土木工程给排水环境工程专业英语翻译题库

给水排水专业英语翻译汇总《给水排水专业英语》译文：（第一课）给水工程我们知道，水的供应对生命的生存至关重要。

人类需要喝水，动物需要喝水，植物也需要喝水。

社会的基本功能需要水：公共卫生设施的冲洗，工业生产过程耗水，电能生产过程的冷却用水。

在这里，我们从两方面讨论水的供给：）1、地下水供给2、地表水供给地下水是通过打井而得到的重要直接供水水源，也是一种重要的间接供水水源，因为地表溪流（或小河）会经常得到地下水的补给。

在靠近地表的通气层中，土壤孔隙内同时包含着空气和水。

这一地层，其厚度在沼泽地可能为零，在山区则可能厚达数百英尺，蕴涵三种类型的水分。

重力水，是在暴雨过后进入较大的土壤孔隙中的水。

毛细水是在毛细作用下进入较小的土壤孔隙中的水，它能够被植物吸收。

吸湿水是在不是最干燥的气候条件下由于分子间引力而被土壤稳定下来的水。

地表通气层的湿气是不能通过凿井方式作为供水水源的。

位于通气层以下的饱和层，土壤孔隙中充满着水，这就是我们通常所说的地下水。

包含大量地下水的地层称为含水层。

通气层和含水层之间的水面称为地下水位或浅层地下水面，地下水静压力与大气压力相等。

含水层可延伸相当深度）, but because the weight of overburden material generally closes pore spaces（但因为地层负荷过重会压缩（封闭、关闭）土壤孔隙，深度超过600m，即2000英寸，就基本找不到地下水了。

能够含水层中自由流出的水量称为单位产水量。

The flow of water out of a soil can be illustrated using Figure1（土壤中水流如图1所示）. The flow rate must be proportional to the area through which flow occurs times the velocity（流量与流水面积成比例，流经该土壤面积的流量等于面积与速率成的乘积）, orQ=AvWhere（此式中）Q=flow rate , in m3/sec（流量，单位为m3/s）【cubic meter per second】A=area of porous material through which flow occurs, in m2（渗透性土壤的流水断面，单位为m2）v=superficial velocity, in m/sec（表观流速（表面流速），单位为m/s）表观流速当然不是水在土壤中流动的真实速度，因为土壤固体颗粒所占据的体积大大地降低了水流通过的空间。

(1)Concrete and reinforced concrete are used as building materials in every country. In many, including Canada and the United States, reinforced concrete is a dominant structural material in engineered construction.(1)混凝土和钢筋混凝土在每个国家都被用作建筑材料。

在许多国家，包括加拿大和美国，钢筋混凝土是一种主要的工程结构材料。

(2)The universal nature of reinforced concrete construction stems from the wide availability of reinforcing bars and the constituents of concrete, gravel, sand, and cement, the relatively simple skills required in concrete construction.(2) 钢筋混凝土建筑的广泛存在是由于钢筋和制造混凝土的材料，包括石子，沙，水泥等，可以通过多种途径方便的得到，同时兴建混凝土建筑时所需要的技术也相对简单。

(3)Concrete and reinforced concrete are used in bridges, building of all sorts, underground structures, water tanks, television towers, offshore oil exploration and production structures, dams, and even in ships.(3)混凝土和钢筋混凝土被应用于桥梁，各种形式的建筑，地下结构，蓄水池，电视塔，海上石油平台，以及工业建筑，大坝，甚至船舶等。

1. Civil engineering，the oldest of the engineering specialties，is the planning，design，construction, and management of the built environment．This environment includes all structures built according to scientific principles，from irrigation and drainage systems to rocket-launching facilities.土木工程，最老的工程专业，是建筑环境的规划、设计、施工和管理。

这个环境包括从灌溉和排水系统到火箭发射设施的所有根据科学原理建造的结构物。

2. Civil engineers build roads，bridges，tunnels，dams，harbors，power plants，water and sewage systems，hospitals，schools，mass transit，and other public facilities essential to modern society and large population concentrations．土木工程师修建道路、桥梁、隧道、大坝、港口、发电站、水系统和污水系统，医院、学校、公共交通系统，以及现代化社会和大量人口集中的地方所必需的其他公共设施。

3. Computers are a necessity for the modern civil engineer because they permit the engineer to efficiently handle the large quantities of data needed in determining the best way to construct a project．计算机对于现代土木工程师而言是必不可少的，因为它们可使工程师高效地处理大量数据，这些数据是在确定最优施工方案时所需要的。

专业英语课后翻译参考Unit12、词组翻译（1）受弯构件（2）临界屈曲荷载（3）长细比（4）短柱（5）折减模量（6）effective length （7）residual stress（8）trial and error approach （9）radius of gyration（10）tangent modulus3、英译汉(1)This ideal state is never achieved in reality, however, and some eccentricity of the load is inevitable.在现实中,这种理想状态从来没有达到，然而，一些荷载偏心是不可避免的(2)In many instances the members are aslo called upon to resist bending, and in these cases the member is a beam-column.在许多情况下，需要构件能够抵抗弯矩，并在这些情况下，构件是梁柱。

(3)If the member is so slender that the stress just before buckling is below the proportional limit---that is, the member is still elastic---the critical buckling load is given by Q.如果该构件是是细长，则在屈曲前应力就低于比例限制---也就是说，该构件仍然是弹性---由公式Q 给出该临界屈曲荷载。

(4)The ratio L/r is the slenderness ratio and is the measure of a compression member’s slenderness, with large values corresponding to slender members.L/r 是长细比，是衡量受压构件的长细的一种方法，对于细长的构件它具有较大值。

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《给水排水专业英语》Lesson 1specific yield [spə'sifik] ［ji：ld］单位产水量mass curve 累积曲线capital investment 投资recurring natural event ［'nætʃərəl］重现历史事件subterranean [sʌbtə'reiniən］地下的groundwater 地下水surface water 地表水tap ［tæp］开关、龙头；在…上开空（导出液体)swampland [’swɔmplænd］n。

