climate in the northern hemisphere(D)[D]raise the temperature of the earth’s surface37.The article was written to explain________.[A]the greenhouse effect[B]the solar effects on the earth[C]the models of solar-weather interactions(D)[D]the causes affecting weather38.Although the fuel consumption is greater in the northern hemisphere,temperatures there seem to be falling.This is________.[A]mainly because the levels of carbon dioxide are rising[B]possibly because the ice caps in the poles are melting[C]exclusively due to the effect of the inertia of the earth’s climate(D)[D]partly due to variations in the output of solar energy39.On the basis of their models,scientists are of the opinion that________.[A]the climate of the world should be becoming cooler[B]it will take thousands of years for the inertia of the earth’s climate to take effect[C]the man-made warming effect helps to increase the solar effects(A)[D]the new Ice Age will be delayed by the greenhouse effect40.If the assumption about the delay of a new Ice Age is correct, ________.[A]the best way to overcome the cooling effect would be to burn more fuels[B]ice would soon cover the northern hemisphere[C]the increased levels of carbon dioxide in the atmosphere could warm up the earth even more quickly(D)[D]the greenhouse effect could work to the advantage of the earthText2Some people believe that international sport creates goodwill between the nations and that if countries play games together they will learn to live together.Others say that the opposite is true: that international contests encourage false national pride and lead to misunderstanding and hatred.There is probably some truth in both arguments,but in recent years the Olympic Games have done little to support the view that sports encourages international brotherhood. Not only was there the tragic incident involving the murder of athletes,but the Games were also ruined by lesser incidents caused principally by minor national contests.One country received its second-place medals with visible indignation after the hockey(曲棍球)final.There had been noisy scenes at the end of the hockey match,the losers objecting to the final decisions.They were convinced that one of their goals should not have been disallowed and that their opponents’victory was unfair. Their manager was in a rage when he said:“This wasn’t hockey.Hockey and the International Hockey Federation are finished.”The president of the Federation said later that such behavior could result in the suspension of the team for at least three years.The American basketball team announced that they would not yield first place to Russia,after a disputable end to their contest.The game had ended in disturbance.It was thought at first that the United States had won,by a single point,but it was announced that there were three seconds still to play.A Russian player then threw the ball from one end of the court to the other,and another player popped it into the basket.It was the first time the USA had ever lost an Olympic basketball match.An appeal jury debated the matter for four and a half hours before announcing that the result would stand.The American players then voted not to receive the silver medals.Incidents of this kind will continue as long as sport is played competitively rather than for the love of the game.The suggestion that athletes should compete as individuals,or in non-national teams, might be too much to hope for.But in the present organization of the Olympics there is far too much that encourages aggressive patriotism.41.According to the author,recent Olympic Games have________.[A]created goodwill between the nations[B]bred only false national pride[C]barely showed any international friendship(C)[D]led to more and more misunderstanding and hatred42.What did the manager mean by saying,“...Hockey and the International Hockey Federation are finished”?[A]His team would no longer take part in international games.[B]Hockey and the Federation are both ruined by the unfair decisions.[C]There should be no more hockey matches organized by the Federation.(B)[D]The Federation should be dissolved.43.The basketball example implied that________.[A]too much patriotism was displayed in the incident[B]the announcement to prolong the match was wrong[C]the appeal jury was too hesitant in making the decision(A)[D]the American team was right in rejecting the silver medals44.The author gives the two examples in paragraphs2and3to show________.[A]how false national pride led to undesirable incidents in international games[B]that sportsmen have been more obedient than they used to be[C]that competitiveness in the games discourages internationalfriendship(C)[D]that unfair decisions are common in Olympic Games45.What conclusion can be drawn from the passage?[A]The organization of the Olympic Games must be improved.[B]Athletes should compete as individual in the Olympic Games.[C]Sport should be played competitively rather than for the love of the game.(A)[D]International contests are liable for misunderstanding between nations.31.[C]32.[D]33.[A]34.[B]35.[B]36.[D]37.[D]38.[D]39.[A]40.[D]41.[C]42.[B]43.[A]44.[C]45.[A]本文由“育明考博”整理编辑。

2013年全国医学博士外语统一考试英语试题及详解试卷一（Paper One）Part I Listening Comprehension (30%)Section ADirections: In this section you will hear fifteen short conversations between two speakers. At the end of each conversation, you will hear a question aboutwhat is said. The question will be read only once. After you hear thequestion, read the four choices marked A, B, C and D. Choose the bestanswer and mark the letter of your choice on the ANSWER SHEET. Listen to the following example.You will hear:Woman: I feel faint.Man: No wonder. You haven’t had a bite all day.Question: What’s the matter with the woman?You will read:A. She is sick.B. She was bitten by an ant.C. She is hungry.D. She spilled her paint.Now let’s begin with question Number 1.1. A. A cough.B. Diarrhea.C. A fever.D. Vomiting.【答案】B【解析】录音中女士说“He has a chesty cough all the time”，“His temperature is high”，“He just brings up (呕吐) bile (胆汁)”，由此可知，这个小男孩生病的症状有咳嗽，发烧和呕吐，并没有腹泻（diarrhea），故答案为B项。

