企业纳税筹划文献综述

企业所得税税收筹划是企业在合法合规的前提下，通过合理运用税法规定的优惠政策和税收政策，降低纳税额，提高企业经济效益的一种税务管理方式。

税收筹划是合法的，是企业应尽的义务，但必须在法律规定的范围内进行。

在进行税收筹划时，企业要遵循稳妥和适度的原则，不能违法规定和损害国家的税收利益。

下面将通过对一些企业所得税税收筹划案例参考文献的分析，来帮助读者更深入地了解企业所得税税收筹划的具体操作方法和效果。

1. 郭达《企业所得税筹划的理论与实务》郭达的这本专著详细地介绍了企业所得税税收筹划的理论基础和实际操作方法。

书中对企业所得税的基本概念、税收筹划的原则和方法、税收筹划与企业经营决策的关系等内容进行了全面深入地阐述，为企业的税收筹划工作提供了理论指导和实务操作的参考。

2. 王军《企业所得税法律实务及筹划》这是一本介绍企业所得税法律实务和筹划案例分析的专业书籍。

王军在书中系统地介绍了企业所得税的税率、纳税对象、纳税基础等基本概念，同时通过一些实际的税收筹划案例进行了分析与讨论，为企业在实际操作中遇到的税收筹划问题提供了可行的解决思路和方法。

