考研英语语法 并列平行结构(9)
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高考英语中的“并列平行结构”及应试策略一、平行结构:由并列连词连接两个或两个以上对等的语言成分构成。
二、并列连词及词组(平衡连接词):连接多个平行的词、短语、分句或者从句。
1.单一式:and, or ,but2.短语式:as well as, rather than ,other than, instead of3.相关式:both...and, between...and, not only...but also, from...to, from...until, either...or, neither...nor, the same as, such as, as...as, not...but对连接词连接的成分要求:形式对称;功能相同(充当同样的句子成分)。
并列平行结构应该是名词和名词,副词和副词,分词和分词,不定式和不定式,动词和动词,句子和句子等的并列,而不能其中一个概念用分词结构表达,而另一个概念用不定式或从句来表达。
比如下面两个句子就违反了平行结构的准则:Do some nice things for your parents that they don't expect like cooking, doing the dishes, washing clothes,or clean the floors.三、平行结构主要类型1. 名词和名词平行结构The patient's symptoms were fever, dizziness, and headache.2.形容词和形容词平行结构Early to bed and early to rise makes a man healthy, wealthy and wise.3.副词和副词平行结构The work is handsomely and skillfully done.4. 分词平行结构(现在分词与现在分词/ 过去分词与过去分词)T he boys were running, shouting and laughing.The old man returned home, disappointed and exhausted.5. 动名词doing平行结构Henry's work is reading books and writing book reviews.6. 动词不定式平行结构On the other hand, 40% think that fees should be charged because you need money to pay gardeners and other workers, and to buy plants and young trees.7. 介词短语平行结构1)Your semester grade is based not only on how well you do on each test, but also on how you participate in class.2)We often go to the countryside as well as to factories.8. 谓语动词平行结构谓语形式时态要一致He went downtown, bought some books and visited his daughter.Gunpowder was discovered in the twelfth century, but not used in warfare until two hundred years later.9. 排列位置的平行主not only谓but also谓对Not only 主谓(倒),主+also+谓Not only主谓(倒装),but also谓错Not only 主谓(倒)but 主谓10.句子的并列(并列句)I was tired, but I felt happy.四、在高考中的体现及解题思路解题思路:当并列连词连接两项或多项对等成分时,这些被连接的成分必须是同一词性、同一形式。
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2019考研英语语法重点之并列句
语法是考研英语的基础,基础语法体系一定要弄懂,特别强调的是重点语法要熟练掌握。
小编解读考研英语语法重点之并列句,我们一起来学习下:
一、并列句
并列句的结构要从后面往前找。
例如:I like apples from Japan and bananas.
and 可以连接两个并列的词语、短语、句子成分、从句以及句子。
1. 有and 就肯定有并列。
有并列就一定要弄清楚并列的成分。
2. and 有并列。
但并列在考研中有几十种情况。
要根据每一种不同的并列进行不同的处理。
3. 有and 的并列就要从and 的后面往前找,而不是从前面往后找。
二、定语后置
She is a beautiful girl.
一个形容词定语就相当于一个of引导的名词作后置定语。
上句可写成She is a girl of beauty.