武汉大学2013年博士研究生入学考试英语真题Part I: Reading Comprehension (40%)Directions：In this part for the test，there will be 5 passages for you to read. Each passage isfollowed by 4 questions or unfinished statement，and each question or unfinished statement is followedby four choices marked A，B，C and D. You are to decide on the best choice by blackening the corre- sponding letter on the ANSWER SHEET.Passage 1The changing profile of a city in the United States is apparent in the shifting definitionsused by the United States Bureau of the Census. In 1870 the census official distinguishedthe nation’s urban from its “rural” population for the first time. “Urban population” was de-fined as persons living in towns of 8，000 inhabitants or more. But after 1900 it meant per-sons living in incorporated places having 2，500 or more inhabitants.Then in 1950 the Census Bureau radically changed its definition of “urban” to accountof the new vagueness of city boundaries. In addition to persons living incorporated units of2，500 or more, the census now included those who lived in unincorporated units of thatsize, and also all persons living in the densely settled urban fringe, including both incorpo-rated and unincorporated areas located around cities of 50，000 inhabitants or more. Eachsuch unit, conceived as an integrated economic and social unit with a large population nu-cleus was named a Standard Metropolitan Statistical Area (SMSA).Each SMSa would contain at least one central city with 50，000 inhabitants or more ortwo cities having shared boundaries and constituting, for general economic and social pur-poses, a single community with a combined population of at least 50，000, the smaller ofwhich must have a population of at least 15，000. Such an area included the country inwhich the central city is located, and adjacent countries that are found to be metropolitan incharacter arid economically and socially integrated with the country of the central city. By1970，about two-thirds of the population of the United States was living in these urbanizedareas, and of that figure more than half were living outside the central cities While the Census Bureau and the United States government used the term SMSa (by1969 there were 233 of them)，social scientists were also using new term to describe the e-lusive vaguely defined areas reaching out from what used to be simple “town” and u cit- iesa host of terms came into use: “metropolitan regions”，“polynucleated p opulationgroups”，“conurbations”，“metropolitan clusters”，“megalopolises”，and so on.1. What does the passage mainly discuss?A. How cities in the United States began and developed?巳.Solutions to overcrowding in citiesC. The changing definition of an urban areaA. How the United States Census Bureau conducts a census?2. Prior to 1900, how many inhabitants would a town has to have before being definedas urban?A. 500B. 8, 000C. 15, 000D. 50, 0003. According to the passage, why did the Census Bureau revise the definition of urbanin 1950?A. City borders had become less distinct.B. Cities had undergone radical social change.C. Elected officials could not agree on an acceptable definition.D. New businesses had relocated to larger cities.4. Which of the following is NOT true of an SMSA?A. It has a population of at least 50, 000.B. It can include a city’s outlying regions.C. It can include unincorporated regions.D. it consists of at least two cities.Passage 2The concept of obtaining fresh water from icebergs that are towed to populated areasand arid regions of the world was once treated as a joke more appropriate to cartoons thanreal life. But now it is being considered quite seriously by many nation especially sincesci-entists have warned that the human race will outgrow its flesh was supply faster than it runsout of food.Glaciers are as a possible source of fresh water that has been overlooked recently.Three-quarters of the Earth’s fresh water supply is still tied up in glacial ice, reservoir of un-tapped fresh water so immense that it could sustain all the rivers of the world for 1，000years. Floating on the oceans every year are 7, 659 trillion metric tons ice encased in 10,000 icebergs that break away from the polar ice caps, more than ninety percent of themfrom Antarctica.Huge glaciers that stretch over the shallow continental shelf give birth to icebergs throughout the year. Icebergs are not like sea ice, which is formed when the sea itself free-zes；rather they are formed entirely on land, breaking off when glaciers spread over thesea. As they drift away from the Polar region, icebergs sometimes move mysteriously in adirection opposite to the wind, pulled by subsurface currents. Because they melt more slowly than smaller pieces of ice, icebergs have been known to drift as far north as 35 de-grees south of the equator in the Atlantic Ocean. To corral them and steer them to parts ofthe world where they are needed would not be too difficult.The difficulty arises in other technical matters, such as the prevention of rapidmeltingin warmer climates and the tunneling of fresh water to shore in great volume. But even if theicebergs lost half of their volume, the water they could provide would be far cheaper thanthat produced by desalination, or removing salt from water.5. What is the main topic of the passage?A. The movement of glaciersB. Icebergs as a source of fresh waterC. Future water shortagesD. The future of the world’s rivers6. How ale icebergs formed?A. They bread off from glaciers.巳.Seawater freezes.C. Rivers freeze.A. Small pieces of flowing ice converge7. With which of the following ideas would the author be likely to agree?A. Towing icebergs to dry areas is economically possible.巳.Desalination of water is the best way to obtain drinking water.C. Using water from icebergs is a very short-term solution to water shortages.A. Icebergs could not be towed very far before they would melt.8. It can be inferred from the passage that most icebergs _____________ .A. become part of glaciersB. drill toward the polar regionC. move in whichever direction the wind is blowingD. melt in the oceansPassage 3There are two ways to create colors in a photograph. One method, called additive, sits with three basic colors and adds them together to produce some other color. The sec-ond method, called subtractive, starts with white light (a mixture of all colors in the spec-trum) by taking away some or all other colors, leaves the one desired.In the additive method, separate colored lights combine to produce various other col-ors. The three additive primary colors are green, red, and blue (each proving about one-third the wavelengths in the total spectrums). Mixed in varying proportions, they can pro-duce all colors. Green and red light mix to produce yellow, red and blue light mix to pro- duce magenta, green and blue mix to produce cyan. When equal parts of all three of theseprimary-colored beams of light overlap, the mixture appears white to the eye.In the subtractive process colors are produced when dye (as in paint or color photo-graph materials) absorbs some wavelengths and so passes on only part of the spectra. The subtractive primaries are cyan (a bluish green)，magenta (a purplish pink), and yellow；these are the pigments or dyes that absorb red, green, and blue wavelengths, re-spectively, thus subtracting them into white light. These dye colors are the complementarycolors to the three additive primaries of red, green, and blue. Properly combined, the subtractive primaries can absorb all colors of light, producing black. But, mixed in varyingproportions, they too can produce any color in the spectrum.Whether a particular color is obtained by adding colored lights together or by subtrac-ting, some light from the total spectrum, the result looks the same to the eye. The additiveprocess was employed for early color photography. But the subtractive method, while re-quiring complex chemical techniques, has turned out to be more practical and is the basisof all modern color films.9. Which of the following is closest in meaning to the phrase “passes on” as used inparagraph 3?A. Judges 巳.Let through C. Dies D. Goes over10. Which of the following is NOt a pair of additive, and subtractive primary colors?A. Yellow and blueB. Magenta and greenC. Black and whiteD. Cyan and red11. What explanation is given for the use of the subtractive method in modem colorfilms?A. Subtractive colors are more realistic.巳.The subtractive process is more efficient.C. Additive chemical techniques are too complex.D. The additive process is still being developed.12. How is the passage organized?A. The reasons for a choice are explained in depth.B. a general statement is justified by a series of historical examples.C. Two basic causes are compared. .D. Related processes are described one after the other.Passage 4The idea of humanoid robots is not new. They have been part of the imaginative land-scape ever since Karl Capek，a Czech writer, first dreamed them up for his 1921 play Possum’s Universal Robots (The word robot comes from the Czech word “drudgery”，Ro-berta. )Since then, Hollywood has produced countless variations on to theme, from the sultry False Mona in Fritz Lang’s silent masterpiece Metropolis to the withering C3PO in StarWars and the ruthless assassin of Terminator. Humanoid robots have walked into our col-lective subconscious coloring our views of the future.But now Japan’s industrial giants are spending billions of yen to make such robots real-ity. Their new humanoids represent impressive feats of engineering: when Honda intro-duced Asimo, a four-foot robot that had been in development for some 15 years walked sofluidly that its white, articulated exterior seemed to conceal a human. Honda continues tomake the machine faster, friendlier and more agile. Last October，when Asimo was induc-ted into the Robot Hall of Fame in Pittsburgh，it walked on to the stag and accepted its ownplaque.At two and a half feet tall, Sony’s QRIo is smaller and more toy-like than Asimo. It walks, understands small number of voice commands, and can navigate on its own. If itfalls over, it gets up and resumes where it left off. It can even connect senselessly totheinterpreter and broadcast what its camera eyes can see. In 2003，Sony demonstrated anupgraded QRIo Rat could run. Honda responded last December win a version of Asimothat runs at twice the speed.In 2004, Toyota joined the fray win its own family of robots, called Partners, one of which is a four-foot humanoid that plays the trumpet. Its fingers work the instrument valves,and it has mechanical lungs and artificial lips. Toyota hopes to over commercial version ofthe robot by 2010. This month, 50 Partner robots will act guides at Expo 2005 in Aichi, Ja-pan.Despite their sudden proliferation, however，humanoids are still a mechanic minority.Most of the world’s robots are faceless, footless and mute. They are bolted the floors of factories, stamping out car parts or welding pieces of metal, making more machines. Ac-cording to the United Nations, business orders for industrial robots jumped 18% in the firsthalf of 2004. They may soon be outnumbered by domestic robots, such as self-navigatingvacuum cleaners, lawn mowers and window washers, which at selling fast. But neither in-dustrial nor domestic robots are humanoid.13. In paragraph 1 the author introduces his topic by relating.A. the idea of humanoid robotsB. Karl Capek’s creation of robotsC. Hollywood’s production of robot filmsD. the origin of and popular movies about robots14. Sony’s QRIo could perform all the following tasks EXCEPt.A. walking earners freelyB. understanding some words uttered by peopleC. finding its wayD. continuing walking after it stumbles15. From the passage we may infer that Toyota’s Partner_____________.A. is much better than any other robots巳.is no more than a mechanic deviceC. may be put into mass productionD. may speak like man16. Judging from the context, this passage is probably written.A. in 2004B. in 2005C. between 2003—2004D. between 2004—2005Passage 5For years pediatricians didn’t worry much about heating hypertension in their patients.After all, kids grow so fast，it’s hard keeping up with their shoe size, let alone their bloodpressure. Sure, hypertension in adults places them at greater risk of heart attack and stroke. But nobody likes the idea of starting youngsters on blood-pressure medicine theycould wind up taking the rest of their lives. Who knows what previously unheard-of side effects could crop up after five or six decades of daily use?The rationale has been: kids grow out of so many things maybe they’ll grow out of thistoo.Now, though, comes word that high blood pressure can be destructive even in child-hood. According to a recent report in the journal Circulation, 19 of 130 children with highblood pressure developed a dangerous thickening of the heart muscle that, in adults at least, has been linked to heart failure. “No one knows if this pattern holds true for youngerpatients as well，” says Dr. Stephen Daniels, a pediatric cardiologist who led the study atChildren’s Hospital Medical Center in Cincinnati, Ohio. “But if worrisome. ”Who’s most at risk? Boys more than gir ls, especially boys who are overweight. Theirheart works so hard to force blood through extra layers of fat that its walls grow denser. Then, after decades of straining it grows too big to pump blood very well. Fortunately theabnormal, thickening can be spotted by ultrasound. And in most case getting that bloodpressure under control through weight loss and exercise or, as a last resort, drug treat- ment allows the overworked muscle to shrink to normal size.How can you tell if yours are like the 670，000 American children ages 10 to 18 withhigh blood pressure? It’s not the sort of thing you can catch by putting your child’s arms ina cuff at the free monitoring station in your local grocery. You should have a test done by adoctor, who will consult special tables that indicate the normal range of blood pressure fora particular child’s age, height and sex. If the doctor finds an abnormal result he will re- peat the test over a period of months to make sure the reading isn’t fake. He’ll also check,whether other conditions, like kidney disease, could be the sources of the trouble. Be- cause hypertension can be hard to detect the National Heart, Lung Blood Institute recom-mends annual blood-pressure checks for every child over age 3.About half the cases of hypertension stem directly from kids being overweight.And theproblem is likely to grow. Over the past 30 years the proportion of children in to U. S.whoare overweight has doubled, from 5 % to 11%or 4. 7 million kids.You can keep your children from joining their ranks by clearing the junk food fromyourpantry and hooking you kids —the earlier the betters healthy, attractive snacks likefruits(try freezing grapes or carrot sticks with salsa). Not only will they lower your children’sblood pressure: these foods will also boost their immune system and unclog theirplumb-ing. Meanwhile, make sure your kids spend more time on the playgroup than with theirplay station. Even if they don’t shed a pound, vigorous exercise will he keep their bloodvessels nice and wide, lowering their blood pressure. And of course they’ll be morelikelyto eat light and exercise if you set a good example.17. The word “ unclog’’ in the last paragraph can be replaced by______________ .A. fixB. clearC. hinderD. dismantle18. By saying “it’s not the sort of thing you can catch by putting your child’s armin acuff at the free monitoring station in your local grocery”，the writer implies _______________ .A. hypertension is hard to detect.巳.children often revue to have their blood pressure tested.C. you’ll have to pay a lot of money if you want to have your child’s blood pressurechecked in a grocery.D. in a local grocery, you are free to determine how to have your child’s bloodpres-sure examined.19. Which of the following is not suggested by the writer to control hypertension?A. Drug Treatments 巳.Weight loss C. Exercise D. Overwork20. We can conclude from the passage that ____________ .A. children with hypertension are unlikely to suffer from heart attack and stroke.巳.parent’s blood pressure decides their children’s blood pressure.C. besides overweight, there are other factors resulting in hypertension.D. vigorous exercise sometimes will lead to heart trouble.Part II: English-Chinese Translation (20%)Directions: Read the following passage and there translate the underlined parts numbered from(1 ) to (4) , from English into Chinese. Please write your answer on the ANSWER SHEET.[21 ] Half way through the semester in this market res㊀arch course at Roanok Collegelast fall，only moments after announcing a policy of zero tolerance for cellphone use in theclassroom. Prof. Ali Nazemi heard a ring. Then he spotted a young man named NeilRo-land fumbling with his phone，thing to turn it off before being caught.“Neil, can I see that phone?” Professor Nazemi said, more in a command than aquestion. The student surrendered it. Professor Nazemi opened his briefcase,produced ahammer and proceeded to smash the offending device. Throughout the classroomstudentfaces went ashen.“How am I going to call my Mom now?” Neil asked. As Professor Sem i refuses toan-swer, a classmate offered, “You can sue. ’’[22]One thing we should be clear about was the episode in his classroom had beerplotted and scripted ahead of time with Neil Noland part of the plot all along. The phonewas an ㊀xtra of his mother’s，its service contract long expired.Professor Nazemi, in a telephone interview last week, attested to the exasperation ofcountless teachers and professors in the computer era. Their permanent war of attritionwith defiantly inattentive students has escalated from the pursuit of pigtail-pulling，spitball-lobbing and notebook-doodling to a high-tech arsenal of laptops, cellphones, Blackberriesand the like.The poor school teacher or master now must compete with texting instant-messaging,Facebook, eBay YouTube, addictinggames. com and other poxes on pedagogy.“There are certain lines you shouldn’t cross,” the professor said. “If you start tolera-ting this stuff, it becomes the norm. The more you give, the more they take. Multitasking isgood, but I want the m to do more tasking in my class. ”[23]All the advances schools and colleges have made to supposedly enhance learn-ing - supplying students with laptops equipping computer labs, creating wireless networkshave instead enabled distraction. Perhaps attendance records should include a new cate-gory: present but otherwise engaged.Naturally, there will be manly students and no small number of high-tech supporterready to lay the blame on boring lessons. One of the great condemnations in education jar-gon these days, after all, is the ^teacher-centered lesson”.[24]“I am so tired of that excuse,” said Professor 巳ugeja，may he live a long andfruitful life. “The idea that subject matter is boring is truly relative.巳oring as opposed to what? Buying shoes on ㊀巳ay? The fa ct is we’re not here to entertain. We’re here to stimu-late the life of the mind. ”“Education requires contemplation,n he continued. “It requires critical thinking. Whatwe may be doing now is training a generation of air-traffic controllers rather than scholars.And i do know I’m going to lose. MNot，one can only hope, without fight.In the end, as science-fiction writers have prophesied for years, the technology is bound to outwit the fallible human. What teacher or professor can possibly police room fullof determined goof-offs while also delivering an engaging lesson?Part III: Chinese-English Translation (20%)Directions: Translate the following paragraphs from Chinese into English. Please write your answer on the ANSWER SHEET.中国作为一个发展中国家，面临着发展经济和保护环境的双重任务。

