考研英语语法 并列平行结构(9)

高考英语中的“并列平行结构”及应试策略一、平行结构：由并列连词连接两个或两个以上对等的语言成分构成。

二、并列连词及词组(平衡连接词)：连接多个平行的词、短语、分句或者从句。

1.单一式：and, or ,but2.短语式：as well as, rather than ,other than, instead of3.相关式：both...and, between...and, not only...but also, from...to, from...until, either...or, neither...nor, the same as, such as, as...as, not...but对连接词连接的成分要求：形式对称；功能相同（充当同样的句子成分）。

并列平行结构应该是名词和名词，副词和副词，分词和分词，不定式和不定式，动词和动词，句子和句子等的并列，而不能其中一个概念用分词结构表达，而另一个概念用不定式或从句来表达。

比如下面两个句子就违反了平行结构的准则：Do some nice things for your parents that they don't expect like cooking, doing the dishes, washing clothes,or clean the floors.三、平行结构主要类型1. 名词和名词平行结构The patient's symptoms were fever, dizziness, and headache.2.形容词和形容词平行结构Early to bed and early to rise makes a man healthy, wealthy and wise.3.副词和副词平行结构The work is handsomely and skillfully done.4. 分词平行结构(现在分词与现在分词/ 过去分词与过去分词)T he boys were running, shouting and laughing.The old man returned home, disappointed and exhausted.5. 动名词doing平行结构Henry's work is reading books and writing book reviews.6. 动词不定式平行结构On the other hand, 40% think that fees should be charged because you need money to pay gardeners and other workers, and to buy plants and young trees.7. 介词短语平行结构1）Your semester grade is based not only on how well you do on each test, but also on how you participate in class.2）We often go to the countryside as well as to factories.8. 谓语动词平行结构谓语形式时态要一致He went downtown, bought some books and visited his daughter.Gunpowder was discovered in the twelfth century, but not used in warfare until two hundred years later.9. 排列位置的平行主not only谓but also谓对Not only 主谓（倒），主+also+谓Not only主谓（倒装），but also谓错Not only 主谓（倒）but 主谓10.句子的并列（并列句）I was tired, but I felt happy.四、在高考中的体现及解题思路解题思路：当并列连词连接两项或多项对等成分时，这些被连接的成分必须是同一词性、同一形式。

5. V-T 做…生意，买卖： to traffic illicit merchandise 做违禁商品买卖
6.N-UNCOUNT 非法买卖 trafficking 例：He was sentenced to ten years in prison on charges of drug trafficking. 他被指控贩毒，被判10年徒刑。
appealing adj. 吸引人的；动人的；引起兴趣的；恳求似的 appealable adj. 可上诉的
ห้องสมุดไป่ตู้
traffic ['træ fɪk]
1.N-UNCOUNT 交通 2.N-UNCOUNT 运输; 人流量，客流量; 货流量；通信量 3.N-UNCOUNT 非法买卖 4.V-I traffics in something (drugs or stolen goods) 从事 (毒品或赃物等的) 非法买卖 例：The president said illegal drugs are hurting the entire world and anyone who traffics in them should be brought to justice. 总统说毒品正在危害全世界，毒品非法交易者都应该 绳之以法。
co:表示“共同”，通常放在元音词根
coherent 一致的，协调的；(话语等)条理清 楚的 coincide 同时发生；巧合；一致；相符； coincidence 巧合；同时发生，共同存在； 符合，一致 cooperate (with)合作,协作,相配合 cooperative 合作的,协作的 合作社 coordinate 同等的,并列的;坐标的 同等者, 坐标 协作，协调
前
appeal [ə'pil]

下载毙考题APP
免费领取考试干货资料，还有资料商城等你入驻
邀请码：8806 可获得更多福利
2019考研英语语法重点之并列句
语法是考研英语的基础，基础语法体系一定要弄懂，特别强调的是重点语法要熟练掌握。