考试使用毙考题,不用再报培训班。
并列结构的定义两个或两个以上意义相关、层次相同、句法功能相同、由并列连词或其他并列手段连接起来的语法结构序列叫做“并列结构”(Coordinate Construction), 或者“平行结构”(Parallel Construction)。
1.并列结构的各种形式1)词与词的并列you and me buy and sell2)词组与词组的并列 a teacher and a studentwalking down the street or running through an alley 3)分句与分句的并列you can go or you can stay with us.The children can go with us or they can stay at home. Compound Sentence 并列句/复合句2. 并列结构的连接手段1)并列连词2)标点符号3)并列结构的插入语在最后一个项目之前插入一个词语,使这个项目处于更加突出的地位。
4)并列结构的对称组合成对组合的办法使整个结构更加紧凑。
并列结构一、表示平行、递进关系的连词1.A and B:A和BAnd连接两个并列成分。
and也常位于句首,使上下文联系更紧密。
The fabric is light and strong.I like reading and fishing in my spare time.This model of the computer is powerf ul,and the price is competitive.It was a severe winter.And we had not enough food for ourselves.2.both A and B:A和B都这一结构是and的强化形式,连接的两个成分必须在结构上等同。
不能连接句子。
The new tax policy benefits both workers and farmers.Bothe she and I are interested in English literature.3.not only…but(also)…不仅……而且……not only…but…as well不仅……而且……也as well as和…and…as well和*not only…but(also)…结构侧重在后者,而as well as侧重在前者。
LECTURE 9 并列平行结构本堂目标:熟悉平行结构的基本原则及可用于并列平行结构的语法单位,掌握常用于并列平行结构的连词、并列句中表句际关系的副词,以及并列平行结构的一致问题。
基础预习一、平行并列结构的基本原则平行结构是延长英文句子的重要因素之一,是理解英文长难句的必备知识。
并列连词所连接的并列成分应当在结构和功能上保持一致,这就是通常所说的并列平行结构。
英语中运用并列平行结构的基本原则是:以同类语法形式来表达同类概念,以达到明晰句意、节省用词、加强语气、增加韵律的修辞效果。
重点讲解一、常用于并列平行结构的连词1.表示同等关系由以and为代表的表示语义引申的并列连接词和以besides为代表的副词连接词连接起来的并列句,前后两个句子在语法地位上是平等一致的。
具体的连接词有and, not only…but also, neither…nor,besides, moreover, furthermore, in addition, what’s more等。
【例】(05-Text 4)2.表示选择关系由or, either…or“不是…就是…”,otherwise“否则”,or else“否则”等表示选择的连接副词连接的句子。
【例】(00-Part B)3.表示转折对比关系以but为代表的连词连接词或以however为代表的副词连接词连接的句子。
but为代表的连词连接词有:but, not…bu t, while, whereas, yet, and yet, yet but等;however为代表的连接副词有:however, nevertheless“但是,然而”,still“然而”,on the contrary“相反地”,on the other hand“另一方面”等。
【例】(95-Passage 2)4.表示因果关系以so为代表的连词或以therefore为代表的副词连接的表示因果关系的连接词连接的句子。
考研英语:解读长难句之并列结构考研英语有许多题目组成,方便大家及时了解,下面由小编为你精心准备了“考研英语:解读长难句之并列结构”,持续关注本站将可以持续获取更多的考试资讯!考研英语:解读长难句之并列结构一、常用的并列连词首先我们要知道并列结构出现在长难句中时,应该如何去识别出它们。
识别并列结构与并列句的标志就是利用并列连词,常见的并列连词有以下几种:第一类:表示语义关系的顺承。
常用的连词有:and, both and, as well as等。
第二类:表示语义关系的选择。
常用的连词有:or, either...or.., neither...nor...第三类:表示语义关系的转折。
常用的连词有:but, yet, rather 等。
第四类:表示语义关系的对比。
常用的连词有:while, whereas 等。
第五类:表示语义关系的结果。
常用的连词有:so.二、并列结构和并列句的特点考生们在识别并列结构和并列句的时候,要牢牢记住它们的特点,即:结构相似,成分相同。
三、考研英语中的并列结构与并列句Eg1:Evidence that the LoveLife program produces lasting is limited and mixed.句子分析:在这个句子中,that引导一个同位语从句。
And前后各是一个形容词做表语,符合并列结构的结构相似成分相同的特点。
Eg2:Besides generating income, the presence of other marketers makes the site seem objective, gives companies opportunities to learn valuable information about the appeal ofother companies’ marketing, and may help expand user traffic for all companies concerned.句子分析:这个句子共计37词,含词量大,句子结构也比较复杂。
考研英语阅读练习——10类难句精选考研英语的文章一般选自国外的期刊或杂志,如《经济学家》、《泰晤士报》、《自然》、《时代周刊》等。
本期【难句翻译】摘选了来自这些期刊中最为热门的文章中的语句进行分析,希望帮助考生在复习过程中既掌握有效的理解长难句的方法,又能获得第一手相关信息。