沼泽地;沼泽地带capillary ［kə’piləri］ n. 毛细管 adj。

毛状的，毛细管的hygro- ［词头] 湿（气)，液体hygroscopic [,haigrəu'skɔpik] adj。

易湿的，吸湿的hygroscopic moisture 吸湿水stratum ［'streitəm］ n。

［地质学］地层，[生物学］（组织的）层aquifer [’ækwəfə］ ['ækwifə］ n。

含水层，地下蓄水层saturation [,sætʃə’reiʃən］ n.饱和 (状态）,浸润，浸透，饱和度hydrostatic [，haidrəu'stætik] adj. 静水力学的，流体静力学的hydrostatic pressure 静水压力water table 1. 地下水位，地下水面,潜水面2。

土木工程专业英语
土木工程专业英语 abandon v.放弃
abbreviation n.缩写
abrasion n.擦伤，磨损
abundance a.丰富，充裕，大量 access road 入口
accessibility n.可大性，可接近性 acid corrode 酸性腐蚀
acre n.英亩
acronym n.简称，只取首字母的缩写词 adapter n.适配器，转换接头，附件admeasurement contract 计价合同 admixture n.掺和剂
adverse a.不利的
aerodynamic a.空气动力的
aggregate n.骨料，集料
reactive aggregate 活性骨料
agitation n.拌和
air conditioning 空气调节
air-entrained concrete 加气混凝土 akin a.类似的，同样的(常跟to连用) alcove n.凹室，壁龛
alkaline a.碱性(的) high-alkai a.高碱性的
allocate v.分配，分派，配给 allowable stress 允许应力
allowable stress approach 允许应力法 allowance n.留量，容差，补助alkali-aggregate reaction 碱-骨料反应 alternative n.比较方案 a.交替的，变更的，比较的
aluminum(aluminium) n.铝
aluminium alloy 铝合金
amalgam n.混合物，软的混合物 amenity n.舒适，适宜，愉快 analogous a。

建筑类专业英语-给水排水环境与保护（第二册）第五章第五单元 UNIT FIVETextCollection of Wastewater 废水收集In old cities，drainage ditches were constructed for the sole purpose of movingstormwater out of the cities．Eventually，these ditches were covered over and became whatwe now know as storm sewers．在古老城市．造排水沟的唯——目的不过是将雨水排出城外。

这些沟最终被加上盖板为我们今天所说的雨水管道。

[ 2] As water supplies developed and the use of the indoor water closet increased，theneed for transporting domestic wastewaters，called sanitary wastes。

became obvious．Thiswas accomplished in one of two ways：(1)discharge of the sanitary wastes into the stormwas accomplished in ODe of two ways： (1)discharge ot the sanitary wastes mto tne storm sewers，which then carried both sanitary wastes and storm—water，and were known asCombined sewers, and(2)construction of a new system of underground pipes tor removingthe wastewater，which became known as sanitary sewers．①随着供水事业的发展和室内卫生间使用的增多，对排故被称作生活污水的家庭污水的要求呼声口高。

环境工程专业英语试题一、英汉互译1. oxidizing agent——氧化剂2. activated sludge——活性污泥3. water purification——水净化4. protozoa——原生动物5. nitrogen dioxide——二氧化氮6. phosphate——磷酸盐7. the dew point——露点8. food additives——食品添加剂9. chemical plant——化工厂air pollutant——一次大气污染物analysis——定性分析problem——环境问题combustion——不完全燃烧oxidants——光化学氧化剂solid——悬浮固体16.气布比——air to cloth ratio17.一氧化碳——carbon monoxide 18.酵母——yeast19.紫外线——ultraviolet light 20.反向渗透——reverse osmosis21.水资源——water resource 22.有机物质——organic matter23.地表水——surface water 24.引风机——draft fan25.生物鉴定——bioassay 26.副产品——by-products27.环境容量——environmental capacity 28.供水，给水——water supply29.吸附——adsorption 30.环境污染——environmental pollution二、英译汉1.Protection of public health, the original purpose of pollution control, continues to be theprimary objective in many areas. However, preservation of water resources, protection offishing areas, and maintenance of recreational waters are additional concerns today.污染控制的最初目的是保护公众的健康，在许多地方这仍然是主要目的。

