欲望号街车 A Streetcar Named Desire

对《欲望号街车》主题隐喻的解析张黎娜王凤琴（兰州城市学院）摘要：田纳西·威廉斯是美国最优秀的剧作家之一。

《欲望号街车》被认为是他最具代表性的作品。

本文通过对《欲望号街车》里意象的分析，以及用运读者反映理论，解析了《欲望号街车》主题隐喻的最终含义———社会需要以人为本，注重人性的道德观。

Abstract:Tennessee Williams is the United States one of the best playwrights."A Streetcar Named Desire"is considered his most representative works.This article through to"A Streetcar Named Desire"in image analysis,and used to transport readers response theory,analysis of"A Streetcar Named Desire"the ultimate meaning of metaphorical theme———social needs of people-oriented,pay attention to human's moral values.关键词：《欲望号街车》象征读者作家意象道德观Key words:"A Streetcar Named Desire"symbol reader writer image morals【中图分类号】J91【文献识别码】E【文章编号】1004-7069（2011）-11-0197-02田纳西·威廉斯的原名叫托马斯·拉尼尔·威廉斯。

《欲望号街车》是美国著名剧作家田纳西.威廉斯最盛名的剧作。

以现实为基础的西方戏剧作品西方戏剧作为一种古老而丰富的艺术形式，一直以来以其深入探讨人性、社会问题和现实生活为特点而备受赞誉。

在众多的西方戏剧作品中，有许多以现实为基础，反映了当下社会的各种问题和现象。

本文将介绍一些以现实为基础的西方戏剧作品，探讨它们对现实生活的揭示和启示。

1.《查理的一生》（Death of a Salesman）是美国剧作家阿瑟·米勒创作的经典戏剧作品。

该剧以一个普通销售员查理的悲惨命运为主线，通过展现他的痛苦、挣扎和绝望，揭示了现代社会中商业竞争和追求成功所带来的压力和伤害。

这部戏剧以现实主义手法展现了一个家庭的崩溃和个人的精神崩溃，引人深思。

2.《欲望号街车》（A Streetcar Named Desire）是美国剧作家田纳西·威廉斯的杰作。

该剧通过讲述一个堕落的南方女子布兰奇与她姐姐斯坦利之间的冲突，揭示了社会阶级、性欲和疯狂的力量。

这部戏剧以现实主义手法刻画了人性的复杂性和社会的残酷现实，将观众带入一个充满矛盾和争斗的世界。

3.《居里夫人》（Madame Curie）是法国剧作家朱利恩·比维的作品，讲述了科学家居里夫人和她丈夫皮埃尔的生平故事。

这部戏剧以现实主义手法展现了居里夫人在科学研究中的艰辛和她为人类进步做出的巨大贡献。

通过展示居里夫人的坚持和奉献精神，该剧向观众传递了积极的人生态度和对科学的崇高追求。

4.《红字》（The Scarlet Letter）是美国作家纳撒尼尔·霍桑的经典小说改编的戏剧作品。

该剧以17世纪新英格兰的一个小村庄为背景，讲述了女主人公海瑟·普林的婚外恋和社会对她的谴责。

这部戏剧以现实主义手法呈现了道德观念、宗教信仰和社会规范对个体命运的影响，引发观众对道德和自由的思考。

5.《福尔斯夫人》（Mrs. Warren's Profession）是爱尔兰剧作家乔治·伯纳德·肖的作品。

Blanche Dubois: An Anti-Hero In a streetcar named desire Abstract:This paper was how much I disagreed with some of the claims made about Blanche，I genuinely found some of the statements made by thesecritics to be quite inaccurate, at least in my opinion, so proving themwrong with the evidence from Tennessee Williams in my paper followednaturally. Blanche, as the representative of delicate and fragile southernfemale images, has been the focus of discussion. Later on, this paperanalyzes this typical controversial heroine from the perspective offeminism in terms of social culture, economic factorKeywords: desire, feminism, social culture, economic factor1IntroductionTennessee Williams is widely considered the greatest southern playwright and one of the greatest playwrights in the history of American drama, whose masterpieces include Glass Menagerie, A Streetcar Desire, The Rose Tattoo, Cat on a Hot Tin Roof, Night of the Iguana, etc.. In these plays, he creates many unforgettable characters, especially lonely, depressed, coward and mind-distorted southern female images.As one of the most recognizable characters in American drama and a fading but sexy Southern belle, Blanche Dubois suffers from the death of her husband who has turned out to be homosexual and committed suicide, the loss of her ancestral home and the passing away of her elder relatives. Guilty and grieve, she dates with a variety of men. Finally her reputation is ruined and she is dismissed due to having an affair with a young boy in her school. And then she turns to her sister Stella for help, who lives in the slum of New Orleans where she is acquainted with Mitch, the brother-in-law Stanley‟s fellow worker. Blanche dreams to start a new life with him, but the dream is broken due to her conflict with Stanley. In the end, their final, inevitable confrontation—a rape—results in Blanches nervous breakdown, and she is sent to a madhouse. Like a delicate and fragile work of art handed down from American Old South, she cannot get rid of a set of hypocritical, strict and controversial moral standards and shows difficulty in adapting to modern culture. She is doomed to undergo misfortunes, lose self and finally go to destruction.2 From the perspective of Tennessee WilliamsThrough the play , Wi lliams‟s sympathies lie with Blanche; this sympathy condemns the environment that has brought about Blanches tragic circumstances. Sympathy for Blanche in A Streetcar Named Desire is found in large part from the obvious trauma she has experienced due to the loss of her beloved husband, Allan Grey. Ironically, this aspect of the play is also one that critics and readers frequently use to demonize Blanche and disprove her role as a sympathetic character. critics claim Williams believes Blanche behaved hatefully toward her husband or failed him in some manner, leading to the death she now laments and Blanche had a responsibility as a wife to somehow rescue her husband from his own sexuality However, this claim compared with the trauma that the death has caused Blanche, and the implications of the overwhelming love she felt for Allan Grey may have been the last true emoti on‟Evidence also shows that the traumatic loss of her husband was a driving force that leads Blanche to Stella‟s doorstep. The scandalous event s that drive Blanche to her ultimate defeat do not begin until after Allan‟s death, and she even admits, “After the death of Allan—intimacies with strangers was all I seemed able to fill my empty heart with . . . I think it was panic, just panic, that drove me from one to another, hunting for some protection”. Williams implies that Blanche is not inherently impious; the disintegration of the loving marriage she once clung to leads her to a wrong path.Another situation in which Williams shows sympathy toward Blanche is her most dramatic victimization in the play: her rape. This scene requires careful analysis to understand that Stanley‟s rape of Blanche is indeed an antagonistic victimization, some claim that Williams goes to great lengths to obscure the fact that rape is a political crime ,making this seem a crime of passion and desire rather than one of violence, cruelty, and revenge .However, this argument is in complete dissonance with the obvious signs of Blanches noncompliance in the rape and utterly ignores Williams‟s vilification of Stanley throughout the play. In addition to Blanches evident noncompliance, Williams‟s vilification of Stanley throughout the entire play draws aclear distinction between victim and villain in the rape scene. Upon Stanley‟s first appearance, Williams describes how “he seizes women up at a glance . . . crude images flashing into his mind and determining the way he smiles