English Grammar Test for English Majors 4

历年三级英语真题作文及范文全文共3篇示例，供读者参考篇1Past TEM-8 Essay Questions and Model AnswersAs an English major student, the TEM-8 (Test for English Majors, Band 8) is one of the most important exams I need to take before graduating. The writing section, which includes an essay task, is often considered the biggest challenge. In this essay, I will analyze some past TEM-8 essay prompts and provide model answers to help myself and other students better prepare for this high-stakes test.One recurring topic in past TEM-8 exams is education and learning. For example, the 2019 exam asked students to write an essay discussing "the most important factors in effective language learning." A model answer could go as follows:An effective language learner must possess a mix of personal traits, study habits, and external support systems. From a personal perspective, traits like motivation, discipline, and open-mindedness are crucial. A motivated student will study consistently rather than procrastinating. Discipline allowsfocusing for long periods on challenging tasks like vocabulary memorization. Open-mindedness means not feelingself-conscious about making mistakes, which is inevitable when mastering a new language.Study habits are also vital. Consistent practice across all skills - reading, writing, listening, and speaking - is key. Simply attending classes is insufficient; active engagement through prep work, participation, and regular review is necessary. Moreover, good organizational skills enable creating reasonable study plans and avoiding feeling overwhelmed.Lastly, external support factors into the equation. Having access to quality learning materials, experienced teachers, conversation partners, and an encouraging environment goes a long way. Language institutions, study groups, and technological resources can provide this framework.In essence, effective language learning requires the right mindset, behaviors, and environmental conditions aligned towards the goal. With diligent effort across these areas, any student can make tremendous strides.Another common TEM-8 topic is cultural issues andcross-cultural communication. A sample question could be: "In today's globalized world, what role do you think culturaltraditions should play? Discuss the potential benefits and drawbacks."Cultural traditions have always been an integral part of human civilization, shaping our identities, values, and ways of life. However, as our world becomes increasingly interconnected, we must carefully consider the role these traditions should play amidst rapid globalization. There are merits to preserving our rich cultural heritages, but we must also be open to change and evolution.On the positive side, cultural traditions provide a sense of rootedness, community, and continuity across generations. Celebrating festivals, foods, arts, and rituals connects the present to the past, fostering appreciation for our ancestors' wisdom and legacies. These shared experiences bind people together, cultivating social cohesion and psychological grounding. Additionally, many cultural traditions embody important ethical teachings and environmental philosophies that promote sustainable living.However, we must be discerning about which aspects of traditions to uphold. Certain regressive cultural norms and practices can impede social progress by hindering gender equality, human rights, scientific advancements, or open-mindedexchange of ideas. Blindly adhering to all traditions without reflective evaluation can perpetuate outdated dogmas at odds with modern realities.The ideal approach lies in upholding the positive, enriching elements of cultural traditions that add meaning and wisdom to our lives, while having the courage to relinquish or reform aspects that contradict universal human values. As cultures interact more than ever before, traditions themselves will inevitably evolve through the cross-pollination of diverse perspectives.Maintaining some cultural traditions yet embracing change is important for harmonious cross-cultural relations. When people from different backgrounds can share their traditions respectfully while remaining open to learning from one another, it promotes cooperation, creativity, and conflict resolution in our globalized society.Other potential TEM-8 topics could include the impact of technology, environmental protection, social justice issues, and more. Regardless of the prompt, there are some universal strategies for crafting an effective essay:Understand the core question and ensure your position directly addresses it. Don't stray too far off-topic.Have a clear overarching thesis or main argument that you logically support with reasoned body paragraphs.Use specific examples and details to illustrate key points rather than just generalizations.Consider counterarguments and address them fairly, showing critical thinking.Use appropriate transitions, varied sentence structure, precise vocabulary, and maintain a formal/academic tone.Proofread carefully for errors in grammar, spelling, punctuation, etc.Ultimately, the essay section tests not just English writing ability, but also argumentative skills, depth of thinking, and content knowledge. By understanding common TEM-8 question types, studying model responses, and practicing effective essay techniques, English majors can maximize their chances of success on this important exam. With diligent preparation across all sections, we can demonstrate our proficiency and readiness for future studies or careers requiring advanced English competency.