小编解读考研英语语法重点之并列句，我们一起来学习下：
一、并列句
并列句的结构要从后面往前找。

例如:I like apples from Japan and bananas.
and 可以连接两个并列的词语、短语、句子成分、从句以及句子。

1. 有and 就肯定有并列。

有并列就一定要弄清楚并列的成分。

2. and 有并列。

但并列在考研中有几十种情况。

要根据每一种不同的并列进行不同的处理。

3. 有and 的并列就要从and 的后面往前找，而不是从前面往后找。

二、定语后置
She is a beautiful girl.
一个形容词定语就相当于一个of引导的名词作后置定语。

上句可写成She is a girl of beauty.
考试使用毙考题，不用再报培训班。

省略谓语
在并列句中，如果两个分句的谓语相同，可以只保留一个。例如：“She sings beautifully and dances gracefully.”（她唱歌优美动听，跳舞优雅优美。）其中，“sings”和“dances”都被省略 。
倒装
倒装句式
在并列句中，为了强调某些词语或构造 特殊语序，可以将句子的语序颠倒。例 如：“Only then did she realize her mistake.”（只有在那时她才意识到她的 错误。）这个句子倒装了主语和谓语的 位置，强调了“only then”。
05
并列结构的特殊用法
表示对比或转折
详细描述：在并列结构中，可以使用连词如"but"、 "however"等来表达对比关系，前后句子内容相反或存
在对立关系。
详细描述：通过使用"although"、"though"等连词， 可以将两个句子连接起来，表达意思的转折。
总结词：对比 总结词：转折
表示解释说明
并列句逻辑关系混乱
总结词
并列句的逻辑关系应清晰明了。
详细描述
并列句是由多个句子或分句组成的，这些句 子或分句之间具有并列的关系。在使用并列 句时，要确保各个句子或分句之间的逻辑关 系和语义关系清晰明了，避免出现混乱的情
况。
并列结构修辞手法使用不当
要点一
总结词
并列结构修辞手法使用要恰当。
要点二
详细描述
丰富语篇内容
通过使用并列结构修辞手 法，作者可以在有限的篇 幅内传达更丰富的信息， 增强文本的表现力。
提高表达力
并列结构修辞手法的使用 可以使句子之间的衔接更 加自然流畅，提高语言表 达的效果。

并列结构的定义两个或两个以上意义相关、层次相同、句法功能相同、由并列连词或其他并列手段连接起来的语法结构序列叫做“并列结构”(Coordinate Construction), 或者“平行结构”(Parallel Construction)。

1.并列结构的各种形式１）词与词的并列you and me buy and sell２）词组与词组的并列 a teacher and a studentwalking down the street or running through an alley ３）分句与分句的并列you can go or you can stay with us.The children can go with us or they can stay at home. Compound Sentence 并列句/复合句2. 并列结构的连接手段１）并列连词２）标点符号３）并列结构的插入语在最后一个项目之前插入一个词语，使这个项目处于更加突出的地位。

４）并列结构的对称组合成对组合的办法使整个结构更加紧凑。

并列结构一、表示平行、递进关系的连词1.A and B:A和BAnd连接两个并列成分。

and也常位于句首，使上下文联系更紧密。

The fabric is light and strong.I like reading and fishing in my spare time.This model of the computer is powerf ul,and the price is competitive.It was a severe winter.And we had not enough food for ourselves.2.both A and B:A和B都这一结构是and的强化形式，连接的两个成分必须在结构上等同。

不能连接句子。

The new tax policy benefits both workers and farmers.Bothe she and I are interested in English literature.3.not only…but(also)…不仅……而且……not only…but…as well不仅……而且……也as well as和…and…as well和*not only…but(also)…结构侧重在后者，而as well as侧重在前者。

LECTURE 9 并列平行结构本堂目标：熟悉平行结构的基本原则及可用于并列平行结构的语法单位，掌握常用于并列平行结构的连词、并列句中表句际关系的副词，以及并列平行结构的一致问题。

基础预习一、平行并列结构的基本原则平行结构是延长英文句子的重要因素之一，是理解英文长难句的必备知识。

并列连词所连接的并列成分应当在结构和功能上保持一致，这就是通常所说的并列平行结构。

英语中运用并列平行结构的基本原则是：以同类语法形式来表达同类概念，以达到明晰句意、节省用词、加强语气、增加韵律的修辞效果。

重点讲解一、常用于并列平行结构的连词1．表示同等关系由以and为代表的表示语义引申的并列连接词和以besides为代表的副词连接词连接起来的并列句，前后两个句子在语法地位上是平等一致的。