湖北大学博士研究生入学考试英语真题2013年(总分：100.00，做题时间：180分钟)一、Part Ⅰ Reading Compr(总题数：5，分数：20.00)The new documentary Bully is powerful stuff. Try to get through even just the opening sequence without tearing up. Hopefully it will wake up parents, teachers, and school administrators. But let's also hope they respond thoughtfully to this burning film, because too often in our rush to address a problem, American educators and politicians have a well-intentioned overreaction that minimizes common sense in favor of blanket solutions. Many schools in the United States are genuinely trying to curb child-on-child abuse and, at long last, are paying more attention to the cruel, unpleasant remarks. But at the same time, we have to remember that not every unpleasant, or even adverse, interaction between students constitutes bullying. In some places, anti-bullying policies are now so expansive that they make eye-rolling a punishable Offense, lumping it in with other forms of verbal and physical assault. Doing so not only takes a serious issue to the realm of the absurd, it also dilutes the importance of anti-bullying efforts in general. If everything is bullying, then nothing is. Some kids have already figured out how to turn the new system on its head. In some schools' zeal to address bullying, every claim is immediately elevated beyond the classroom teacher to a meeting with the principal. A parent in California said that last month that an elementary-school bully began threatening to report her victims as bullies so they would have to suffer through such a meeting—and in effect creating a bullying hall of mirrors. We've been here before. Weapons and drugs in schools are a serious problem, too. In response, school districts, states, and the federal government began to favor zero-tolerance policies. In short order, "zero-tolerance" policies became the joking point for late-night comics as kids were suspended for bringing to school aspirin, acne medicine, or a G. I. Joe doll with a small plastic gun. The obvious lesson there and with bullying is that there is no substitute for discretion and judgment by the adults in charge. In some circumstances, eye-rolling could be abusive behavior just as aspirin can be used or abused. But adults shouldn't give up the hard role of making nuanced judgment calls by creating ridiculously rigid discipline codes. Replacing thoughtless inaction with thoughtless action won't solve the problem. （分数：4.00）(1).What does the author say about people's reaction to bullying? （分数：1.00）A.They wake up thoughtfully.B.They demonstrate little common sense.C.They attach importance to the film.D.They go too far.(2).What is the strategy of the kids in dealing with anti-bullying policies? （分数：1.00）A.To assault the principal at the meeting.B.To turn the classroom into a wall of mirrors.C.To pay attention to kids' verbal remarks.D.To render them ineffective by abusing bullying.(3).The "zero-tolerance" policies towards drugs and weapons ended up being ______. （分数：1.00）A.elevatedB.suspendedC.ridiculedD.condemned(4).The word "there" in the first line of the last paragraph refers to ______. （分数：1.00）A.with eye-rolling and punishable offensesB.with verbal and physical assautC.with aspirin and acne medicineD.with drugs and weaponsOur stomachs can often be a mystery to us and many of us don't realize just how much the food we eat can impact on our mood and mental well-being. According to charity Allergy UK, a shocking 45% of us suffers with food and drink intolerances, beverage—this is called food intolerance. Food intolerance is a much more common problem than food allergy and one of the most harmful symptoms can be low mood. 1 in 4 people in the UK will suffer problems with their mood or mental health every year, with anti-depressant prescriptions increasing by over 40% in the last 5 years. Recent research from York Test Laboratories, leading experts in food intolerance testing, has found that 97% of their customers reported problems relating to mood as a significant symptom of their food intolerance, of which 73% felt that their mood had significantly improved after altering their diets to remove foods to which they reacted. In addition, in a recent paper published in the Journal of Nutrition and Food Sciences, over 81% of patients reported a significant improvement in mood and mental well- being as a direct consequence of applying the dietary changes recommended by York Test. So how is it that the food we eat can have such a significant impact on our mood? Bidirectional connections between the gut and the brain are complex and are regulated in the body in three different ways: through nerves, hormones and the immune system. The gut mediates the body's immune response; at least 70 per cent of our immune system is situated in the gut and is used to expel and kill foreign invaders. Our gut contains some 100 million neurons (nerve cells), more than in either the spinal cord or the peripheral nervous system. All of these neurons lining our digestive system do much more than merely handle digestion or cause occasional nervous feelings. Our gut partly determines our mental state and plays key roles in certain diseases throughout the body. Many people will not be aware that 90% of serotonin(血清素), the brain's "happy hormone" is produced in the gut—it is for these reasons that the gut is often referred to as the 'second brain'. In addition, research has shown that depression is frequently associated with gastrointestinal (肠胃的) inflammation—a common symptom of food intolerance. By tackling unidentified food intolerances, not only will physical symptoms benefit, but mental health symptoms can often show significant improvement. There are a number of ways to identify potentially mood suppressing food intolerances. One that I recommend is scientifically validated and well researched is York Test. Its food and drink intolerance test called Food & Drink Scan can uncover potential food and drink triggers, allowing people to simply modify their diets with life changing health benef （分数：4.00）(1).The over 40 % increase of anti-depressant prescriptions in the last 5 years in the UK was attributed to ______. （分数：1.00）A.food intoleranceB.foreign invadersC.food allergyD.food triggers(2).Which is NOT one of the reasons why the gut is often referred to as the "second brain"? （分数：1.00）A.Our gut contains more nerve cells than in the spinal cord.B.The neurons in the gut contribute solely to effective digestion.C.90% of the brain's "happy hormone" is produced in the gut.D.Certain diseases result from our digestive system.(3).What frequently has a causal connection with depression? （分数：1.00）A.A psychiatric disorder.B.Bidirectional treatment.C.Gastrointestinal inflammation.D.Unidentified physical problems;(4).What is the purpose in one's taking YorkTest? （分数：1.00）A.To validate the scientific research.B.To detect the source of food intolerance.C.To invent a modification of life style.D.To prescribe anti-depressant drugs.The plan to allow the reading public to rent e-books, much as they rent movies, has proved so much more contentious than its pioneer, the former Waterstones managing director Tim Coates, had hoped. That publishers are very cautious of the idea of his new Bilbary e-rental venture, which launched this week, is perhaps not entirely surprising: although the e-rentals automatically delete themselves when the borrowing time expires, they fear the scheme might harm sales. Less controversial, however, is Mr Coates' generous pledge to donate a good chunk of Bilbary's profits to campaigns to keep open libraries threatened by government budget cuts. Hundreds of the nation's 4,000 public libraries are at risk; and campaigners' attempts to persuade courts and councils to keep them open are largely failing. Closing libraries is inevitable, the argument goes, in an era when two out of three British homes have a computer. But that is far from the whole story. While 200 million books are sold every year, more than 310 million are borrowed. The one-in-three homes without a computer are those of the nation's poorer children, many of whom live without even a table at which they can do their homework. It is with only the mildest exaggeration that Alan Bennett, the playwright and campaigner, describes the closure of libraries as an act of "child abuse". To some, the word "library" conjures only negative associations, an irrelevant anachronism in an increasingly digital world. But a good library is far more than just a place to store books. It is a gateway to knowledge, a place well able to adapt to the computer age and in doing so support the curiosity, study and research of new generations. There are, of course, some libraries that are unfit for purpose. But those that use digital technologies as an aide, rather than treat them as a threat, more than hold true to their core purpose. And those that have made the leap are seeing visitor numbers rise, not fall. Britain's libraries do not need closing but they may need changing. We can only hope that Mr. Coates' support can help many of them to do so. （分数：4.00）(1).The argument about the closing of libraries stems from ______. （分数：1.00）A.the fall of sale of booksB.the advent of digital technologiesC.the government budget cutD.the world economic recession(2).The word "anachronism" in Para. 5 might mean ______. （分数：1.00）A.chronological errorB.phonological errorC.etymological errorD.historical error(3).Which of the following statements is NOT true according to the passage? （分数：1.00）A.Some people believe that libraries are out of date in digital age.B.In the UK, one out of three homes don't have computers.C.It is inevitable that digital libraries will replace the existing libraries.D.Some libraries need introducing digital technologies as an aide.(4).The author's attitude toward closing libraries can be described as ______. （分数：1.00）A.positiveB.negativeC.indifferentD.neutralMichael Yessis, an emeritus professor of Sports Science at California State University, maintains that "genetics only determines about one third of what an athlete can do. But with the righttraining we can go much further with that one third than we've been going. " Yessis believes that U. S. runners, despite their impressive achievements, are "running on their genetics". By applying more scientific methods, "they're going to go much faster". These methods include strength training as well as plyometrics, a technique pioneered in the former Soviet Union. Whereas most exercises are designed to build up strength or endurance, plyometrics focuses on increasing power —the rate at which an athlete can expend energy. Nutrition is another area that sports trainers have failed to address adequately. "Many athletes are not getting the best nutrition, even through supplements, " Yessis insists. Each activity has its own nutritional needs. Few coaches, for instance, understand how deficiencies in trace minerals can lead to injuries. Focused training will also play a role in enabling records to be broken. "If we applied the Russian training model to some of the outstanding runners we have in this country," Yessis asserts, "they would be breaking records left and right. " One of the most important new methodologies is biomechanics, the study of the body in motion. A biomechanic films an athlete in action and then digitizes his performance, recording the motion of every joint and limb in three dimensions. By applying Newton's laws to these motions, "we can say that this athlete's run is not fast enough; that this one is not using his arms strongly enough during take-off," says Dapena, who uses these methods to help high jumpers. To date, however, biomechanics has made only a small difference to athletic performance. Revolutionary ideas still come from the athletes themselves. For example, during the 1968 Olympics in Mexico City, a relatively unknown high jumper named Dick Fosbury won the gold by going over the bar backwards, in complete contradiction of all the received high-jumping wisdom, a move instantly dubbed the Fosbury flop. Fosbury himself did not know what he was doing. That understanding took the later analysis of biomechanics specialists, who put their minds to comprehending something that was too complex and unorthodox ever to have been invented through their own mathematical simulations. Fosbury also required another element that lies behind many improvements in athletic performance: an innovation in athletic equipment In the end, most people who examine human performance are humbled by the resourcefulness of athletes and the powers of the human body. "Once you study athletics, you learn that it's a vexing complex issue, " says John S. Raglin, a sports psychologist at Indiana University. "Core performance is not a simple or mundane thing of higher, faster, longer. So many variables enter into the equation, and our understanding in many cases is fundamental. We've got a long way to go, " For the foreseeable future, records will be made to be broken. （分数：4.00）(1).What is the contribution of plybmetrics? （分数：1.00）A.Speeding up the rate of athletes' metabolism.B.Making clear specifications of physical exercises.C.Perfecting the technique pioneered in breaking recordsD.Helping runners develop strength and endurance.