UNIT 1给水工程 water supply engineering 排水工程 sewage engineering市政工程 civil engineering市政工程师 civil engineer环境工程 environmental engineering 水文学 hydrology水力学 hydranlies水环境 natural aquatic environment 流域 watershed水体 waterbody地表水 surface water淡水 freshwater地下水 groundwater含水层 aquifer天然含水层 natural aquifer地下含水层 underground aquifer水文循环 natural hydrologic cycle 渗滤 infiltration降水 precipitation渗入 precolation蒸发 evaporation蒸腾 transpiration城市水文循环 urban hydrologic cycle 水源 water source水资源 water resource取水 water withdrawal水处理 water treatment配水 water distribution用水 water use污水 sewage废水 wastewater废水收集 wastewater collection废水处理 wastewater disposal受纳水体 receiving waters污染 pollution pollute污染物 pollutant玷污、污染 contamination致污物 contaminant未污染 uncontaminated水污染 water pollution水污染控制 water pollution control水污染防治 water pollution prevention污水回用 wastewater reuseUNIT 2水短缺 water scarcity地表水资源 surface water resource管网 Pipe Network供水系统 water supply system市政配水系统 municipal distribution system建筑给水系统house water supply system分区供水系统 dual distribution system小区 micro district小社区 small community冷水供水系统 cold water supply system热水供水系统 hot water supply system消防系统 fire protection system喷淋系统 fire protection sprinkler system自动水幕系统 automatic drencher system半自动水幕系统semi automatic drencher system消火栓 hydrant排水系统 drainage system生活排水系统 sanitary system工业排水系统 industrial system雨水排水系统 stormwater system合流制 combined sewers分流制 separate sewers建筑排水系统 building drainage system卫生洁具 plumbing fixtures卫浴设备 bathroom fixtures输水系统 water transmission system漏水率 leakage rate配水系统 water distribution system环状管网 grid (looped)system支状管网 branching(branched) system下水管道 sanitary sewer污水节流管 intercepting(中间截取) sewer污水节流系统 intercepting sewer system污水节流井 sewage intercepting well支管 collection (目的：收集)sewer collectorsewer生活污水 sanitary sewagedomestic sewagedomestic wastewater工业污水 industrial wastewater工业污水/液/物 industrial wastes农业用水 agricultural wastewater/wastes雨水 rainwater stormwater水位 waterlevel海拔、标高 elevation坡度 grade倾斜度 slope明渠 Open channel开挖 ex cava tion深度 excavation depth水力分析 hydraulic analysis水头 pressure head总水头 total headUnit 3水头损失 Head loss速度头动压头 Velocity head静压 Static head摩擦水头 Friction head水力坡度线 Hydranlic grade line 重力流 Gravity flow水塔 Water castle贮水箱 Cistern泵站 Pump station给水泵站 Water pump station污水泵站 Sewage station提升泵站 Lift pumping plant增压泵 Booster pump离心泵 Centrifugal pump潜水泵 Submer sible pump潜水艇 Submerine深井泵 Well pump虹吸虹吸管 Siphon人孔 Manhole法兰 Flange阀门 Valve闸阀 Gate valve泵送系统 Pumping system流量 Flow rate流速 Fluid velocity层流 Laminar flow滞流粘性流 viscous flow过渡流 Transitional flow湍流 Turbulent flow紊流 Turbulence flow涡流 Eddying flow雷诺数 Teynolds number 水质 Water guality水源 Water sources供水水源 Water supples原水 Raw water未处理水 Untreated water出水 Finished water原水水质 Raw-water quality水质标准 Water quality standards水质要求 Water quality requirements饮用水 Drink water\potable water自来水 Tap water纯水 Pure water饮用水标准 Drinking water standards饮用水一级标Primary drinking water standards最大允许浓度 Maxmum permissible levelsmaxmum allowable levels最大污染物浓度 Maxmum contaminant levels主要污染物 Primary contaminants有机化合物 Organic chemicals合成有机化合物 Synthetic organic chemicals挥发性有机化合物 Volatile organic ohemicals无机化合物 Inorganic chemical微生物 Micro organisms\microbes微生物污染 Microbial contaminants病原微生物 Pathogenic micro organisms病原体 Pathogenic病毒 Pathogenic bacterin细菌 Bacteria大肠杆菌 Coliform bacteria病毒 Viruses藻类 Algae浊度 Turbidity放射性 Radionuclide感官性状 Esthetic qualities审美 Esthetic味 Taste嗅 Odo色 Colour变色 Discolouration变色 Discolor水质物理参数 Physical parameters of water quality水的物理性质 Physical quality of water浊度值 Turbidity values浊度单位 Turdidity unit浑浊单位 Turdid嗅阈值 Threshold odor number化学性质 Chemical quality水质化学参数Chemical parameters of water quality溶解氧 Dissolved oxygen (DO)溶解氧浓度 Do level溶解氧平衡 Do balance氧损 Oxygen depletion有机污染物 Organic pollutant生化需氧量 Biochemical oxygen demand (BOD)总氮 Total nitrogen (TN)总凯式氮 Total Kjeldahl nitrogen (TKN)悬浮固体 Suspended solids (SS)总悬浮固体 Total suspended solids (TSS)溶解 Dissolved (DS)总溶解 Total dissolved (TDS)Unit 4溶解的铁和锰 Dissolved iron and manganese硬度 Hardness碱度 Alkalinity盐度 Salinity有害物质 Toxic and hazardous materials氰化物 Cyanides急性毒性 Acute toxity慢性毒性 Chronic toxity基因毒性 Genetic toxicity基因 Gene难降解有机化合物 Refractory organic chemicals 永久性有机污染物 Persistent organic pollutants 致癌化学性 Carcinogenic chemicals三卤甲烷 Trihalo methanes卤素 Halogen甲基 Methyl氯仿 Trichloromethane三氯甲烷 Chloroform杀虫剂农药 Pesticide害虫 Pest杀虫剂 Insecticide除草剂 Herbicide杀菌剂 Germicide细菌 Germ防腐剂 Preservative保证 Preserve清洗剂 Cleaning agent洗涤剂 Detergent发泡剂 Foaming agent泡沫 Foam化肥 