at them,” and in the next line Blanche not coincidentally “draw s involuntarily back from his stare” (25). This significant exchange sets the mood for the tension between Blanche and Stanley that continues throughout the play. Several times Blanche regards Stanley with a “look of panic” or a “frightened look”, subtle stage directions that further Stanley‟s dark portrayal and foreshadow his victimization of Blanche. The fact that Stanley is characterized as erotic and Blanche merely as mentally weak and insecure reflects where Williams‟s sympathies lie; it does not imply that Blanche brings on Stanley‟s womanizing cruelty but rather that any woman could become his prey. Williams establishes Blanche‟s role as Stanley‟s victim far earlier on in the play than his physical domination of her, and Stanley‟s menacing characterization implies that Blanche‟s flawed chara cter does not give her singular potential to fall victim to him.In A Streetcar Named Desire‟s final scene, Williams makes his sympathetic tone toward Blanche tangible by exploiting her vulnerability before the indifference of the people and society that surrounds her. In addition to the ir onic comment “I have always depended on the kindness of strangers”, Blanche‟s vulnerability is also illuminated through stage directions such as “a look of sorrowful perplexity as though all human experience shows on her face” and “She turns her face to [the doctor] and stares at him with desperate pleading”. Blanches vulnerability leaves her sharply exposed before the cold unresponsiveness of the people who witness her defeat and represent the society in which she has been immersed: the men‟s poker game resumes abruptly after her dramatic exit, Blanches own sister Stella returns her pleas delivered in a “frightening whisper” by staring blankly back at her in a “moment of silence”, and Eunice simply responds to her claim of rape with, “Don‟t ever believe it. Life has got to go on”. The other characters in the play, representative of the era‟s misogynistic society, choose to disregard Blanches plight in accordance with what society expects. Blanche has fallen victim to the brutality of male dominance, yet even the women around her turn a blind eye to her suffering in order to avoid any disruption of theireveryday lives.One can easily deduce Williams‟s sympathy toward Blanche throughout the play and even in the circumstances of her downfall, which gives greater insight into both Williams‟s perceptions of her role as a character and his own views. Although at first glance Blanches checkered sexual past and addiction to the attention of men seem to safely secure her a pigeonhole in a womanizing society, in reality her experiences have only broken down her weak spirit and driven her to her downfall. Because of Williams‟s sympathy, Blanche becomes a tra gic protagonist in A Streetcar Named Desire and transforms the play into a sort of allegory: Williams uses her plight to criticize the social circumstances that have both shaped her flawed persona and led to her demise. This social commentary leaves Williams‟s motivations in question: as a homosexual male, why exactly is Williams so sympathetic toward Blanche? One possibility is that Williams‟s homosexuality in a heavily masculine society rendered him naturally sympathetic toward the plight of women, with whom he probably identified more than with the archetypical male of the era. Another explanationis that, as a homosexual, Williams criticized heterosexuality itself, condemning the sexuality that turns Blanche into a victim, Stanley into a monster, and the rest of the characters into puppets on socio-cultural strings. Altho ugh Williams‟s personal motives are debatable, the story he creates with Blanche Dubois presents a clearly sympathetic portrait of a woman .3. Social cultureIt is reasonable that almost every person‟s fame is closely related to the place where he/she grows up, so it is necessary to probe into briefly the history of the South and its cultural background in order to have a deeper investigation of the heroine‟s destruction. The prewar South is full of contradictory memories. The Southern plantation economy set a division between planters and slaves. The slaves worked all-day long under the whip, whereas the rich planters behaved like feudal lords and lived a luxury life. Under the influence of such an economic environment, the upper class of the South believ ed “itself to be unique, because it projected itself as suchthrough its writers and spokesmen, because it manufactured a folklore of plantation aristocracy, of the magnolia paradise of the antebellum days, of the Greek society and the peculiar institution of slavery, of the Lost Cause, of White Supremacy, and of the need to be born there to understand it all, and Southerners repeated this litany so many times that it became true—or almost so.” (Horton, 1987: 377) Then the framework of the South can be established: its social pattern is based on manor; its civilization is Permeated with idealized chivalry; its ruling class behaves as an aristocracy, either a gentleman or a lovely lady. They live in large mansions, own lots of estates, and have colorful soci al life. It is a “world singularly polished and mellow and poised, wholly dominated by ideals of honor and chivalry and noblesse” (Li, 2004: 21), where Blanche was brought up and used to live for years. In fact, the self-contained and self-sufficient South is an epitome of patriarchal society. Simone de Boudoir points out in her book The second sex, “males don‟t interpret females according to females Themselves, whereas they regard females as independent ones… males can be taken as the reference to define and distinguish females, while the reference to define and distinguish males cannot be females. …She‟ is the Essential in opposition of the Inessential. …He‟ is the subject and the Absolute, whereas …she‟ is the other.” (Boudoir, 1998:11) From the above arguments, it can be seen that there exists a relation of subordination and dominance, the essential and inessential, object and subject, and the other and self between males and females. Therefore, in patriarchal society, males stand at a positive position and females play a passive and inessential role. Charlotte Perkins Gilman also considers gender as the core of