篇2Past TEM-8 Exam Compositions and Model ResponsesAs an English major student about to take the daunting TEM-8 exam, I've spent countless hours poring over past test papers and model compositions. The writing section, which requires us to produce an academic essay within a limited time frame, is often the most challenging part of the exam. In this essay, I will analyze some previous TEM-8 writing prompts, dissect high-scoring sample responses, and share my insights on how to tackle this crucial component effectively.One recurring theme in TEM-8 writing tasks is contemporary social issues. For instance, a 2020 prompt asked test-takers to discuss the pros and cons of social media and its impact on interpersonal relationships. A model response skillfully outlined both the benefits, such as fostering global connectivity, and the drawbacks, like the potential for cyberbullying and addiction. By presenting a balanced perspective and substantiating arguments with relevant examples, the sample essay demonstrated critical thinking and persuasive writing abilities.Another thought-provoking prompt from 2019 centered on environmental protection, asking examinees to propose solutions to mitigate the effects of climate change. An exemplary response highlighted the urgency of the issue, citing scientificdata on rising global temperatures and sea levels. It then provided a multi-pronged approach, advocating for renewable energy adoption, sustainable transportation, and individual lifestyle changes. The essay's logical flow, factual evidence, and actionable recommendations showcased the writer's research skills and command of academic discourse.Culturally relevant topics have also featured prominently in TEM-8 writing tasks. A 2021 prompt invited students to analyze the impact of globalization on preserving local traditions and customs. A high-scoring sample response skillfully navigated this complex issue, acknowledging the homogenizing effects of globalization while emphasizing the importance of cultural preservation efforts. The essay drew upon real-world examples, such as UNESCO's initiatives to safeguard intangible cultural heritage, demonstrating the writer's ability to contextualize abstract concepts.Alongside content and argumentation, language proficiency is a crucial evaluation criterion in the TEM-8 writing section. Model responses excel in employing a wide range of advanced vocabulary, complex sentence structures, and appropriate academic register. For instance, a 2018 sample essay on the ethical implications of artificial intelligence seamlessly integratedtechnical terminology like "machine learning" and "neural networks" while maintaining a formal, scholarly tone.Furthermore, effective organization and coherence are hallmarks of top-scoring TEM-8 essays. Model responses typically feature a clear introduction that outlines the thesis statement and main arguments, well-structured body paragraphs that logically progress from one point to the next, and a concise conclusion that reiterates the central ideas without introducing new information.Preparing for the TEM-8 writing section requires not only mastering academic writing conventions but also developing a strategic approach to time management. During the exam,test-takers have a mere 30 minutes to plan, draft, and revise their essays. Consequently, practicing timed writing exercises is crucial to honing the ability to organize thoughts efficiently, prioritize key points, and produce a polished piece within the allotted timeframe.Moreover, familiarizing oneself with the evaluation rubric can provide valuable insights into the specific criteria assessors use to grade TEM-8 essays. Typical rubrics encompass content and organization, language use, and mechanics (spelling, punctuation, and grammar). Understanding these assessmentcriteria can help writers allocate their time and efforts more effectively during the exam.In conclusion, the TEM-8 writing section presents a formidable challenge for English major students, requiring a combination of critical thinking, academic writing proficiency, and time management skills. By carefully studying past prompts and model responses, aspiring test-takers can gain invaluable insights into the expectations and standards of this high-stakes exam. Consistent practice, coupled with a strategic approach and thorough understanding of the evaluation criteria, can pave the way for success in this crucial component of the TEM-8.篇3Past TEM-8 Exam Writing Tasks and Sample ResponsesAs an English major student, the TEM-8 (Test for English Majors, Band 8) has been looming large in my mind for quite some time. This high-stakes test, often regarded as the "entrance exam" for postgraduate studies or employment opportunities in the field of English language teaching and research, has challenged generations of students with its rigorous writing section. In this essay, I will delve into the nature of the TEM-8 writing tasks, analyze past prompts and sample responses, andoffer my perspectives as a student grappling with this significant assessment.The TEM-8 writing section typically consists of two tasks: a composition and a translation. The composition task requires students to write a well-structured essay on a given topic within a specified word limit, often ranging from 300 to 400 words. These topics are broad in scope, encompassing social, cultural, and philosophical themes that demand critical