Fertilizer肥沃的 Fertile富营养化 Eutrophication营养的 Trophic营养水平 Trophic level生态位 NicheUnit 5原污水 Raw sewage 原废水 Raw wastes处理水 Treated wastes回用水 Redaimed water水处理过程 Water processing收集 Collect处置 Dispose处理方法 Treatment method处理费用 Treatment costs处理单元 Treatment process运行模式 Operational mode间歇处理方式 Batch treatment approach均匀均化 Equalization均匀 Equalize调蓄水池 Equalization storage调节池 Equalization tank蓄水池 Storage tank降解 Degrade分解 Decompose分离 Separate隔离 Separation物理法 Physical process物理处理 Physical treatment物理处理过程 Physical treatment process一级处理 Primary treatment初步处理 Preliminary treatment格栅筛滤 Screening格栅 Screen格栅 Bar screen栅条 Bars钢栅条 Steel bars渣耙 Cleaning rakes圆形破碎机 Circular grinder破碎 Grind除砂 Degritting砂 Grit沙 Sand除砂 Grit removal沉砂池 Grit chamber沉淀 Settling沉淀池 Settling tank澄清池 Clarifier初澄清池 Primary clarifier初沉池 Primary settling tank一级出水 Primary effluent二级处理 Secondary treatment二级处理工艺 Secondary treatment process生物处理 Biological treatment二澄清池 Secondary clarifier二沉池 Secondary settling tank最终澄清池 Final clarifier最终沉淀池 Final settling tank二级出水 Secondary effluent三级处理 Tertiary treatment深度处理 Advanced treatment废水消毒 Waste disinfection出流出水 Effluent flow允许浓度 Allowable levels优异出水 High-quality polished effluent废水处理厂 Wastewater treatment plant污水处理厂 Sewage treatment plant二级处理厂 Secondary treatment plant城市污水处理Municipal wastewater treatment市政工程 Municipal engineering土木工程 Civil engineering城市污水处理厂Municipal wastewater treatment plant 污水处理能力 Sewage treatment capacity电容 Capacitance污水处理设施 Municipal treatment facilities 多反应器设施 Multi-reactor facility处理池 Treatment tank负荷 Load负荷 Loadings水力负荷 Hydrautic loading污染负荷 Pollutant load有机负荷 Organic load无机负荷 Inorganic load不含化肥、农药无机的 Unorganic周期性负荷 Periodic(intermitlent) loading第五部分：物化处理1．混凝 n. coagulation混凝过程 coagulation process化学混凝 chemical coagulation凝聚 n. aggregation絮凝 n. flocculationv. flocculate异向絮凝 perikinetic flocculation同向絮凝 orthokinetic flocculation混凝剂 n. coagulant混凝剂投量 coagulant dosage烧杯实验 jar test最佳混凝剂投量 optimum coagulant dosage 助凝剂 coagulant aid助凝剂 flocculation aid聚电解质 n. polyelectrolytes快速混合 flash-mix ,rapid-mix快速混合器 flash mixer ,rapid mixer混合池 mixer tank快速混合池 flash-mix tank絮凝器 n. flocculator絮凝池 flocculation tank固体接触池 solids-contact tank澄清 n. clarificationv. clarify澄清池 n. clarifier高负荷澄清池 high rate clarifier澄清水 clarifying water2．沉淀 n. sedimentation沉降 n. sedimentation自由沉降 plain settling拥挤沉降 hindered settling重力沉降 gravity settling沉淀池 settling tank沉淀池，沉降池 sedimentation tank矩形沉淀池 rectangular settling tank圆形沉淀池 circular settling tank管式沉淀池 tube settler斜管沉淀池 steeply inclined tube settler板式沉淀池 parallel-plate settler板式沉淀池 plate separator气浮 n. floatation泡沫分离 foam separation溶气气浮 dissolved-air floatation气浮池 floatation tank表面撇渣装置 surface-skimming device撇去 v. skim浮渣 n. scum浮渣槽 scum trough刮泥机 sludge scraper排泥 sludge drawoffsludge withdrawal预沉淀 n. presedimentation预沉淀池 presedimentation basin3．过滤 n. filtration滤池 n. filter慢滤池 slow filter快滤池 rapid filter高速（负荷）滤池 high rate filter砂滤池 sand filter慢砂滤池 slow sand filter快砂滤池 rapid sand filter重力滤池 gravity filter压力滤池 pressure filter过滤介质，滤料 filter medium石英砂 silica sand无烟煤 n. anthracite硅藻土 diatomaceous earth煤—砂滤床 coal-sand beds多层滤料 multilayered media混合滤料 mixed media双层滤料滤池 dual media filter双层滤池 two-layer filter粗滤料 coarse media细滤料 fine media助滤剂 filter aid滤后水，滤出水 filtered water滤后水，滤池出水 filter effluent滤前水，滤池进水 filter influent浊度穿透 turbidity breakthrough过滤周期 filter cycle清洗周期 cleaning cycle刮砂法 scraping method表面刮砂 surface scraping反冲洗 backwashing水力反冲洗 hydraulic backwashing水力反冲洗 hydraulic backwash水力分级 hydraulic grading4．消毒 n. disinfectionv. disinfect消毒剂 n. disinfectantdisinfection agent杀菌剂 n. germicide消毒过程 disinfection process消毒副产物 disinfection by-products氯化 n. chlorinationv. chlorinate氯化水 chlorinated water预氯化 n. prechlorination氯化消毒副产物 by-products of chlorination 化学消毒剂 chemical disinfectants液氯 liquid chlorine ,liquefied chlorine氯胺 n. chloramines次氯酸盐 hypochlorites次氯酸钠 sodium hypochlorite二氧化氯 chlorine dioxide臭氧 n. ozone臭氧化，臭氧消毒 n. ozonation臭氧化 v. ozonate紫外线 (UV) ultraviolet radiation (UV)伽马射线 gamma radiation 灭活 n. inactivationv. inactivate接触时间 contact time需氯量 chlorine demand加氯量，投氯量 chlorine dosage ,applied chlorine自由氯，游离氯 free chlorine ,free available chlorine化合氯 combined chlorine剩余保护 residual protection余氯 residual chlorine余氯量 chlorine residual自由余氯 free residual chlorine自由氯余量 free chlorine residual化合余氯 combined residual chlorine化合氯余量 combined chlorine residuals折点氯化（法） breakpoint chlorination折点氯化曲线 breakpoint chlorination curve折点加氯量 breakpoint dosage氯折点 chlorine breakpoint压力钢瓶 pressured steel cylinder臭氧发生器 ozone generator需臭氧量 ozone demand剩余臭氧量 ozone residual剩余臭氧 residual ozone致病微生物，病源微生物pathogenic microorganisms病原体 n. pathogens致病细菌或病毒 pathogenic bacteria or viruses细菌 n. bacteria大肠杆菌 coliform bacteria阿米巴氏菌 amoebic cysts孢子，芽孢 n. spores病毒 n. viruses藻类 n. algae原生动物 n. protozoa5．