sophie底稿

Who Painted Mona Lisa?The question of who painted Mona Lisa has long fascinated art enthusiasts and historians alike. The enigmatic portrait, with its captivating smile and mysterious gaze, has become one of the most recognized and celebrated works of art in the world. However, the identity of the artist behind this masterpiece has remained shrouded in mystery for centuries.The Mona Lisa, often referred to as the Mona Lisa, is a painting that has captured the imaginations of millions.Its subject, a woman with a mysterious smile andpenetrating gaze, has become an icon of beauty and elegance. But who was the artist responsible for creating this timeless masterpiece?Historians and art experts have debated the authorshipof the Mona Lisa for years. Some attribute it to Leonardoda Vinci, the renowned Italian artist and inventor knownfor his innovative techniques and masterful portraits. Others suggest it may have been painted by one of his contemporaries or even a later artist influenced by his style.Leonardo da Vinci, a towering figure in the Renaissance era, was renowned for his groundbreaking paintings, sculptures, and inventions. His works, including the "Last Supper" and "Mona Lisa," exhibit a mastery of light and shadow, as well as a profound understanding of human anatomy and expression. If indeed he was the creator of the Mona Lisa, it would be a fitting testament to his genius and influence on the art world.However, the attribution of the Mona Lisa to Leonardo da Vinci is not without controversy. Some scholars argue that the painting's style and technique differsignificantly from da Vinci's known works. They point to the Mona Lisa's smoother brushwork and more muted colors as evidence that it may have been painted by another artist. Moreover, the Mona Lisa's history is clouded by a lack of conclusive documentation. There are no surviving records or letters that explicitly link the painting to Leonardo da Vinci. This absence of evidence has left room for doubt and speculation about the painting's true authorship.In the absence of definitive evidence, the question of who painted the Mona Lisa remains unanswered. Perhaps it isthis mystery that adds to the painting's allure andenduring popularity. Regardless of who the artist may be, the Mona Lisa remains a testament to the power of art to captivate and inspire generations of viewers.**谁画了蒙娜丽莎？**蒙娜丽莎这幅画的作者是谁，这一问题长期以来一直吸引着艺术爱好者和历史学家们的兴趣。

油画女的英语作文Title: The Enigmatic Woman in Oil Painting。

In the world of art, oil paintings possess a unique charm, capturing moments, emotions, and stories with vivid colors and intricate details. Among the myriad subjects depicted in oil paintings, the portrayal of women has been a recurring theme, symbolizing beauty, strength, mystery, and much more. Let us delve into the realm of oil paintings and explore the enigmatic portrayal of women through the brushstrokes of artists.One cannot deny the allure of a woman depicted in anoil painting. She often serves as the focal point, commanding attention with her presence. The beauty of the female form has been celebrated throughout art history, from the classical representations of goddesses and muses to the modern interpretations of everyday women. Through the medium of oil paint, artists have sought to capture not just the physical likeness of women but also their essence,their inner world, and the emotions they evoke.One of the intriguing aspects of oil paintingsfeaturing women is the ambiguity they often convey. Unlike photographs that freeze a moment in time, oil paintingshave the power to imbue their subjects with a sense of timelessness. A woman in an oil painting can appear as if she exists beyond the confines of a specific era, her gaze penetrating the viewer's soul with its intensity. This timeless quality adds to the enigma surrounding the female subjects, leaving viewers to ponder the stories behindtheir expressions and gestures.Moreover, the symbolism associated with women in oil paintings adds layers of complexity to their portrayal. Throughout art history, women have been depicted as embodiments of various virtues, vices, and societal ideals. From the virtuous Madonna to the seductive femme fatale,the portrayal of women in oil paintings reflects the values, beliefs, and attitudes of the cultures in which they were created. Thus, a woman in an oil painting may not merely represent herself but also serve as a vessel for broaderthemes and narratives.Furthermore, the medium of oil paint itself contributes to the mystique surrounding women in art. The rich,luscious textures created by layers of pigment evoke asense of depth and substance, lending a tactile quality to the female figures depicted on canvas. Artists manipulate light and shadow to sculpt the contours of a woman's face and body, enhancing her allure and adding to the sense of mystery. The interplay of colors and brushstrokes creates a dynamic interplay of form and emotion, inviting viewers to immerse themselves in the world of the painting.In addition to their aesthetic appeal, oil paintings of women often serve as reflections of societal norms and values. The portrayal of women in art has evolved over time, mirroring changes in gender roles, perceptions of beauty, and notions of femininity. From the idealized images of women in Renaissance art to the more realistic and diverse representations seen in contemporary painting, theevolution of female imagery reflects shifts in cultural attitudes and ideologies.In conclusion, oil paintings of women possess a captivating allure that transcends time and space. Through the masterful use of color, texture, and symbolism, artists have created a rich tapestry of female imagery that speaks to the complexity of the human experience. Whether portraying goddesses, muses, or everyday women, oil paintings invite viewers to contemplate the enigmatic beauty and eternal mystery of the feminine form.。

