一. 被动语态主动语态：主语主动执行被动语态：主语被动承受例句：The lazy sheep was caught by the gray wolf again!1.被动语态的基本机构：be +及物动词过去分词2. 主动变被动的基本规则：主动语态：被动语态：+ 其他成分例1：Many people speak English.○1○2○3被动句：English is spoken by many people.○3○2○1例2：He cheated her.○1○2○3被动句：She was cheated by him.○3○2○13.主动句变被动句的主要规则：(1). 人称代词主格做主语，宾格做宾语。
(2). 被动语态基本结构：be+及物动词的过去分词(如果是不及物动词，其过去分词应带有相应的介词)He gives up smoking. 被动句：______________________________(3). 被动语态中的be 是助动词，有人称、数和时态的变化。
一般现在时被动语态为：一般过去时被动语态为：一般将来时被动语态为：现在完成时被动语态为：(4).情态动词+ be done由上可见，被动语态的时态由_____be 动词___ 来体现。
(5). 被动语态中，by+动作的发出者放在句末(课省略)，by 表示“由，被”的意思。
4.被动语态的注意点（1）“三看一听”hear, see, watch, notice，使役动词make等主动句中to 走开，被动句中to 回来。
I heard my sister sing in her room yesterday.被动句：My mother always makes me do some housework.被动句：______________________________________________（2）say, believe, consider, know, expect, think 等词接宾语从句，变被动句用It is / was said/believed…. that……….People believe he told the truth.被动句：_________________________________________（3）常见无被动的词：happen 意为“发生”时，主语为物，sth happen to sb, 无被动belong to, take place, rise, sell well, remain, run out, come true等无被动(4) 感官动词__feel, look, smell, taste, sound_, 主动表被动The news sounds terrible.二. 现在完成时1、语境分析①动作发生在过去，已完成，强调对现在有影响---Are you hungry? ---No, I have had breakfast.②动作发生在过去，未完成，持续到现在或未来I have studied English for 10 years.2. 标志性的时间状语：already___________, yet_____________ _____________，ever_____________ never___________, before___________In the last/past + 一段时间________________________________So far ________________For + 一段时间___________________________Since + 过去的时间点since then，since two years ago, since 1996……+ 从句（过去式）次数（twice，three times , four times……）注意：1）already用于肯定句，I have already eaten lunch.yet用于一般疑问句或否定句_______ you eaten lunch _________? I haven’t eaten lunch ________.2）Have you ever read this story (before)? -----I have never read it.3) In the last three weeks, I have read 5 books.4) We have known each other for 5 years.5) Qingdao has changed greatly so far.6) I haven’t seen my teachers since I left school.7)I have lived here since 2010. (since 3 years ago)3、重点词组辨析①have/has gone to 去了……(人未回)②Have/has been to 去过……(人已回)③Have/has been in 去……多久（有一段时间）4. 与延续性的时间状语连用的必须是延续性动词初中阶段常考的延续性时间状语：1）for +一段时间2）Since + 过去的时间点+ 从句（过去式）3）How long……?真题链接1. ---When _____ he _____ for London?---The day before yesterday. He _____ for two days.A. did, leave; has leftB. has, left; has leftC. did, leave; has been awayD. will, leave; is leaving附：常见短暂性动词与延续性动词的转化buy—___________; borrow—_____________;die—____________; leave—______________ (from);put on—____________ make friends—____________ come back—______________ start/ begin--_____________ fall asleep—______________; open—__________________;turn on—________________; turn off—_______________;go /get out—_____________; end /finish—_____________;get up—_________________; get married--_____________ arrive (reach / get to / come to) +地点—_____________+地点；join—_____________+集体或______________________。