3. 胡光《企业所得税筹划案例与分析》通过对一些企业所得税筹划案例的详细分析，胡光在这本专著中总结了一些成功的税收筹划经验和方法。

书中提到了企业在资产转让、股权转让、跨境投资等方面的税收筹划案例，分析了这些案例中成功的筹划方法和不利的因素，为企业在相似情况下的税收筹划提供了有益的借鉴。

4. 张三《企业所得税优惠政策的筹划应用》这本书主要介绍了各类企业所得税优惠政策的具体应用和操作方法。

张三结合了多年的税务实务经验，通过具体的案例分析和操作步骤，详细地阐述了如何合理利用国家税收优惠政策，降低企业所得税负担，增加企业的经济效益。

通过对以上四本专著的分析可以看出，企业所得税税收筹划在实际操作中需要遵循税法的规定，同时要结合企业自身的经营情况和国家税收政策进行合理筹划。

税收筹划要因地制宜，没有统一的模式，必须根据企业的实际情况和国家政策的变化来灵活运用。

纳税筹划文献综述及外文文献资料本文档包括改专题的：外文文献、文献综述一、外文文献文献信息标题：Effect of Tax Planning on Firms Market Performance: Evidence from Listed Firms in Ghana 作者：Kawor, Seyram; Kportorgbi, Holy Kwabla期刊：International Journal of Economics and Finance第6卷，第3期，页码：162-168，2014年Effect of Tax Planning on Firms Market Performance: Evidence from Listed Firms in GhanaKawor, Seyram; Kportorgbi, Holy KwablaAbstractThe study sought to ascertain the level of tax planning of firms and to explore the relationship between tax planning and firms' market performance. The study used 22 non-financial companies listed on the Ghana Stock Exchange over a twelve year period from 2000. The longitudinal correlative designed was used. The results indicate that that firms' tendency to engage in intensive tax planning activities reduces when tax authorities maintain low corporate income tax rates. Secondly, tax planning has a neutral influence on firms' performance. This finding challenges the general perception that every cedi of tax savings from tax planning reflect in the pocket of investors. It is concluded that investors must institute systems to ensure tax planning benefits reflect significantly in their pockets.Keywords: Ghana stock exchange, tax planning, market performance, longitudinal correlative design, investors1. IntroductionOver the years and throughout the world, the history of taxation brings out one fact; that taxes are coercive in nature and therefore economic units which are assigned the tax liability never wholly intend to bear the actual tax burden (Commonwealth Association of Tax Administrators (CATA), 2007). Economic units, more specifically, corporate bodies are always adopting ways to minimise, postpone, or avoid entirely, the payment of tax. The attempts by the economic units to reduce, postpone or avoid tax payment can be legal or illegal. The legal means is called tax planning while the illegal means is called tax evasion. The dire consequence of tax evasion makes it an unattractive option for listed companies (Murphy, 2004).The practice of tax planning dates back to 1947 when learned judge Hand, in the case Commissioner v Newman, held that there is nothing sinister in arranging ones affairs so as to keep taxes as low as possible. Hoffman's (1961) tax planning theory supports this argument. According to Hoffman, it is a necessity for firms to understand the prevailing tax laws and apply the laws in a manner that ensures the firms minimise their tax exposure. Hoffman posits that it makes no economic sense to pay more tax than what the law demands. Scholes and Wolfson's (1992) tax planning framework also underscores the need for corporate bodies to engage in tax planning. According to Scholes and Wolfson, a successful company is the one that is properly attuned to its tax environment.International governmental organizations, such as CA TA (2009), suggest that corporate bodies in Ghana, especially the large entities, engage in complex tax planning activities. Research by civil society groups such as Christian Aid (2008), Action Aid (2011), and Dan Watch (2011), confirm this assertions made bythe Domestic Revenue Division. The missing element in the findings is thequantitative expression of the tax planning activities of the firms.The traditional thinking is that firms that derive maximum benefit from tax planning perform better than those that do not plan their taxes (Murphy, 2007). From the empirical perspective, tax planning is positively associated with firms' performance. For instance, Desai and Hines (2002); Chen, Chen, Chen and Shelvin (2010) reported positive association between tax planning savings and firm performance. The argument is that tax represents cost of doing business, and any action that has the potential of minimising tax cost reflects in higher firm performance. This argument presupposes that tax planning cost and risk does not exceed the savings from the planning.Few studies in the UK dispel the traditional relationship between tax planning and firm performance. While admitting that tax planning has a positive association with accounting performance, Desai and Dharmaphala (2007) reported that tax planning has a neutral association with market performance. Indeed Abdul-Wahab (2010) found a negative association between tax planning and firm performance. Kportorgbi (2013) suggested that corporate governance strength plays a mediating factor in the tax planning-firm performance relationship.A study of the effect of tax planning savings on firms' market performance is crucial for all stakeholders in the emerging security markets such as the Ghana stock Exchange. In fact each possible relationship has a unique implication for the players. For instance, a positive association implies that tax planning produces a win-win situation for both management andshareholders (investors). A negative association connotes that tax planning benefits may not eventually trickle to the pocket of the shareholder. Indeed, a negative association may be an indicative of the existence of agency problem, where management is inclined to pursue tax planning to enhance their own lot rather than advancing the interest of the investor. Where a neutral association is established, it will invoke a follow up study on the possible factors that could influence the relationship either positively or negatively. Secondly, the study is necessary to inform tax planning agents and investors on the dynamics of tax planning1.1 Objective of the StudyThe primary objective of this study is to explore the relationship between tax planning savings of firms listed on the Ghana Stock Exchange and firm market performance. The study also seeks to examine the simultaneous influence of other firm specific variables on the tax planning-market performance relationship.1.2 Tax Planning Intensity of Firms in GhanaCommentators on tax behaviour of firms in Ghana paint a picture that suggests that large firms engage in tax planning activities. For instance CATA (2009) posits that Ghana Revenue Authority lost seventy-four million pounds between 2005 and 2007 to the European Union (EU) in tax revenue as a result of tax avoidance by several multinational companies. Murphy (2004) also reported that firms have complex gamut of arsenals to reduce their tax burden. The reports indicate that the tax avoiding mechanism of firms are largely allowed by the tax laws. There are also indications that the firms take advantage of the loopholes in the tax laws to derive unintended tax benefits. Theavenues for tax planning usually revolve around locational reliefs, industry-specific concessions and capital allowance provitions. Others are time variables and entity variables.Most of the reports are not precise in their estimation of the benefits that firms achieve through tax planning. The lack of precision in measuring tax planning intensity is largely attributed to the insufficient reporting of issues of taxation by firms. Aside the mandatory disclosures to tax authorities, firms are reluctant in disclosing much on tax behaviours. This is due to the perceived thin line that exist between tax planning and tax evasion. Listed companies, however, provide provide adequate information necessary to estimate the tax savings of the firms. This is made possible by virtue of the financial reporting guidelines provided by the security exchange commision.2. Review of Related LiteratureThis section is subdivided into theoretical review and empirical review. The theoritical review encapsultes the Hoffman's (1961) tax planning theory. Three main empirical studies are reviewed. They are Desai and Hines (2002), Desai and Dharmaphala (2009) and Abdul-Wahab (2010).2.1 Hoffman's Tax Planning TheoryAccording to Hoffman (1961) tax planning seeks to divert cash, which would ordinarily flow to tax authorities, to the corporate entities. Tax planning activities are desirable to the extent that they reduce taxable income to the barest minimum, without sacrificing accounting income. The theory is premised on the fact that firms tax liability is based on taxable income rather than accounting income. The idea is thus to intensify activities that reduce taxable income but has no indirect relationship on accounting profit. The theory thus recognised a positiveassociation between firm tax planning activity and firm performance.Hoffman (1961) also recognised the role of tax cost in the tax planning activities. The theory thus provided that the positive association between tax planning and corporate performance is on a basic assumption that tax benefits from the tax planning exceed tax cost. The scope of the Hoffman's tax planning theory does not address the dynamics of tax planning and market performance. As capital markets develop and the separation of ownership and control of corporate bodies become well-spread, the need for a comprehensive tax planning theory is imperative. This need is rather addressed through the empirical perspective than through theoretical perspective (Inger, 2012).2.2 Empirical Review and Development of HypothesisDesai and Hines (2002) provide evidence on firm performance and tax planning behaviour of firms. Again, the study investigates the relationship between tightening of tax systems and market value of firms. The study was based on 850 listed US firms. The study sample was purposively selected to reflect the characteristics desired by the researchers. The study was cross sectional and the data relates to year 2000. Correlative-description design was adopted. Simple regression and t-tests were used to establish the relationships. Desai and Hines established that intensive tax planning is associated with higher firm performance. On the other hand, the study reported that tightening of the tax system is positively associated with higher market performance of firms. The findings of Desai and Hines (2002) are similar to that reported by Chen, Chen and Chen (2010). Desai and Dharmapala (2007) provided a comprehensive study that incorporates tax planning, corporate governance andfirm performance. The study used 4,492 observations on 862 firms over the period 1993 to 2001. This panel data was drawn from the Compustat and Execucomp databases, merged with data on institutional ownership of firms from the CDA/Spectrum database. Firms' performance is measured using Tobin's q and governance quality is proxied by the level of institutional ownership. Tax planning is measured by inferring the difference between the income reported to capital markets and tax authorities (the book-tax-gap). Two analysis models were adopted-the OLS model and the IV estimation model. The OLS results shows that the average effect of tax planning on corporate performance is not significantly different from zero. In other words, there is no relationship between tax planning and firm performance. The study howeverreports a positive association between tax planning savings and performance for well-governed firms. Desai and Dharmapala (2007) thus concluded that corporate governance mediates the tax planning-firm performance relationship. The IV estimate shows a higher effect of corporate governance on firm performance.Abdul-Wahab (2010) provides a result that differs from the findings of Desai and Hines (2002), Desai and Dhamarpala (2009), and Chen, Chen, Chen and Shelvin. Abdul-Wahab's (2010) study sought to