(2).The purpose of employing biomechanics films is to ______. （分数：1.00）A.provide materials for sports film shootingB.highlight areas for improvement in athletesC.assess the fitness levels of potential athletesD.skim off promising athletes through analysis(3).As regards the study of athletics, John S. Raglin believes that it is ______. （分数：1.00）A.fundamentalB.challengingplicatedD.theoretical(4).Which of the following would be the best title for the passage? （分数：1.00）A.Invention of the Fosbury Flop.B.Exploration of Athletic Performance.C.Effect of nutrition and training.D.Importance of genetics.When the press release arrived in our inboxes, we knew what would happen next. A Nobel laureate had stated that antioxidant supplements "may have caused more cancers than they have prevented. " Even the most fad-friendly sections of the UK media were bound to cover the story. In reality, Professor James Watson was only restating what we at Cancer Research UK have been pointing out for years. Large studies have repeatedly shown that, with the possible exception of vitamin D, antioxidant supplements have negligible positive effect on healthy people, at least in terms of important things such as preventing people getting cancer or dying prematurely. And some supplements—notably vitamins A, E and beta- carotene—even seem to slightly raise the risk of disease and early death. It's a topic we at Cancer Research UK come back to again and again on our science blog and on our social media pages. But huge swatches of the public remain convinced that "antioxidant" is a byword for "healthy. " What's so interesting about the antioxidant myth is its wider cultural and social dimension. Why is this perception so hard to shift? And is there anything we can do about it? One possible reason for our firm attitudes is the widespread use of the word "antioxidants" in adverts proclaiming the health benefits of various foods and drinks. This isn't for want of regulation, and the Advertising Standards Authority have repeatedly upheld complaints about adverts that make unsupported claims about antioxidants'benefits. But the much weaker claim that a product merely "contains high levels of antioxidants" leaves health claims implicit, and keeps regulators at bay. A brand of "super- broccoli"—launched with much a public spectacle in late 2011—was bred to contain high levels of a chemical that ultimately, according to the product's website, "boosts our body's Antioxidant Enzyme levels. " So good it's capitalized. So the relentless drip-drip of health product advertising—particularly against a background of continual reports of Britain's ill-health—makes our trenchant hold on the antioxidants myth all the more understandable. We need this stuff, we're told. But there's probably a deeper reason for our collective refusal to swallow the bitter pill of scientific evidence. The actual, proven things that can reduce our risks of cancer, heart disease, diabetes—and all the other chronic nasties that come with an ageing population—are somewhat more uninteresting. Don't smoke. Stay in shape. Eat a balanced diet. Limit alcohol intake. Keep active. This is hard work. And as the resolution-filled new year kicks in, the exciting prospect of a healthier life is replaced by the realization that being healthy is a long-term project. Popping a pill instead of going to the gym is a tempting prospect for many of us. Confirmatory bias is a powerful thing. But the UK population is ageing, and likely to place a greater burden on the NHS in future. We owe it to ourselves, and those will be paying for our care, to make sure we're as healthy as possible for as long as possible. Putting our faith in a word, and a pill—however comforting it may sound —to do this for us is a mirage and a fallacy. Antioxidants do not prolong our lives nor prevent cancer, despite what we want to believe. （分数：4.00）(1).The reference to a Nobel laureate's comment on antioxidant supplements is to ______. （分数：1.00）A.introduce a topicB.reinforce an argumentC.enrich the descriptionD.confirm a hypothesis(2).What does the author say that leads to people's strong belief in antioxidants? （分数：1.00）A.The lack of regulation.B.The widespread insemination of medical knowledge.C.The "super-broccoli" story.D.The overwhelming health product commercials.(3).It can be concluded that people's collective belief in antioxidants is NOT based on ______. （分数：1.00）A.deeply-rooted cultural perceptionB.the continual reports of Britain's ill healthC.the existing proven knowledgeD.confirmatory biases(4).What is the author's opinion of taking antioxidant supplements? （分数：1.00）A.Keeping fit means building a mirage.B.Antioxidants provide a promising future prospect.C.Keeping fit involves more than taking antioxidants.D.Antioxidants can help stop ageing.二、Part Ⅱ Cloze(总题数：1，分数：20.00)The Economist Intelligence Unit (EIU) earnestly attempts to measure which country will provide the best opportunities for a healthy, safe and prosperous life in the years ahead. Its quality-of-life index (21) the results of subjective life-satisfaction surveys how happy people say they are—to (22) determinants of the quality of life across countries. Being rich helps more than (23) else, but it is not all that (24) ; things like crime, trust in public institutions and the health of family life matter too. (25) , the index takes 11 statistically significant indicators into (26) They are a mixed bunch: some are (27) factors, Such as geography; others change only very slowly (28) time; and some factors depend on policies and the state of the world (29) . Despite the global economic crisis, times have in certain respects (30) been so good. Output growth rates have been (31) across the world, but income levels are at or near (32) highs. Life expectancy continues to (33) steadily and political freedoms have spread across the (34) . In other ways, however, the crisis has (35) a deep imprint on unemployment and personal (36) . After crunching its numbers, the EIU has Switzerland comfortably in the top spot, with Australia second. Small economies (37) the top ten, half of which are European. The Nordic countries shine, (38) the crisis-ridden south of Europe (Greece, Portugal and Spain) lags behind. The (39) European economies (Germany, France and Britain) do not do particularly well. America (40) back in 16th place. Despite their economic dynamism, none of the BRIC countries (Brazil, Russia, India and China) scores impressively. Among the 80 countries covered, Nigeria comes last: it is the worst place for a baby to enter the world in 2013. （分数：20.00）A.relegatesB.addsC.abdicatesD.linksA.prejudicedB.objectiiveC.fairD.neutralA.anythingB.somethingC.nothingD.everythingA.countsB.imploresC.diminishedD.waversA.In turnB.In retrospectD.In progressA.calculationB.accountC.implementationD.discountA.settledB.fixedC.controlledD.weightedA.onB.inC.forD.overA.atmosphereB.environmentC.economyD.wellbeingA.neverB.alreadyC.everD.yetA.acceleratingB.decliningC.recoveringD.withdrawingA.classicB.histrionicC.cubicD.historicA.increaseB.expandC.thriveD.expendA.spaceB.countryC.globeD.continentA.madeB.engravedC.createdD.leftA.securityB.invectiveC.invectiveD.scourgeA.stipulateB.distributeC.refuteA.whereasB.untilC.whereD.unlessA.highestrgestC.greatestD.richestA.recedesB.trailsnguishesD.twists三、Part Ⅲ English-Chine(总题数：1，分数：15.00)The UK has long prided itself on its road safety standards. Casualty figures are low compared with most other industrialized countries. But this positive record, coupled with the fact that the international trend continues downwards, is also why the first increase in road deaths for almost a decade should be a cause for concern. A breakdown of the 2010—11 figures shows where that concern could most usefully be directed. Deaths among drivers and passengers were up 6 per cent, with rural roads accounting for more of the rise than urban areas, and a disproportionate number of fatal accidents involving drivers under 24. The relatively high accident rate on rural roads has brought calls for a new speed limit in country areas of 40 mph. That is worth considering. There are many roads where the lack of a limit implicitly allows drivers to travel at 60 mph, even where the conditions should dictate otherwise. Arguments about the expense of new signs could be met by the introduction of a blanket limit on minor roads. Enforcement would, of course, be difficult. But the setting of a new norm would at the very least alert drivers to the dangers and foster greater caution. The number of fatal accidents involving younger drivers—it should really be no surprise that road accidents are the main cause of death among young adults—should raise questions once again about the rigor of the driving test. Consideration might also be given to whether, perhaps, the legal driving age should be raised. The downside, however, would also have to be weighed. Age may be less of a factor in accidents than inexperience, and any rise in the age at which someone may obtain a license could penalize those living in areas with poor public transport and encourage more teenagers to drive illegally. The most startling aspect of these statistics, though, is the 12 per cent rise in deaths among pedestrians. Many reasons could be advanced, not all of them related to worse behavior on the part of drivers. At least some of the increase could be attributable to technology, and the distractions of mobile devices and headphones. The danger that lurks when pedestrians are insufficiently aware of their surroundings should be spelt out more loudly and more often. There is another easy conclusion, too, that is being—but should not be drawn from the general rise in fatalities. Calls can already be heard, from MPs and others, for the Government to shelve its plan for a higher, 80 mph speed limit on motorways, or at least to put it to a Commons vote. Motorways, though, account for relatively few UK road deaths; rural roads are many times more dangerous. Concentrating on improvements to these secondary roads, and on pedestrian awareness everywhere, would be a better use of limited funds than reversing a sensible change that recognizes reality and improves enforcement. This is the message to be drawn from the latest road accident figures, and it should be heeded-even though it may not be what certain vocal groups of campaigners want to hear. （分数：15.00）(1).Arguments about the expense of new signs could be met by the introduction of a blanket limit on minor roads. Enforcement would, of course, be difficult. But the setting of a new norm would at the very least alert drivers to the dangers and foster greater caution.（分数：5.00）__________________________________________________________________________________________ (2).Age may be less of a factor in accidents than inexperience, and any rise in the age at which someone may obtain a license could penalize those living in areas with poor public transport and encourage more teenagers to drive illegally.（分数：5.00）__________________________________________________________________________________________ (3).Concentrating on improvements to these secondary roads, and on pedestrian awareness everywhere, would be a better use of limited funds than reversing a sensible change that recognizes reality and improves enforcement. （分数：5.00）__________________________________________________________________________________________四、Part Ⅳ Chinese-Engli(总题数：1，分数：15.00)1. 每逢新年，人们往往要定新年决心(New Year resolutions)。