thinking, logical reasoning, and effective argumentation skills.One notable past prompt asked examinees to discuss the role of technology in education, a subject that resonates deeply with our generation's experience of integrating digital tools into the learning process. Effective responses to this prompt would likely address the potential benefits of technology, such as increased accessibility to information, interactive learning opportunities, and the development of digital literacy skills. However, they would also need to acknowledge the potential drawbacks, such as the risk of overreliance on technology, the digital divide, and the importance of maintaining traditional pedagogical methods alongside technological advancements.Another thought-provoking prompt from a previous TEM-8 exam asked examinees to explore the concept of globalizationand its impact on cultural identity. This topic required a nuanced understanding of the intricate relationship between global interconnectedness and the preservation of diverse cultural traditions. Successful responses would likely acknowledge the homogenizing forces of globalization while also recognizing the resilience of cultural identities and the potential forcross-cultural exchange and understanding.The translation task, on the other hand, assesses students' ability to accurately convey the meaning and tone of a given text from Chinese to English or vice versa. This task demands not only a strong command of both languages but also an understanding of cultural nuances, idiomatic expressions, and stylistic conventions.One memorable translation prompt from a previous TEM-8 exam involved a passage from a renowned Chinese literary work, testing students' ability to preserve the artistic and cultural richness of the original text while rendering it into idiomatic English. Effective responses would need to strike a delicate balance between literal accuracy and literary flair, capturing the essence of the original work while adhering to the conventions of English prose.As I prepare for the TEM-8 writing section, I am keenly aware of the challenges that lie ahead. The prompts demand a level of critical thinking, cultural awareness, and linguistic proficiency that can only be honed through dedicated practice and exposure to exemplary writing samples.To this end, I have diligently analyzed sample responses from past exams, scrutinizing the organizational structures, rhetorical strategies, and language choices employed by successful candidates. These sample responses serve as invaluable guides, illuminating the criteria by which the essays are evaluated and providing insights into the expectations of the examiners.In my study of these samples, I have observed a common thread: coherence, clarity, and concision are paramount. Effective responses are characterized by a clear thesis statement,well-developed body paragraphs that seamlessly transition from one idea to the next, and a compelling conclusion that synthesizes the main arguments while offering thoughtful insights.Moreover, successful responses demonstrate a command of academic English, employing a diverse vocabulary, varying sentence structures, and adhering to the conventions of formalwritten discourse. At the same time, these exemplars exhibit a nuanced understanding of the given topic, drawing upon relevant examples, statistics, and authoritative sources to substantiate their claims.As I continue my preparation, I am mindful of the importance of constant practice and feedback. Writing sample essays, seeking guidance from professors and peers, and engaging in constructive critique sessions have become integral parts of my routine. With each iteration, I strive to refine my writing skills, hone my critical thinking abilities, and develop a deeper appreciation for the art of effective communication.The TEM-8 writing section is not merely a test of linguistic prowess; it is a testament to our ability to navigate complex ideas, synthesize diverse perspectives, and articulate our thoughts with clarity and precision. As daunting as the task may seem, I am reminded that this challenge is an opportunity to showcase the culmination of years of study and intellectual growth.In the end, the true value of the TEM-8 writing section lies not solely in the test scores or the accolades it may bring but in the journey of self-discovery and intellectual exploration that it fosters. By engaging with these prompts and striving to produce thoughtful, well-crafted responses, we cultivate the criticalthinking skills and cross-cultural awareness that will serve us well beyond the confines of the exam room, equipping us to tackle the complexities of an increasingly interconnected world.。

teaching non-native speakers.
Generally, it is agreed that no one version is correct,
however, there are certainly preferences in use.
The three major differences between American and British English are: pronunciation differences in both vowel
in standard American English. Other differences involving the use of the
present perfect in British English and simple past in American English include already, just and yet. In British English: I've just had lunch.
burnt OR burned, dream dreamt OR dreamed, learn learnt
OR learned,
smell smelt OR smelled, spell spelt OR spelled,
spill spilt OR spilled, spoil spoilt OR spoiled. However, the irregular form is generally more common in British English (the first form of the two) and the regular form is more common to American English.

