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1定语从句

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第一节概述本节重点：1.理解并运用学习定语从句的两条重要原则：1）找到先行词，以便分析定语从句所修饰的成分是什么，从而有助于理解句子结构。

2）有时还需分析关系词在定语从句中所充当的成分。

2.了解关系代词和关系副词的基本用法3.区分限制性和非限制性定语从句，并注重理解二者在意义上，翻译上的差别。

定语从句：简言之，即在句中用一个具有主谓结构的完整的句子来充当定语，修饰前面的名词（短语）或代词。

这个起修饰作用的从句在功能上相当于一个形容词，所以也可称定语从句为形容词从句。

两条重要原则：一、抓住先行词，选择关系词1、先行词：在主句中，被定语从句所修饰的名词（短语）或代词叫做先行词。

2、为何要抓住先行词？正确找出先行词，才能明白定语从句所修饰的真正成分是什么，才能正确理解句子前后的逻辑关系，分清句子结构，从而正确理解句子意思。

有时先行词和关系词之间插入其他成分，这时靠近关系词前面的名词就不是先行词。

a)There is a very interesting remark in a book by a man who is a greatAmerican writer.b)There is a very interesting remark in a book by an American writer that I readrecentlyc)I don’t suppose anything happens that he doesn’t foresee.d)He needs a long spoon _______ sups with the devil.A. whoB. whichC. asD. whene)The world is a book, and those read only a page _______ do not travel.A. whichB. whoC. thatD. whomf)Despite much research, there are still certain elements in the life cycle of theinsect that is not fully understood.（改错）“抓住先行词”是理解定语从句最关键最有效的一把钥匙。

二、分析关系词在定语从句中所充当的成分1.关系词在定语从句中起两个作用：1）连词作用2）代词作用：用来重复指代前面的名词（即先行词）的含义，在定语从句中作成分。

2.分析关系词在定语从句中所充当的成分选好关系词以后，最好再分析检查一下关系词在定语从句中充当什么成分。

1）这对关系副词（when，where，why）来说尤其重要。

a)I’ll never forget the time ------- we first met in the park.b)I’ll never forget the time -------- I spent on campus.2）定语从句区别于that 同位语从句a)The rumor that he spread everywhere turned out to be untrue.b)The rumor that Tom was a thief turned out to be untrue.3) The reason -------- he gave for his being late was unacceptable A. why B. that C. who D. for which4) The shop-------- I told you about before has closed down. A. where B. in which C. at which D. which三、关系词1. 关系代词：关系代词在从句中可充当主语、宾语、定语和表语。

Who、whom---------指人Which —————指物That、whose——指人或指物2. 关系副词：关系副词充当状语，表时间、地点、原因，有when、where、why。

注意how不可以作为表示方式的关系副词若表示方式，我们用以下句型：The way that省略During 1940’s science and engineering had an impact on the way music reached its audience and even influenced the way in which it was composed.3. 特殊关系代词有：what、as、than、but四、限制性定语从句和非限制性定语从句1.在形式上，限制性定语从句的关系词和先行词之间不用逗号分开，而非限制性定语从句则用逗号分开。

2.在意义上，一般来说，限制性定语从句说明的是句中的先行词必不可少的情况，它用来限制先行词所指的范围，其内容与先行词密切。

若去掉定语从句，剩下的部分则含义不明确、意义不完整或意义完全改变。

而非限制性定语从句则与先行词关系较松散，只是对先行词做进一步的解释、补充或说明。

a)The pen, which cost me USD10, writes smoothly.b) Beijing, which is the capital of China, has developed into an international city.c) The girl, who lives next door, is a good dancer.d) The girl is a good dancer, who lives next door.e) There are two factors which determine an individual ’s intelligence.f) He is a man who is of value to the people.3. 翻译上，二者也有区别。

限制性定语从句一般是直接将定语从句译成先行词的定语成分，如“……的+先行词”；而非限制性定语从句一般不宜译成先行词的定语成分，其译法灵活。

常可译成状语从句，表示原因、目的、结果、条件、让步等意义。

a) The cab drivers who knew about the traffic jam took another road.b) The cab drivers, who knew about the traffic jam, took another road.c) The wine which was in the cellar was all ruined.d) The wine, which was in the cellar, was all ruined.e)The food which wasn’t in the fridge all went off.g) The food, which wasn’t in the fridge, all went off.h) Air is a mixture, whose components include nitrogen, oxygen, vapor.从下面几个例子看这两者的区别：I ’ve been to London , which is a beautiful city 。