analysis to reveal the fact of gender oppression, pointing out that the females‟ dependence on males is not due to physiological difference but the result of coercive act of male culture (Jin, 2004:367). Particularly Kate Millet holds in Sexual Politics that the gender relation between males and females is a kind of power one, that is “sexual politics” (Jin, 2004:595). Similarly, in the south, the men as the center of the society control money, power and even women. They form their own standards to evaluate the society and other people. Women live a life of dependence on them, both economically and mentally. And there is another obvious feature here. That is the tendency toward idealism, romanticismand hedonism. Women have to keep beautiful appearance, behave graciously and flirt with men in order to please them. It is inevitable that women would lose their self when faced with traditional customs and strict standards set by men.4. Economical factorMarxism feminist theory argues that economic factor is the root of the oppression that women suffer from (Luo, 2004:100). The economic dependence on men deprives women of the right to dominate their own fate and the strength to struggle against men so that they are reduced into the other affiliated by men. British writer, Virginia Woolf thinks that women‟s independent economic status is the material foundation to obtain personal freedom. If women are dependent on men economically, they are deprived of all the equal rights (Wu, 2005:69). The economic structure of plantation in the South removes women from productive labor so that they cannot obtain the independent economic status. Even if Blanche is forced to work outside because of economic necessity, she has to choose to be a teacher in a high school which is regarded as a decent occupation of women. And as Blanche tells Mitch her miserable situation, “A teacher‟s salary is barely sufficient for her living expenses. I didn‟t save a penny last year and so I had to come here for the summer.”(Williams, 2005:1179) Evidently, her meager incomes are barely enough to maintain her extravagant life. So, it is quite natural that she has to turn to men for help after the suicide of her husband, death of relatives and loss of her manor, and she considers it the only choice to face the cruel environment, as she says, “Whoever you are-I have always dependedon the kindness of strangers” (Williams, 2005:1203) She is in and out through the gate of the second-rate hotel of Laurel and keeps dating with different men until she is banished from the town. Then she doesn‟t have any thing to her name except a dishonorable past and a trunk that just contains her clothes and some worthless papers, so she has no alternative but to seek refuge from her sister Stella in New Orleans. In Stella‟s house, she seduces her brother-in-law Stanley when meeting him for the first time, because she understands that she needs his financial support when she stays there. She says, “…maybe he (Stanley) is what we need to mix with our blood nowthat we‟ve lost Belle Reve.”(Williams, 2005:1156) But her behavior of Southern culture of delicacy and romance doesn‟t fit in with Stanley who is an animalize d person with peevish disposition. It is an irony that just immediately after she resolves to Stella at the poker night “I‟m going to do something. Get hold of myself and make myself a new life,” (Williams, 2005:1166), she turns to a married millionaire S hep Huntleigh for financial support. Her excuse is that she only has “sixty-five measly cents in coin of the realm” in the purse. Thus having recourse to this millionaire seems an effective means “to get hold of some money” and “the way out.” (Williams, 2005:1166) However, the help call and the message are not sent out. And her next proposal is Stanley‟s fellow worker Mitch, by whom she wants to get rid of the destitution and the dependence on Stanley. She thinks if the marriage with Mitch happens, she can “leave here (Stella‟s home), and not be anyone‟s problem” (Williams, 2005:1173) and live a stable life. But things do not turn out as one wishes. When knowing her past, Mitch abandons her ruthlessly. After she parts company with Mitch, she is so depressed that she creates an illusion for herself, in which she has received a telegram form Shep Huntleigh inviting her to a cruise of the Caribbean on a yacht. Without exception her luxurious life is again built on the support of men, even in an illusion. Actually, this millionaire may not exist at all, and just appears an imagined person in Blanche‟s one-sided statement. He stands for an ideal symbol that can bring material strength of dependence and guarantee for women, more exactly for Blanche. That he never shows up and gives the substantial aid to Blanche may suggest that if women place their hope and fortune on men, their oppressed and subordinate status can never be changed, and their dream of happy life is bound to break. In short, women‟s economic depende nce on men in patriarchal society serves as one of factors that result in Blanche‟s destruction.5.ConclusionBlanche is one of such females born and brought up in Old South who feels difficult in mastering her own fate and facing conflicts brought by industrialization and commercialization under the restriction and oppression of patriarchy, and onlyhides herself in imaginative world to release herself. Williams extends his great sympathy to this victim of patriarchy. However, it is evident from what Williams depicts about women that once they yield themselves to patriarchy, instead of struggling indomitably for their freedom, their miserable situation will not be changed.REFERENCES[1]Beauvoir, Simone de. (1998). The second sex. (Tao Tiezhu, Trans.). Beijing: China Books Press.[2]Horton, Rod W. & Edwards, Herbert W.. (1987). Backgrounds of American literary thought (3rd ed.).[3]JIN Li. (2004). Literary females and female literature. Beijing: Foreign Language Teaching and Researching Press.[4]LI Li. (2004). Women‟s growth: a feminist approach to Tennessee Williams‟s works. Tianjin: Tianjin[5]People‟s Publishing House. [4]LUO Ting. (2004). Feminist literary criticism in West and China. Beijing: China Social Science Press.[6]Williams, Tennessee. A streetcar named desire. Alison Booth, J. Paul Hunter, & Kelly J. Mays (Eds.)。