具体的连接词有and, not only…but also, neither…nor，besides, moreover, furthermore, in addition, what’s more等。

【例】(05-Text 4)2．表示选择关系由or, either…or“不是…就是…”，otherwise“否则”，or else“否则”等表示选择的连接副词连接的句子。

【例】（00-Part B）3．表示转折对比关系以but为代表的连词连接词或以however为代表的副词连接词连接的句子。

but为代表的连词连接词有：but, not…bu t, while, whereas, yet, and yet, yet but等；however为代表的连接副词有：however, nevertheless“但是，然而”，still“然而”，on the contrary“相反地”，on the other hand“另一方面”等。

【例】（95-Passage 2）4．表示因果关系以so为代表的连词或以therefore为代表的副词连接的表示因果关系的连接词连接的句子。

He went downtown, bought some books and visited his daughter.
9.句子的并列（并列句）
I was tired, but I felt happy.
四、需掌握的知识点
1. be about to do sth when+从句 2.祈使句+and+句子 3. while conj.然而，而 4. 分辨谓语动词的并列和伴随状语 5. what名词性短语的并列 6. “随着”两种表达:with+复合结构/as+句子 7. 分辨短语和句子 8. 分辨定语从句和并列句 9. 不定式的并列 10. 分辨：句子+并列连词+句子、短语+句子
preparing a long speech for the president.
10. As there are nearly 50 streets in the
city, most of which we can’t remember
clearly.
which---them
在高考中的体现及解题思路
从句：If you use your head，you will find a way. ___and they bought a picnic with them. A. It being a fine day B. It is a fine day
C. Being a fine day √D. It was a fine day
比如下面句子就违反了平行结构的准则： Do some nice things for your parents that they
don't expect like cooking, doing the dishes, washing clothes, or clean the floors. "做饭"、"刷碗"、"洗衣服"、"拖地"在本句中应为 并列结构作为介词like“像”的宾语，故应用相同 的形式，都用动名词，所以应将clean改为 cleaning。

考研英语：解读长难句之并列结构考研英语有许多题目组成，方便大家及时了解，下面由小编为你精心准备了“考研英语：解读长难句之并列结构”，持续关注本站将可以持续获取更多的考试资讯!考研英语：解读长难句之并列结构一、常用的并列连词首先我们要知道并列结构出现在长难句中时，应该如何去识别出它们。

识别并列结构与并列句的标志就是利用并列连词，常见的并列连词有以下几种：第一类：表示语义关系的顺承。

常用的连词有：and, both and, as well as等。

第二类：表示语义关系的选择。

常用的连词有：or, either...or.., neither...nor...第三类：表示语义关系的转折。

常用的连词有：but, yet, rather 等。

第四类：表示语义关系的对比。

常用的连词有：while, whereas 等。

第五类：表示语义关系的结果。

常用的连词有：so.二、并列结构和并列句的特点考生们在识别并列结构和并列句的时候，要牢牢记住它们的特点，即：结构相似，成分相同。

三、考研英语中的并列结构与并列句Eg1：Evidence that the LoveLife program produces lasting is limited and mixed.句子分析：在这个句子中，that引导一个同位语从句。

And前后各是一个形容词做表语，符合并列结构的结构相似成分相同的特点。

Eg2：Besides generating income, the presence of other marketers makes the site seem objective, gives companies opportunities to learn valuable information about the appeal ofother companies’ marketing, and may help expand user traffic for all companies concerned.句子分析：这个句子共计37词，含词量大，句子结构也比较复杂。

考研英语阅读练习——10类难句精选考研英语的文章一般选自国外的期刊或杂志，如《经济学家》、《泰晤士报》、《自然》、《时代周刊》等。

本期【难句翻译】摘选了来自这些期刊中最为热门的文章中的语句进行分析，希望帮助考生在复习过程中既掌握有效的理解长难句的方法，又能获得第一手相关信息。

一、定语从句【难句】1. He is referring to the upsurge of interest in mobile television, a nascent industry at the intersection of telecoms and media which offers new opportunities to device-makers, content producers and mobile-network operators. (The Economist Jan. 5, 2006)【结构分析】本句结构清晰，是一个复合句。