我去过伦敦，那是个美丽的城市。

Your father, whom I respect very much, is a kind old man.你父亲是个很和善的老头，我很尊重他。

Nanjing, where I lived for five years, is very hot in summer.南京夏天非常热，我在那里生活过五年。

在以上三例当中，定语从句就不能是限定性的。

若变成限定性定语从句，其意就成了“我去过那个是座美丽的城市的伦敦。

你那个我很尊重的父亲是个很和善的老头。

我在那里生活过五年的南京夏天非常热。

”言外之意是还有别的伦敦、父亲和南京。

通过这几个例子我们可以看出，专用名词以及世界上独一无二的东西都不能有限定性定语从句。

因为它们的意义本身已经非常清楚，不需要对其进行限定。

另外，非限定性定语从句的先行词还可以是整个主句所表达的意义。

如：He did well in the physics exam, which surprised me.第二节关系代词的用法引导定语从句的关系代词有：who、whom、which、that、whose、what、as、than、but。

一、who、whom及whose三者即可引导限制性定语从句，也可以引导非限制性定语从句，其先行词主要指人，其中whose也可指物。

关系代词在从句中作主语时用who，作宾语或表语时用whom或who，表示所属关系时用whose。

1.who 和whom 的区别：1）不能用whom在从句中做主语a)The girl _______ we supposed was drowned came back.b)The girl_________ we supposed drowned came back.A)Whom B) who C) as D) which2）Whom 在作动词或介词的宾语时，特别是在口语中，一般省去，或用who、that代替。

而在以介词结尾的定语从句中最好不用whom。

a)I think you should stay faithful to the person whom you’re married to. (错误)改正方法：b)Whom一般可以换成who或thatc)或者省略d)改为to whom3）在非限制性定语从句中，最好用whom作宾语，且不能省略。

His mother, whom he loved dearly, died in 1818.2.whose 的用法1）whose 表示所属关系，与名词连用，可指人或物。

“whose+名词”在从句中可作主语、动词宾语或介词宾语。

a)When I looked through the window, I saw a girl whose beauty took my breathaway.b)It was a meeting whose importance I did not realize at the time.c)Atlas was a kneeling man on whose shoulders the world rested.2）当whose 用来指物时，可用of + which 来替代，此时语序为：“限定词+名词+of +which”或“of which +限定词+名词”。

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专题1 定语从句

专题1 定语从句

专题1定语从句框架结构图定语从句的句法功能及相关定义1.功能：相当于形容词，修饰名词或代词，在句中作定语。

2.位置：定语从句常置于被修饰词之后；as引导的非限制性定语从句可置于主句前、句中，也可置于主句之后。

Those who are for the plan raise your hands，please.As is known to us all，the earth is spinning around the sun.3.先行词：被定语从句修饰的词称为先行词。

先行词一般是名词和不定代词，如：some-，any-，every-，no-与-body，-thing的合成词或all，none，any，some，that，those等代词。

数词和人称代词也同样可作先行词。

4.关系词：连接先行词与从句的词叫关系词。

关系代词：who，whom，which，that，whose，as等。

关系副词：when，where，why等。

定语从句的核心考点1.确定关系词的步骤：(1)先找先行词，看先行词指的是什么。

(2)看关系词在从句中所充当的成分。

注意：先行词与关系词是等量关系。

(1)先行词在从句中作主语时，从句谓语动词的数由先行词而定。

This is the place which is worth visiting.(2)关系词在从句中充当了成分，其意思就是先行词的意义，所以在从句中不能重复其意。

There are many places we can visit in China.(visit后面不能再加many places/them)2.在定语从句中，当先行词指物时，下列情况的关系词用that而不用which：(1)当先行词是序数词或形容词最高级或被序数词、形容词最高级修饰时。

(2)先行词被all，every，no，some，any，little，much，the only，the very，few等修饰时。

定语从句(1)

定语从句(1)

定语从句一．定语从句的定义：所谓定语从句，就是用一个句子来做定语来修饰一个名词，其中被修饰的名词叫做先行词，连接先行词和从句之间（或者说引导定语从句）的词语叫做关系词，关系词分为关系代词和关系副词。

其中常见的关系代词有：that,which,who,whom,whose,as,but,than;常见的关系副词有：why,when,where.（注意：what，how，whether，if和特殊疑问词+ever不能引导定语从句）。

二．如何选择定语从句的连接词：首先明确先行词是什么，然后找到后面的从句，把从句单独拿出来分析，看一看先行词在句子中做什么成分，根据语法选择连接词。

Eg:He tried to escape from the prison that/which was builtin the Middle Age .分析：1.找先行词：prison 2.把prison放入从句中可以看到prison在从句中是做主语，即the prison was built in the Middle Age .而在定语从句中能充当主语的连接词一般情况下是that和which，于是就能选出连接词了。

三．连接词的用法：1.that：可以修饰人和物，在从句中作主语或宾语,表语，做宾语的时候一般情况下可以省略。

Eg: She is a girl who/that has long hair.(在从句中做主语) Is this the news (that)/which you wanted to tell me yesterday?(在从句中做宾语，可以省略that)He is no longer a kind-hearted man that he used to be(在从句中做表语)注意：1）that可以用于表示时间、地点、方式、理由的名词后取代when, where, why和"介词+ which"引导的定语从句，在口语中that常被省略，例如：His father died in the year (that / when / in which) he was born. 他父亲在他出生那年逝世了。