英语专业八级知识题The English Major Level 8 (TEM-8) examination is a high-stakes test for English majors in China, designed to assessthe comprehensive language skills of students who are aboutto graduate. It covers a wide range of topics, including listening, reading, writing, translation, and vocabulary.Listening comprehension is a critical component of the TEM-8, where students are required to demonstrate theirability to understand spoken English in various contexts such as lectures, conversations, and news broadcasts. The abilityto pick up on nuances, idiomatic expressions, and the overall meaning of spoken passages is crucial for success in this section.Reading sections test the students' ability to comprehend complex texts, including literary works, essays, and articles. Students must be able to analyze the structure, style, and argumentation of the texts, as well as demonstrate a deep understanding of the content.Writing tasks in the TEM-8 are designed to evaluate a student's ability to express thoughts clearly and coherentlyin English. This includes writing essays, summaries, and compositions that demonstrate a strong command of grammar, vocabulary, and style.Translation is another significant part of the exam,where students are expected to translate texts from Englishto Chinese and vice versa. This requires not only linguistic proficiency but also an understanding of cultural nuances and the ability to convey the original meaning accurately.Vocabulary is tested throughout the exam, but there are also specific sections that focus on a student's knowledge of advanced English words and phrases. This includes both their meanings and their appropriate usage in various contexts.In conclusion, the English Major Level 8 examination is a comprehensive test that challenges students to demonstratetheir mastery of the English language across multiple domains. It is a testament to their academic achievements and astepping stone towards professional opportunities in thefield of English language and literature.。

TEST FOR ENGLISH MAJORS (2009)-GRADE EIGHT-TIME LIMIT: 195 MIN PART I LISTENING COMPREHENSION (35 MIN) SECTION A MINI-LECTUREIn this section you will hear a mini-lecture. You will hear the lecture ONCE ONLY While listening, take notes on the important points. Your notes will not be marked, but you will need them to complete a gap-filling task after the mini-lecture. When the lecture is over, you will begiven two minutes to check your notes, and another ten minutes to complete the gap-filling task on ANSWER SHEET ONE. Use the blank sheet for note-taking.Writing Experimental ReportsI.Content of an experimental report, e.g.--- study subject/ area--- study purpose--- ____1____II.Presentation of an experimental report--- providing details--- regarding readers as _____2_____III.Structure of an experimental report--- feature: highly structured and ____3____--- sections and their content:INTRODUCTION ____4____; why you did itMETHOD how you did itRESULT what you found out____5____ what you think it showsIV. Sense of readership--- ____6____: reader is the marker--- ____7____: reader is an idealized, hypothetical, intelligent person with little knowledge of your study--- tasks to fulfill in an experimental report:⏹introduction to relevant area⏹necessary background information⏹development of clear arguments⏹definition of technical terms⏹precise description of data ____8____V. Demands and expectations in report writing--- early stage:⏹understanding of study subject/area and its implications⏹basic grasp of the report’s format--- later stage:⏹____9____ on research significance--- things to avoid in writing INTRODUCTION:⏹inadequate material⏹____10____ of research justification for the studySECTION B INTERVIEWIn this section you will hear everything ONCE ONLY. Listen carefully and then answer the questions that follow. Mark the correct answer to each question on your coloured answer sheet.Questions 1 to 5 are based on an interview. At the end of the interview you will be given 10 seconds to answer each of the following five questions.Now listen to the interview.1. Which of the following statements is CORRECT?A. Toastmasters was originally set up to train speaking skills.B. Toastmasters only accepts prospective professional speakers.C. Toastmasters accepts members from the general public.D. Toastmasters is an exclusive club for professional speakers.2. The following are job benefits by joining Toastmasters EXCEPTA. becoming familiar with various means of communication.B. learning how to deliver messages in an organized way.C. becoming aware of audience expectations.D. learning how to get along with friends.3. Toastmasters' general approach to training can be summarized asA. practice plus overall training.B. practice plus lectures.C. practice plus voice training.D. practice plus speech writing.4. Toastmasters aims to train people to be all the following EXCEPTA. public speakers.B. grammar teachers.C. masters of ceremonies.D. evaluators.5. The interview mainly focuses onA. the background information.B. the description of training courses.C. the requirements of public speaking.D. the overall personal growth.SECTION C NEWS BROADCASTIn this section you will hear everything ONCE ONLY. Listen carefully and then answer the questions that follow. Mark the correct answer to each question on your coloured answer sheet.Questions 6 and 7 are'based on the foUowing news. At the end of the news item, you will be given 20 seconds to answer the questions.Now listen to the news.6. Which of the following is the main cause of global warming?A. Fossil fuel.B. Greenhouse gases.C. Increased dryness.D. Violent storm patterns.7. The