About Sophie, About MeThis is not a passage about what I’ve learned from the novel, Sophie’s World, but a piece of diary, or we can say, a letterwritten by another Sophie.My name is Sophie. I gave myself this name the very moment after reading the novel, The Da Vinci Code. I am a big fan of the heroine, Sophie. She is elegant, she is independent, what’s the most important is that she is intelligent. Then, I soon realized a lot of coincidences. I found that, no matter in the real society or in the novels or films, a girl named Mary, Kate, Sara etc. may be disgusting most of the time. But once her name is Sophie, she will certainly be a charming and unforgetable person. The breathtaking French movie star Sophie Marceau is a good example. The little girl Sophie who is created by Jostein Gaarder of course is another.There are many similarities between Jostein’s Sophie and me.First, both of us spent our childhood alone. People may deny that because Jostein’s Sophie lives with her mother, and she has quite many pets. Besides, she has a good friend, Joanna. This condition seems to have no differences compared to others’ life. But, as a matter of fact, there does exist differences.As Jostein said, “They(the pets) had all been given to her(Sophie) to make up for the fact that her mother never got home from work until late in afternoon and her father wasalways so much sailing all over the world. ”Can pets’accompany really take the place of parents’ care? Obviously, no.Now, there is only Joanna left. However, at the beginning of this novel, through the discussion about robots between Sophie and Joanna, people can easily find out that Joanna doesn’t understand Sophie very well.In some degree, the condition of my childhood is poorer than Jostein’s Sophie’s. In order to support the family, my parents had to work far away from home nearly all year long. When they are not home, I eat in school during the daytime. When it comes to night, I slept alone in a house of two stories. I had several friends who were like Joanna, but I had no pets.I think Jostein is very clever to set such background for his Sophie. Because people can hardly image a girl who is satisfied with her rich and wonderful life sinks into fantasy frequently and be interested in philosophy gradually.Second, the question of computer(or robot) and hunman brain also puzzled me before. As we all know, the 21th century is usually called a century of technology or a century of Internet. People now have been used to living with computers and various cards, such as ID card, credit card, membership card etc. As time goes by, surely more and more cards will be inventedand produced to make the modern life convenient for everyone.I wonder, if there is one day in the future that a person’s total information is collected in a card(it is a combination of all the cards, and people also use it as the key to their house, office and cars), and there is a bad guy who is skilled in computer, will millons of people be controled by the bad guy just through a computer?Or even worse, will people in 2500 be controled by a high intellectual robot just like the science fiction, I, Robot, described?“Is there a life after death? ” This question used to be a big part of my childhood. I can clearly remember the first time it occurred to me is when my great-grandmother passed away. I was seven years old at that time, too young to feel sad for one’s death or to understand what the word death means. I thought my great-grandmother was still with us, but we just could’t see her. Even now, I have learned so much, I still insist on that opinion. It’s no business of superstition, I just can’t accept the scientific but cruel explaining.There is a sentence in the novel that “this was another question the cat was blissfully unware of.” Someone may think the author is envying the cat for she would never be stuck onany thorny questions. However, my understanding is quite the opposite. I think Jostein is reminding us of the good forture that we human beings have the ability of thinking. Just as he said, “She(Sophie) felt like a doll that had suddenly been brought to life by the wave of a magic wand.” and “You can’t experience being alive without realizing that you have to die. ”It is the ability of thinking that elevate us above the animal kingdom.“Sophie regretted having been mean to her. But what else could she have said? That she had suddenly become so engrossed in who she was and where the world came from that she had no time to play badminton? Would Joanna have understood?” When I first came across this paragraph, I felt so excited that we two have such astonishing similar experience. There are so many times that I feel confused about the relationship between my friends and me. Most of the time, we get along well with each other. But when we talk about something very detailed, I will easily find that we don’t hold the same opinion. It often happens that a song, a movie, or a book which I treasure very much is nothing special to my friends at all. Every time such situation appears, I will can’t help asking myself questions like “Are we really good friends?”“Should good friends share the same interests?” I hope Jostein will solvethe problem between Sophie and Joanna at the end of the novel. Then I will know the answers to my questions.At last, I want to end this letter with one of my favourite lyrics, “…color my life with the chaos of trouble…”(END)。