A Streetcar Named DesireTennessee Williams is an American dramatist.He was Born in Columbus and his original name is Thomas Lanier Williams.His father was a shoe salesman.He studied at the Missouri University In 1929 and graduated from the Iowa University in 1938. Williams is good at writing women of the South with the abnormal state of mind .They are the product of deformed social.After World War II,he is recognized as one of the best playwrights.Tennessee Williams said, his work is to show the process of a person who are sensitive, vulnerable, but do not want to compromise with reality eventually being destroyed .So when I watched the movie called A Streetcar Named Desire by Tennessee Williams,I have seen fragileness, helplessness, deep sorrow, and desire .I feel terribly sorry for Blanche's fate. Maybe she was a lier, who was be hated by others. She is a faded Southern belle without a dime left to her name,after generations of mismanagement led to the loss of the family fortune.After losing her position as a schoolteacher she is forced to depend on the kindness of her one living relation,her sister Stella.But she has difficulty understanding the passion in her sister's marriage and is coolly calculating in her relationship with Mitch.Stella loves her dearly,but Stanley is in direct opposition to her false appearance and selfish attitude. So When Blanche is immersed in the fantasy , Stanley will expose her dream.Blanche DuBois, a fragile and neurotic woman on a desperate prowl for someplace in the world to call her own. Blanche is a thorough idealist, and she have a strong desire to pursuit of perfect spiritual about art and poetry.She tried to adapt to and conquer the reality which is rough and brutal by her own aristocratic elegance and poetry.However, she eventually destroyed in the real world.Desire is the centra theme of the play.this play tells us reality will eventually won the name of desire.。