2013武汉大学博士入学考试英语真题答案第一篇：2013武汉大学博士入学考试英语真题答案2013武汉大学博士研究生入学考试英语试题答案Part I Reading ComprehensionCBADBAADBCBCDACBBDDCPart II English-Chinese Translation1.去年秋季，罗诺克学院的市场调研课业已过半。

有一天，阿里·纳齐米教授宣布课堂上禁用手机的政策。

可话音刚落，他就听到了手机的铃声。

2.我们需要明白的一点是，课堂上的这个事件事先经过策划并被写成剧本。

尼尔·诺兰德始终参与了这个具有伪装性质的行动。

被砸的是他母亲闲置的一部手机，早就停机了。

3.所有的中学和大学都为学生提供了笔记本电脑，配备了计算机实验室，构建了无线网络，所有这些进步原本是为了促进学习，结果反而分散了学生的注意力。

或许，记录学生的考勤时，应该再加上一栏：到堂但未听课。

4.“这种托词我都听腻了，”也许会长寿且成果丰硕的卜浩亚教授说，“关于课上讲授内容乏味的看法真的是相对的。

相比什么它显得乏味呢？到易贝网上买鞋？事实上，我们来这里不是为了玩乐，而是为了寻求刺激。

”Part III Chinese-English TranslationAs a developing country, China is confronted with the dual task of developing its economy and protecting its environment.However, as a country with a large population, relative insufficiency of natural resources and an expanding economy, China suffers an increasingly significant disparity between economic development and natural resources and the environment.The serious environmental problem caused by severe pollution, deteriorating ecological conditions, hugeconsumption of resources and low reclamation has already become a bottleneck for the sustainable development of the Chinese economy.Proceeding from its actual conditions, China has, in the process of promoting its overall modernization program, made environmental protection one of its basic state policies, regarded the realization of sustained economic development as an important strategy and meanwhile, carried out nationwide campaigns for pollution prevention and treatment as well as environment and ecology conservation, the conditions of environmental degradation have been controlled fundamentally.Practice shows that our practice of coordinating the relationship between economic development and environmental protection is effective.Only if man makes reasonable use of nature and keeps and harmonious relationship with it in the process of development can the civilization created by him be maintained and developed, and can he share subsistence and glory with nature and develop with nature in a coordinating way.As a member of the international community, China, while making great efforts to protect its own environment, has taken an active part in international environmental affairs, striven to promote international cooperation in the field of environmental protection, and earnestly fulfilled its international obligations.All those have given full expression to the sincerity and determination of the Chinese government and people to protect the global environment.Part IVWriting(略)第二篇：2013年武汉大学教育学研究生入学考试真题2013年武汉大学教育学研究生入学考试一、选择题教育学历史内容较多（中国远古、近现代明清、民国），近现代教育理论，提出者姓名二、辨析题1、广义教育学涵括狭义的教育学2、学习策略可以直接提高学习效率3、根据加工程度，文献可以分为一次文献、二次、三次三、简答题1、教师劳动特点2、《学记》中的教学论断3、王阳明关于儿童教育的观点及意义4、5、问卷法的优缺点四、论述题1、建构主义教学观2、用教育的功能分析案例：哲学教授通过给废纸带来希望，让失去信心的学生充满自信3、柯尔伯格的道德发展理论及其教育意义第三篇：2013年华中科技大学博士英语入学考试试题翻译和写作(真题)2013年华中科技大学博士英语翻译和写作（真题）翻译题目：汉译英1.科学家认为，出生在夏天将赋予你开朗的性情，而出生在冬天则可能给你的快乐蒙上永久的阴影。

武汉大学2017年攻读博士学位研究生外语综合水平考试试题（满分值100分）科目名称：英语科目代码：1101注意：所有的答题内容必须写在答案纸上，凡写在试题或草稿纸上的一律无效。

Part I Reading Comprehension (2’×20 = 40 points)Directions:In this part of the test, there will be 5 passages for you to read. Each passage is followed by 4 questions or unfinished statements, and each question or unfinished statement is followed by four choices marked A, B, C and D. You are to decide on the best choice by blackening the corresponding letter on the ANSWER SHEET.Passage OneMr Gordon is right that the second industrial revolution involved never-to-be-repeated changes. But that does not mean that driverless cars count for nothing. Messrs Erixon and Weigel are also right to worry about the West’s dismal recent record in producing new companies. But many old firms are not run by bureaucrats and have reinvented themselves many times over: General Electric must be on at least its ninth life. And the impact of giant new firms born in the past 20 years such as Uber, Google and Facebook should not be underestimated: they have all the Schumpeterian characteristics the authors admire.On the pessimists’ side the strongest argument relies not on closely watching corporate and investor behavior but rather on macro-level statistics on productivity. The figures from recent years are truly dismal. Karim Foda, of the Brookings Institution, calculates that labor productivity in the rich world is growing at its slowest rate since 1950. Total factor productivity (which tries to measure innovation) has grown at just 0.1% in advanced economies since 2004, well below its historical average.Optimists have two retorts. The first is that there must be something wrong with the figures. One possibility is that they fail to count the huge consumer surplus given away free of charge on the internet. But this is unconvincing. The official figures may well be understating the impact of the internet revolution, just as they downplayed the impact of electricity and cars in the past, but they are not understating it enough to explain the recent decline in productivity growth.Another, second line of argument that the productivity revolution has only just begun is more persuasive. Over the past decade many IT companies may have focused on things that were more “fun than fundamental” in Paul Krugman’s phrase.But Silicon Valley’s best companies are certainly focusing on things that change the material world.Uber and Airbnb are bringing dramatic improvements to two large industries that have been more or less stuck for decades. Morgan Stanley estimates that driverless cars could result in $507 billion a year of productivity gains in America, mainly from people being able to stare at their laptops instead of at the road.1.What has led to the pessimistic opinion concerning the world’s economy?A.It is based on macro-level statistics on productivity.B.It is based on close observation on corporate and investor behavior.C.It is due to the fact that many old firms are not run by bureaucrats.D.It is due to the fact that not enough new firms have been created.2.The first argument on the optimists’ side is unconvincing because the official figures________.A.are both wrong and unconvincingB.downplay the internet revolutionC.fail to include the consumer surplusD.can’t explain the decline in productivity growth3.What is true about the IT companies in Silicon Valley??A.They have only focused on the fun part of life.B.They have made a difference in the real world.C.They have more persuasive productivity.D.They have only just begun to develop.4.How can driverless cars benefit American industries?A.Driverless cars have revived two large American industries.B.The sale of driverless cars can reach hundreds of billion dollars.C.Thanks to them people free from driving can do more creative work.D.Driverless cars have stimulated the development of Uber and Airbnb.Passage TwoWinston Churchill was one of the central statesmen of the 20th century and, almost 50 years after his death, remains a subject of enduring fascination. Part of the current interest in this venerable figure can be attributed to two superb biographies written in the 1980s by historian William Manchester: “The Last Lion: Visions of Glory” and “The Last Lion: Alone.” These two books examined the first two-thirds of Churchill’s life.Unfortunately, after completing the second volume, Manchester’s health declined and the rest of the project stalled. So great was public interest in the long-delayed final volume that it was the subject of a front page story in The New York Times.Eventually, in 2003, Manchester asked his friend Paul Reid to complete the trilogy. Now, nearly a decade later, Reid has published The Last Lion, the final piece of this monumental undertaking. Reid starts when Churchill was appointed prime minister in May 1940 andfollows him through his death in 1965. While most of this volume is appropriately devoted to World War II, it also includes the vast expansion of the British welfare state following the war, the start of the Cold War and the enormous dangers it carried, and the loss of the British Empire.Reid has written a thorough and complete analysis of these years, and it is a worthy finale to the first two volumes. Exhaustively researched and carefully written, it draws on a full range of primary and secondary materials. This book will be essential reading for those who enjoyed the first two volumes and those with a deep interest in understanding this seminal figure and his place in history.Reid does a wonderful job of capturing Churchill in all his complexity. He gives Churchill great praise for his personal courage and inspirational leadership during the dark days when Britain stood alone, but he is equally clear about Churchill’s poor strategic judgments, such as the efforts to defend Greece and Crete, the Allied assault on Anzio, and the decision to send the battleship Prince of Wales and battle cruiser Repulse to the South China Sea without adequate air cover where they were promptly sunk by the Japanese.He highlights Churchill’s naiveté in dealing with Soviet Premier Stalin in the early years of the war, but praises his prescience in anticipating Stalin’s land grab in Eastern Europe at the end of the conflict. Reid also gives welcome attention to aspects of the war ― such as Churchill’s fear that the United States might decide to put its primary emphasis on defeating Japan regardless of the “Germany first” understanding he shared with Roosevelt that have received little attention in other books.5.What can be known about the two biographies of Churchill?A.They were written in an interesting style.B.They were written prior to Churchill’s death.C.They are mainly written from a historical point of view.D.They have helped intrigue the readers over a long period.6.Why did the biography once become a front page story in The New York Times?A.People were looking forward to the publication of the final volume.B.Readers were angry with the author for the delay of the final volume.C.The publication of the final volume was then a heatedly discussed issue.D.Readers wanted to know who would be the new author of the final volume.7.Why does the third volume prove to be worthy?A.It is widely read and welcomed by readers.B.It involves enough details in Churchill’s life.C.It is based on thorough and reliable research.D.It offers a unique understanding of Churchill.8.What can we know about Churchill through the third volume?A.He is a man with complexity.B.He pulled Britain through WWII.C.He made many strategic mistakes.D.He is courageous and inspirational.Passage ThreeAsteroids and comets that repeatedly smashed into the early Earth covered the planet’s surface with molten rock during its earliest days, but still may have left oases of water that could have supported the evolution of life, scientists say. The new study reveals that during the planet’s infancy, the surface of the Earth was a hellish environment, but perhaps not as hellish as often thought, scientists added.Earth formed about 4.5 billion years ago. The first 500 million years of its life are known as the Hadean Eon. Although this time amounts to more than 10 percent of Earth’s history, little is known about it, since few rocks are known that are older than 3.8 billion years old.For much of the Hadean, Earth and its sister worlds in the inner solar system were pummeled with an extraordinary number of cosmic impacts. “It was thought that because of these asteroids and comets flying around colliding with Earth, conditions on early Earth may have been hellish,” said lead study author Simone Marchi, a planetary scientist at the Southwest Research Institute in Boulder, Colorado. This imagined hellishness gave the eon its name —Hadean comes from Hades, the lord of the underworld in Greek mythology.However, in the past dozen years or so, a radically different picture of the Hadean began to emerge. Analysis of minerals trapped within microscopic zircon crystals dating from this econ “suggested that there was liquid water on the surface of the Earth back then, clashing with the previous picture that the Hadean was hellish,” Marchi said. This could explain why the evidence of the earliest life on Earth appears during the Hadean —maybe the planet was less inhospitable during that eon than previously thought.The exact timing and magnitude of the impacts that smashed Earth during the Hadean are unknown. To get an idea of the effects of this bombardment, Machi and his colleagues looked at the moon, whose heavily cratered surface helped model the battering that its close neighbor Earth must have experienced back then.