establish a relationship between tax planning savings of firms and their value. The study simultaneously investigates the moderating influence of corporate governance. Abdul-Wahab's study employed 240 firms listed on the London stock exchange from 2005 to 2007. Tax planning was proxied by the difference between the effective tax rate of the entities and the applicable statutory tax rates. Self-constructed governance indexwas constructed using corporate governance mechanisms. Firms' value was represented by the Tobin's Q. The data was analysed using panel regression analysis model. As a check, the OLS model was also used.The results indicate a negative relationship between firm value and tax planning activities. Abdul-Wahab (2010) explains the relationship with reference to tax planning cost and risk. The study suggested that tax planning cost and risks associated with tax planning have the potential of derailing the benefits that should have accrued to shareholders. The researcher maintains that as tax planning activities increase, the tax costs and risks outweighs the benefits.Due to the diversity of the relationships found between tax planning and firms' market performance, it is right to develop a null hypothesis as:H1: There is an association between tax planning and firms' market performance.It is unreasonable to suggest that tax planning is the only determinants of firm performance. Baring the existence of multicollinearity between (among) the explanatory variables, sales growth, financial leverage, firm size and age of the firms will be introduced into the regression models. Several studies, including Desai and Hines (2002), Desai and Dharmaphala (2007), Abdul-Wahab (2010) reported positive association between firm performance and sales growth, firm size and financial leverage. It is thus clear to develop the null hypothesis that:H2: Firm performance and sales growth and firm size are positively associated.Firms' age, according to Desai and Dharmapala (2007) and Abdul-Wahab (2010) has a negative association with marketperformance of firms. This gives rise to the third null hypothesis that:H3: Firms age and financial leverage are negatively associated with firms' market performance. 3. Methodology Longitudinal correlative design is adopted for the study. Longitudinal design is essential if the same research entities sampled in a cross section are then re-sampled at different times (Creswell, 2009; De Vaus, 2001). According to the authors, the design helps overcome limitations associated with the "snap shot" approach of cross sectional designs.The study population comprises all non-financial firms listed on the Ghana stock exchange. As of June 2013, twenty-three (23) out of thirty-five (35) firms listed on the Ghana Stock Exchange were non-financial companies. Financial companies are excluded from the population. Previous researchers posit that the financial sector is a highly regulated sector and as such regulations blur the relationship that exist among the variables to be studied (O'Hamon & Taylor, 2007; Desai & Dharmapala, 2009; Abdul-Wahab, 2010).The study uses a panel data for twelve-year period, from 2000 to 2011. Data for the study is collected from the database of the Ghana Stock Exchange. Panel regression model is adopted fordata analysis and the Ordinary least square (OLS) been the method of regression.The regression model is summarized as:(1)α = (alpha) shows the constant affecting net profit margin on corporate tax.Tobin's q (market performance) = (market capitalization ofentity) ÷ (book va lue of shareholders fund).Tax savings = Statutory tax rate -Effective tax rate.Statutory tax rate = flat rate as mandated by the Ghana Revenue Authority.Effective tax rate = Corporate income tax expense/profit before tax.Sgrowth (sales growth) = (Previous Sales revenue -Current sales revenue) ÷Previous sales revenue.Fsize (firm size) = Natural log of firm's total assets.fLev (Financial leverage ) = Long term debt/shareholders fund.Age (Age of firms) = log(the difference between the year of establishment and years of observation).4. Results and DiscussionFigure 1 and Table 1 presents the descriptive statistics for two key variables, namely tax planning of firms and market performance over the twelve year period.Like the statutory rate, tax savings of firms show a decreasing trend. As tax authorities take steps to reduce the tax burden on firms, the leakages in tax revenue due to firms tax planning activities reduce. From figure 1, the statutory tax rate reduced from about 32% to 25%. Tax savings of firms reduced also from 15% to 8% by 2011. That is to say each percentage point decrease in the statutory rate leads to a corresponding decrease in firms' tax planning savings.The policy implication of this finding is two-fold. Firstly, the notion of increasing tax rate in order to rake in more tax revenue may not hold. As tax rates increased, the motivation of firms to deny the state of revenue through intensified tax planning machinery is enhanced. Secondly, as the tax rate is decreased, thenet benefit of planning tax is derailed. The way forward for tax revenue optimisation is to maintain lower tax rates and drag more firms into the tax net.Table 1 provides the market performance of the firms over the twelve year period.The farther the Tobin's Q is from unity, the better the company performance. From Table 1, all the company groups recorded an average score higher than 1.00. The overall average score is 1.78 (the median represents the average as skewness is negative). The high average market performance by the firms is driven by only the mining sector and the manufacturing companies. All the remaining classes of companies recorded lower than the average score.This finding confirms the observation of business persons in Ghana that business climate in Ghana gives unmatched advantage to the mining sector. The service sector records the lowest market performance. This raises a major concern as the sector is the major contributor to gross domestic product (GDP) in Ghana. Another sector to watch out for is the oil and gas. This sector has the most recent history. It was expected that the high hopes of investors in the sector after the discovery of oil in commercial quantities in Ghana would have positive influence on the performance. It is expected that the sector will be one of the major drivers of firms' market performance in the future.Table 2 provides correlation results on the variables. This result is essential for at least two reasons. Firstly, it shows basic association between the dependent variable (market performance) and theindependent variable. Secondly, it shows if the "so-called" independent variables are indeed independent. In other words, ittests the multicollinearity status of the independent variables. From Table 2, the correlation co-efficient between tax savings and Tobin's Q is 0.112. This is however significant at 0.097. This significant level is compared with the default alpha of 0.05. As rule of thumb, we reject the null hypothesis if the actual significant level is higher than the expected alpha and do not reject if the actual significant is less than the expected alpha. In this instance p-value of 0.097 is greater than the expected alpha of 0.05. The null hypothesis that:H1: There is an association between tax planning and firms' market performance is rejected.The correlation results do not suggest causation but gives an indication of association between the variables. The "no relationship" finding between tax planning and firms' market performance supports the reports of Desai and Dharmapala (2007) but differ from the findings of Desai and Hines (2002) and Abdul-Wahab (2010). The findings suggest that although savings from tax planning reflect in higher profit after tax, it does not necessarily reflect in the pocket of shareholders. This finding ignites studies aimed at uncovering factors that mediate the tax planning-firm performance relationship. Indeed, it might be the reasons behind the works of Desai and Dharmapala (2007), Desai and Dharmapala (2009) and Abdul Wahab (2010).Another finding in table 3 is the relationship between market performance (proxied by tobin's Q) and the firm specific variables. Sales growth and firm size shows positive and significant association with firms' market performance. On the other hand financial leverage and age of the firms shows a negative association with firm performance. The findingsWe do not reject the null hypotheses (H2 and H3) stated asH2: Firm performance and sales growth and firm size are positively associatedH3: Firms age and financial leverage are negatively associated with firms' market performance. Further Table 3 gives an indication that multicollinearity among the independent variables does not exist. The rule of thumb is that if the correlation coefficients between any two of the variables is above 0.50 (either positive or negative), those two variables are multi-correlated and should not be simultaneously included in the regression model. From Table 3, this condition does not exist. The variables can be regressed against the dependent variables.Table 3 shows the regression of Tobin's Q (proxy of firms' market performance) and all the independent variables.The adjusted R2 connotes that the five independent variables explain 55.3% of the variations in the dependent variable. The model is significant at 0.0001. This is a strong indicator that the variables used in the model have sufficiently explained the firms' market performance.The regression results found a relationship that is largely consistent with the correlation results shown in table 3. The results affirm that tax planning plays an insignificant role in the determination of firms' market performance. Again this supports the agency theory's argument that it not all actions of management that help achieve the wealth maximisation objective of management. From the results sales growth and the financial leverage are the two most influential variables. Firms should maintain low financial leverage ratio and pursue sales growth strategies in order to boost their market performance.5. ConclusionsThe study sought to ascertain the level of tax planning offirms and to explore the relationship between tax planning and firms' market performance. The study used 22 non-financial companies over a twelve year period from 2000. The longitudinal correlative designed was used. Thefollowing conclusions are reached.Firstly firms' tax savings decrease as tax authorities reduce the statutory corporate income tax rates. This indicates that leakages in tax revenue as a result of intensive tax planning of firms reduce when tax authorities maintain low corporate income tax rates.Secondly, tax planning has a neutral influence on firms' performance. This finding challenges the general perception that every cedi of tax savings from tax planning reflect in the pocket of investors. Agency problem is much present in the issue of tax planning. The efforts of management to reduce tax burden of firms benefit other stakeholders rather than shareholders. There may be other factors that could ensure that substantial benefits of tax planning accrue to shareholders. Some researchers arguably, root for good corporate governance. This falls outside the scope of this study.Finally, sales growth, firm size, age of firms, financial leverage and tax planning simultaneously play a major role in determining firms' market performance. These variables explain 55.3% of the variations in firms' market performance. Sales growth and financial leverage are the two most influential variables that determine firm market performance.References二、文献综述企业纳税筹划文献综述摘要：20 世纪以来并购已经成为企业快速扩张和整合的重要手段之一。