3rd International Conference on Management, Education, Information and Control (MEICI 2015)Design and Manufacturing of Cover Plate PartsXuezhong WeiWeifang University of Science & Technology，Shandong, Shouguang, 262700, China. Keywords: Parts; Machine; Tool fixture; Process design.Abstract. First of all, this thesis describes the cover parts of mechanical design part, including cover parts material, a cover plate parts of structure, process analysis, blank and the process dimension tolerance, covering parts processing route formulation, processing route, covering plate parts of machine tools and process equipment selection. Then it describes the design of the machine tool fix ture design of the flat parts, including the basic requirements and the design procedure of the fix ture. IntroductionNC programming which is also known as NC machine tool machining program, is the most important thing part of the use of CNC machine tools. Programming and automatic programming of numerical control program. Manual programming is done by the manual tool path calculation and the preparation of the processing program. When the part shape is not very complicated or the machining program is not too long, manual programming is convenient and economy. Automatic programming is a computer through the automated programming software to complete the tool trajectory automatic calculation, automatic generation of machining program and on the computer screen dynamically show the tool path. For the complicated machining parts, especially when 3D solid shape or cutting, tool moving track is complicated. Automatic programming is adopted..Mechanical process design of cover plate partsMaterial selection for cover plate. Signs of the rationality of the material should meet the performance requirements of parts under the maximu m play the potential of the materials, so it is necessary to consider the application of strength of materials to improve the level. It is also needed to reduce material consumption and reduce the processing cost. Therefore, to achieve equitable selection, designers must conduct comprehensive analysis and comprehensive consideration.General under any of the following circumstances, materials are needed: design new products, changes in the original design or change parts of the original material cost reduction; in order to adapt to the factory on the condition of equipment and change the spare parts processing: the lack of raw materials and need to replacement of new materials. At present, most of the parts and tools are not standardized or not yet are standardized for selection of parts.The general principle of material selection: firstly, it is the premise that the parts function is satisfied, considering the technology, economy, and according to the resources of our country, we choose the domestic material.Structural process analysis of cover plate parts. The structural process analysis of the parts mainly includes three aspects, such as the dimension of the parts, the standard of the parts, the elements of the components and the structure of the parts..The total length of spare parts is 300mm and the width is 71.5mm. Tolerances is positive and negative is 0.05mm. The top view chart is shown in Fig. 1 .Fig. 1 Part size chartDetermination of tolerances for rough and working procedure dimensions. Size tolerances of Changzhou Jinguan agriculture (1729-214-043-OC) basic: boring tool is 0~0.03mm, drill is 0~0.3mm, size is 0~0.022mm, size and thickness is -0.5~+0.5mm.The formulation of the processing route for the cover plate parts. Determination of processing methodFor milling on the workpiece, drilling, reaming, boring processing.Processing sequence arrangement.1) Rough machining: the main removal of the majority of the margin, so that the rough and size is close to the finished product, in the order of price creation conditions. In this part of the plane processing, 62mm, 72mm, Phi hole.2) Finishing: guarantee the main surface to reach the drawing requirements. Finish machining datum, Phi 62mm, Phi 72mm rebore.Centralization and decentralization of processes.In the process of the processing of parts, it also needs to solve the problem of the centralized and the process of the process. Under different production conditions, the process of the preparation of the process is different.How many of the processes of the same parts in the process are referred to the centralized and decentralized processes.The process concentration is a lot of processing in each process, as far as possible in the installation of various surfaces, or as far as the same equipment on the continuous completion of more processing requirements. In this way, parts of the process is less, and the process is short.The process is derived, the surface of the processing is very fine, each process of less content, the performance of the process, process route is long.The process of concentration and dispersion has a characteristic, according to what principle to ascertain the number of processes, which to make comprehensive consideration according to the production program, machine tool equipment and parts of structure and technical requirements. Butfrom the point of view of the development of technology, with the development and application of CNC machine tools, machining center, it will be more tend to focus on the process in the future.Determination of processing order.Arrangement of machining operation.To meet all technical requirements of drawings and production with high efficiency and low cost, it does not only to correct selection of locating datum and each surface processing method, and reasonable arrangement procedure. This not only refers to the border between the mechanical machining, but also to reasonably arrange the order of the process between machining and heat treatment, surface treatment and assistant working procedure (such as cleaning, inspection, etc.).1) The first base. As other surface finishing benchmark general arrangement in the process of the beginning of processing.2) After the Lord. Parts of the core surface (usually refers to the high machining accuracy and surface quality requirements of surface), the surface should first processing, thus early detection of defects that may appear in the blank.3) First rough then finishes. A part of the cutting process, always rough first, then semi finishing, and finally finishing