一、定语从句【难句】1. He is referring to the upsurge of interest in mobile television, a nascent industry at the intersection of telecoms and media which offers new opportunities to device-makers, content producers and mobile-network operators. (The Economist Jan. 5, 2006)【结构分析】本句结构清晰,是一个复合句。
句首部分He is referring to the upsurge of interest in mobile television是主句,其后的a nascent industry at the intersection of telecoms and media…作mobile television的同位语,句末的关系代词which引导定语从句which offers new opportunities to device-makers, content producers and mobile-network operators来修饰先行词a nascent industry,关系代词which在从句中作主语。
【参考译文】他谈到了众人对移动电视的巨大兴趣,这是一个在电信和媒体领域有交叉的新兴产业,它给设备制造商、电视内容制作者以及移动网络运营商提供了新的机遇。
第四讲并列平行结构难句长句训练:必须以反复的、针对难句的训练为前提想要读懂难句,必须坚持经常读我们由浅入深,希望大家通过练习能掌握分析一类句式的一般规律和方法。
四六级中长难句例子例一Western manners do not require one to say anything that is untrue,but it is best to avoid being too frank about things which would make people feel uneasy—unless by doing so you feel some good might come of it.例二Work, for most American and Chinese women aged 55 and under,involves responsibility for a household, a child or children, and a job outside the home as well.例三But one thing is certain: information and knowledge will become even more vital, and the people who possess it, whether they work in manufacturing or services, will have the advantage and produce the wealth.考研长难句实例分析之一并列结构英语句子最常见的结构是通过使用一系列关联词(如and,or, but等),或用标点符号(如分号、逗号、破折号等),把若干个在语义上关联的或相互照应的单词、词组或句子连在一起组成的并列平行结构,以表达一个复杂的多层次的含义。
英语长句中有相当大比例属于这种结构。
LECTURE 9 并列平行结构本堂目标:熟悉平行结构的基本原则及可用于并列平行结构的语法单位,掌握常用于并列平行结构的连词、并列句中表句际关系的副词,以及并列平行结构的一致问题。
基础预习一、平行并列结构的基本原则平行结构是延长英文句子的重要因素之一,是理解英文长难句的必备知识。
并列连词所连接的并列成分应当在结构和功能上保持一致,这就是通常所说的并列平行结构。
英语中运用并列平行结构的基本原则是:以同类语法形式来表达同类概念,以达到明晰句意、节省用词、加强语气、增加韵律的修辞效果。
【例1】二、可用于并列平行结构的语法单位【例1】(06-Text 2)重点讲解一、常用于并列平行结构的连词1.表示同等关系由以and为代表的表示语义引申的并列连接词和以besides为代表的副词连接词连接起来的并列句,前后两个句子在语法地位上是平等一致的。
具体的连接词有and, not only…but also, neither…nor,besides, moreover, furthermore, in addition, what’s more等。
【例】(05-Text 4)2.表示选择关系由or, either…or“不是…就是…”,otherwise“否则”,or else“否则”等表示选择的连接副词连接的句子。
【例】(00-Part B)3.表示转折对比关系以but为代表的连词连接词或以however为代表的副词连接词连接的句子。
but为代表的连词连接词有:but, not…bu t, while, whereas, yet, and yet, yet but等;however为代表的连接副词有:however, nevertheless“但是,然而”,still“然而”,on the contrary“相反地”,on the other hand“另一方面”等。
【例】(95-Passage 2)4.表示因果关系以so为代表的连词或以therefore为代表的副词连接的表示因果关系的连接词连接的句子。
【例】(02-Passage 1)二、并列句中表句际关系副词一览表【例】(03-Passage 3)三、并列平行结构的一致问题1.使句子前后保持平衡,句中的并列成分应该在结构上保持一致。
【例】【例】(01-Passage 1)难句分析1. Shortlists for job interviews, election ballot papers, lists of conference speakers and attendees: all tend to be drawn up alphabetically, and their recipient lose interest as they plough through them. (04-Text 2)2. Consumers seem only mildly concerned, not panicked, and many say they remain optimistic about the economy’s long-term prospects even as they do some modest belt-tightening. (04-Text 3)3. Employment became widespread when the enclosures of the 17th and 18th centuries made many people dependent on paid work by depriving them of the use of the