氧化 n. oxidation还原 n. reduction氧化剂 n. oxidant强氧化剂 strong oxidizing agent高级氧化法 (AOP) advanced oxidation process高级氧化工艺 (AOP) advanced oxidation process高级氧化过程 (AOP) advanced oxidation process高级氧化技术 (AOT)advanced oxidation technology6．吸附 n. adsorption活性炭 (AC) activated carbon粉末炭 (PAC) powdered activated carbon粒状炭 (GAC) granular activated carbon颗粒活性炭(GAC) granular activated carbon活性炭纤维 (ACF) activated carbon fiber再生 n. regenerationv. regenerate吸附剂 n. adsorbent吸附质 n. adsorbate吸附塔，吸附柱 adsorption column吸附床 adsorption bed空床接触时间 empty bed contact time吸附带 mass transfer zone快速小柱试验 rapid small scale column test生物活性炭 (BAC) biological activated carbon7．离子交换 n. ion exchange离子交换树脂 ion exchange resin离子交换器 ion exchanger离子交换柱 ion exchange column硬度 n. hardness除硬 hardness removal软化 n. softeningv. soften化学软化 chemical softening沉淀软化 precipitation softening除盐，脱盐 n. desaltinationv. desalt去矿化 n. demineralizationv. demineralize离子交换软化法 ion exchange softening process 离子交换除盐法 ion exchange desalting process 复床 combined bed混合床 mixed bed8．膜分离 membrane separation微滤 n. microfiltration超滤 n. hyperfiltration纳滤 n. nanofiltration反渗透 reverse osmosis渗透 n. osmosis半透膜 semipermeable membrane电渗析 n. electrodialysis渗析 n. dialysis9．其它处理方法中和 n. neutralizationv. neutralize酸性废水 acidic wastes化学沉淀 chemical precipitation沉淀软化 precipitation softening电解 n. electrolysis电除盐 (EDI) n. electrodeionization吹脱、汽提法 n. stripping冷却 n. cooling冷却水 cooling water冷却塔 cooling tower第六部分生物处理生物反应器 n. bioreactor微生物 n.microorganismsn.microbes微生物种群 microbial population混合群落 mixed communities细菌 n. bacteria原生动物 n. protozoa真菌 n. fungi轮虫 n. rotifers生长 n. growth繁殖 n. reproduction世代时间 generation time生长速率 growth rates环境因子 environmental factors生态因子 ecological factors微生物生长动力学 microbial growth kinetics1.迟滞期 lag phase2.对数生长期 exponential-growth phase3.减速生长期 decling growth phase稳定期 stationary phase4. 内源呼吸阶段 endogenous stage内源生长期 endogenous growth phase内源呼吸 endogenous respiration底物，基质 n. substrate底物（基质）利用 substrate utilization生物量 n. biomass生物反应 biological reaction生物氧化 biological oxidation生物降解 n. biodegradation生物降解性 n. biodegradability生物可降解的，可生物降解的 a. biodegradable不可生物降解的 a. nonbiodegradable生物处理 biological treatment废水生物处理 biological wastewater treatment废水生物处理系统biological wastewatertreatment system污水生物处理系统 biological sewage treatmentsystem生物处理法 biological treatment process生物处理装置 biological treatment unit串联 in series悬浮生长处理法suspended-growth treatmentprocesses生物固体 biological solids活性污泥 activated sludge附着生长处理法attached-growth treatmentprocesses附着的微生物 attached microbes微生物附着生长 attached microbial growth生物膜 n. biofilm代谢 n. metabolismv. metabolize稳定，稳定化 n. stabilizationv. stabilize生物代谢 biological metabolism微生物代谢 microbial metabolism好氧的 a. aerobic好氧菌 aerobic bacteria好氧微生物 aerobic microorganisms好氧氧化 aerobic oxidation厌氧的 a. anaerobic厌氧菌 anaerobic bacteria厌氧氧化 anaerobic oxidation兼性的 a. facultative兼性菌 facultative bacteria好氧环境 aerobic environment厌氧环境 anaerobic environment营养物 n. nutrients无机营养物 inorganic nutrients营养物去除 nutrient removal营养物生物去除biological nutrient removal脱氮除磷 nitrogen and phosphorus removal生物硝化 biological nitrification硝化菌 nitrifying bacteria生物反硝化，生物脱氮 biological denitrification 生物除磷 biological phosphorus removal1．活性污泥法 activated sludge process微生物 n. microorganisms n. microbes细菌 n. bacteria生物絮体 biological floc微生物絮体 microbial floc活性污泥 activated sludge絮状活性污泥 flocculate-bacterial sludge回流活性污泥 (RAS) returned activated sludge 回流污泥 returned sludge回流污泥 recycled sludge剩余污泥 excess sludge 废活性污泥 (WAS) waste activated sludge废污泥 waste sludge曝气池 aeration tank曝气池 aeration basin曝气池 aeration chamber完全混合曝气池 completely mixed aeration basin活性污泥池 activated sludge tank曝气 n. aeration混合 n. mixing曝气系统 aeration system曝气器 n. aerator压缩空气 compressed air空气压缩机，空压机 air compressor鼓风机，风机 n. blower循环/切换 n. cycling/switchover扩散装置，扩散器 n. diffuser空气扩散装置，空气扩散器 air diffuser鼓泡空气扩散装置（扩散器） bubble air diffuser微气泡扩散装置（扩散器） fine-bubble diffuser扩散板 plate diffuser扩散管 tube diffuser扩散罩 dome diffuser微气泡扩散曝气 fine-bubble diffused aeration微气泡 fine-bubble大气泡 coarse-bubble静态混合器 static mixer机械曝气系统 mechanical aeration systems机械曝气 mechanical aeration表面曝气 surface aeration表面曝气器 surface aerator需氧量 oxygen demand供气量 