and finishing the finishing.4) First hole. Box, bracket and other parts with contour dimensions far than other surface size of the plane, is used as locating datum is stable and reliable. So most of the first processing of the plane as a fine benchmark, used for hole processing and other surfaces.Determination of processing route. The process route means the movement track and direction of the relative workpiece in the process of the numerical control machine tools. That the pool from the starting point of the knife movement, until the point and the end of the process to return the path, including the introduction of cutting tools and cutting tools, return and other non - cutting air travel. Determine the machining path, mainly to determine the rough machining and air travel from the knife route, and the cutting process of the finishing cutting process is along the workpiece contour.In determining the direction of machining, consider the tool "knife" phenomenon, especially in the numerical control milling machine and machining center of the cutting should be so. The milling route is usually used, and the milling route is employed in the milling process.That is, milling the contour with the clockwise to the knife, milling the contour with the counterclockwise knife. The high speed machining center of the spindle over 10000r/min, to avoid the knife phenomenon caused by a knife.Selection of machine tool and process equipment for flat parts. Selection of machine tools Owing to the use of the tool when machining the part more, easy to take the wrong knife when milling machine, more process waste of resources, so the selection of machining center processing the workpiece.Equipment choice.Aperture measuring in diameter gauge and plug gauge; measuring flatness in marble platform with a feeler gauge; center distance in three dimension measuring other vernier caliper and micrometer.Machine tool fixture design for cover plate partsBasic requirements and design procedures for special fixture. Basic requirements for special fix ture1) Guarantee the machining accuracy of the workpiece2) Improve productivity3) Good craft4) Good use5) Good economySpecial jig design procedure.1) Determination of positioning mode and selection of positioning elementThe positioning of the workpiece in the fix ture is the most important process in fix ture design, correct positioning of the only guarantee the workpiece to ensure the machining accuracy meets the requirements. The positioning fix ture is to ensure process a batch of parts in the first part cutting until all processes are finished, the process workpiece reference relative to machine and tool always keep machining position correctly.The workpiece in the fix ture positioning to meet the six point location principle also guarantee the positioning accuracy of the workpiece, in the former process has finished two positioning holes and the bottom plane, so that a dual positioning can be used which is able to limit the work of six freedom degree requirements.2) Determine the workpiece to intensify the program, design and clamp deviceMachining accuracy analysis after the completion of the overall structure of the fix ture elements, if the process precision of the workpiece has higher requirements, it should be established corresponding dimensions, tolerances and position requirements fix ture, and then the process accuracy analysis.a.Determination of toleranceBecause of the influence of various conditions, such as machine tool transmission error, fix ture error, cutting tool error, human error, etc.. Cause the workpiece machining error. In order to guarantee the machining accuracy, it is a must to control the above error. In the development of fix ture, the fix ture error, error, error and adjustment error should be ensured, and the error formula is met, and the tolerance of the workpiece is generally 1/3.b.Analysis of working procedure precisionTo ex amine the factors that cause the machining errors of the workpiece process, there are some errors: location error, installation error, adjustment error, machining error. In order to guarantee the machining accuracy of the workpiece must take measures to control and reduce the error caused by various factors, so that the machining error is not ex ceeded the process dimension tolerance: ∑=△D+△A+△T+△G≤g （1）The calculation formula（1）of error calculation formula, widely used in the analysis of the probability of proofreading.For the analysis of the parts involved in the corresponding process dimension, the fix ture design parameters and the manufacturing accuracy use better data to ensure machining precision, which will not be one by one calculation and accurate analysis of the process.ConclusionsThe development of numerical control technology. When to keep pace with the times, it is necessary to combine theory with practice. CNC automatic machining mode avoids the errors caused by the producer of a human operator, as well as the size of the same b atch processing parts good consistency, high rate of qualified products, superior processing efficiency, greatly reduce the labor intensity of workers. CNC machine tool cannot only plane processing, but also can process the complicated curved surface parts; CNC machine tools are also conducive to the modernization of production management, with computer numerical control (CNC) machining, it is able to accurately estimate the working hours, with a precise formulation of the production schedule table. References[1] Junshan Xu. Application of numerical control technology in programming [J]2011.[2] Yu Zhang, Ping Liu. Geometric tolerances and measurement technology. Shenyang: Northeastern University press 1999.[3] Kun Wang. Mechanical design, mechanical design, basic curriculum design, Beijing: Higher Education Press, 1996.[4] Qiliang Guo. Course design of mechanical components, Guizhou people press, 1982.1.[5] Kai Wang. Mechanical design standard application manual / second volume, Beijing: Machinery Industry Press, 1997.8.[6] Lianggui Pu. Mechanical design (Seventh Edition), Beijing: Higher Education Press, 2001.[7] Qing Zhang. The application of numerical control technology in mechanical manufacturing [J] Hunan agricultural machinery, 2011.[8] Gao xiang Cong.[J]. CNC technology. High Box iang cluster application and development prospect in the machining of the value engineering, 2011 (3).。