“We also looked at highly siderophile elements (elements that bind tightly to iron), such as gold, delivered to Earth as a result of these early collisions, and the amounts of these elements tells us the total mass accreted by Earth as the results of these collisions,”Marchi said. Prior research suggests these impacts probably contributed less than 0.5 percent of the Earth’s present-day mass.The researchers discovered that “the surface of the Earth during the Hadean was heavily affected by very large collisions, by impactors [ɪm'pæktə] larger than 100 kilometers (60 miles) or so —really, really big impactors,’ Marchi said.“When Earth has a collision with an object that big, that melts a large volume of the Earth’s crust and mantle, covering a large f raction of the surface,”Marchi added. These findings suggest that Earth’s surface was buried over and over again by large volumes of molten rock —enough to cover the surface of the Earth several times. This helps explain why so few rock survive from the Hadean, the researchers said.9.Why is little known about the Earth’s first 500 million years?A.Because it is an imagined period of time.B.Because this period is of little significance.C.Because it is impossible to know about this period.D.Because no rocks are available as research evidence.10.Why is the early Earth imagined to be hellish?A.Because it was often smashed by asteroids and comets.B.Because back then Hades, the lord of Hell, resigned.C.Because it was so according to Greek mythology.D.Because back then there was no life.11.Why was the early Earth in fact less inhospitable than often thought?A.Because minerals of the Hadean have been found suggesting the existence of life.B.Because the clashing brought by asteroids and comets was not completely damaging.C.Because during the Hadean there already existed the evidence of life.D.Because there had already been liquid water on the Earth back then.12.How can the moon help with the understanding of the impacts that smashed the Earth?A.The moon once smashed into the Earth too.B.The moon was battered earlier than the Earth.C.The moon, as a close neighbor, is easier to observe.D.The moon’s surface is heavily cratered as the Earth’s.Passage FourFrom beach balls, pool toys, and jump houses, inflatable technology takes a big step forward for its next frontier: space station. A new kind of tech will be aboard Space X’s eighth supply mission to the International Space Station (ISS). A compressed living module will be delivered and attached to the station where, in the void of space, it will expand into a new habitat for astronauts.Designed by Bigelow Aerospace, the inflatable space habitat is one area NASA is exploring for potential deep space habitats and other advanced space missions.“The ‘Bigelow Expandable Activity Module,’ or the BEAM, is an expandable habitat that will be used to investigate technology and understand the potential benefits of such habitats for human missions to deep space,” NASA Administrator Charles Bolden wrote in a blog post.The habi tats could be a way to “dramatically increase” the space available for astronauts while also offering added protection from the dangers of space, like radiation and space debris, the NASA press release says.But how is an inflatable space station supposed to be a viable means of housing for space travelers? BEAMs are far more than balloon-like rooms where astronauts can take asylum. Technically, the modules don’t inflate― they expand, according to the company. And beyond just air, the habitats are reinforced with an internal metal structure. The outside is composed of multiple layers of material including things like rubber and kevlar to protect from any speeding debris.Inside SpaceX’s Dragon spacecraft on the way to the ISS, the BEAM will be approximately 8 feet in diameter. It will expand once deployed in space to offer 565 cubic feet of space for astronauts. “It’ll be the first time human beings will actually step inside this expandable habitat in space,” fo rmer astronaut George Zamka, who has worked for Bigelow Aerospace, told USA Today. “There won’t be this sense of it being like a balloon.”But astronauts won’t be getting inside the module for some time yet.The BEAM will be attached to the Tranquility Node and deployed. Inside the module are a series of tools that will help the crew of the ISS monitor different aspects of the expandable area to see how it acts in space. The crew will watch heat, radiation, orbital debris, and provide information about the viability of using similar modules in the future.The testing is scheduled to go on for a two-year time period, after which the module will be released and burn up in the atmosphere. NASA’s partnership with Bigelow fits Mr. Bolden’s desire to help grow a robust private sector industry to commercialize aspects of space ― a process he sees as vital if humans want to reach farther cosmic destinations. “The world of low Earth orbit belongs to industry,” Bolden said at a press conference in January 2015.13.What is special about the new living module on SpaceX’s eighth mission to ISS?A) It is expandable. C) It is going to deep space.B) It looks like a toy.D) It will not return to Earth.14.What is the purpose of designing the inflatable space habitat?.A.It is to find out its potential capacity.B.It is to give a try on a new technology.C.It is to save time and money in production.D.It is to see if it can be applied in deep space.15.What does the underlined sentence in Paragraph 5 mean?A.The habitat will not be a balloon-like room.B.The habitat will not feel like a balloon.C.The habitat will be like a senseless balloon.D.The habitat will be a different kind of balloon.16.Why does NASA intend to commercialize aspects of space?A.It can save NASA time and energy.B.It is necessary for a robust industry.C.It is crucial for further space explorations.D.It meets both NASA’s and Bigelow’s needs.Passage FiveOf all the people on my holiday shopping list, there was one little boy for whom buying a gift had become increasingly difficult. He’s a wonderful child, adorable and loving, and he’s not fussy or irritable or spoiled. Though he lives across the country from me, I receive regular updates and photos, and he likes all the things that the boys his age want to play with. Shopping for him should be easy, but I find it hard to summon up any enthusiasm, because in all the years I’ve given him presents, he never once sent me a thank-you note.“Sending thank-you notes is becoming a lost art,” mourns Mary Mitchell, a syndicated columnist known as “Ms. Demeanor” and author of six etiquette books. In her view, each generation, compared with the one before, is losing a sense of consideration for other people. “Without respect,” she says, “you have conflict.”Ms. Demeanor would be proud of me: I have figured out a way to ensure that my children always send thank-you notes. And such a gesture is important, says Ms. Demeanor, because “a grateful attitude is a tremendous life skill, an efficient and inexpensive way to set ourselves apart in the work force and in our adult lives. Teach your children that the habit of manners comes from inside ― it’s an attitude based on respecting other people.”A few years ago, as my children descended like piranhas on their presents under the Christmas tree, the only attitude I could see was greed. Where was the appreciation of time and effort?A thank-you note should contain three things: an acknowledgement of the gift (Love the tie with the picture of a hose on it); a recognition of the time and effort spent to select it (You must have shopped all over the state to find such a unique item!); a prediction of how you will use your gift or the way it has enhanced your life (I’ll be sure to wear it to the next Mr. Ed convention!).So, five years ago, in one of my rare flashes of parental insight, I decided that the most appropriate time to teach this basic courtesy is while the tinsel is hot. To the horror of my children, I announced that henceforth every gift received will be an occasion for a thank-you note written immediately, on the spot. I have explained to my kids how I have reacted to not hearing from the little boy ― how it made me fell unappreciated and unmotivated to repeat the process next year.I have reluctantly given my kids the green light to send e-mail thank-you notes; though hand-lettered ones (at least to me) still seem friendlier. But pretty much any thank-you makes the gift giver feel special ― just as, we hope, the recipient feels. It’s a gesture that perfectly captures the spirit of the holidays.17.The author felt unmotivated when buying a gift for the little boy because he ________.A.purposely intended not to show gratitude for her kindness and considerationB.had never expressed appreciation of the gifts he received in previous years.C.had no idea how thoughtful she was in choosing a gift for himD.didn’t like any of the gift she had given him18.According to Ms. Demeanor, showing appreciation has the benefit of ________.A.forming the habit of good mannersB.regaining the lost art of expressing thanksC.motivating the gift giver to buy more giftsD.distinguishing oneself from others in work and life19.In a thank-you note, “The book will be my good companion when I am alone”serves as________.A. a recognition of the time and effort spent to select itB.an announcement of how it has enhanced your lifeC. a prediction of how you will use your giftD.an acknowledgement of the gift20.What does the author mean by “while the tinsel is hot (Line 2, Para. 6)?A.The moment her kids receive a gift.B.The moment she starts choosing gifts for each kid.C.When the art of sending thank-you notes isn’t lost yet.D.When her kids still remember who bought the gifts for them.Part II English-Chinese Translation (5’×4 = 20 points)Directions: Read the following passage, and then translate the underlined parts numbered from (1) to (4), from English into Chinese. Please write your answer on the ANSWER SHEET.Economics is no different. Supply, demand, elasticity, comparative advantage, consumer surplus, deadweight loss--these terms are part of the economist’s language. In the coming chapters, you will encounter many new terms and some familiar words that economists use in specialized ways.(1)At first, this new language may seem needlessly arcane. But, as you will see, its value lies in its ability to provide you a new and useful way of thinking about the world in which you live.Economists try to address their subject with a scientist’s objectivity. They approach the study of the economy in much the same way as a physicist approaches the study of matter and a biologist approaches the study of life: (2)They devise theories, collect data, and then analyze these data in an attempt to verify or refute their theories.To beginners, it can seem odd to claim that economics is a science. After all, economists do not work with test tubes or telescopes. (3)The essence of science, however, is the scientific methods--the dispassionate development and testing of theories about how the world works.This method of inquiry is as applicable to studying a nation’s economy as it is to studying the earth’s gravity or a species’ evolution. (4)As Albert Einstein once put it, “The whole of science isDirections:Translate the following paragraph from Chinese into English. Please write youranswer on the ANSWER SHEET.为了寻找实验室试验的替代品，经济学家十分关注历史所提供的自然实验。