air supply氧转移效率 oxygen tansfer efficiency可沉降固体 settleable solids挥发性固体 volatile solids非挥发性固体 nonvolatile solids挥发性悬浮固体(VSS) volatile suspendedsolids混合液 mixed liquor混合液悬浮固体 (MLSS) mixed liquor suspendedsolids混合液挥发性悬浮固体(MLVSS) mixed liquorvolatile suspended solids污泥沉降比 (SV) settling velocity污泥容积指数 (SVI) sludge volume index比耗氧速率 (SOUR) specific oxygen uptake rate污泥龄 sludge age曝气池容积 aeration tank volume曝气时间 aeration period曝气时间 aeration time水力停留时间 (HRT) hydraulic residence time水力负荷 hydraulic loadingBOD负荷 BOD loading普通活性污泥法 conventional activated sludgeprocess传统活性污泥法 conventional activated sludgeprocess标准活性污泥法standard activated sludgeprocess传统活性污泥厂 conventional activated sludgeplant阶段曝气活性污泥step aeration activated sludgeprocess分段 v. step进水负荷 influent load分段进水 step loading渐减 v. taper渐减曝气 tapered aeration接触稳定活性污泥法contact stabilization activated sludge process 再曝气 n. reaeration曝气—沉淀—再曝气aeration-sedimentation-reaeration完全好氧处理法complete aerobic treatment process高负荷（完全混合）活性污泥法high-rate (completely mixed) activated sludge process延时曝气活性污泥法extended aeration activated sludge process延时曝气法 extended aeration process延时曝气 extended aeration氧化沟 oxidation ditch水平转刷 horizontal rotor转刷曝气 rotor aeration笼型转刷 caged rotor吸附—生物降解工艺 (AB法)adsorption-biodegradation process序批式活性污泥法(SBR法) sequencing batch reactor (SBR) process、序批式活性污泥法(SBR法) sequential batch reactor (SBR) processSBR法 SBR process序批式反应器(SBR) sequencing batch reactor (SBR)序批式反应器 (SBR) sequential batch reactor初沉 primary clarification曝气 n. aeration二沉 secondary clarification初沉池 primary clarifier二沉池 secondary clarifier泵送系统 pumping system活性污泥法 activated sludge process变体 n. variantSBR运行周期 SBR cycle处理周期 process cycle进水阶段 fill phase进水阀 influent valve反应阶段 react phase沉淀阶段 settle phase清水，上清液 clear water上清液 n. supernatant排水阶段 draw phase滗水阶段 decant phase滗水装置 decant mechanism闲置阶段，待机阶段 idle phase营养物去除 nutrient removal营养物生物去除 biological nutrient removal碳源 carbon source硝化 n. nitrificationv. nitrify硝化菌 nitrifying bacteria反硝化 n. denitrificationv. denitrify脱氮 n. denitrification生物反硝化，生物脱氮biological denitrification缺氧—好氧脱氮工艺 (A/O法)anoxic-oxic process厌氧—缺氧—好氧法(A2/O法)anaerobic-anoxic-aerobic processA-A-O法同步脱氮除磷工艺anaerobic-anoxic-aerobic process脱氮除磷 nitrogen and phosphorus removal厌氧氨氧化 (ANAMMOX)anaerobic ammonium oxidation生物除磷 biological phosphorus removal膜生物反应器 (MBR)membrane biological reactor2．生物膜法生物膜 n. biofilm生物膜反应器 biofilm reactor生物滤池 n. biofilter生物过滤 n. biofiltration旋转布水器 rotary sprinkler填料 n. packings塑料管状或蜂窝状填料plastic tubular orhoneycomb-shaped packings滴滤池 trickling filter普通生物滤池 trickling filter高负荷生物滤池 high-rate filter塔式生物滤池 tower biofilter曝气生物滤池 (BAF) biological aerated filter生物转盘法 biodisc process生物转盘 rotating biological contactor生物转盘 n. biodisc塑料盘片 plastic discs轻质盘片 lightweight discs水平轴 horizontal shaft生物粘液 biological slime粘液层 slime layer生物流化床 biological fluidized bedbiological fluidised bed生物流化床反应器 fluidized-bed bioreactor 移动床生物膜反应器 (MBBR)moving-bed biofilm reactor3．厌氧生物处理发酵 n. fermentationv. fermentate产酸细菌 n. acidogens产甲烷细菌 n. methanogens产酸阶段 acidogenic phase产甲烷阶段 methanogenic phase水解 n. hydrolysisv. hydrolysis产酸发酵 acidogenic fermentation产氢产乙酸 H2-producing acetogenesis产甲烷 methanogenesis产酸菌 acid formers产甲烷菌 methane formers ,methane-forming bacteria有机酸 organic acids挥发性脂肪酸 (VFAs) volatile fatty acids硫酸盐还原 sulfate reduction硫酸盐还原菌 sulfate-reducing bacteria 上流式厌氧污泥床 (UASB)upflow anaerobic sludge blanket上升流速 upflow velocity厌氧折流板反应器 (ABR)anaerobic baffled reactor两段或两级厌氧生物处理two-stage anaerobicbiotreatment两相厌氧生物处理two-phase anaerobicbiotreatment产酸相 acidogenic phase产甲烷相 methanogenic phase消化 n. digestionv. digest消化池 n. digestor厌氧消化 anaerobic digestion污泥消化 sludge digestion厌氧消化池 anaerobic digestor厌氧接触法 anaerobic contact process厌氧膨胀床反应器anaerobic expanded-bed reactor厌氧流化床反应器anaerobic fluidized-bed reactor厌氧生物转盘anaerobic rotating biological contactor4．