“色彩小夜曲”——美国画家雷明顿的绘画"色彩小夜曲"美国画家雷明顿的绘画戚灵岭瑞士艺术史家沃尔夫林,在结束其名着《古典艺术》时写道:"没有光,宝石也会失去光彩."黑夜,因为没有光,也就成为油画家感到难画的题材.历史上的大画家,卡拉瓦乔,伦勃朗,拉图尔等,采用烛光或其他间接光源,运用明暗对比手法,刻画夜的感觉.19世纪出现了几位油画家,大胆地向自然与绘画媒介的局限性挑战,要以自然的夜为主题,让它发出奇异的色彩.惠斯勒开此先风,所画夜景,色彩斑斓,犹如蓝宝石.美国画家弗雷德里克?雷明顿,步其后尘,他虽英年早逝,却为我们留下70多幅夜景作品.其笔下的美国西部夜景,月光,篝火和烛光,是光,影与色彩的交响,逾越了该主题横亘在画家眼前的技术和美学难关,所以,他被恰当地誉为"阐释美国西部夜景的天才".雷明顿的夜景,不独攻克了技术难关,描绘出夜的美妙色彩,更可贵的是创造了一种扣人心弦的意境:优美宁静的夜,潜伏着某种难以预料的危机.这种奇妙的张力,部分地源于雷明顿的个人经历.1861年,雷明顿出生于纽约,父亲是美国内战英雄,受其影响,希望将来当兵.他少时更是爱好绘画,后来考入耶鲁大学学习艺术.1880年,其父逝世,被迫中断学业,以传教为生.1883 年春,他客游西部,遂在堪萨斯州皮博迪附近购置一处牧场.但因不能适应那种生活,他卖掉财产,投资美发沙龙.由于经营不善,他很快破产, 返回东部生活.一次偶然的机会给他带来了好运.他从西部带回了自己在那里画的素描,为当时的流行周刊业主哈珀兄弟所见,认为它们真实地表现了西部的景象,大可满足东部读者的浪漫心愿.虽然,他们觉得,这些素描不够精致,必须经人重画才能发表,但这为雷明顿铺垫了当职业画家的道路.在短短的时间里,他以惊人的速度,画了大批插图,发表了大量的随笔,向东部读者介绍西部的生活.在十多年之内,他不仅富有,而且成了大名鼎鼎的西部生活的"忠实报道者".彼时,雷明顿还不足40岁,当然不甘心仅仅做个杂志插图画家,而希望别人将他看成是一位优秀的艺术家.插图艺术,有极大的限制性,一般运用黑,白,灰三种主色进行创作,不利于培养画家的色彩感觉.雷明顿遂将精力转移到了油画,从事色彩实验,探测自己在色彩表现上的潜力.1898年春,缅因号战舰炸毁事件,引发美西战争.雷明顿受父亲英勇事迹的感染,加入随军画家的行列,奔赴战场.战争,中断了他的色彩实验,却深刻地影响了他日后的创作态度.1898 年6月,他随军抵达古巴,期待身临亲见美国骑兵在丛林中冲锋陷阵的英雄场景,但他所见的却是一片混战,美国士兵不断遭受偷袭,来路不明62新美术的弹片四处横飞,敌军始终不显踪影.美军阵脚大乱,招架不及,伤亡惨重.战争的高潮始于7月1日,在圣胡安山打响.此日,泰迪?罗斯福率领骑兵向敌军发动了猛攻,雷明顿此时虽在附近,但并未实际观察战斗.他与其他战地记者一起撤到了后方,那里,触目皆是惨不忍睹的伤员. 战争的残酷,战事的变化叵测,给雷明顿带来极大的精神焦虑,泯灭了先前那种渴望军旅生活的热情.他身患高烧,离别了战场.回到美国,为了完成战地记者的责职,他迅速地画了一批"记录"战况的图画.