毕业论文（设计）文献综述题目：税收筹划在中小企业财务管理中的应用研究一、前言部分在市场经济条件下，企业面临着激烈的市场竞争。

近年来，我国中小企业发展势头强劲，成为未来经济增长热点的趋势日益明显，促进中小企业发展，是我国的一项重要经济政策。

在中小企业的发展过程中，税收，作为一项无可逃避的法定义务，必然对中小企业的经营决策和经营成果都产生重要影响，制约着企业财务管理目标的实现。

良好的税收筹划，可以有效地减轻税收负担，增加财务收益，使中小企业的经济利益合法地最大化，从而更好地解决目前在中小企业中普遍存在的资金瓶颈问题，引导和促进中小企业的健康发展。

税收筹划是指纳税人在符合国家法律及税收法规的前提下，按照税收政策法规的导向，事前选择税收利益最大化的纳税方案处理自己的生产、经营和投资、理财活动的一种企业筹划行为。

本文将对国内外关于中小企业的税收筹划研究进行综述，主要将围绕中小企业税收筹划的现状，企业进行税收筹划的必要性，中小企业在财务管理中的税收筹划策略几方面进行。

二、主题部分（一）国外关于中小企业融资问题的研究税收筹划在国外的发展税收筹划，又称节税、税务筹划（Tax Planning或Tax Saving），是指纳税人在实际纳税义务发生之前对纳税负担的低位选择。