news item implies that ______ in the last report.A. there were fewer studies doneB. there were fewer policy proposalsC. there was less agreementD. there were fewer objectivesQuestions 8 and 9 are based on the following news. At the end of the news item, you will be given 20 seconds to answer the questions.Now listen to the news.8. The cause of the Indian train accident wasA. terrorist sabotage.B. yet to be determined.C. lack of communications.D. bad weather.9. Which of the following statements is CORRECT?A. The accident occurred on a bridge.B. The accident occurred in New Delhi.C. There were about 600 casualties.D. Victims were rescued immediately.Question 10 is based on the following news. At the end of the news item, you will be given 10 seconds to answer the question.Now listen to the news.10. What is the main message of the news item?A. Young people should seek careers advice.B. Careers service needs to be improved.C. Businesses are not getting talented people.D. Careers advice is not offered on the Intemet.PART II READING COMPREHENSION (30 MIN)In this section there are four reading passages followed by a total of 20 multiple-choice questions.Read the passages and then mark your answers on your coloured answer sheet.TEXT AWe had been wanting to expand our children's horizons by taking them to a place that was unlike anything we'd been exposed to during our travels in Europe and the United States. In thinking about what was possible from Geneva, where we are based, we decided on a trip to Istanbul, a two-hour plane ride from Zurich.We envisioned the trip as a prelude to more exotic ones, perhaps to New Delhi or Bangkok later this year, but thought our 11- and 13-year-olds needed a first step away from manicured boulevards and pristine monuments.What we didn't foresee was the reaction of friends, who warned that we were putting our children "in danger," referring vaguely, and most incorrectly, to disease, terrorism or just the unknown. To help us get acquainted with the peculiarities of Istanbul and to give our children achance to choose what they were particularly interested in seeing, we bought an excellent guidebook and read it thoroughly before leaving.Friendly warnings didn't change our planning, although we might have more prudently checked with the U.S. State Department's list of troublespots. We didn't see a lot of children among the foreign visitors during our six-day stay in Istanbul, but we found the tourist areas quite safe, very interesting and varied enough even to suit our son, whose oft-repeated request isthat we not see "every single" church and museum in a given city.Vaccinations weren't needed for the city, but we were concemed about adapting to the water for a short stay. So we used bottled water for drinking and brushing our teeth, a precautionthat may seem excessive, but we all stayed healthy.Taking the advice of a friend, we booked a hotel a 20-minute walk from most of Istanbul'smajor tourist sites. This not only got us some morning exercise, strolling over the Karakoy Bridge, but took us past a colorful assortment of fishermen, vendors and shoe shiners.From a teenager and pre-teen's view, Istanbul street life is fascinating since almost everything can be bought outdoors. They were at a good age to spend time wandering the labyrinth of the Spice Bazaar, where shops display mounds of pungent herbs in sacks. Doing thiswith younger children would be harder simply because the streets are so packed with people; itwould be easy to get lost.For our two, whose buying experience consisted of department stores and shopping mall boutiques, it was amazing to discover that you could bargain over price and perhaps end up withtwo of something for the price of one. They also learned to figure out the relative value of the Turkish lira, not a small matter with its many zeros.Being exposed to Islam was an important part of our trip. Visiting the mosques, especially the enormous Blue Mosque, was our first glimpse into how this major religion is practiced. Ourchildren's curiosity already had been piqued by the five daily calls to prayer over loudspeakersin every corner of the city, and the scarves covering the heads of many women.Navigating meals can be troublesome with children, but a kebab, bought on the street or in restaurants, was unfailingly popular. Since we had decided this trip was not for gourmets, kebabsspared us the agony of trying to find a restaurant each day that would suit the adults' desire to trysomething new amid children's insistence that the food be served immediately. Gradually, we branched out to try some other Turkish specialties.Although our son had studied Islam briefly, it is impossible to be prepared for every awkward question that might come up, such as during our visits to the Topkapi Sarayi, the Ottoman Sultans' palace. No guides were available so it was do-it-yourself, using our guidebook,which cheated us of a lot of interesting history and anecdotes that a professional guide could provide. Next time, we resolved to make such arrangements in advance.On this trip, we wandered through the magnificent complex, with its imperial treasures, itscourtyards and its harem. The last required a bit of explanation that we would have happily lef~to a learned third party.11. The couple chose Istanbul as their holiday destination mainly becauseA. the city is not too far away from where they lived.B. the city is not on the list of the U.S. State Department.C. the city is between the familiar and the exotic.D. the city is more familiar than exotic.12. Which of the following statements is INCORRECT?A. The family found the city was exactly what they had expected.B. Their