后来,他游历蒙大拿和怀俄明,回到战前的西部题材,与前不同的是,他在新的西部绘画中注入了一种精微的恐惧感,一丝挥之不去的焦虑:战争的阴影始终伴随着他的画笔.夜景乃是传达这种惊扰之感的最佳载体,也是雷明顿战后绘画中最迷人的作品.其表现技法复杂,笔触娴熟奔放,用色凝重,整体画面意境简洁新颖,别具一格,充满张力:静得危险的优美夜色,随时可能导致死亡的发生……雷明顿对夜景的兴趣始于1899年秋参观查尔斯?彼得斯的画展后.彼得斯刚从国外回来, 他羡慕惠斯勒的夜景画,创作了16幅描绘加州月光的作品.雷明顿也想效法彼得斯,探索一下月光的色彩效果.在为自己的新小说《印第安人之路》作插图时,配了两幅夜景图.在雷明顿的艺术生涯中,这两幅作品起到了从依附文字的插图向独立的绘画过渡的作用.文字的限制,反倒促使画家更慎重地考虑图像的独立性,以及人物与背景的关系.表现小说主角奥特的《夜之美妙母亲——怀特?奥特不再是个孩子就体现了这一点.小伙子奥特在经受种种考验,证明已为成人之后,向夜之母月亮诉说内心的喜悦.画面背景很单纯,没有不必要的细节,有力地突出了骑在白马上,双手举向画面并未出现的主角明月.如果说雷明顿以前的插图,其功效在于回答文字所提出的问题,那么,由于注重画面本身的独立品质,这幅插图已开始从回答问题转向提出问题,脱离了图解文字的辅助功能而变为独立自主的绘画作品.这是画家制造悬念,表现难以言传的惊扰之感的重要手法.1902年所画的两幅作品,就以这样的方式吸引观者的注意力,调动观者的想象力.《侦察员:敌人还是朋友?》表现一名印第安侦察骑兵,在广袤的雪原上,忽然驻马,凝视远处蓝色夜空之下位于地平线上的村庄,他显然搞不清那是敌人还是朋友的驻地,观者更是无从回答,即刻也被卷入同样的疑虑.《侦察》一画亦是如此,远景中有两个士兵,站在树林边缘,窥探深不可测的远方.星空下黑压压的树林,挡住了前景中待命的骑兵,也包括我们观者的视线,我们看不见那远方究竟是什么情形,不知将会出现什么危险,但我们能够感觉到某种威胁正在逼近,一触即发,就像《大平原的老驿站马车》中的马车,仿佛刹那间就要冲向我们观者,产生立体电影般恐怖的视觉冲击力.一士兵手持长枪,坐在马车项上,警觉地观察地平线上的敌情, 随时应变.雷明顿的夜景画,总是巧妙地运用悬念,将观者的神经调至高度紧张的状态,从而更敏感地欣赏其夜色之美.《加拿大湖之夜》和《回应》,堪称雷明顿这个时期的杰作,构图简明,意境深远,表明他已完全摆脱插图画家拘泥于细节的习惯,采用引而不发的图画叙述,给观者留下了无限的想象空间.在《加拿大湖之夜》中,画外的某个动静,突然引起舟中人的警觉,而究竟是何种声响,何种可能的威胁,我们不得而知.相对而言,《回应》所潜藏的危险,来路比较明确.阴影中的小舟上的猎人,正持枪瞄准河滩上那只孤独的驼鹿, 我们似乎马上就要听见划破静谧的黄昏的刺耳枪声.在这幅画中,雷明顿很巧妙地将危险的时刻冻结在画面中,创造了扣人心弦的图画悬念.雷明顿的夜景画很快得到批评家的认可,但他本人是极苛刻的自我批评家,对自己的作品很不满意,认为自己还没有正确地抓住夜的色彩之美.1905年,他是这样向朋友表达自己内心的失望的:"我竭尽全力想得到色彩,但就是得不到."