摘要田纳西·威廉姆斯，美国剧作家，他是二十世纪最重要的戏剧家之一，他的作品两次获得普利策奖，多次获得纽约剧评界奖，《欲望号街车》是他的代表作之一。

该剧的创作背景正值北方工业文明不断发展而南方传统的种植园经济逐渐衰退之际。

剧中的布兰奇是一个外表美丽且受过良好教育的南方贵族小姐，总是追求浪漫的爱情，对生活和家庭有着美好的幻想。

她所接受的清教传统没有教会她面对现实，正视失落。

因而随着家庭的衰败和现实的打击，无以应对的布兰奇一步步走向堕落，最终只能远走他乡寄人篱下。

但这一切并没有使她变得谦卑、现实、自立，她依然生活在自己的幻想世界里，不能意识到过去的生活已经不复存在。

在现实世界里，这位“南方淑女”恰似一个另类，她的身上带着深深的她那个阶层的烙印。

在爱情中，她过于依赖男人；在生活中，她过于沉湎于过去贵族小姐的生活；在与妹妹的关系上，她过于虚荣和自私。

在与现实的碰撞中，这样一个女性的结局必然是毁灭。

本论文旨在通过分析布兰奇对爱情、过去生活和家庭的幻想和幻灭，指出她悲剧的原因所在，展现出在工业文明的冲击下南方女性的生存状态，并希望以此来呼吁现代女性更应该自立自强。

关键词《欲望号街车》；布兰奇；幻想与幻灭；自立自强AbstractTennessee Williams, American playwright, is one of the most important playwrights in the 20th century. His works won the Pulitzer Prize twice and New York Drama Critics’ Circle Award for several times. A Streetcar Named Desire is one of his representatives. The background of the play is during the period when the northern civilization continuously developed and the traditional southern plantation economy gradually declined. Blanche in the play was a southern aristocratic lady who was not only beautiful but also got great education. She always pursued romantic love and had good fantasy of life and family. The puritan tradition that she received didn’t teach her to face the reality and confront the loss. With the decline of the family and dash of the reality, she degenerated step by step and had to went away to seek refuge with her sister Della. However the whole thing couldn’t make her become humble, realistic and independent. She still lived in her fantasy world and couldn’t realize that the past had gone forever. In the real world, this southern gentlewoman was just like a “special”. Her class leaved deep marks on her. In her love life, she depended too much on men; in her life, she abandoned oneself to the life that she once lived; in her relationship with her sister, she was too peacockish and selfish. In the collision with reality, the end of this sort of woman must be ruin. This essay aims to analyze Blanche’s illusion and disillusion of romantic love, past life and family love and point s out the reasons that caused her tragic fate. By doing so, readers can have a brief idea of the living states of southern women under the impact of the industrial civilization with the hope for evoking modern women to be more dependent and self-reliant.Key wordsA Streetcar Named Desire; Blanche; illusions and disillusions; self-reliance。