friends were opposed to their holiday plan.C. They could have been more cautious about bringing kids along.D. They were a bit cautious about the quality of water in the city.13. We learn from the couple's shopping experience back home thatA. they were used to bargaining over price.B. they preferred to buy things outdoors.C. street markets were their favourite.D. they preferred fashion and brand names.14. The last two paragraphs suggest that to visit places of interest in IstanbulA. guidebooks are very useful.B. a professional guide is a must.C. one has to be prepared for questions.D. one has to make arrangements in advance.15. The family have seen or visited all the following in Istanbul EXCEPTA. religious prayers.B. historical buildings.C. local-style markets.D. shopping mall boutiques.TEXT BLast month the first baby-boomers turned 60. The bulky generation born between 1946 and1964 is heading towards retirement. The looming "demographic cliff" will see vast numbers ofskilled workers dispatched from the labour force.The workforce is ageing across the rich world. Within the EU the number of workers aged between 50 and 64 will increase by 25% over the next two decades, while those aged 20-29 willdecrease by 20%. In Japan almost 20% of the population is already over 65, the highest share inthe world. And in the United States the number of workers aged 55-64 will have increased by more than half in this decade, at the same time as the 35- to 44-year-olds decline by 10%.Given that most societies are geared to retirement at around 65, companies have a looming problem of knowledge management, of making sure that the boomers do not leave before they have handed over their expertise along with the office keys and their e-mail address. A survey ofhuman-resources directors by IBM last year concluded: "When the baby-boomer generation retires, many companies will find out too late that a career's worth of experience has walked outthe door, leaving insufficient talent to fill in the void."Some also face a shortage of expertise. In aerospace and defence, for example, as much as 40% of the workforce in some companies will be eligible to retire within the next five years. Atthe same time, the number of engineering graduates in developed countries is in steep decline.A few companies are so squeezed that they are already taking exceptional measures. Earlier this year the Los Angeles Times interviewed an enterprising Australian who was staying in Beverly Hills while he tried to persuade locals to emigrate to Toowoomba, Queensland, to workfor his engineering company there. Toowoomba today; the rest of the developed world tomorrow?If you look hard enough, you can find companies that have begun to adapt the workplace to older workers. The AARP, an American association for the over-50s, produces an annual list ofthe best employers of its members. Health-care firms invariably come near the top because theyare one of the industries most in need of skilled labour. Other sectors similarly affected, says theConference Board, include oil, gas, energy and government.Near the top of the AARP's latest list comes Deere & Company, a no-nonsenseindustrial-equipment manufacturer based in Illinois; about 35% of Deere's 46,000 employees areover 50 and a number of them are in their 70s. The tools it uses to achieve that - flexible working, telecommuting, and so forth - also coincidentaUy help older workers to extend their working lives. The company spends "a lot of time" on the ergonomics of its factories, making jobs there less tiring, which enables older workers to stay at them for longer.Likewise, for more than a decade, Toyota, arguably the world's most advanced manufacturer, has adapted its workstations to older workers. The shortage of skilled labour available to the automotive industry has made it unusually keen to recruit older workers. BMWrecently set up a factory in Leipzig that expressly set out to employ people over the age of 45. Needs must when the devil drives.Other firms are polishing their alumni networks. IBM uses its network to recruit retired people for particular projects. Ernst & Young, a professional-services firm, has about 30,000 registered alumni, and about 25% of its "experienced" new recruits are former employees who return after an absence.But such examples are unusual. A survey in America last month by Ernst & Young found that "although corporate America foresees a significant workforce shortage as boomers retire, itis not dealing with the issue." Almost three-quarters of the 1,400 global companies questioned by Deloitte last year said they expected a shortage of salaried staff over the next three to five years. Yet few of them are looking to older workers to fill that shortage; and even fewer are looking to them to fill another gap that has already appeared. Many firms in Europe and Americacomplain that they struggle to find qualified directors for their boards - this when the pool ofretired talent from those very same firms is growing by leaps and bounds.Why are firms not working harder to keep old employees? Part of the reason is that the crunch has been beyond the horizon of most managers. Nor is hanging on to older workers the only way to cope with a falling supply of labour. The participation of developing countries in theworld economy has increased the overall supply - whatever the local effect of demographics inthe rich countries. A vast amount of work is being sent offshore to such places as China and India and more will go in future. Some countries, such as Australia, are relaxing their immigration policies to allow much needed skills to come in from abroad. Others will avoid