全国医学博士外语统一考试英语真题2013年(总分：100.00，做题时间：180分钟)一、Part 1 ：Listening comprehension（30%） (总题数：15，分数：15.00)A.A coughB.Diarrhea √C.A feverD.Vomiting解析：A.TuberculosisB.RhinitisryngitisD.Flu √解析：A.In his bag.B.By the lamp.C.In his house. √D.No idea about where he left it.解析：A.He’s nearly finished his work.B.He has to work for some more time. √C.He wants to leave now.D.He has trouble finishing his work.解析：A.A patientB.A doctorC.A teacherD.A student √解析：A.2.6B.3.5C.3.9D.136 √解析：A.He is the head of the hospital.B.He is in charge of Pediatrics.C.He went out looking for Dan.D.He went to Michigan on business. √解析：A.He has got a fever.B.He is a talented skier.C.He is very rich.D.He is a real ski enthusiast. √解析：A.To ask local people for help.B.To do as Romans do only when in Rome.C.Try to act like the people from that culture. √D.Stay with your country fellows.解析：A.She married because of loneliness.B.She married a millionaire.C.She married for money. √D.She married for love.解析：A.AspirantB.Courageous √C.CautiousD.Amiable解析：A.He was unhappy.B.He was feeling a bit unwell. √C.He went to see the doctor.D.The weather was nasty.解析：A.You may find many of them on the bookseller’ shelves.B.You can buy it from almost every bookstore.C.It’s a very popular magazine.√D.It doesn’t sell very well.解析：A.A general practitioner.B.A gynecologist. √C.An orthopedistD.A surgeon.解析：A.ChemotherapyB.RadiationC.Injections √D.Surgery解析：二、Section B (总题数：3，分数：15.00)A.It is a genetic disorder.B.It is a respiratory condition in pigs. √C.It is an illness from birds to humans.D.It is a gastric ailment.解析：A.Eating pork.B.Raising pigs. √C.Eating chicken.D.Breeding birds.解析：A.Running noseB.Inappetence √C.Pains all overD.Diarrhea解析：A.To stay from crowds. √B.To see the doctor immediately.C.To avoid medications.D.To go to the nearby clinic.解析：A.It is a debate.B.It is a TV program. √C.It is a consultation.D.It is a workshop.解析：A.About 10,000,000. √B.About 1,000,000.C.About 100,000.D.About 10,000.解析：A.A cocktail of vitamins.B.A cocktail of vitamins plus magnesium. √C.The combination of vitamins A, C and E.D.The combination of minerals.解析：A.The delicate structures of the inner ear. √B.The inner ear cells.C.The eardrums.D.The inner ear ossicles.解析：A.General Motors.B.The United Auto Workers.C.NIH √D.All of above.解析：A.An industrial trial in Spain.itary trials in Spain and Sweden.C.Industrial trials in Spain and Sweden. √D.A trial involving students at the University of Florida. 解析：A.The link between obesity and birth defects. √B.The link between obesity and diabetes.C.The risk of birth abnormalities.D.The harmful effects of obesity.解析：A.Neural tube defects.B.Heart problems.C.Cleft lip and palateD.Diabetes √解析：A.20 million.B.200 million.C.400 million. √D.40 million.解析：A.A weight-loss surgery. √B.A balanced diet.C.A change of life style.D.More exercise.解析：A.Why obesity can cause birth defects.B.How obesity may cause birth defects. √C.Why obesity can cause diabetes.D.How obesity may cause diabetes.解析：三、Part II Vocabulary (10%) (总题数：10，分数：5.00)16.Having a bird’s eye view from the helicopter, the vast pasture was __________ with beautiful houses.（分数：0.50）A.overlappedB.segregatedC.intersectedD.interspersed √解析：17.As usual, Singapore Airlines will reduce trans-pacific capacity in _________ seasons this year. （分数：0.50）A.sternB.slack √C.sumptuousD.glamorous解析：18.As to the living environment, bacteria’s needs vary, but most of them grow best in a slightly acid ___________.（分数：0.50）A.mechanismB.miniatureC.medium √D.means解析：19.Under an unstable economic environment, employers in the construction industry place great value on ___________ in hiring and laying off workers as their volumes of work wax and wane. （分数：0.50）A.flexibility √B.moralityC.capacityD.productivity解析：20.In a stark _________ of fortunes, the Philippines –once Asia’s second richest country –recently had to beg Vietnam to sell its rice for its hungry millions.（分数：0.50）A.denialB.reversal √C.intervalD.withdrawal解析：21.Web portal Sohu has gone a step further and called for netizens to join in an all-out boycott of __________ content.（分数：0.50）A.wholesomeB.contagiousC.vulgar √D.stagnant解析：22.Experts urge a reforesting of cleared areas, promotion of reduced-impact logging, and_____________ agriculture, to maintain the rain forest.（分数：0.50）A.sustainable √B.renewableC.revivableD.merchandisable解析：23.In the U.S., the Republican’s doctrines were slightly liberal, whereas the Democrats’ were hardly _____________.（分数：0.50）A.rationalB.radicalC.conservative √D.progressive解析：24.Officials from the Department of Agriculture confirmed that the __________ floods and drought this summer did not affect the country’s grain output.（分数：0.50）A.ripplingB.waningC.fluctuatingD.devastating √解析：25.It is believed that the Black Death, rampant in the Medieval Europe __________, killed 1/3 of its population.（分数：0.50）A.at large √B.at randomC.on endD.on average解析：四、Section B (总题数：10，分数：5.00)26.Christmas shoppers should be aware of the possible defects of the products sold at a discount. （分数：0.50）A.deficitsB.deviationsC.drawbacks √D.discrepancies解析：27.The goal of this training program is to raise children with a sense of responsibility and necessary courage to be willing to take on challenges in life.（分数：0.50）A.despiseB.evadeC.demandD.undertake √解析：28.After “9.11”, the Olympic Games severely taxed the security services of the host country. （分数：0.50）A.improvedB.burdened √C.inspectedD.tariffed解析：29.The clown’s performance was so funny that the audience, adults and children alike, were all thrown into convulsions.（分数：0.50）A.a fit of enthusiasmB.a scream of frightC.a burst of laughter √D.a cry of anguish解析：30.We raised a mortgage from Bank of China and were informed to pay it off by the end of this year.（分数：0.50）A.loan √B.paymentC.withdrawalD.retrieval解析：31.The advocates highly value the “sport spirit”, while the opponent devalue it, asserting that it’s a sheer hypocrisy and self-deception.（分数：0.50）A.fineB.suddenC.finiteD.absolute √解析：32.Whenever a rattlesnake is agitated, it begins to move its tail and make a rattling noise. （分数：0.50）A.irritated √B.tamedC.stampedD.probed解析：33.The detective had an unusual insight into criminal’s tricks and knew clearly how to track them.（分数：0.50）A.inductionB.perception √C.interpretationD.penetration解析：34.My little brother practices the speech repeatedly until his delivery and timing were perfect. （分数：0.50）A.presentation √B.gestureC.rhythmD.pronunciation解析：35.In recent weeks both housing and stock prices have started to retreat from their irrationally amazing highs.（分数：0.50）A.untimelyB.unexpectedlyC.unreasonably √D.unconventionally解析：五、Part III Cloze (10%) (总题数：1，分数：10.00)Video game players may get an unexpected benefit from blowing away bad guys—better vision. Playing “action” video games improves a visual ability __51__ tasks like reading and driving at night, a new study says. The ability, called contrast sensitivity function, allows people to discern even subtle changes __52__ gray against a uniformly colored backdrop. It’s also one of the first visual aptitudes to fade with age. __53__ a regular regimen of action video game training can provide long-lasting visual power, according to work led by Daphne Bavelier of the University of Rochester. Previous research shows that gaming improves other visual skills, such as the ability to track several objects at the same time and __54__ attention to a series of fast-moving events. Bavelier said, “A lot of different aspects of the visual system are being enhanced, __55__.” The new work suggests that playing video games could someday become part of vision-correction treatments, which currently rely mainly on surgery or corrective lenses. “__56__ you’ve had eye surgery or get corrective lenses, exposing yourself to these games should help the optical system to recover faster and better, you need to retrain the brain to make use of the better, crisper information that’s coming in __57__ your improved eyesight,” Bavelier said. Expert action gamers in the study played first-person shooters Unreal Tournament 2004 and Call of Duty 2. A group of experienced nonaction gamers played The Sims 2, a “life simulation” video game. The players of nonaction video games didn’t see the same vision __58__, the study says. Bavelier and others are now trying to figure out exactly why action games __59__ seem to sharpen visual skill. It may be that locating enemies and aiming accurately is a strenuous, strength-building workout for the eyes, she said. Another possible __60__ is that the unpredictable, fast-changing environment of the typical action game requires players to constantly monitor entire landscapes and analyze optical data quickly. （分数：10.00）A.crucial for √B.available inC.resulting fromD.ascribed to解析：A.in disguise ofB.in shades of √C.in search ofD.in place of解析：A.This is howB.That’s why√C.It is not thatD.There exists解析：A.paidB.paysC.payD.paying √解析：A.thoughB.not to sayC.not just one √D.as well解析：A.UntilB.WhileC.UnlessD.Once √解析：A.as opposed toB.in addition toC.as a result of √D.in spite of解析：A.benefits √B.defectsC.approachesD.risks解析：A.in caseB.in advanceC.in returnD.in particular √解析：A.effectB.reason √C.outcomeD.conclusion解析：六、Part IV Reading Comprehension (30%) (总题数：6，分数：30.00)Passage one There is plenty we don’t know about criminal behavior. Most crime goes unrepor ted so it is hard to pick out trends from the data, and even reliable sets of statistics can be difficult to compare. But here is one thing we do know: those with a biological predisposition to violent behavior who are brought up in abusive homes are very likely to become lifelong criminals.Antisocial and criminal behavior tends to run in families, but no one was sure whether this was due mostly to social-environmental factors or biological ones. It turns out both are important, but the effect is most dramatic when they act together. This has been illustrated in several studies over the past six years which found that male victims of child abuse are several times as likely to become criminals and abusers themselves if they were born with a less-active version of a gene for the enzyme monoamine oxidase A (MAO-A), which breaks down neurotransmitters crucial to the regulation of aggression. Researchers recently made another key observation: kids with this “double whammy” of predisposition and an unfortunate upb ringing are likely to show signs of what’s to come at a very early age. The risk factors for long-term criminality –attention deficit hyperactivity disorder, low IQ, language difficulties –can be spotted in kindergarten. So given what we now know, should n’t we be doing everything to protect the children most at risk? No one is suggesting testing all boys to see which variant of the MAO-A gene they have, but what the science is telling us is that we should redouble efforts to tackle abusive upbringings, and even simple neglect. This will help any child, but especially those whose biology makes them vulnerable. Thankfully there is already considerable enthusiasm in both the US and the UK for converting the latest in behavioral science into parenting and social skills: both governments have schemes in place to improve parenting in families where children are at risk of receiving poor care. Some people are uncomfortable with the idea of early intervention because it implies our behavior becomes “set” as we grow up, compromising the idea of free will. That view is understandable, but it would be negligent to ignore what the studies are telling us. Indeed, the cost to society of failing to intervene －in terms of criminal damage, dealing with offenders and helping victims of crime －is bound to be greater than the cost of improving parenting. The value to the children is immeasurable. （分数：5.00）(1).Researchers have come to a consensus: to explain violent behavior ________. （分数：1.00）A.in terms of physical environmentB.form a biological perspective √C.based on the empirical dataD.in a statistical way解析：(2).When we say that antisocial and criminal behavior tends to run in families, as indicated by the recent findings, we can probably mean that ___________. （分数：1.00）A.a particular gene is passed on in familiesB.child abuse will lead to domestic violenceC.the male victims of child abuse will pass on the tendency √D.the violent predisposition is exclusively born of child abuse解析：(3).The recent observation implicated that to check the development of antisocial and criminal behavior ___________. （分数：1.00）A.boys are to be screened for the biological predispositionB.high-risk kids should be brought up in kindergartenC.it is important to spot the genes for the risk factorsD.active measures ought to be taken at an early age √解析：(4).To defend the argument against the unfavorable idea, the author makes it a point to consider ___________. （分数：1.00）A.the immeasurable value of the genetic research on behaviorB.the consequences of compromising democracyC.the huge cost of improving parenting skillsD.the greater cost of failing to intervene √解析：(5).Which of the following can be the best title for the passage? （分数：1.00）A.Parenting Strategies for KidsB.The Making of a Criminal √C.Parental EducationD.Abusive Parenting解析：Passage two After 25 years battling the mother of all viruses, have we finally got the measure of HIV? Three developments featured in this issue collectively give grounds for optimism that would have been scarcely believable a year ago in the wake of another failed vaccine and continuing problems supplying drugs to all who need them. Perhaps the most compelling hope lies in the apparent “cure” of a man wit h HIV who had also developed leukemia. Doctors treated his leukemia with a bone marrow transplant that also vanquished the virus. Now US Company Sangamo Biosciences is hoping to emulate the effect patients being cured with a single shot of gene therapy, instead of taking antiretroviral drugs for life. Antiretroviral therapy (ART) is itself another reason for optimism. Researchers at the World Health Organization have calculated that HIV could be effectively eradicated in Africa and other hard-hit places using existing drugs. The trick is to test everyone often, and give those who test positive ART as soon as possible. Because the drugs rapidly reduce circulating levels of the virus to almost zero, it would stop people passing it on through sex. By blocking the cycle of infection in this way, the virus could be virtually eradicated by 2050. Bankrolling such a long-term program would cost serious money – initially around $3.5 billion a year in South Africa alone, ring to $85 billion in total. Huge as it sounds, however, it is peanuts compared with the estimated $1.9 trillion cost of the Iraq war, or the $700 billion spent in one go propping up the US banking sector. It also look small beer compared with the costs of carrying on as usual, which the WHO says can only lead to spiraling cases and costs. The final bit of good news is that the cost of ART could keep on falling. Last Friday, GlaxoSmithKline chairman Andrew Witty said that his company would offer all its medicines to the poorest countries for at least 25 per cent less than the typical price in rich countries. GSK has already been doing this for ART, but the hope is that the company may now offer it cheaper still and that other firms will follow their lead. No one doubt the devastation caused by AIDS. In 2007, 2 million people died and 2.7 million more contracted the virus. Those dismal numbers are not going to turn around soon –and they won’t turn around at all without huge effort and investment. But at least there is renewed belief that, given the time and money, we can finally start riddling the world of this most fearsome of viruses. （分数：5.00）(1).Which is the following can be most probably perceived beyond the first paragraph? （分数：1.00）A.The end of the world.B.A candle of hope. √C.A Nobel prize.D.A Quick Fix.