句首部分He is referring to the upsurge of interest in mobile television是主句，其后的a nascent industry at the intersection of telecoms and media…作mobile television的同位语，句末的关系代词which引导定语从句which offers new opportunities to device-makers, content producers and mobile-network operators来修饰先行词a nascent industry，关系代词which在从句中作主语。

【参考译文】他谈到了众人对移动电视的巨大兴趣，这是一个在电信和媒体领域有交叉的新兴产业，它给设备制造商、电视内容制作者以及移动网络运营商提供了新的机遇。

第四讲并列平行结构难句长句训练：必须以反复的、针对难句的训练为前提想要读懂难句，必须坚持经常读我们由浅入深，希望大家通过练习能掌握分析一类句式的一般规律和方法。

四六级中长难句例子例一Western manners do not require one to say anything that is untrue,but it is best to avoid being too frank about things which would make people feel uneasy—unless by doing so you feel some good might come of it.例二Work, for most American and Chinese women aged 55 and under,involves responsibility for a household, a child or children, and a job outside the home as well.例三But one thing is certain: information and knowledge will become even more vital, and the people who possess it, whether they work in manufacturing or services, will have the advantage and produce the wealth.考研长难句实例分析之一并列结构英语句子最常见的结构是通过使用一系列关联词（如and，or, but等），或用标点符号（如分号、逗号、破折号等），把若干个在语义上关联的或相互照应的单词、词组或句子连在一起组成的并列平行结构，以表达一个复杂的多层次的含义。

英语长句中有相当大比例属于这种结构。

第一章并列平行结构英语句子最常用的方法是通过使用一些关联词，如 and、or等，或标点符号如：分号，逗号，破折号等，若干个在语义上有联系或相互照应的单词、词组或子句连在一起组成一种并列或平行结构的长句，以表达一个复杂得多层次含义。

这种句式虽然难度不一定很高，但在复杂长句中还是占了相当大的比例的.从今天开始我们就由浅入深，来对这一类型的句子进行练习和攻克。

希望大家通过练习能掌握分析这类句式的一般规律和方法。

ExerciseKeeping your head, instead of crowding and pushing to get to an exit, may make the different between life and death when fire breaks out.The way space is used to enable the individual to achieve privacy, to build homes or to design cities is culturally influenced.And neither friends nor family can convince phobic people that most animals are harmless, that thousands of travelers fly safely every day, and millions of people ride safely in elevators several times each day.要点分析和参考译文要点：句中主语为动名词短语“Keeping……” “crowding”和“pushing”两个动名词是并列平行结构。

参考译文：当火灾发生时，保持冷静，不要向安全出口乱挤乱拥，这样就会使生与死的机会截然不同。

要点：主语the way 有一个很长的定语从句修饰，定语从句中有三个并列的不定式短语作动词“is used”的目的状语即to achieve privacy， to build homes，和to design cities。

2020考研英语语法知识点：并列连词导读：本文2020考研英语语法知识点：并列连词，来源互联网,仅供读者阅读参考.并列连词并列连词用来连接句子中担任相同成分的词、短语或分句。

常见的有七个单词和四个短语：and,but,or,for(因为),nor,so,yet;both…and…,notonly….butalso….,either…or….,neither…nor…1.and用来连接词、短语或分句，表示并列或对称关系：Themanputonhiscoatandhat,andwentoutoftheoffice.那个人穿上外衣、戴上帽子，走出了办公室。

Acarandadictionaryarebothuseful.汽车和字典都有用处。

IwenthomeandJohnstayedthere.我回家了，而约翰呆在那里。

2.but连接两个含义不同甚至相反的词、短语或分句，表示转折：Noteverybodyishonestandhardworking,butTomis.并非每个人都诚实肯干，但汤姆是的。