语法专题一：定语从句

语法专题一：定语从句

语法专题一：定语从句1. 定语从句的几个基本概念：1) 先行词：即被定语从句修饰的名词或代词，通常位于定从的前面。

2) 先行词在从句中担当成份：根据不同成份，用相应的关系代词或关系副词。

3) 关系代词：即先行词在定从中作主、宾、表、定。

作主语：指物，则用that, which引导，且不能省略；指人，用that, who引导，不省略。

作宾语：即及物动词宾语和介词宾语：指物，用that, which引导，可省略；指人，用that, who, whom引导，可省略。

注意：如将介词提到了定从之首，先行词指人，只能用whom; 指物只能用which。

作表语：一般指人、指物皆用that, 可省略。

作定语：指人、指物皆用whose,不省略。

4) 关系副词：即先行词在定从中作状语，指时间用when, 地点用where, 原因用why，亦可用介词+which替代。

所谓作状语：即先行词不能直接放入从句中，需要有一个介词连接，而从句中却没有这个介词。

5) 非限制性定语从句：即用逗号与主句或先行词分开，用于补充说明。

(1) which: 用于指代先行词（物），或整个主句，不能省略。

(2) who / whom: 用于指代先行词（人），不能省略。

(3) all / some of + which / whom: 用于指代先行词的部分。

(4) as为关系代词，“正如、就像”的意思, 引导定从时可置于句首、句中或句末。

注意：在非限制性定从中，不能用that。

2. 一些特殊用法：1) 一般只用that引导从句的情况：(1) 限制性定语从句中，当先行词被强调，如被any, every, each, few, little, no, some, theonly, the very等修饰时；(2) 先行词是不定代词all, few, little, much, something, nothing, anything等时；(3) 先行词被序数词或形容词的最高级所修饰时；(4) 先行词既有人又有物时；(5) 当句中已有who时，为避免重复。

定语从句1

定语从句1

定语从句一、定语从句及相关概念1、定语从句（The Attributive Clause)：在句中作定语，修饰某一名词或代词(甚至整个主句)的从句。

Mary is a beautiful girl 形容词作定语Mary is a girl （who has long hair）.The girl (whom I met) is Lucy.The school (where I study) is far from my home.I still remember the day（when I came here）.句子作定语, 叫做定语从句2、先行词（Antecedent)：被定语从句所修饰的名词或代词或句子.3、关系词(Relatives)引导定语从句的词，并代替先行词在从句中担任一定的成分二、定语从句中关系词及其作用，定语从句关系词分两类：1 Relative Pronouns（关系代词）:who , whom, which, that, whose, as2 Relative Adverbs（关系副词）:when, where, why关系词的作用：1、指代作用：指代先行词；2、连接作用：连接主从句；3、成分作用：在从句中充当成分The man who lives next to us sells vegetables.I’ll never forget the days which we spent together.This is the house where I lived two years ago.Do you know the reason why she was late.1 .The man who came to our school is Mr. Wang.（主语）2. The girl whom I met is Lucy.（宾语）3. A child whose parents are dead is called Tom.（定语）4. I like the book which you bought yesterday.(宾语)5. China is not the country that used to be.（表语）6. I like the person to whom you just talked.（宾语）关系代词的用法练习，把下列两个句子合成一个1．The eggs were not fresh. I bought them yesterday.2. The friend was not hungry. He came to supper last night.3. He prefers the cheese. It comes from his parent’s farm.4. The noodles were delicious. You cooked them.5. I don’t like the people. They smoke a lot.6The teacher praised the student. His English is the best in our class.7The house is mine. The window of the house is broken.填入相应的关系代词1. The person _______you are waiting for has gone.2. I know a lady _______ father is a famous writer.3 Those______ collect stamps are very interested in the “First Day Covers4. The computer____ they use belongs to the school.5.The school ____ is five meters away will be rebuilt.6. I will never forget the days____ we studied together.四．限制性定语从句和非限制性定语从句1限制性定语从句对先行词起修饰限定作用,常和先行词紧密相连2 而非限制性定语从句是对先行词起补充说明作用, 非限制性定语从句中，先行词与定语从句往往有逗号隔开,非限制性定语从句相当于并列句、状语从句, 非限制性定语从句不能用that来引导, 非限制性定语从句常常用来修饰整个句子如：I want to see this man, who can speak English.He gave up the plan, which was a very good one.I met John, who told me the news.I will take this one, which seems to be the best one.He has two sons, who work in the same company.He has two sons who work in the same company.教师评价: 批阅日期。