《欲望号街车》的二重性研究摘要: 一战结束时期杰出的美国作家田纳西·威廉斯的剧作《欲望号街车》是一部伟大的当代精神悲剧。

《欲望号街车》的电影版本对原著的创作内涵作了截然不同的诠释。

本文从比较两个电影版本入手,应用接受美学理论、知觉概念,对文本的叙述结构、人物性格与心理特征进行了分析,从而解构作品的二重性。

关键词: 《欲望号街车》剧作电影版本二重性《欲望号街车》(A Streetcar Named Desire)是美国著名剧作家田纳西·威廉斯(Tennessee Williams,1911—1983)最享盛名的剧作,已连续50多年在世界各地上演。

作为一部复杂且内涵深刻、充满不朽魅力的作品,它不断地激发评论家从各个角度解读它。

1951年,著名导演埃利雅·卡赞将其搬上银幕。

当时的电影业正由于影片类型题材形式陈旧、运营机制不合理,因而受到新兴电视传媒的冲击,处于一片萧条状态。

《欲望号街车》的上映创造了当年票房收入的奇迹,扭转了电影业低迷困顿的形势,获得评论界的一致好评。

该片获得奥斯卡10项大奖的提名,夺取了最佳女主角、女配角、男配角3项大奖。

此后的电影制作对《欲望号街车》争相效仿,田纳西·威廉斯也成为好莱坞最耀眼的名字,“他似乎命中注定在银幕上获得与在舞台上同样的成功”。

一、电影版本的演绎《欲望号街车》描写来投靠妹妹的大姐布兰奇·杜波依斯和妹夫斯坦利·考沃斯基既相互吸引又相互憎恨的故事,最后布兰奇·杜波依斯进了精神病院。

作者力求通过剖析一些底层人物的精神痛苦来揭示当代美国的社会病态。

1984年,导演约翰·鄂尔曼对该剧重新演绎,在剧情处理上与老版本有很大的不同。

在1951年的版本中,迫害布兰奇·杜波依斯的原凶斯坦利·考沃斯基受到了应有的惩罚:他的妻子,布兰奇·杜波依斯的妹妹史蒂娜毅然决然地离开了他。

《欲望号街车》中布兰奇厄运之源The Causes of The Tragic Fate of BlanchIn A Streetcar Named Desire摘要田纳西·威廉斯是第二次世界大战后崛起的最杰出的美国剧作家之一。

在他的作品中可以观察到美国南北社会文化传统对峙时期的社会文化特征。

《欲望号街车》为他赢得首个普利策奖，其中女主角布兰奇成为美国南北过渡时期的各种文化冲突的主要代表，将当时的冲突和矛盾淋漓尽致的表现出来，是一部不可多得的剧作，赢得世界人民的广泛好评。