Wetriedtopersuadehertodoitbutfailed.我们尽力说服她去做，但没有成功。

3.or表示两者居其一，表示选择：WhichVCDplayerisbetter,thisoneorthatone?哪个VCD更好，这个还是那个?Areyouhungryornot?你饿了没有?4.For(因为)只能放在表示结过的分句后面，引导表示原因的分句：Imustbegoing,forit’sgettingdark.我必须走了，因为天黑了。

Hedidn’tgothere,forhewasill.他没到那儿去，因为他病了。

5.Both…and…只能用来连接两个并列的词或短语，不能连接句子：Hisplanisbotheasyandpractical.他的计划既容易又实用。

ZhangYimouisafamousdirectorbothathomeandabroad.张艺谋是一位在国内外都的导演。

考研英语核心语法及其长难句分析：连词“and ”构成的并列平行结构Sample 1【真题例句】It identifies the under-treatment of pain and the aggressive use of "ineffectual and forced medical procedures that may prolong and even dishonor the period of dying" as the twin problems of end-of-life care. (2002-4-7)Sample 2【真题例句】But if robots are to reach the next stage of laborsaving utility, they will have to operate with less human supervision and be able to make at least a few decisions for themselves -- goals that pose a real challenge. (2002-2-3)Sample 3【真题例句】Thus, in the nineteenth century, local geological studies represented worthwhile research in their own right ；but, in the twentieth century, local studies have increasingly become acceptable to professionals only if they incorporate, and reflect on ，the wider geological picture. (2001-1-3)【参考译文】因此，在19世纪，局部地质研究本身就体现有价值的研究。

考研英语中常考的十种逻辑关系词考研英语中常考的十种逻辑关系词考研英语完型填空文章最重要的特点之一就是逻辑性很强，而逻辑连接词在文中起着辅助篇章衔接与连贯的重要作用，可以表达文中的因果、转折、原因等各种逻辑关系，是历年真题知识运用的必考点，也是广大考生最难入手，掌握最不好的一种考题，因为它需要考生极大的逻辑判断能力以及对完形填空整体把控能力。

但是，既然是应试的考试形式，它就必然有规律可循。

对于完型填空逻辑惯性词这样的考题，我们同样可以找到它的规律，相信广大考生掌握了这样的规律，加之以充分的练习，逻辑连接词的将变得简单易操作。

下面将从逻辑关系词的分类出发，帮助同学们总结这些规律，并通过相应真题为广大考生讲解。

根据对连年真题的总结发现，完型填空中的逻辑关系词总共有十大类。

第一：并列关系。

并列关系是比较简单的一种逻辑关系词。

常考的标志词：and, and or so, not only…but also, neithe r nor, that is to say. 我们看一个真题，1996(41)：They do not provide energy, ___do they construct or build and part of the body. [A]either [B]so [C]nor [D]never 观察一下这句话，有一个显著的特点是在横线后面的语序采用的是倒装语序，那么回忆一下语法中哪些情况可以引起句子倒装呢?肯定有否定词前置引起句子倒装。

同时，在本句中，逗号之前的句子有否定词，因此，横线上选择的词汇必然要满足两个条件，第一可以前面的否定呼应，第二，可以引起句子倒装。

所以，纵观四个选项，只有nor 满足两个条件，为正确答案。

第二：因果关系。

因果关系词是比较容易判断的一种逻辑关系，前面叙述原因，后面叙述结果，反之亦然。

但是，在历年考研完型填空中，经常出现广大考生不熟悉的词组，为了帮助考生辨认，我将这些短语列出如下：because, for, so that, such… that , in order that,due to, thanks to, in response to , con sidering that. 考生看到这样的短语就要想到是因果关系，反过来，判断出上下句逻辑关系是因果，要能够从选项中选出这些短语。