theneed for workers by spending money on machinery and automation.16. According to the passage, the most serious consequence of baby-boomers approachingretirement would beA. a loss of knowledge and experience to many companies.B. a decrease in the number of 35- to 44- year-olds.C. a continuous increase in the number of 50-to 64-year-olds.D. its impact on the developed world whose workforce is ageing.17. The following are all the measures that companies have adopted to cope with the ageing workforce EXCEPTA. making places of work accommodate the needs of older workers.B. using alumni networks to hire retired former employees.C. encouraging former employees to work overseas.D. granting more convenience in working hours to older workers.18. "The company spends 'a lot of time' on the ergonomics of its factories" (Paragraph Seven) means thatA. the company attaches great importance to the layout of its factories.B. the company improves the working conditions in its factories.C. the company attempts to reduce production costs of its factories.D. the company intends to renovate its factories and update equipment.19. In the author's opinion American firms are not doing anything to deal with the issue of the ageing workforce mainly becauseA. they have not been aware of the problem.B. they are reluctant to hire older workers.C. they are not sure of what they should do.D. they have other options to consider.20. Which of the following best describes the author's development of argument?A. introducing the issue---citing ways to deal with the issue---~describing the actualstatus---offering reasons.B. describing the actual status--- introducing the issue---citing ways to deal with theissue---offering reasons.C. citing ways to deal with the issue---introducing the issue----describing the actualstatus---offering reasons.D. describing the actual status--offering reasons---introducing the issue---citing ways to deal with the issue.TEXT C(1) The other problem that arises from the employment of women is that of the working wife.It has two aspects: that of the wife who is more of a success than her husband and that of the wifewho must rely heavily on her husband for help with domestic tasks. There are various ways in which the impact of the first difficulty can be reduced. Provided that husband and wife are not in the same or directly comparable lines of work, the harsh fact of her greater success can be obscured by a genial conspiracy to reject a purely monetary measure of achievement as intolerably crude. Where there are ranks, it is best if the couple work in different fields so that the husband can find some special reason for the superiority of the lowest figure in his to the most elevated in his wife's.(2) A problem that affects a much larger number of working wives is the need to re-allocate domestic tasks if there are children. In The Road to Wigan Pier George Orwell wrote of the unemployed of the Lancashire coalfields: "Practically never ... in a working-class home, will yousee the man doing a stroke of the housework. Unemployment has not changed this convention,which on the face of it seems a little unfair. The man is idle from morning to night but the woman is as busy as ever - more so, indeed, because she has to manage with less money. Yet so far as myexperience goes the women do not protest. They feel that a man would lose his manhood if, merely because he was out of work, he developed in a 'Mary Ann'."(3) It is over the care of young children that this re-allocation of duties becomes reallysignificant. For this, unlike the cooking of fish fingers or the making of beds, is an inescapablytime-consuming occupation, and time is what the fully employed wife has no more to spare of than her husband.(4) The male initiative in courtship is a pretty indiscriminate affair, something that is tried on with any remotely plausible woman who comes within range and, of course, with all degrees oftentativeness. What decides the issue of whether a genuine courtship is going to get under way is the woman's response. If she shows interest the engines of persuasion are set in movement. The truth is that in courtship society gives women the real power while pretending to give it to men.(5) What does seem clear is that the more men and women are together, at work and awayfrom it, the more the comprehensive amorousness of men towards women will have to go, despiteall its past evolutionary services. For it is this that makes inferiority at work abrasive and, moreindirectly, makes domestic work seem unmanly, if there is to be an equalizing redistributionofeconomic and domestic tasks between men and women there must be a compensating redistribution of the erotic initiative. If women will no longer let us beat them they must allow us to join them as the blushing recipients of flowers and chocolates.21. Paragraph One advises the working wife who is more successful than her husband toA. work in the same sort of job as her husband.B. play down her success, making it sound unimportant.C. stress how much the family gains from her high salary.D. introduce more labour-saving machinery into the home.22. Orwell's picture of relations between man and wife in Wigan Pier (Paragraph Two) describes arelationship which the author of the passageA. thinks is the natural one.B. wishes to see preserved.C. believes is fair.D. is sure must change.23. Which of the following words is used literally, NOT metaphorically?A. Abrasive (Paragraph Five).B. Engines (Paragraph Four).C. Convention (Paragraph Two).D. Heavily (Paragraph One).24. The last paragraph stresses that if women are to hold important jobs, then they mustA. sometimes make the first