色彩小夜曲"63为什么?为什么?为什么我得不到!我能找到的唯一原因,恐怕是自己画黑白作品的时间太长了.我见到色彩,知道美在什么地方,但就是画不出来,快要把人逼疯了.如果我活得够长,肯定要发疯的."失望催促雷明顿更努力地探索色彩的奥秘. 1908年,他终于发现了"如何画出月光的银色光泽"的秘密.《不走运的猎手》是见证之一.六个月后,他举办了个展,展出了九幅令人心醉神迷的夜景画.艺术圈人士一致认为,不论多么热烈地祝贺雷明顿先生的成就,"都不为过".评论家说,雷明顿用色简练,其驾御绘画媒介,犹如伟大的音乐家的演奏,自然而流畅,达到炉火纯青的地步.这个时期,雷明顿主要是用银灰的月光演绎其主题的.在《阿帕切侦察员听辨声音》一画中, 几位印第安侦察员蹲在地上,听辨来自画外的敌情,前景浓重的阴影,与后景中消退的黑色树林形成平行的斜角直线,横贯画面,将侦察员夹杂其间,更衬托出神秘,紧张的气氛.画面中央的骑兵,一手拢耳,企图听清到底是什么声音惊动了自己.是狗的叫声?那些企图偷越印第安领地的人,最害怕的就是狗的叫声,只要狗一叫,偷越者的位置就会暴露,就有被击毙的危险.然而, 雷明顿没有给予我们答案,仅仅提出了问题.《求救》一画更令人惊心动魄.两只饿狼,围着三匹马儿打转,惊恐之马,退缩围栏处,无路可逃.围栏后面的窗户,亮着灯光,点明屋中有人.但画面的故事已经开场,结论悬而未决:有人会出来赶走豺狼,救援马儿,避免一场将要发生的惨剧吗?笼罩整个画面的银灰的月色,给这个悬念抹上了一层更神秘的色彩.雷明顿的《月光,狼》一画,把动物的恐惧转化为对人的威胁.画中,观者变成狼的猎物.一只孤狼,为某个声响所惊动,骤然停步,站在中央,两只细眼贪婪地注视着画外.繁星,静水, 除此之外,没有任何猎物可供它追逐,显然,它凶狠的眼神威胁着我们观看者.雷明顿笔下银灰的夜色,象征死亡的"阴影",而死亡的阴影一直是小夜曲图像的主题. 这个主题在雷明顿的画中,不是描绘确定的死亡事实,而是一种死亡随时可能发生的恐惧状态. 诚如一位批评家所说:"在所有雷明顿的作品中, 死亡的阴影近在眼前.其活生生的场景中的人物,不是受到可怕的战争死亡的威胁,就是受到饥渴,寒冷的威胁."1909年,48岁的画家做阑尾炎切除手术后感染去世.人类与自然,每时每刻都隐含着危机, 战争与疾病,雷明顿的美丽的夜景画,表达了人类的深重焦虑.这种使人不得安宁的忧患意识, 恰恰是所谓的现代性的特征.现代性是一把双刃利剑.雷明顿的复杂的夜景画,得益于现代技术的发展,闪光照相技术与电灯的出现,不只改变了夜的面貌,而且帮助艺术家发现了夜的色彩. 没有现代技术的协助,惠斯勒,雷明顿等辈画家在表现夜色上不可能超越前人.然而,正是现代技术的迅猛发展,冲刷掉了雷明顿的作品所表现的对象,他那充满个性的色彩夜景画,成了对已消失的神秘的西部的凭吊与记忆.以上两点,加上他简朴的表现语言,说明雷明顿的夜景画包含强烈的现代性.附记:"弗雷德里克?雷明顿,夜之色彩"画展于2003年4月13日至7月13日在美国华盛顿国立美术馆举行,笔者有幸应邀前往观赏, 并受该馆惠允图片版权,在本刊印行,特此鸣谢!。