解析：(2).According to the passage, the apparent “cure” of the HIV patient who had also developed leukemia would ___________. （分数：1.00）A.make a promising transition from antiretroviral medication to gene therapy √B.facilitate the development of effective vaccines for the infectionpel people to draw an analogy between AIDS and leukemiaD.would change the way we look at those with AIDS解析：(3).As another bit of good news, ___________. （分数：1.00）A.HIV will be virtually wiped out first in AfricaB.the cycle of HIV infection can be broken with ART √C.the circulating levels of HIV have been limited to almost zeroD.the existing HIV drugs will be enhanced to be more effective in 25 years解析：(4).The last reason for optimism is that ___________. （分数：1.00）ernments will invest more in improving ARTB.the cost of antiretroviral therapy is on the decline √C.everybody can afford antiretroviral therapy in the worldD.the financial support of ART is coming to be no problem解析：(5).The whole passage carries a tone of ___________. （分数：1.00）A.idealismB.activismC.criticismD.optimism √解析：Passage Three Archaeology can tell us plenty about how humans looked and the way they lived tens of thousands of years ago. But what about the deeper questions? Could early humans speak, were they capable of self-conscious reflection, did they believe in anything? Such questions might seem to be beyond the scope of science. Not so. Answering them is the focus of a burgeoning field that brings together archaeology and neuroscience. It aims to chart the development of human cognitive powers. This is not easy to do. A skull gives no indication of whether its owner was capable of speech, for example. The task then is to find proxies (替代物) for key traits and behaviors that have stayed intact over millennia. Perhaps the most intriguing aspect of this endeavor is teasing out the role of culture as a force in the evolution of our mental skills. For decades, development of the brain has been seen as exclusively biological. But increasingly, that is being challenged. Take what the Cambridge archaeologist Colin Renfrew calls “the sapient (智人的) paradox (矛盾)”. Evidence suggests that the human genome, and hence the brain, has changed little in the past 60,000 years. Yet it wasn’t until about 10,000 years ago that profound changes took place in human behavior: people settled in villages and built shrines. Renfrew’s paradox is why, if the hardware was in place, did it take so long for humans to start changing the world? His answer is that the software – the culture – took a long time to develop. In particular, the intervening time saw humans vest (赋予) meaning in objects and symbols. Those meanings were developed by social interaction over successive generations, passed on through teaching, and stored in the neuronal connections of children. Culture also changes biology by modifying natural selection, sometimes in surprising ways. How is it, for example, that a human gene for making essential vitamin C became blocked by junk DNA? One answer is that our ancestors started eating fruit, so the pressure to make vitamin C “relaxed” and the gene became unnecessary. By this reasoning, early humans then became addicted to fruit, and any gene that helped them to find it was selected for. Evidence suggests that the brain is so plastic that, like genes, it can be changed by relaxing selection pressure. Our understanding of human cognitive development is still fragmented and confused, however. We have lots of proposed causes and effects, and hypotheses to explain them. Yet the potential pay-off makes answers worth searching for. If we know where the human mind came from and what changed it, perhaps we can gauge where it is going. Finding those answers will take all the ingenuity the modern human mind can muster. （分数：5.00）(1).The questions presented in the first paragraph ___________. （分数：1.00）A.seem to have no answers whateverB.are intended to dig for ancient human minds √C.are not scientific enough to be answered hereD.are raised to explore the evolution of human appearance解析：(2).The scientists find the proxy to be ___________. （分数：1.00）A.the role of culture √B.the passage of timeC.the structure of a skullD.the biological makeup of the brain解析：(3).According to Renfrew’s paradox, the transition from 60,000 to 10,000 years ago suggests that ___________. （分数：1.00）A.human civilization came too lateB.the hardware retained biologically staticC.it took so long for the software to evolve √D.there existed an interaction between gene and environment解析：(4).From the example illustrating the relation between culture and biology, we might conclude that ___________. （分数：1.00）A.the mental development has not been exclusively biologicalB.the brain and culture have not developed at the same paceC.the theory of natural selection applies to human evolution √D.vitamin C contributes to the development of the brain解析：(5).Speaking of the human mind, the author would say that ___________. （分数：1.00）A.its cognitive development is extremely slowB.to know its past is to understand its future √C.its biological evolution is hard to predictD.as the brain develops, so as the mind解析：Passage Four Despite the numerous warnings about extreme weather, rising sea levels and mass extinctions, one message seems to have got lost in the debate about the impact of climate change.A warmer world won’t just be inconvenient. Huge swathes (片) of it, including most of Europe, the US and Australia as well as all of Africa and China will actually be uninhabitable--- too hot, dry or stormy to sustain a human population. This is no mirage. It could materialize if the world warms by an average of just 4°C, which some models predict could happen as soon as 2050. This is the world our children and grandchildren are going to have to live in. So what are we going to do about it? One option is to start planning to move the at-risk human population to parts of the world where it will still be cool and wet. It might seem like a drastic move, but this thought experiment is not about scaremongering (危言耸听). Every scenario is extrapolated from predictions of the latest climate models, and some say that 4°C may actually turn out to be a conservative estimate. Clearly this glacier-free, desertified world---with its human population packed into high-rise cities closer to the poles---would be a last resort. Aside from anything else, it is far from being the most practical option: any attempt at mass migration is likely to fuel wars, political power struggles and infighting. So what are the alternatives? The most obvious answer is to radically reduce carbon dioxide levels now, by fast-tracking green technologies and urgently implementing energy-efficient measures. But the changes aren’t coming nearly quickly enough and global emissions are still rising. As a result, many scientists are now turning to “Earth’s plan B”. PlanB involves making sure we have large scale geoengineeringtechnolo gies ready and waiting to either suck CO2 out of the atmosphere or deflect the sun’s heat. Most climate scientists were once firmly against fiddling with the Earth’s thermostat, fearing that it may make a bad situation even worse, or provide politicians with an excuse to sit on their hands and do nothing. Now they reluctantly acknowledge the sad truth that we haven’t managed to reorder the world fast enough to reduce CO2 emissions and that perhaps, given enough funding research and political muscle, we can indeed design, test and regulate geoengineering projects in time to avert the more horrifying consequences of climate change. Whatever we do, now is the time to act. The alternative is to plan for a hothouse world that none of us would recognize as home.（分数：5.00）(1).To begin with, the author is trying to remind us of ____________. （分数：1.00）A.the likelihood of climate change making life inconvenient √B.the warning against worsening climate changeC.the inevitable consequence of global warmingD.the misconception of a warmer world解析：(2).As the thought experiment shows, those at risk from global warming will ____________. （分数：1.00）A.live with the temperature raised by an average of 4°CB.have nowhere to go but live in the desertC.become victims as soon as 2050D.move closer to the poles √解析：(3).It is clear from the passage that a practical approach to global warming is _________. （分数：1.00）A.to reduce massively CO2 emissions √B.to take protective measures by 2025C.to prepare a blueprint for mass migrationsD.to launch habitual constructions closer to the poles解析：(4).Earth’s plan B is ambitious enough ___________. （分数：1.00）A.to stop climate scientists making a bad situation even worseB.to remove the sources of CO2 emissions altogetherC.to regulate geoengineering projects for efficiencyD.to manage the Earth’s thermostat√解析：(5).Which of the following statements are the supporters of “Earth’s plan B” for? （分数：1.00）A.It’s Time to Go GreenB.Energy-efficient measures must be taken √C.Mass migration to the poles is inevitableD.For the Planet’s Geoengineer or Catatrophe解析：Passage Five Brittany Donovan was born 13 years ago in Pennsylvania. Her biological father was sperm donor G738. Unbeknownst to Brittany’s m other, G738 carried a genetic defect known as fragile X-a mutation that all female children born from his sperm will inherit, and which causes mental impairment, behavioral problems and atypical social development. Last week, Brittany was given the green l ight to sue the sperm bank, Idant Laboratories of New York, under the state’s product liability laws. These laws were designed to allow consumers to seek compensation from companies whose products are defective and cause harm. Nobody expected them to be applied to donor sperm.Thousands of people in the US have purchased sperm from sperm banks on the promise that the donor’s history has been carefully scrutinized and his sample rigorously tested, only for some of them to discover that they have been sold a batch of bad seed. Some parents learn about genetic anomalies after their disabled child is born and they press the sperm bank for more information. Others realize it when they contact biological half-siblings who have the same disorder. So will Donovan vs Idant laboratories open the floodgates? It seems unlikely. New York’s product liability laws are highly unusual in that they consider donor sperm to be a product just like any other. Most other US states grant special status to blood products and body parts, including sperm. In these states, donor sperm is not considered a “product” in the usual sense, despite the fact that it is tested, processed, packaged, catalogued, marketed and sold. Similarly, European Union product liability law could not be used in this way. Even if this lawsuit is an isolated case, it still raises some difficult questions. First, to what lengths should sperm banks go to ensure they are supplying defect-free sperm? As we learn more and more about human genetics, there is growing list of tests that could be performed. Nobody would deny that donor sperm carrying the fragile X mutation should be screened out--- and there is a test that can do so ---but what about more subtle defects, such as language impairment or susceptibility to earl y Alzheimer’s? Donovan vs Idant Laboratories also serves as a reminder of the nature of the trade in human gametes. Sperm bank catalogues can give the impression that babies are as guaranteed as dishwashers. The Donovans are entitled to their day in court, but in allowing the product liability laws to be used in this way, the legal system is not doing much to dispel that notion. （分数：5.00）(1).Donovan sued Idant Laboratories for ______________. （分数：1.00）A.a cheat in boasting its biological productsB.donor sperm as a productC.problematic donor sperm √D.a breach of confidentiality解析：(2).It can be inferred from the passage that thousands of people in the US purchase sperm_____________. （分数：1.00）A.without knowing its potential dangers √B.regardless of repeated warningsC.for the reason of quality supplyD.for their desperate needs解析：(3).The question from the case is whether ___________. （分数：1.00）A.people are entitled to donor spermB.donated sperm should be just a product √C.Donovan is allowed to sue the sperm bankD.Donovan’s health problems have been clinically certified解析：(4).It seems that sperm banks are in no position to _______________. （分数：1.00）A.treat donor sperm as a productB.screen out the fragile X mutationC.manage their business as others do in NYD.guarantee sperm absolutely free of any defect √解析：(5).The statement Sperm bank catalogues can give the impression that babies are as guaranteed as dishwashers implies that _____________. （分数：1.00）A.Donovan will surely win the case in courtB.any product could have a defect in one way or another。