advances in love.B. allow men to flirt with many women.C. stop accepting presents of flowers and chocolates.D. avoid making their husbands look like "Mary Anns".25. Which of the following statements is INCORRECT about the present form of courtship?A. Men are equally serious about courtship.B. Each man "makes passes" at many women.C. The woman's reaction decides the fate of courtship.D. The man leaves himself the opportunity to give up the chase quickly.TEXT DFrom Namche Bazaar, the Sherpa capital at 12,000 feet, the long line threaded south, dropping 2,000 feet to the valley floor, then trudged down the huge Sola-Khumbu canyon until itopened out to the lush but still daunting foothills of Central Nepal.It was here at Namche that one man broke rank and leaned north, slowly and arduously climbing the steep walls of the natural amphitheater behind the scatter of stone huts, then past Kunde and Khumjong.Despite wearing a balaclava on his head, he had been frequently recognized by the Tibetans, and treated with the gravest deference and respect. Even among those who knew nothing abouthim, expressions of surprise lit up their dark, liquid eyes. He was a man not expected to be there.Not only was his stature substantially greater than that of the diminutive Tibetans, but it was also obvious from his bearing - and his new broadcloak, which covered a much-too-tight army uniform - that he came from a markedly loftier station in life than did the average Tibetan.Among a people virtually bereft of possessions, he had fewer still, consisting solely of a roundedbundle about a foot in diameter slung securely by a cord over his shoulder. The material the bundle was wrapped in was of a rough Tibetan weave, which did not augur that the content wasof any greater value - except for the importance he seemed to ascribe to it, never for a momentreleasing his grip.His objective was a tiny huddle of buildings perched halfway up an enormous valley wall across from him, atop a great wooded spur jutting out from the lower lap of the 22,493-foot AmaDablum, one of the most majestic mountains on earth. There was situated Tengboche, the mostfamous Buddhist monastery in the Himalayas, its setting unsurpassed for magnificence anywhere on the planet.From the top of the spur, one's eyes sweep 12 miles up the stupendous Dudh Kosi canyon to the six-mile-long granite wall of cliff of Nuptse at its head. If Ama Dablum is the Gatekeeper,then the sheer cliff of Nuptse, never less than four miles high, is the Final Protector of the highest and mightiest of them all: Chomolongma, the Mother Goddess of the World, to the Tibetans; Sagarmatha, the Head of the Seas, to the Nepalese; and Everest to the rest of us. Andover the great barrier of Nuptse She demurely peaks.It was late in the afternoon - when the great shadows cast by the colossal mountains were descending into the deep valley floors - before he reached the crest of the spur and shuffled to astop just past Tengboche's entrance gompa. His chest heaving in the rarefied air, he removed hishand from the bundle--the first time he had done so - and wiped grimy rivulets of sweat from around his eyes with the fingers of his mitted hand.His narrowed eyes took in the open sweep of the quiet grounds, the pagoda-like monastery itself, and the stone buildings that tumbled down around it like a protective skirt. In the distancethe magic light of the magic hour lit up the plume flying off Chomolongma's 29,029-foot-highcrest like a bright, welcoming banner.His breathing calmed, he slowly, stiffly struggled forward and up the rough stone steps to the monastery entrance. There he was greeted with a respectful nameste -"I recognize the divinein you" - from a tall, slim monk of about 35 years, who hastily set aside a twig broom he had been using to sweep the flagstones of the inner courtyard. While he did so, the visitor noticed that the monk was missing the small finger on his left hand. The stranger spoke a few formal words in Tibetan, and then the two disappeared inside.Early the next morning the emissary - lightened of his load - appeared at the monastery entrance, accompanied by the same monk and the elderly abbot. After a bow of his head, whichwas returned much more deeply by the two ocher-robed residents, he took his leave. The two solemn monks watched, motionless, until he dipped over the ridge on which the monastery sat, and out of sight.Then, without a word, they turned and went back inside the monastery.26. Which of the following words in Paragraph One implies difficulty in walking?A. "threaded".B. "dropping".C. "trudged".D. "daunting".27. In the passage the contrast between the Tibetans and the man is indicated in all the followingaspects EXCEPTA. clothing.B. height.C. social status.D. personal belongings.28. It can be inferred from the passage that one can get ______ of the region from themonastery.A. a narrow viewB. a hazy viewC. a distant viewD. a panoramic view29. Which of the following details shows that the man became relaxed after he reached the monastery?A. "...he reached the crest of the spur and shuffled to a stop..."B. "...he removed his hand from the bundle..."C. "His narrowed eyes took in the open sweep of the quiet grounds..."D. "...he slowly, stiffly struggled forward and up the rough stone steps..."30. From how it is described in the passage the monastery seems to evokeA. a sense of awe.B. a sense of piety.C. a sense of fear.D. a sense of mystery.PART III GENERAL KNOWLEDGE (10 MIN)There are ten multiple-choice questions in this section. Choose the best answer to each question.Mark your answers on your coloured answer sheet.31. The Head of State of New Zealand is。