税收筹划在西方得到法律界和政府当局的认同，是在20世纪30年代后。

1935年，英国上议院议员汤姆林爵士针对“税务局长诉温斯特大公”一案，做了有关税收筹划的声明：“任何一个人都有权安排自己的事业，依据法律这样做可以少缴税。

为了保证从这些安排中得到利益……不能强迫缴税。

”此后，不少税务专家和学者对税收筹划有关理论的研究不断向深度和广度发展。

现在，发达国家税收筹划开展相当普遍，其理论研究也已相当成熟。

税收筹划已成为国外企业战略管理及日常财务管理的重要组成部分。

尤其一些跨国公司，其所面对的是不同国家和地区的税收政策以及复杂的国际税收环境，税收筹划方案是其管理层进行重大决策的重要依据。

本文档包括改专题的：外文文献、文献综述一、外文文献文献信息标题：Effect of Tax Planning on Firms Market Performance: Evidence from Listed Firms in Ghana 作者：Kawor, Seyram; Kportorgbi, Holy Kwabla期刊：International Journal of Economics and Finance第6卷，第3期，页码：162-168，2014年Effect of Tax Planning on Firms Market Performance: Evidence from Listed Firms in GhanaKawor, Seyram; Kportorgbi, Holy KwablaAbstractThe study sought to ascertain the level of tax planning of firms and to explore the relationship between tax planning and firms' market performance. The study used 22 non-financial companies listed on the Ghana Stock Exchange over a twelve year period from 2000. The longitudinal correlative designed was used. The results indicate that that firms' tendency to engage in intensive tax planning activities reduces when tax authorities maintain low corporate income tax rates. Secondly, tax planning has a neutral influence on firms' performance. This finding challenges the general perception that every cedi of tax savings from tax planning reflect in the pocket of investors. It is concluded that investors must institute systems to ensure tax planning benefits reflect significantly in their pockets.Keywords: Ghana stock exchange, tax planning, market performance, longitudinal correlative design, investors1. IntroductionOver the years and throughout the world, the history of taxation brings out one fact; that taxes are coercive in nature and therefore economic units which are assigned the tax liability never wholly intend to bear the actual tax burden (Commonwealth Association of Tax Administrators (CATA), 2007). Economic units, more specifically, corporate bodies are always adopting ways to minimise, postpone, or avoid entirely, the payment of tax. The attempts by the economic units to reduce, postpone or avoid tax payment can be legal or illegal. The legal means is called tax planning while the illegal means is called tax evasion. The dire consequence of tax evasion makes it an unattractive option for listed companies (Murphy, 2004).The practice of tax planning dates back to 1947 when learned judge Hand, in the case Commissioner v Newman, held that there is nothing sinister in arranging ones affairs so as to keep taxes as low as possible. Hoffman's (1961) tax planning theory supports this argument. According to Hoffman, it is a necessity for firms to understand the prevailing tax laws and apply the laws in a manner that ensures the firms minimise their tax exposure. Hoffman posits that it makes no economic sense to pay more tax than what the law demands. Scholes and Wolfson's (1992) tax planning framework also underscores the need for corporate bodies to engage in tax planning. According to Scholes and Wolfson, a successful company is the one that is properly attuned to its tax environment.International governmental organizations, such as CA TA (2009), suggest that corporate bodies in Ghana, especially the large entities, engage in complex tax planning activities. Research by civil society groups such as Christian Aid (2008), Action Aid (2011), and Dan Watch (2011), confirm this assertions made by the Domestic Revenue Division. The missing element in the findings is thequantitative expression of the tax planning activities of the firms.The traditional thinking is that firms that derive maximum benefit from tax planning perform better than those that do not plan their taxes (Murphy, 2007). From the empirical perspective, tax planning is positively associated with firms' performance. For instance, Desai and Hines (2002); Chen, Chen, Chen and Shelvin (2010) reported positive association between tax planning savings and firm performance. The argument is that tax represents cost of doing business, and any action that has the potential of minimising tax cost reflects in higher firm performance. This argument presupposes that tax planning cost and risk does not exceed the savings from the planning.Few studies in the UK dispel the traditional relationship between tax planning and firm performance. While admitting that tax planning has a positive association with accounting performance, Desai and Dharmaphala (2007) reported that tax planning has a neutral association with market performance. Indeed Abdul-Wahab (2010) found a negative association between tax planning and firm performance. Kportorgbi (2013) suggested that corporate governance strength plays a mediating factor in the tax planning-firm performance relationship.A study of the effect of tax planning savings on firms' market performance is crucial for all stakeholders in the emerging security markets such as the Ghana stock Exchange. In fact each possible relationship has a unique implication for the players. For instance, a positive association implies that tax planning produces a win-win situation for both management and shareholders (investors). A negative association connotes that tax planning benefits may not eventually trickle to the pocket of the shareholder. Indeed, a negative association may be an indicative of the existence of agency problem, where management is inclined to pursue tax planning to enhance their own lot rather than advancing the interest of the investor. Where a neutral association is established, it will invoke a follow up study on the possible factors that could influence the relationship either positively or negatively. Secondly, the study is necessary to inform tax planning agents and investors on the dynamics of tax planning1.1 Objective of the StudyThe primary objective of this study is to explore the relationship between tax planning savings of firms listed on the Ghana Stock Exchange and firm market performance. The study also seeks to examine the simultaneous influence of other firm specific variables on the tax planning-market performance relationship.1.2 Tax Planning Intensity of Firms in GhanaCommentators on tax behaviour of firms in Ghana paint a picture that suggests that large firms engage in tax planning activities. For instance CATA (2009) posits that Ghana Revenue Authority lost seventy-four million pounds between 2005 and 2007 to the European Union (EU) in tax revenue as a result of tax avoidance by several multinational companies. Murphy (2004) also reported that firms have complex gamut of arsenals to reduce their tax burden. The reports indicate that the tax avoiding mechanism of firms are largely allowed by the tax laws. There are also indications that the firms take advantage of the loopholes in the tax laws to derive unintended tax benefits. The avenues for tax planning usually revolve around locational reliefs, industry-specific concessions and capital allowance provitions. Others are time variables and entity variables.Most of the reports are not precise in their estimation of the benefits that firms achieve through tax planning. The lack of precision in measuring tax planning intensity is largely attributed to the insufficient reporting of issues of taxation by firms. Aside the mandatory disclosures to tax authorities, firms are reluctant in disclosing much on tax behaviours. This is due to the perceivedthin line that exist between tax planning and tax evasion. Listed companies, however, provide provide adequate information necessary to estimate the tax savings of the firms. This is made possible by virtue of the financial reporting guidelines provided by the security exchange commision.2. Review of Related LiteratureThis section is subdivided into theoretical review and empirical review. The theoritical review encapsultes the Hoffman's (1961) tax planning theory. Three main empirical studies are reviewed. They are Desai and Hines (2002), Desai and Dharmaphala (2009) and Abdul-Wahab (2010).2.1 Hoffman's Tax Planning TheoryAccording to Hoffman (1961) tax planning seeks to divert cash, which would ordinarily flow to tax authorities, to the corporate entities. Tax planning activities are desirable to the extent that they reduce taxable income to the barest minimum, without sacrificing accounting income. The theory is premised on the fact that firms tax liability is based on taxable income rather than accounting income. The idea is thus to intensify activities that reduce taxable income but has no indirect relationship on accounting profit. The theory thus recognised a positive association between firm tax planning activity and firm performance.Hoffman (1961) also recognised the role of tax cost in the tax planning activities. The theory thus provided that the positive association between tax planning and corporate performance is on a basic assumption that tax benefits from the tax planning exceed tax cost. The scope of the Hoffman's tax planning theory does not address the dynamics of tax planning and market performance. As capital markets develop and the separation of ownership and control of corporate bodies become well-spread, the need for a comprehensive tax planning theory is imperative. This need is rather addressed through the empirical perspective than through theoretical perspective (Inger, 2012).2.2 Empirical Review and Development of HypothesisDesai and Hines (2002) provide evidence on firm performance and tax planning behaviour of firms. Again, the study investigates the relationship between tightening of tax systems and market value of firms. The study was based on 850 listed US firms. The study sample was purposively selected to reflect the characteristics desired by the researchers. The study was cross sectional and the data relates to year 2000. Correlative-description design was adopted. Simple regression and t-tests were used to establish the relationships. Desai and Hines established that intensive tax planning is associated with higher firm performance. On the other hand, the study reported that tightening of the tax system is positively associated with higher market performance of firms. The findings of Desai and Hines (2002) are similar to that reported by Chen, Chen and Chen (2010). Desai and Dharmapala (2007) provided a comprehensive study that incorporates tax planning, corporate governance and firm performance. The study used 4,492 observations on 862 firms over the period 1993 to 2001. This panel data was drawn from the Compustat and Execucomp databases, merged with data on institutional ownership of firms from the CDA/Spectrum database. Firms' performance is measured using Tobin's q and governance quality is proxied by the level of institutional ownership. Tax planning is measured by inferring the difference between the income reported to capital markets and tax authorities (the book-tax-gap). Two analysis models were adopted-the OLS model and the IV estimation model. The OLS results shows that the average effect of tax planning on corporate performance is not significantly different from zero. In other words, there is no relationship between tax planning and firm performance. The study howeverreports a positive association between tax planning savings and performance for well-governed firms. Desai and Dharmapala (2007) thus concluded that corporate governance mediates the tax planning-firm performance relationship. The IV estimate shows a higher effect of corporate governance on firm performance.Abdul-Wahab (2010) provides a result that differs from the findings of Desai and Hines (2002), Desai and Dhamarpala (2009), and Chen, Chen, Chen and Shelvin. Abdul-Wahab's (2010) study sought to establish a relationship between tax planning savings of firms and their value. The study simultaneously investigates the moderating influence of corporate governance. Abdul-Wahab's study employed 240 firms listed on the London stock exchange from 2005 to 2007. Tax planning was proxied by the difference between the effective tax rate of the entities and the applicable statutory tax rates. Self-constructed governance index was constructed using corporate governance mechanisms. Firms' value was represented by the Tobin's Q. The data was analysed using panel regression analysis model. As a check, the OLS model was also used.The results indicate a negative relationship between firm value and tax planning activities. Abdul-Wahab (2010) explains the relationship with reference to tax planning cost and risk. The study suggested that tax planning cost and risks associated with tax planning have the potential of derailing the benefits that should have accrued to shareholders. The researcher maintains that as tax planning activities increase, the tax costs and risks outweighs the benefits.Due to the diversity of the relationships found between tax planning and firms' market performance, it is right to develop a null hypothesis as:H1: There is an association between tax planning and firms' market performance.It is unreasonable to suggest that tax planning is the only determinants of firm performance. Baring the existence of multicollinearity between (among) the explanatory variables, sales growth, financial leverage, firm size and age of the firms will be introduced into the regression models. Several studies, including Desai and Hines (2002), Desai and Dharmaphala (2007), Abdul-Wahab (2010) reported positive association between firm performance and sales growth, firm size and financial leverage. It is thus clear to develop the null hypothesis that:H2: Firm performance and sales growth and firm size are positively associated.Firms' age, according to Desai and Dharmapala (2007) and Abdul-Wahab (2010) has a negative association with market performance of firms. This gives rise to the third null hypothesis that:H3: Firms age and financial leverage are negatively associated with firms' market performance. 3. MethodologyLongitudinal correlative design is adopted for the study. Longitudinal design is essential if the same research entities sampled in a cross section are then re-sampled at different times (Creswell, 2009; De Vaus, 2001). According to the authors, the design helps overcome limitations associated with the "snap shot" approach of cross sectional designs.The study population comprises all non-financial firms listed on the Ghana stock exchange. As of June 2013, twenty-three (23) out of thirty-five (35) firms listed on the Ghana Stock Exchange were non-financial companies. Financial companies are excluded from the population. Previous researchers posit that the financial sector is a highly regulated sector and as such regulations blur the relationship that exist among the variables to be studied (O'Hamon & Taylor, 2007; Desai & Dharmapala, 2009; Abdul-Wahab, 2010).The study uses a panel data for twelve-year period, from 2000 to 2011. Data for the study is collected from the database of the Ghana Stock Exchange. Panel regression model is adopted fordata analysis and the Ordinary least square (OLS) been the method of regression.The regression model is summarized as: (1)α = (alpha) shows the constant affecting net profit margin on corporate tax.Tobin's q (market performance) = (market capitalization of entity) ÷ (book value of shareholders fund).Tax savings = Statutory tax rate -Effective tax rate.Statutory tax rate = flat rate as mandated by the Ghana Revenue Authority.Effective tax rate = Corporate income tax expense/profit before tax.Sgrowth (sales growth) = (Previous Sales revenue -Current sales revenue) ÷Previous sales revenue.Fsize (firm size) = Natural log of firm's total assets.fLev (Financial leverage ) = Long term debt/shareholders fund.Age (Age of firms) = log(the difference between the year of establishment and years of observation).4. Results and DiscussionFigure 1 and Table 1 presents the descriptive statistics for two key variables, namely tax planning of firms and market performance over the twelve year period.Like the statutory rate, tax savings of firms show a decreasing trend. As tax authorities take steps to reduce the tax burden on firms, the leakages in tax revenue due to firms tax planning activities reduce. From figure 1, the statutory tax rate reduced from about 32% to 25%. Tax savings of firms reduced also from 15% to 8% by 2011. That is to say each percentage point decrease in the statutory rate leads to a corresponding decrease in firms' tax planning savings.The policy implication of this finding is two-fold. Firstly, the notion of increasing tax rate in order to rake in more tax revenue may not hold. As tax rates increased, the motivation of firms to deny the state of revenue through intensified tax planning machinery is enhanced. Secondly, as the tax rate is decreased, the net benefit of planning tax is derailed. The way forward for tax revenue optimisation is to maintain lower tax rates and drag more firms into the tax net.Table 1 provides the market performance of the firms over the twelve year period.The farther the Tobin's Q is from unity, the better the company performance. From Table 1, all the company groups recorded an average score higher than 1.00. The overall average score is 1.78 (the median represents the average as skewness is negative). The high average market performance by the firms is driven by only the mining sector and the manufacturing companies. All the remaining classes of companies recorded lower than the average score.This finding confirms the observation of business persons in Ghana that business climate in Ghana gives unmatched advantage to the mining sector. The service sector records the lowest market performance. This raises a major concern as the sector is the major contributor to gross domestic product (GDP) in Ghana. Another sector to watch out for is the oil and gas. This sector has the most recent history. It was expected that the high hopes of investors in the sector after the discovery of oil in commercial quantities in Ghana would have positive influence on the performance. It is expected that the sector will be one of the major drivers of firms' market performance in the future.Table 2 provides correlation results on the variables. This result is essential for at least two reasons. Firstly, it shows basic association between the dependent variable (market performance) and theindependent variable. Secondly, it shows if the "so-called" independent variables are indeed independent. In other words, it tests the multicollinearity status of the independent variables. From Table 2, the correlation co-efficient between tax savings and Tobin's Q is 0.112. This is however significant at 0.097. This significant level is compared with the default alpha of 0.05. As rule of thumb, we reject the null hypothesis if the actual significant level is higher than the expected alpha and do not reject if the actual significant is less than the expected alpha. In this instance p-value of 0.097 is greater than the expected alpha of 0.05. The null hypothesis that:H1: There is an association between tax planning and firms' market performance is rejected.The correlation results do not suggest causation but gives an indication of association between the variables. The "no relationship" finding between tax planning and firms' market performance supports the reports of Desai and Dharmapala (2007) but differ from the findings of Desai and Hines (2002) and Abdul-Wahab (2010). The findings suggest that although savings from tax planning reflect in higher profit after tax, it does not necessarily reflect in the pocket of shareholders. This finding ignites studies aimed at uncovering factors that mediate the tax planning-firm performance relationship. Indeed, it might be the reasons behind the works of Desai and Dharmapala (2007), Desai and Dharmapala (2009) and Abdul Wahab (2010).Another finding in table 3 is the relationship between market performance (proxied by tobin's Q) and the firm specific variables. Sales growth and firm size shows positive and significant association with firms' market performance. On the other hand financial leverage and age of the firms shows a negative association with firm performance. The findingsWe do not reject the null hypotheses (H2 and H3) stated asH2: Firm performance and sales growth and firm size are positively associatedH3: Firms age and financial leverage are negatively associated with firms' market performance. Further Table 3 gives an indication that multicollinearity among the independent variables does not exist. The rule of thumb is that if the correlation coefficients between any two of the variables is above 0.50 (either positive or negative), those two variables are multi-correlated and should not be simultaneously included in the regression model. From Table 3, this condition does not exist. The variables can be regressed against the dependent variables.Table 3 shows the regression of Tobin's Q (proxy of firms' market performance) and all the independent variables.The adjusted R2 connotes that the five independent variables explain 55.3% of the variations in the dependent variable. The model is significant at 0.0001. This is a strong indicator that the variables used in the model have sufficiently explained the firms' market performance.The regression results found a relationship that is largely consistent with the correlation results shown in table 3. The results affirm that tax planning plays an insignificant role in the determination of firms' market performance. Again this supports the agency theory's argument that it not all actions of management that help achieve the wealth maximisation objective of management. From the results sales growth and the financial leverage are the two most influential variables. Firms should maintain low financial leverage ratio and pursue sales growth strategies in order to boost their market performance.5. ConclusionsThe study sought to ascertain the level of tax planning of firms and to explore the relationship between tax planning and firms' market performance. The study used 22 non-financial companies over a twelve year period from 2000. The longitudinal correlative designed was used. Thefollowing conclusions are reached.Firstly firms' tax savings decrease as tax authorities reduce the statutory corporate income tax rates. This indicates that leakages in tax revenue as a result of intensive tax planning of firms reduce when tax authorities maintain low corporate income tax rates.Secondly, tax planning has a neutral influence on firms' performance. This finding challenges the general perception that every cedi of tax savings from tax planning reflect in the pocket of investors. Agency problem is much present in the issue of tax planning. The efforts of management to reduce tax burden of firms benefit other stakeholders rather than shareholders. There may be other factors that could ensure that substantial benefits of tax planning accrue to shareholders. Some researchers arguably, root for good corporate governance. This falls outside the scope of this study.Finally, sales growth, firm size, age of firms, financial leverage and tax planning simultaneously play a major role in determining firms' market performance. These variables explain 55.3% of the variations in firms' market performance. Sales growth and financial leverage are the two most influential variables that determine firm market performance.References二、文献综述企业纳税筹划文献综述摘要：20 世纪以来并购已经成为企业快速扩张和整合的重要手段之一。