自然生物处理系统自然净化系统 natural purification system稳定塘 stabilization pondsstabilization lagoons氧化塘 oxidation ponds土地处理系统 land treatment systems废水土地处理 land treatment of wastewater净化过程 purification process自然净化 natural purification污水塘 sewage lagoon稳定塘 stabilization pondsstabilization lagoons氧化塘 oxidation ponds好氧塘 aerobic pond兼性塘 facultative pond好氧生化反应 aerobic biochemical reaction厌氧生化反应 anaerobic biochemical reaction厌氧分解 anaerobic decomposition厌氧分解 decompose anaerobically好氧稳定 aerobic stabilization细菌 n. bacteria藻类 n. algae微型植物 microscopic plants出流，出水 effluent flow光合作用 n. photosynthesis厌氧塘 anaerobic pond曝气塘 aerated pond修饰塘 polishing pond熟化塘 maturation lagoon深度处理塘 advanced treatment pond三级处理塘 tertiary treatment pond土地处理工艺（过程） land treatment processes关键因素 critical factors土壤类型 soil type气候 n. climate土地处理系统 land treatment systems慢速土地处理系统slow rate land treatment system 低负荷土地处理系统low-rate land treatment system 三级处理水平 tertiary treatment level灌溉 n. irrigationv. irrigate土壤的天然过滤和吸附性质natural filtration and adsorption properties of soil投配的废水 applied wastewater垄—沟表面布水ridge-and-furrow surface spreading 喷洒布水系统，喷灌布水系统 sprinkler systems快速渗滤土地处理系统 rapid infiltration land treatment system渗滤—渗透土地处理 infiltration-percolation land treatment快速渗滤 rapid infiltration快速渗滤法 rapid infiltration method过滤作用 filtering action吸附作用 adsorption action地表漫流土地处理系统overland flow land treatment system地表漫流 overland flow径流集水沟 runoff collection ditch物理、化学和生物过程physical , chemical , and biological processes 湿地 n. wetland天然湿地 natural wetland人工湿地 constructed wetlandman-made wetland 第七部分：污泥处理、处置与利用污泥 n. sludge生活污水污泥 sewage sludge污泥体积，污泥量 sludge volume原污泥，生污泥 raw sludge新鲜污泥，生污泥 fresh sludge消化污泥，熟污泥 digested sludge混合污泥 mixed sludge污泥处理 sludge treatment污泥处置 sludge disposal最终处置 ultimate disposal填埋 n. landfill污泥减量 sludge volume reduction污泥稳定化 sludge stabilization（污泥）浓缩 n. thickening污泥浓缩 sludge thickening稳定，稳定化 n. stabilizationv. stabilize稳定了的污泥 stabilized sludge调理（调节） n. conditioningv. condition脱水 n. dewateringv. dewater干化 n. drying污泥干化场 sludge drying bed污泥干燥 heat drying干燥器 n. dryer污泥焚烧，污泥焚化 n. incineration焚烧炉，焚化炉 n. incinerator污泥浓缩 sludge thickening物理过程 physical process含水过多的污泥 watery sludge稀污泥 thin sludge处理装置 treatment unit浓缩池 n. thickener重力浓缩 gravity thickening重力浓缩池 gravity thickener圆形污水沉淀池circular sewage sedimentation tank刮泥机 sludge scraper搅拌作用 stirring action底流 n. underflow浓缩的底流 thickened underflow浓缩污泥 thickened sludge出水 n. effluent上清液 n. supernatant溢流 v. overflow堰 n. weir气浮浓缩 floatation thickening溶气气浮 dissolved-air floatation气浮池 floatation tank入流污泥 influent sludge污泥絮体 sludge flocs撇去 v. skim漂浮污泥层 floating sludge layer污泥消化 sludge digestion消化池 n. digester消化池装置 digester unit消化 n. digestionv. digest有机固体 organic solids生化分解 biochemical decomposition好氧消化 aerobic digestion好氧污泥消化 aerobic sludge digestion好氧消化过程 aerobic digestion process活性污泥池 activated sludge tank预制的（成套）活性污泥处理系统prefabricated (package) activated sludge treatment systems预制的接触稳定或prefabricated contact stabilization or 延时曝气处理系统extended aeration treatment systemsBOD负荷 BOD loading细胞物质 cellular mass内源衰亡 endogenous decay厌氧消化 anaerobic digestion厌氧污泥消化 anaerobic sludge digestion有盖的圆形池 covered circular tank消化过程 digestion process厌氧消化过程 anaerobic digestion process生化反应 biochemical reactions有机酸 organic acids挥发性脂肪酸 (VFAs) volatile fatty acids甲烷气 methane gas末端产物 end product指示剂 n. indicator污泥消化池气体 sludge digester gas污泥沉淀 sludge settling污泥储存 sludge storage消化污泥 digested sludge充分消化的污泥 well-digested sludge消化池上清液 digester supernatant中温消化 mesophilic digestion高温消化 thermophilic degestion污泥脱水 sludge dewatering混合堆肥 co-composting污泥处理总成本overall sludge-handling costs第八部分：废水回用地表水资源 surface water resource地下水资源 groundwater resource水短缺 water scarcity回用 n. , v. reuse废水回用 wastewater reuse直接回用 direct reuse直接废水回用 direct wastewater reuse间接回用 indirect reuse间接废水回用 indirect wastewater reuse出水处理 effluent treatment回用水 reclaimed water排放 n. , v. discharge保留 n. retention循环 n. recyclingv. recycle部分处理 n. partial treatment最终用途 end use城市污水回用 municipal wastewater reuse灌溉 n. irrigation景观灌溉 landscape irrigation地下水回灌 groundwater recharge市政回用 municipal reuse直接市政回用 direct municipal reuse深度处理，高级处理 advanced treatment分质供水系统 dual-distribution system间接市政回用 indirect municipal reuse供水系统，给水系统 water supply system取水口 n. intake天然同化能力 natural assimilative capacity人工回灌 artificial recharge深井注射 deep-well injection浅表布水 shallow surface spreading渗透 n. percolation工业回用 industrial reuse工艺废水，过程废水 process wastewaters工艺补充水，过程补充水 plant process makeupwater冷却塔水 cooling tower water选择性处理 optional treatment水费 water costs回用的城市污水reclaimed municipal wastewater工业过程 industrial processes冷却水 cooling water锅炉给水 boiler feedwater灌溉回用 irrigation reuse废水直接灌溉direct irrigation with wastewater低负荷土地处理系统 low-rate land treatmentsystem间接灌溉回用 indirect reuse for irrigation废水排放 wastewater discharge雨水回用 storm water reuse可回用水 reusable waterPart Ⅸ: 第九部分：投资成本，投资费（用） capital costs建设成本，建设费（用） construction costs运行成本，运行费（用） operating costs 能耗成本 energy costs运行维护 operation and maintenance运行控制 operational control控制系统 control system仪表/控制系统instrumentation/control system自动控制系统，自控系统automatic control system。