本文主要分析布兰奇悲惨的一生，阐述导致她的悲剧的各种原因，其中主要从时代背景，个人感情生活经历，亲友的影响以及心理学理论对其进行了多角度的分析。

关键词：布兰奇，悲剧，原因ABSTRACTTennessee Williams is one of the most excellent playwriters after World War Two.We can get some basic observation of the society's cultural characteristics in his works.A Streetcar Named Desire wins him the first Pulitzer Prize.The heroine is the representative in the period of great transition.The article mainly focuses on the tragic fate of Blanch ,especially the causes of her life like this.There are several factors that contributing to the end,such as the current situation,love experiences,impacts from relatives and friends as well as the perspective of psychology.Key words:Blanch,tragic,causes1 IntroductionA Streetcar Named Desire is a stage play with elements of tragedy and pathos. After tryout productions performed in Boston, Philadelphia, and New Haven, Conn., the play opened at the Ethel Barrymore Theater in New York City on December 3, 1947, and closed on December 17, 1949, after 855 performances. Blanch's tragic fateis regarded as the major clue as well as the main conflict and confrontation of the play.It also gradually push the plot to the climax.It is discernible that there are about three factors related to the traumatic result.The first to do is the social situation.It happened when America were in the transition period from Agricultural Civilization to Industrial Civilization.It is impossible to bring the two totally different cultures into line.The second to do is Blanch' own setback,for instance her desire for sex and the abnormal love,which, in turn,lead to her pathetic life.To the end,that is her relatives,especially her brother-in-law Stanley ,who directly made her become insane.2 The Three Factors2.1 The current situationThe situation in New Orleans just epitomizes the collision and conflict between two entirely independent civilization , that is the gradually declining southern plantations civilization of the early time and the powerful south industrial civilization that is taking its shape.Meanwhile the latter is rapidly changing and tends to dominate the city. Blanch ,the heroine from the south of Ameria, is the representative of the old southern plantations civilization. Influenced by the existing social value system, women are not engaged in any work the whole life.They must get marry with a rich man so that they can have a comfortable and luxurious life.They are the attachments to male in the society.Even when her family has tumbled down,Blanch refuses to accept the reality and still keeps some habits formed when she was still an noble of the old time，keeping a southern old lady's speech and manner.This is the civilization of the Capitalism class in which people are so pratical and seek to pursue the material and industrial petition for their own benefits is more and more fierce ,killing the well-mannered behaviour. Vulgar materialistic enjoyment has gradually replaced the elegant demeanour.Their perspective of value is so out of fashion that can not live harmonious with the new one.Blanch is just the typical victim of the times in the old noble culture.The development of the industrial civilization has destroyed that of the old plantation economy.However,she could not let the old concepts go ,being self-deluded and living in her imaging world in whichher speech and act is still of real value in the real world. She could not cope with the real life,thus failing to adapt to new circumstance.2.2 personal experiences2.2.1 Her educationIn terms of Blanch, she is deeply impacted by the women's ethics of the old southern culture , woman is supposed to suppress the native and inhere desire and must not have sex with someone that is out of the tolerance of the general people.She finally breaks up this kind of soffocating female value system that women have always been indulged in,which is fully demonstrated by her romantic affairs with every other strange man.She just failed to put her noble identity and the inhibited desire in a harmonious situation.In order to get rid of the spiritual loneliness and to change the life in which she had no one to depend on for future,Blanch sleeps with different man again and again and meanwhile she puts a man into her arms to drive away another man's threat as a means of seeking safety.Except for the instance happiness from the indulgence of the flesh,she could never enjoy the real delight in her spirit,instead,dropping herself into the deeper desire.She is a combination of desire and ethic.She is so ashamed of her acts that she could do nothing but to imagine a life so as to take an ignorance of her desire for sex and energy.Desire plays an important role in life as well as an significant drive to life.If the strong desire can not be wiped out in a regular way, it will lead to some psychological ill just like Blanch's.In a nut shell,that is the uncontrolled desire and the loss of love that eventually makes her a tragic woman.2.2.2 Pursuit of loveBlanch has ever had a marriage. The boy is very handsome.It seems that they are born for each other.One day,however, by accident, she found her dear husband is gay to her surprise. It is such a big shock to her that it is hard to accept the truth, deeply wronged and cheated. She criticized her husband sharply ,which led to his suicide.Blanch considered herself to have killed her husband, and therefore sank into deep remorse and regret and can not extricate herself out of the guilt. Shocks heavilybeat on her one by one,making her more more fragile and sensitive.On the other hand ,she could not find anybody to tell her sadness and solitary,beginning to get lost.Later,she meets Mickey and finds that he is a good man to spend her rest life.She begins to sketch the coming happy family life.However, all this is destroyed by her past affairs.She takes every chance to make explanation to Mickey ,seeking to win his acknowledgement and sympathy.But it is so ridiculous that he asks for some the so-called sexual compensation.The dream of love breaks into pieces forever.She drives away Mickey, herself into deeper despair.2.2.3 Freud's theory of people's psychological structureFrom the perspective of the theory of Freud,the theory of people's psychological structure will be divided into three parts as the "id", "self" and "super-ego" three parts. "Id" refers to all the primordial instinct and desire and sexual impulse as the essential. "Self" represents refers to rational and judgment, it should meet the requirements of "I",and make it confronted with reality.That is to say ,it plays the role of harmonizing the contradiction between them. "Super-ego" is a kind of moral restrictions on id, on the contrary opposition of id.It gives its guidance to id impulse through super-ego. Under the normal circumstances, the "id", "self" and "super-ego" are in a balancing state.Once unbalanced,it will lead to the abnormal behaviour of people.For Blanch , the id is a beautiful female shining with the confident of being young.Her Self is a lady of the southern, being elegant, gentle, self-confidence, and intelligent.When the self are powerful enough to reason and judge, it can control id very well. Therefore, she can live in a step-by-step manner with a stable job to fill the emptiness in spirit. But just this kind of seemingly harmony brings Blanch to a dead end: The fact that her husband is gay gives Blanch a fatal blow. Her attitude of distaining toward him leads to her loss of her husband.Then the id could not find a real approach to vent. At the same time, as a good educated southern female super ego impose strict constraints to id. In the end, under the threats of these issues, Blanch becomes crazy.2.3 Stanley’s roleAs representative of the southern culture, she was deeply influenced by the southern culture,being romantic, gentle and graceful , while Stanley represents the northern industrial civilization which is practical and judging everty matter according to the real situation. Blanch could not find any characteristic of a gentle man should have,such as the gentleness and modest to ladys that is highly held up by in the south culture.On the contrary,what he has is impolite and the ideology of male chauvinist.It id doomed to have an irreconcilable conflict between.They both feel extremely hateful to each other,which finally leads to the tragic of rape.That is to say,Stanely is the direct factor that causes Blanch's traumatic life.3 ConclusionA Street Car Named Desire is an interesting play becauseit reveals a woman’s tragic fate from different prospects. The play shows a true life picture during the post war period in the South.Whatever,Blanch is no doubt a tragic woman,but she is not alone to get troubled in this kind of situation,just a typical example.Lots of others are suffering from the same in such a difficult time.The ownership system is changing in a step-by-step manner. Lots of the landlords are losing their wealth and can not accept the truth.They can adapt to the new things ,but is eventually abandoned by the society.References[1] 杨义华.文明与欲望的挽歌———《欲望号街车》中布兰奇悲剧命运探源.盐城师范学院学报(人文社会科学版) ,2009,29 (06):91~95[2] 田平谢，荣泉.《欲望号街车》的人物性格及其命运解读.《大舞台》单月号,2009,(05):36~38[3] 程磊.《欲望号街车》女主人公布兰奇的人生轨迹. 河南新乡:2009:97~99[4] 许红彬.从弗洛伊德理论角度看《欲望号街车》里布兰奇的悲剧命运.81~82[5] 弗洛伊德《弗洛伊德的智慧———弗洛伊德心理哲学解读》[M]. 北京：中国电影出版社，2005.。