企业并购中的税务筹划研究国内外文献综述1.国外研究现状近年来，随着政治、经济、技术等因素，在企业财务规划包括企业财务行为在内的公共利益增长中，促进税务机关对企业纳税活动的进一步沟通，并在国家报告标准中指出税收的不确定性，财务会计准则的建立决定了财务报告与税收优惠之间的权衡之后，国家权利团体反对企业税收筹划的声音，以及媒体决定了企业决策对税收的关注，本文的主要内容和要求是进一步分析税收主动性、决定性因素，许多初步工作集中于各种避税的定义和评价。

Anlon(2013)和McGill(2014)在利用财务报告数据估计或纳税时遇到了困难。

由于公司没有指明税务筹划策略，财务报表中的其他文件会找到开始证明公司税务结构的线索或指纹。

其中一些文件采取步骤来确定逃税活动的法律纠纷(例如，Wilson, 2009)。

2010年Lisowki;brown,2011)。

其他文件关注的是利用账户缺口的激进避税措施。

Desai(2016,2009)制定了针对避税的非正常会计平衡措施。

Frenk, Lynch和Rego(2009)定义了永久性的可自由支配的避税措施来检验逃税意图，战争后研究者也开始使用不确定的利益或税收模式来预测不确定的税收利益。

例如，Leggo 和Wilson在未来的研究中，作为财务规划的代理人，使用避税或其他激进的避税形式。

Hanon(2010)在优秀的税务调查中提供了对这项工作的宝贵整理，其中各种避税措施是恼人的。

Dyreng Hanlon,Maydew(2008)是这方面需要关注的研究。

他们制定长期税率来避税。

与公司财务报告中传统GAAP的有效税率相比，它不影响利润的计算，这是一种有趣的评价方法。

同样重要的是，黄金的有效税率反映了各种形式的避税。

这一措施反映了合法的财政规划，以及更激进、更可疑的财政战略。

长期和暂时的财政储蓄。

扩大税收措施有趣的是，研究人员记录的所得税税负的变化并不局限于税收交易(或法律问题)。

对税收筹划定义的文献综述文/张昆邹晓宇摘要：长期以来，税收筹划的定义就在理论界和实务领域争论不休。

许多专家和研究人员从不同视角和不同的思维方式对税收筹划的概念进行了思考，然而，对于税收筹划究竟是什么还没有定论。

本文简要记录了理论界和实务界的诸多论文和著作中涉及对税收筹划定义的思考和论述，并加以简要说明。

关键词：税收筹划；节税；税收优惠；合法节税中图分类号：F014 文献标识码：A从税收筹划产生以来，理论界和实务界的不同人士从各个角度对税收筹划做出了界定，国内外众多学者关于税收筹划也形成了许多观点。

本文着重介绍近代形成的比较有影响的观点。

早期的税收筹划，主要注重了纳税操作和节税的效果，并没有深入探究税收筹划的其他领域。

荷兰国际财政文献局（IBFD）认为：“税收筹划是指纳税人通过对经营活动或个人事务活动的安排，以达到缴纳最低税收的目的”[1]。

张中秀在认为，“所谓纳税筹划，是指通过对纳税业务进行筹划，制定一套完整的纳税操作方案，从而达到节税的目的”[2]。

在税收筹划的发展中，人们逐渐意识到税收优惠带来的节税效果，税收筹划也开始注重对税收优惠政策的充分利用。

印度税务专家家N.J.雅萨斯威认为：“税收筹划是纳税人通过对财务活动的安排，充分利用税务法规提供的包括减免在内的一切优惠，从而享得最大的税收优惠”[3]。

税收筹划的直接目的是节税，是一种对税收负担的地位选择。

在对税收负担进行选择时，要求纳税人事先进行安排筹划。

蔡昌认为，“税收筹划在微观上是指纳税人在实际纳税义务发生之前对纳税负担的低位选择，即纳税人在法律许可的范围内，通过对经营、投资、理财等事的事先安排和筹划，以充分利用税法所提供的包括减免税在内的一切优惠政策，从而获得最大的税收利益；税收筹划在宏观上是指经济实体在税收法规许可的范围内，通过对经营和财务活动的合理筹划和安排，达到减轻税收负担目的的行为。

就目的和结果而言，税收筹划常被称为节税”[4]。

文献综述（20_ _届）新企业所得税下纳税筹划及风险研究由于近年来，纳税筹划在我国被越来越多的企业所重视，使其得到了很快的发展，各种形式的税收筹划活动也已在各地悄然兴起。

但是税收筹划是一项系统工程，该项活动在给企业带来节税收益的同时也蕴涵着风险，即风险与利益是并存的，如果无视这些风险，任其发生而不加以防范，势必有悖税收筹划的初衷，其结果可能是以节税目的为开始，却以遭受更大的损失而结束。

新税法的颁布和实施必定会对企业纳税筹划产生一定的影响并带来新的涉税风险，对这方面的研究将有利于企业调整纳税筹划方略，降低其风险。

1 新旧企业企业所得税主要对比2007年3月16日中华人民共和国第十届全国人民代表大会第五次会议通过了《中华人民共和国企业所得税法》，并从2008年1月1日起施行。

新税法取代了1991年4月9日公布的《外商投资企业和外国企业所得税法》和1993年12月13日公布的《企业和外国企业所得税暂行条例》。

蓝希华(2007)将新企业所得税法的特点归结为“统一”与“过渡”。

其中“统一”表现在(1)内资、外资企业都适应新的企业所得税法；(2)统一实行25%的税率；(3)统一税前扣除办法和标准；(4)统一税收优惠政策。

“过渡”表现在对老企业规定了一个五年的过渡期。

王海永、金菁(2008)通过表格和制图的方式清晰的展示了新旧企业所得税的主要不同之处，并且指出新企业所得税的制定和实施标志着新企业所得税制度更具有科学性、规范性和国际性,对推进我国社会主义市场经济建设,促进改革开放和社会主义和谐社会的建立都具有深远的意义。

由于中国经济的飞速发展，企业类型和企业体制与90年代相比已有了巨大的变化，旧税法在某些方面已不再适应，新税法的出台更加符合我国企业的现状，有利于与国际接轨。

2 纳税筹划理论2．1 纳税筹划产生及原因纳税筹划是历史发展到一定阶段的产物，该现象的首次出现可以追溯1935年，英国上议院议员汤姆林爵士对“税务局长诉温斯特大公”一案，作了有关纳税筹划的声明：“任何一个人都有权安排自己的事业，依据法鲁这样可以少缴税”。

《企业纳税筹划问题浅析文献综述开题报告》一、研究背景及意义随着市场经济的发展，企业的经济活动日益频繁，税收作为企业经营成本的重要组成部分，对企业财务状况和经营成果具有重要影响。

因此如何合理进行纳税筹划，降低企业税负，成为企业关注的焦点。

本文旨在通过对现有文献的综述，探讨企业纳税筹划的基本概念、方法、存在的问题及其成因，并提出相应的对策建议，以期为企业提供有益的参考。

二、研究目的与任务本研究的主要目的是全面了解企业纳税筹划的研究现状，分析存在的问题及其成因，提出针对性的对策建议，为企业提供合理的纳税筹划方案。

具体任务包括：1. 搜集并整理国内外关于企业纳税筹划的研究文献，形成系统的理论体系。

2. 分析企业纳税筹划的基本概念、方法和策略，归纳总结企业纳税筹划的关键环节。

3. 阐述企业纳税筹划中存在的问题及其成因，如税收政策的不完善、征管漏洞等。

4. 提出针对企业纳税筹划问题的解决方案和建议，促进企业合法合规地降低税负。

三、研究内容与方法本研究将采用文献综述法、比较分析法、案例分析法等多种研究方法，具体内容包括：1. 搜集并整理国内外关于企业纳税筹划的研究文献，形成系统的理论体系。

2. 分析企业纳税筹划的基本概念、方法和策略，归纳总结企业纳税筹划的关键环节。

3. 阐述企业纳税筹划中存在的问题及其成因，如税收政策的不完善、征管漏洞等。

4. 提出针对企业纳税筹划问题的解决方案和建议，促进企业合法合规地降低税负。

四、预期成果通过本研究，预期能够得出以下成果：1. 形成系统完整的企业纳税筹划理论体系，为后续研究提供理论支撑。

2. 分析企业纳税筹划中存在的问题及其成因，为企业提供针对性的改进建议。

3. 提出具体的企业纳税筹划策略和方法，帮助企业降低税负，提高经营效益。

五、研究计划与安排本研究计划分为四个阶段进行。

同时将根据研究进度适时召开研讨会，邀请相关领域专家学者进行交流和指导。

六、参考文献七、结语企业纳税筹划是企业在市场经济活动中依法合规地降低税负、提高经营效益的重要手段。

企业纳税筹划研究综述王广云 09112041摘要：本文对有关纳税筹划的文献进行了归纳总结，指出各文献的研究内容主要归结为五点内容即纳税筹划的内涵、意义，特点，方法，以及新形势下企业纳税筹划应注意的事项，并对纳税筹划的未来发展做出了展望。

关键字：纳税筹划，税务风险，企业价值最大化一．纳税筹划的定义对于纳税筹划的定义不同的学者有着不同的定义，白庆和（2011）认为纳税筹划是指在法律规定许可的范围内，通过对经营、投资、理财活动的事先策划和安排，尽可能地减少企业应交税款的一种合法经济行为。