1900年1月28日，艾丽丝·尼尔（Alice Neel，1900-1984）出生于宾夕法尼亚州梅里恩广场。

她的母亲是美国《独立宣言》签署者的后裔，父亲是宾夕法尼亚铁路公司津贴部门的会计，这是一个标准的中产阶级家庭。

然而在那个对女性的期望和给予的机会都非常有限的时代，女孩想成为艺术家，简直比登天还难。

在一次采访中她这样描述自己成长的地方：“我在那个小镇里长大，我讨厌那里，你知道一个愚昧落后的小镇是什么样子吗？……我的生活无聊至极，小镇里什么都有，就是没有一位艺术家或是作家，当年轻人从窗户探出身子，没有人会把这些场景写下来，当梨花在春天里开得烂漫，也没有画家会把它们画下来，但只有我有这样做的想法，但我还只是个孩子……”从小就想成为艺术家的尼尔高中毕业后参加对页罗伯特·梅普尔索普 （Robert Mapplethorpe）《艾丽丝·尼尔》明胶银版摄影 48.6×37.9 cm© Robert Mapplethorpe Foundation撰文=沈蓉 编辑=关月艾丽丝·尼尔，20世纪最伟大的美国画家之一。

然而，她的所有声誉只出现在她去世之后。

在过去的20年中，人们对她的作品兴趣呈指数级增长，一系列具有里程碑意义的展览和艺术史研究牢牢巩固了她在国际舞台上的地位。

用绝望画出人类灵魂艾丽丝·尼尔：了公务员考试，白天工作，晚上去夜校上艺术课，终于在1921年进入费城女子设计学院（现在的摩尔艺术与设计学院)。

1924年夏天，在一个暑期学校的绘画项目中，她遇到了“古巴人”卡洛斯·恩里克斯（Carlos Enriquez）（尼尔在回忆中总是用标签来指称那些在她生命中占据重要位置的男人）。

两个年轻人情投意合，迅速坠入爱河。

第二年，尼尔刚刚毕业两人便结了婚，一起前往古巴哈瓦那生活。

20世纪初，古巴经历了一系列政治运动和社会变革，包括民主革命和反帝国主义斗争。

2023年全国中学生英语能力竞赛初二年级组试题（总分：120分答题时间：100分钟）笔试部分（共八大题，计120分）Ⅰ.Multiple-choice(选择填空)（共15小题；每小题1分，计15分）Beneath each of the following sentences there are four choices marked A,B,C and D.Choose the answer that best completes the sentence.(从A、B、C、D四个选项中，选出可以填入空白处的最佳选项。

)31.-What did you do on Sunday?-I did my homework _______ day.A.all aB.the wholeC.the allD.whole32.It is a school with a _______ history.A.30 year'sB.30 yearsC.30-yearsD.30-year33.We have _______ rain this year,so the trees and grass don't grow well.A.littleB.a littleC.fewD.a few34.My piano lesson will be _______ 4:00 pm _______8:00 pm.A.at; andB.from; toC.from; andD.at; to35.He studied English and Japanese,but he had no interest in _______ subject.A.bothB.noneC.allD.either36.-I have a terrible stomachache.-You _______ go to the hospital at once.Nothing can make you feel better.A.maybeB.perhapsC.have toD.could37.My father _______ reading newspapers in the morning.A.wantsB.likes toC.loves toD.enjoys38._______ call me Mimi! It's my cat's name.A.NotB.Don'tC.Doesn'tD.Didn't39.-______you wash your clothes?-No.But I _______ tommorrow.A.Do; doB.Did; washC.Did; willD.Are; will wash40.The underlined phrase(划线短语)in "He drank lots of water that day." can be replaced(被代替) by _______.A.muchB.manyC.a lotD.more41.There is _______with my computer.It doesn't work.A.wrong nothingB.wrong somethingC.something wrongD.nothing wrong42.They could not go camping_______the heavy rain.A.because ofB.becauseC.asD.for43.The girl is going to do_______.A.what does she want to doB.she wants to doC.she wants to do whatD.what she wants to44.-What not visit the museum?-_______A.Yes,we do.B.Good idea! Let's go.C.No,there isn't?D.It's behind the school.45.-_______-I think it's boring.-What about you?A.Do you like the coat?B.What do you think of the film?C.I don't think it's boring.D.I will go to the cinema.Ⅱ.Reading comprehension(阅读理解)（共20小题；选题题5小题，每小题1分；非选择题15小题，每小题2分，计35分）A)Read the following passage which is followed by five questions.For each of them there are four choices marked A,B,C and D.Choose the on that fits best according to the passage.(阅读下面的短文，根据短文内容从每题所给的ABCD四个选项中，选出能回答所提问题或完毕所给句子的最佳选项。