又一部名人传记要拍独立电影，这次是《欲望号街车》的作者1952 年的经典黑白片《欲望号街车》（A Streetcar Named Desire），由好莱坞女伶费雯丽和当时还是二线男星的马龙·白兰度搭戏，伊利亚·卡赞（Elia Kazan）导演，在同年获得奥斯卡 12 项提名，并最终拿下最佳女主角、最佳男、女配角和最佳艺术指导四座小金人。

这是一部根据同名戏剧改编的电影，而影片之所以收获巨大成功，都要得益于戏剧的作者——田纳西·威廉斯（Tennessee Williams ），现在他的传奇一生将被拍成电影。

欲望号街车，费雯丽和马龙·白兰度根据 Deadline 的报道，影片很大部分会参考《纽约客》戏评人 John Lahr 为田纳西·威廉斯撰写的传记 《Tennessee Williams: Mad Pilgrimage of the Flesh》，书中着重讲述了田纳西 1944 年后的生活——正是在那一年他发表了半自传体的作品《玻璃动物园》（The Glass Menagerie），四年后《欲望号街车》出版。

传记中还讲到田纳西和演员马龙·白兰度的故事。

1948 年田纳西·威廉斯凭借话剧《欲望号街车》获得普利策奖电影不会回避田纳西不幸的童年、孤苦的晚年和性向的部分。

嗜酒成性的父亲和混乱的家庭，让田纳西从小就不安且敏感。

在父亲的干涉下，他甚至还辍学了，这件事曾一度让田纳西精神奔溃。

后来为了重整旗鼓，他来到纽约，写出了第一部剧本，戏剧作家的生涯开启。

但就像英语的那句老话——Like father like son ,晚年的田纳西沉溺酒精，并且长期依赖药物生活，最终他因被瓶盖噎住呼吸道窒息，孤单地在纽约的一间酒店房间死去。

影片正在物色合适的写手来改编剧本。

毕竟田纳西·威廉斯的一生，就具备了电影所需要的一切素材，而真正难做好的，是如何把这个故事说清楚、拍好看。