它的关键点在于“三性”：合法性、策划性和目的性。

黄军凯（2011）认为纳税筹划的基本概念是在法律允许的范围内，对经济体自身的纳税事物进行全面统筹规划安排，以达到最大化经济利益的目的，这个过程就叫做纳税筹划。

他既不是偷税漏税，也不是钻法律的空子，不逃避应付的税收，而是合法合理的组织企业内部活动以避免多交税，重复交税，提前交税等现象。

可见，目前，虽然我国尚未明确给出纳税筹划的定义，但很多学者一致认为纳税筹划是一种可减轻纳税人的税收负担，以达到经济利益最大化目的的一种合法行为，在企业财务管理中具有不可替代的作用。

二．纳税筹划的意义纳税筹划对企业来说有着极其重要的地位。

郑素芬，焦晓静（2012）认为纳税筹划对企业的作用可以从三个方面来理解：1.纳税筹划有利于追求企业价值最大化。

2.提高企业纳税意识，抑制偷税漏税行为。

3.纳税筹划有利于维护企业良好的形象。

李钻，戴薛（2009）则以为纳税筹划的意义可以从以下五点来理解：1. 纳税筹划有助于提高纳税人的纳税意识，抑制偷逃税行为的发生。

2. 纳税筹划有利于实现纳税人财务利益的最大化。

3. 纳税筹划有利于提高企业经营管理水平和会计与财务管理水平。

4.纳税筹划有利于优化产业结构和合理配置资源。

5. 纳税筹划有利于纳税人获取资金时间价值。

6.纳税筹划有利于纳税人维护自身合法权益。

莫亭亭（2010）以为其意义有以下四个方面：1.有利于实现企业价值最大化。

企业所得税纳税筹划文献综述摘要：随着市场经济的日渐成熟和各项法律法规的日益完善，依法纳税逐渐被我国大多数企业所认识和重视。

为了在税法规定的范围内充分利用税收政策来达到节约税收成本的目的；实现企业价值最大化，增强市场竞争力，企业进行纳税筹划的需求越来越强烈。

企业所得税作为我国税收制度中的一个重要税种，在企业所上缴的税收中所占的比重也很大，因而对其进行筹划对于企业来说意义重大。

本文主要介绍了国内外企业所得税纳税筹划的发展历史和国外税收的研究现状，并以新的《中华人民共和国企业所得税法》为基础，分析了国内所得税纳税筹划的研究现状。

关键字：所得税纳税筹划历史发展国内外研究现状引言：古今中外，税收都是遵循“无商无税，无税无国”的运行轨迹而变化和发展的，因而我们可以看出税收同经济，税收同国家之间存在着密不可分的关系。

王延明在《所得税会计与纳税筹划》（上海财经大学出版社，2007年2月第1版）一书中提到纳税人对税收的筹划不是起源于纳税人本身，而是起源于中介服务机构，即税务咨询事业，纳税筹划是税收咨询业务的一项重要内容。

提供税务咨询的服务活动，最早产生于意大利。

税收筹划的学术研究在纳税筹划业务的稍后便开始出现。

德国伐克主编的《德国与国际税收百科全书》所引用的最早文献是H.肖肯霍夫编写的《企业纳税筹划》他刊载于1959年出版的《工业企业计划》文集里，被认为是“纳税筹划”一词比较早的出现。

在20世纪50年代里，纳税筹划开始从企业经营计划里独立出来，引起了人们的重视，并由此带动了对包括个人纳税筹划的全面研究，开辟出了一个新的研究领域。

20世纪80年代以后，在纳税筹划业务广泛开展的同时，纳税筹划的理论研究，文章，刊物，书籍更是不断出现，新作频频，这进一步推动了纳税筹划的深入研究和快速发展。

法律上的权利和义务的对等性，体现在税收征纳上，即纳税人是缴纳税款的义务人，同时也享有一定的权利，这个权益的表现形式就是纳税筹划。

在国外，纳税筹划是企业经营中要考虑的一项重要内容。

企业并购中的纳税筹划文献综述企业并购是一个复杂的过程，牵涉到许多方面。

其中，纳税筹划作为关键环节之一，对企业并购的成功与否起着重要作用。

在这篇文章中，我将围绕“企业并购中的纳税筹划”这一主题，深入探讨其重要性及实践方法。

第一步：企业并购中纳税筹划的重要性纳税筹划是企业并购不可忽视的一环。

一方面，通过纳税筹划，可以减少被收取的税款，提高企业利润；另一方面，纳税筹划还可以优化企业结构，提高企业市场竞争力。

正如广东省国税局表示的那样，纳税筹划可以为企业带来双重好处：避免税务风险和节约税款。

第二步：企业并购中纳税筹划的实践方法1. 充分了解税务政策企业并购时，需要充分了解税务政策，特别是相关的税收优惠政策。

在交易中，如果合理运用这些优惠政策，可以有效地降低企业的税负。

2. 妥善规避税务风险企业并购时可能会涉及到税务风险，如税务部门的调查、税务法规变化等。

为了规避这些风险，企业需要及时进行纳税筹划，以保证企业在法律和政策框架内合理开展税收活动。

3. 优化企业结构企业并购时，需要根据目标企业的财务状况和税收情况，合理规划企业结构。

例如，合并后的企业可以调整各项收入与成本的比例，以降低整体税负。

还可以通过资产重组等方式，调整企业内部结构，实现税收的最优化。

4. 充分利用税收递延政策企业并购时可以充分利用税收递延政策。

例如，如果交易中出现了部分股权的过户，企业可以根据相关的法律规定，在支付过户款后，先获得相应的税收扣除。

这样可以增加企业的资金流量，降低整体成本。

综上所述，企业并购中的纳税筹划是重要的一环，只有合理运用相关策略，才能让企业获得更多的税收优惠，降低税负，提高竞争力。

因此，企业在并购前必须了解税收政策，并在实践中不断积累经验，从而实现最好的效果。

《A公司纳税筹划研究》篇一一、引言随着经济全球化的深入发展，企业面临着日益复杂的税收环境。

如何合理、合法地降低税收负担，提高企业的经济效益，已成为众多企业关注的焦点。

A公司作为行业内的领军企业，其纳税筹划工作的有效性直接关系到企业的财务状况和市场竞争能力。

本文将就A公司的纳税筹划进行深入研究，旨在为其他企业提供可借鉴的经验和方法。

二、A公司纳税筹划背景及现状A公司作为一家具有较强实力的大型企业，在业务规模不断扩大、经营范围不断拓展的过程中，面临着复杂的税收政策和环境。

然而，在实际的纳税过程中，A公司仍存在一些纳税筹划方面的问题。

例如，对税收政策的理解不够深入，导致无法充分利用税收优惠政策；纳税筹划方案缺乏系统性，导致税务风险增加；与税务机关的沟通不够充分，导致纳税筹划工作难以顺利进行等。

三、A公司纳税筹划的必要性纳税筹划是企业财务管理的重要组成部分，对于A公司而言，具有以下必要性：1. 降低税收负担：通过合理的纳税筹划，A公司可以充分利用税收优惠政策，降低税收负担，提高企业的经济效益。

2. 防范税务风险：通过制定系统性的纳税筹划方案，可以规范企业的纳税行为，防范税务风险，避免因违规操作而导致的经济损失。

3. 提高企业竞争力：合理的纳税筹划有助于企业降低经营成本，提高企业的市场竞争力。

四、A公司纳税筹划的策略与方法针对A公司的实际情况，可以采取以下策略与方法进行纳税筹划：1. 深入了解税收政策：A公司应加强对税收政策的学习和研究，了解各类税收优惠政策的具体内容和适用条件，为制定合理的纳税筹划方案提供依据。

2. 制定系统性的纳税筹划方案：A公司应根据自身的业务特点和经营状况，制定系统性的纳税筹划方案。

方案应包括税种选择、税率优化、税务风险控制等方面，以确保企业的纳税行为规范、合法。

3. 充分利用税收优惠政策：A公司应积极申请各类税收优惠政策，如研发费用加计扣除、高新技术企业税收优惠等，以降低企业的税收负担。

税收筹划文献综述
报税收筹划是实现政府财政收入增长的重要手段，有效的税收筹划也有助于企业和个人纳税的公平性，从而增强社会的整体稳定性。

这里综述了最新的国内外报税收筹划文献，并就其特点进行了分析。

第一部分，国内针对报税收筹划问题的现有文献主要分为中国分析研究和其他研究。

中国分析研究主要基于国家税制、政策调整、中小企业减税与征补、抵扣税收等，进行的报税收筹划的调研分析工作；其他研究以财务管理、心理学等学科为基础，重点解决报税人的纳税行为、报税负担的结构性问题和政策性调整机制等研究课题，归纳出税收筹划的分类模型等。