2021/10/10
11
1. Tom is tall _w_h_il_e_____ his brother is short.
2. She got up early,_b_u_t _____ she failed to be there on time.
3. It is not wrong of people to pursue wealth; ___ye_t ____, they should also try to learn to fulfill their knowledge.
2021/10/10
3
• 常见的并列连词有： 1、表递进关系：and, not only…but also…,
neither…nor…, not… but… 2. 选择关系：or，either…or…, otherwise,
whether...or 3. 转折对比关系: but, yet, whereas, while, still 4. 因果关系：so, for 5. 并列关系：and, when
• Bothe she and I are interested in English literature.
2021/10/10
6
• 3. not only…but (also)…不仅……而且……
• not only…but…as well不仅……而且……也
• as well as和
• …and…as well和
• Either he didn’t speak clearly or you didn’t hear well.
2021/10/10
9
三、表示转折和对比意义的并列 连词
• but（但是），yet（然而），while（而，却） 等

考研英语并列平行结构的用法英语常用并列连词，如：and, but, so, yet, for, nor, or, not only:..but also, either ...or或neither...nor等连接两个或几个同等成分，这种结构称为并列结构。

连接的同等成分可以是动词的宾语、介词短语或名词的定语等。

例1In general, the tests work most effectively when the qualities to be measured can be most precisely defined and least effectively when what is to be measured or predicted can not be well defined. (1995年真题)例2Astrophysicists working with ground based detectors at the South Pole and balloon borne instruments are closing in on such structures, and may report their findings soon。

(1998年真题)例3It is not that (不是)the scales in the one case, and the balance in the other, differ in the principles of their construction or manner ofworking; but that (而是) the latter (后者) is a much finer apparatus and of course much more accurate in its measurement than the former (前者)。

Parallel Structure平行结构相似的思想应用相似的形式表达出来。

句子的成份相近，则也应以相似的形式出现。

请注意以下标有"NO"的句子是不规范的。

No: The school bus skidded, turned sideways, then comes to a stop.Yes: The school bus skidded, turned sideways, and came to a stop.(并列时态)No:I don't know why I married someone who is miserly, sloppy and a bore.Yes: I don't know why I married someone who is miserly, sloppy and boring.(形容词平行结构)No:In the wreck the circus lost a panda and elephant.Yes: In the wreck the circus lost a panda and an elephant.(不定冠词的平行结构)No:I debated whether I should give the beggar money or to offer him food.Yes: I debated whether to give the beggar money or to offer him food.(不定式的平行结构)No:They would lie on the battlefield for hours and sometimes days.Yes: They would lie on the battlefield for hours and sometimes for days.(介词平行结构)No:Michael's vacuum cleaner squealed loudly, shook violently, and dust filled the air. Yes: Michael's vacuum cleaner squealed loudly, shook violently, and filled the air with dust.(并列谓语)No:The mechanic explained the problem, method, and the tools that he was going to use.Yes: The mechanic explained the problem, method, and tools that he was going to use.(并列带有定冠词"the"的名词)No: He retired respected by his associates, admired by his friends, and his employees loved him.Yes: He retired respected by his associates, admired by his friends, and loved by his employees.(并列被动语态)No:As a young man he had been to Shanghai, fighting in the Anti-Japanese War, and following the Nationalist Party to Chongking.Yes: As a young man he had been to Shanghai, had fought in the Anti-Japanese War and had followed the Nationalist Party to Chongking.(并列过去完成时)No:Jane is pretty, with brown hair, and has a graceful manner.Yes: Jane is pretty, brown-haired, and graceful.(形容词平行结构)No:He left the city because of his lack of success in business, the departure of his friends and because his health deteriorated rapidly.Yes: He left the city because of his lack of success in business, the departure of his friends and his rapidly failing health.(作宾语的名词平行结构)No:They bought the house for location and affordability.Yes: They bought the house because of its location and its affordability.(并列名词；注意代词的所有格)No:Why did you make Xiao Zhang feel useless and as if he was unimportant?Yes: Why did you make Xiao Zhang feel useless and unimportant?(形容词的平行结构)No:This could be a problem for both the winners and for those who lose.Yes: This could be a problem for both the winners and losers.(名词平行结构)No: The prisoner was not only found guilty of bribery but also adultery.Yes: The prisoner was found guilty not only of bribery but also of adultery.(并列介词短语)为使平行结构清楚明了，随时都可以重复介词、冠词、助动词、不定词标志，或者长的短语或句子的介绍词。