land, and thus of the means to provide a living for themselves.4. Their methods do not attempt to estimate the actual biomass (the amount of living biological matter) of fish species in particular parts of the ocean, but rather changes in that biomass over time. (06-Text 3)5. As a result, the modern world is increasingly populated by intelligent gizmos whose presence we barely notice but whose universal existence has removed much human labor. (02-Text 2)6. Thus, in the nineteenth century, local geological studies represented worthwhile research in their own right; but, in the twentieth century, local studies have increasingly become acceptable to professionals only if they incorporate, and reflect on, the wider geological picture. (01-Text 1)7. When a new movement in art attains a certain fashion, it is advisable to find out what its advocates are aiming at, for, however farfetched and unreasonable their principles may seem today,it is possible that in years to come they may be regarded as normal. (00-Passage 3)8. The trouble is that a cable-television system, like a telephone network, involves high fixed costs and passes homes that do not want it, as well as homes that do.9. The limit of what we know must be apparent, the means and opportunities of inquiry must be understood, the value of research shared, even if it is only some members of a department, a faculty or an institution who are actually engaged in it. 10. He will master the art of logical explanation, of exact letter-writing, of formal speeches and natural conversation and of vivid impressionistic description.课堂讲评1. 【分析】and连接的两个表示同等关系的并列句,第一个分句中的all是对冒号前的三个并列名词短语的总称;第二个分句包含一个由as引导的时间状语从句。
【译文】求职面试的名单、选票、会议发言和出席名单:所有这些往往都是按字母表顺序排列的,而人们在翻看这些东西的时候渐渐就失去了兴趣。
2. 【分析】本句是由and连接的同等关系并列句,第二个分句中say后为宾语从句,其中还含有一个even as引导的让步状语从句。
【译文】消费者们似乎只是稍有忧虑,并不惊慌,许多人说他们对经济的长远发展还是很乐观的,虽然他们已经勒起了裤腰带。
3. 【分析】复合句。
when引导状语从句,从句主干为the enclosures made many people dependent on paid work;by…作方式状语;and连接两个并列的介词短语of the use…和of the means…。
【妙译】17世纪和18世纪的圈地运动剥夺了许多人的土地使用权,使他们失去了为自己谋生的途径。
因此,他们不得不依赖付费工作。
这样,雇佣就变得广为流行了。
4. 【分析】该句是由no t…but…连接的表示转折对比关系的并列句。
句子的主干是Their methods do not attempt to estimate the actual biomass…but rather changes…。
其中介词结构of fish species in particular parts of the ocean和in that biomass over time都作定语。
【译文】他们的研究方法并非是要试图估计出某个特定海域中鱼类生物的实际单位面积数量(目前存活的生物数量),而是找出该单位面积生物数量随时间的变化程度。
5. 【分析】本句的主干是the modern world is increasingly populated by intelligent gizmos,but 连接两个whose引导的并列定语从句,定语从句修饰gizmos。
【译文】结果,当今世界智能化的小装置日益增多,我们几乎不注意它们的存在,但它们的广泛存在已经减轻了不少人类的工作。
6. 【分析】该句由分号连接的并列句组成。
studies represe nted…research是第一部分的主干,in the nineteenth century作状语,local geological和in their own right作定语,分别修饰studies 和research;第二部分的but表示前后两部分形成对比,其中if引导一个条件状语从句。
【译文】因此,在19世纪,这种局部性的地质学研究本身代表了有价值的科研活动;但是,到了20世纪,这种地质学研究只有在包含并反映范围更广的问题(地质面貌)时,才越来越被专业人员所接受。
7. 【分析】for连接的表示因果关系的并列句。
for前分句中,主干为it is advisable to…,不定式短语为真正主语。
for后分句中,however farfetched引导让步状语从句,主干是it is possible…,其中it是形式主语,主语从句that in years as normal为真正的主语。