第二部分，国外相关文献研究。

这些研究主要利用国内外政策背景，如美国国税收法和海外归账、加拿大抵免税等，探讨如何有效地利用该政策进行有效的税收筹划，以期节税、减少税收风险。

研究人员开发税收优化模型，建立利用税收收费差异有效实现减少税负的利益模式，并就财政政策的落实情况等涉及税收筹划策略进行分析论述，进一步增强对税收筹划的认识。

综上所述，税收筹划的研究文献主要围绕中小企业减税、抵扣税收、税收优化模型及财政政策等方面展开，旨在通过研究，为企业及报税人提供有效节税政策，满足他们的需求。

纳税筹划研究综述中文摘要在市场经济条件下，我国社会主义市场经济已逐步建立并不断完善，社会法制化程度已逐渐提高，这为各类经济主体（即纳税人）施展才华提供了广阔的空间，同时也使他们面临着残酷的市场竞争，税收作为国家的一种无偿的强制性课征，直接将企业的一部分收入转移到国家手中，这种价值向国家的单向转移，必然减少企业的收入，导致企业的效用损失，不可避免地影响企业的行为选择。

正如美国著名法学家弗兰克林曾说:世界上除了死亡和纳税，其他都不是必然的。

既然税收不可避免，而其数额的多少将直接影响着经济主体自身的实际经济效益，并且，纳税筹划贯穿于企业经济活动的全过程，对企业的生产经营成果起着举足轻重的作用。

因此，对纳税筹划的研究是经济全球化的必然要求，是大势所趋，是时代潮流。

在我国纳税筹划倍受重视的情况下，正确理解纳税筹划的含义对于克服纳税筹划中的障碍有着积极的意义。

纳税筹划的实质是一种事前的税务方面的安排和筹划，以降低税收支出为手段，以追求税后净利润最大化为目的的管理策略。

本文在介绍纳税筹划概述和纳税筹划在中国发展历程的基础上，通过对国内外现有的关于纳税筹划的研究进行探讨分析，总结前已取得的研究成果并提出有待深化研究的内容与方向，以期对我国新阶段纳税筹划的研究提供一些有益的建议。

【关键词】纳税筹划；研究；综述AbstractUnder the condition of market economy, China's socialist market economy gradually establish and improve the legal degree, society has gradually improved, the various economic entities ( i.e. taxpayers) to display their talent and provide a vast space, also causes them to face the fierce market competition, the tax as a free compulsory levy, directly to the part of the business income transfer into state hands, this kind of value to the state of the one-way transfer, will reduce the income of the enterprise, causes the enterprise effectiveness loss, inevitably affect the enterprise behavior choice. As the United States famous jurist Franklin once said: the world except death and taxes, other are not necessarily. Since taxes are inevitable, and its amount how many will directly affect the economic main body their actual economic benefits, therefore, corporate tax planning throughout the whole process of economic activities, production and operation of enterprises results play a decisive role. Therefore, the research on tax planning is the inevitable requirement of economic globalization, is to represent the general trend, is the trend of the times.In our country, tax planning has been paid much attention to the case, a correct understanding of the meaning of tax planning to overcome obstacles in the tax planning is of great significance. Tax planning is the essence of an advance tax arrangement and planning, in order to reduce tax expenditure as a means, to the pursuit of the after-tax net profit maximization as the goal of management strategy. Based on the introduction of tax planning and tax planning in China is outlined on the basis of the development ，through to the domestic and foreign existing research on tax planning study 。

税收筹划国内外文献综述税收筹划是对税收政策进行科学合理应用和操作的一种有效手段。

随着全球经济的不断发展，税收筹划的重要性日益凸显。

本文将综述国内外相关文献，旨在为税务从业人员提供指导，进一步完善税收筹划措施。

国内文献综述从国内文献来看，税收筹划已经成为一种必备的企业经营管理手段。

肖立平等人在《税收筹划与风险管理》中指出，税收筹划是企业实现规模化、多元化、国际化的重要手段，能够有效降低企业税负，提高企业盈利能力，同时也有助于降低企业面临的各种风险。

昆明理工大学的王红红、何瑛等在《企业税收筹划情况研究》中发现，绝大部分企业把税收筹划的重点放在了收入的筹划上，而忽略了支出的筹划，这种策略不仅会导致企业成本变高，还有可能存在税收风险。

因此，企业在进行税收筹划时需要全面考虑，注重平衡收入与支出，实现最大程度的税收优惠。

此外，国内学者还对税收筹划存在的几个关键问题进行了研究。

例如，如何处理跨国企业的税收筹划问题？中国向别国转移价格的计算方法怎么制定？如何应对税务机构的税收调查？对此，包括河南财经政法大学的尤艳、杨雪在内的学者都进行了深入探讨，并提出了对应的策略建议。

国外文献综述与国内相比，国外学者在税收筹划方面的研究更具广度和深度。

例如，美国著名财经学家Avery E. Neumark在《税收筹划手册》中系统介绍了各种税收筹划的方法和技巧，并详细解释了每种方法的优缺点和使用范围。

同时，他也提醒企业在进行税收筹划时需要尽可能降低各种风险，避免违反税法规定。

欧洲也是一个税收筹划的重要研究领域。

瑞典乌普萨拉大学的Daniel C. Johansson等人在《全球税收筹划》中，深入分析了全球跨国企业的税收筹划情况，并提出了构建新的全球税收体系的可能性。

他们认为，全球税收体系需要更加公平、合理地分配全球企业的税收负担，同时也需要各国政府之间加强合作与沟通。

总结本文综述了国内外相关税收筹划研究文献，可以看出，税收筹划已经成为全球企业管理中不可或缺的一部分。

企业筹资方案的税收筹划研究综述一、企业筹资方案的税收筹划国内外研究进展我国的税收筹划产生于20世纪90年代，在理论研究方面与国外相比虽然起步较晚，但是研究进程比较迅速，也具有一定的深度和广度。

在导师的指导下，我收集了国内关于筹资方案中税收筹划的资料，通过大量阅读熟悉税收筹划在筹资活动中的运用，如下是与研究内容相关的参考文献：冶满海在《经济师》上发表的《企业筹资活动中的税收筹划》（2012年第7期）一文中，对开展税收筹划的意义,应当坚持的原则和筹划中所存在的风险进行了分析探讨，采用实证分析法，从权益筹资、负债筹资和融资租赁的角度来探讨如何进行筹资活动中的税收筹划。

陈守中所著的《公司财务决策中的税收筹划》（2008）一书，从公司理财的角度出发，对公司的筹资与投资决策所涉及的税收筹划问题进行了系统的探讨，并提出了一些新的见解。

如纳税行为与税收筹划行为的本质区别，筹划目标（单纯节税与企业价值最大化）的对筹划结果的决定作用，税收筹划的原则与假设等。

尹芳所著的《企业财务管理中的税收筹划》（2010），该书针对实务中的税收问题和税收如何影响企业财务决策，结合现行税收和财务核算环境，围绕企业财务活动，建构系统的企业财务管理税收筹划理论和方法。

通过强调税收筹划在企业财务管理中的决策作用，试图将税收筹划置于企业财务管理的现金流量管理之中，在税收、企业财务管理与财务会计融合上所作的应用尝试。

计金标博士所著的《税收筹划》（2010）第四版，介绍的税收筹划的基本理论和基本方法，针对不同税种的税基、税率和适用的税收政策来进行筹划。

主要包括增值税、营业税、消费税、企业所得税、个人所得税和关税，还涉及到国际间的税收筹划。

王宏军在赤峰学报上发表的文章《税收筹划在企业财务管理中的重要作用》（2010年第5期）讲述了税收筹划可以合法的方式来选择税负较低的纳税方案使企业获得效益。

在企业财务管理的筹资活动、投资活动以及日常经营活动把税收筹划结合进去,将会取得更大的经济效益. 也有利于国家宏观经济的调控和纳税人纳税意识的提高。