UNIT 1给水工程water supply engineering 排水工程sewage engineering市政工程civil engineering市政工程师civil engineer环境工程environmental engineering 水文学hydrology水力学hydranlies水环境natural aquatic environment 流域watershed水体waterbody地表水surface water淡水freshwater地下水groundwater含水层aquifer天然含水层natural aquifer地下含水层underground aquifer水文循环natural hydrologic cycle 渗滤infiltration降水precipitation渗入precolation蒸发evaporation蒸腾transpiration城市水文循环urban hydrologic cycle 水源water source水资源water resource取水water withdrawal水处理water treatment配水water distribution用水water use污水sewage废水wastewater废水收集wastewater collection废水处理wastewater disposal受纳水体receiving waters污染pollution pollute污染物pollutant玷污、污染contamination致污物contaminant未污染uncontaminated水污染water pollution水污染控制water pollution control水污染防治water pollution prevention污水回用wastewater reuseUNIT 2水短缺water scarcity地表水资源surface water resource管网Pipe Network供水系统water supply system市政配水系统municipal distribution system建筑给水系统house water supply system分区供水系统dual distribution system小区micro district小社区small community冷水供水系统cold water supply system热水供水系统hot water supply system消防系统fire protection system喷淋系统fire protection sprinkler system自动水幕系统automatic drencher system半自动水幕系统semi automatic drencher system消火栓hydrant排水系统drainage system生活排水系统sanitary system工业排水系统industrial system雨水排水系统stormwater system合流制combined sewers分流制separate sewers建筑排水系统building drainage system卫生洁具plumbing fixtures卫浴设备bathroom fixtures输水系统water transmission system漏水率leakage rate配水系统water distribution system环状管网grid (looped)system支状管网branching(branched) system下水管道sanitary sewer污水节流管intercepting(中间截取) sewer污水节流系统intercepting sewer system污水节流井sewage intercepting well支管collection (目的：收集)sewer collector sewer生活污水sanitary sewagedomestic sewagedomestic wastewater工业污水industrial wastewater工业污水/液/物industrial wastes农业用水agricultural wastewater/wastes雨水rainwater stormwater水位waterlevel海拔、标高elevation坡度grade倾斜度slope明渠Open channel开挖ex cava tion深度excavation depth水力分析hydraulic analysis水头pressure head总水头total headUnit 3 水头损失Head loss速度头动压头Velocity head静压Static head摩擦水头Friction head水力坡度线Hydranlic grade line 重力流Gravity flow水塔Water castle贮水箱Cistern泵站Pump station给水泵站Water pump station污水泵站Sewage station提升泵站Lift pumping plant增压泵Booster pump离心泵Centrifugal pump潜水泵Submer sible pump潜水艇Submerine深井泵Well pump虹吸虹吸管Siphon人孔Manhole法兰Flange阀门Valve闸阀Gate valve泵送系统Pumping system流量Flow rate流速Fluid velocity 层流Laminar flow滞流粘性流viscous flow过渡流Transitional flow湍流Turbulent flow紊流Turbulence flow涡流Eddying flow雷诺数Teynolds number水质Water guality水源Water sources供水水源Water supples原水Raw water未处理水Untreated water出水Finished water原水水质Raw-water quality水质标准Water quality standards水质要求Water quality requirements饮用水Drink water\potable water自来水Tap water纯水Pure water饮用水标准Drinking water standards饮用水一级标Primary drinking water standards最大允许浓度Maxmum permissible levelsmaxmum allowable levels最大污染物浓度Maxmum contaminant levels主要污染物Primary contaminants有机化合物Organic chemicals合成有机化合物Synthetic organic chemicals挥发性有机化合物V olatile organic ohemicals无机化合物Inorganic chemical微生物Micro organisms\microbes微生物污染Microbial contaminants病原微生物Pathogenic micro organisms病原体Pathogenic病毒Pathogenic bacterin细菌Bacteria大肠杆菌Coliform bacteria病毒Viruses藻类Algae浊度Turbidity放射性Radionuclide感官性状Esthetic qualities审美Esthetic味Taste嗅Odo色Colour变色Discolouration变色Discolor水质物理参数Physical parameters of water quality水的物理性质Physical quality of water浊度值Turbidity values浊度单位Turdidity unit浑浊单位Turdid嗅阈值Threshold odor number化学性质Chemical quality水质化学参数Chemical parameters of water quality溶解氧Dissolved oxygen (DO)溶解氧浓度Do level溶解氧平衡Do balance氧损Oxygen depletion有机污染物Organic pollutant生化需氧量Biochemical oxygen demand (BOD)总氮Total nitrogen (TN)总凯式氮Total Kjeldahl nitrogen (TKN)悬浮固体Suspended solids (SS)总悬浮固体Total suspended solids (TSS)溶解Dissolved (DS)总溶解Total dissolved (TDS)Unit 4溶解的铁和锰Dissolved iron and manganese硬度Hardness碱度Alkalinity盐度Salinity有害物质Toxic and hazardous materials氰化物Cyanides急性毒性Acute toxity慢性毒性Chronic toxity基因毒性Genetic toxicity基因Gene难降解有机化合物Refractory organic chemicals 永久性有机污染物Persistent organic pollutants 致癌化学性Carcinogenic chemicals三卤甲烷Trihalo methanes卤素Halogen甲基Methyl氯仿Trichloromethane三氯甲烷Chloroform杀虫剂农药Pesticide害虫Pest杀虫剂Insecticide除草剂Herbicide杀菌剂Germicide细菌Germ防腐剂Preservative 保证Preserve清洗剂Cleaning agent洗涤剂Detergent发泡剂Foaming agent泡沫Foam化肥Fertilizer肥沃的Fertile富营养化Eutrophication营养的Trophic营养水平Trophic level生态位NicheUnit 5原污水Raw sewage原废水Raw wastes处理水Treated wastes回用水Redaimed water水处理过程Water processing收集Collect处置Dispose处理方法Treatment method处理费用Treatment costs处理单元Treatment process运行模式Operational mode间歇处理方式Batch treatment approach均匀均化Equalization均匀Equalize调蓄水池Equalization storage调节池Equalization tank蓄水池Storage tank降解Degrade分解Decompose分离Separate隔离Separation物理法Physical process物理处理Physical treatment物理处理过程Physical treatment process一级处理Primary treatment初步处理Preliminary treatment格栅筛滤Screening格栅Screen格栅Bar screen栅条Bars钢栅条Steel bars渣耙Cleaning rakes圆形破碎机Circular grinder破碎Grind除砂Degritting砂Grit沙Sand除砂Grit removal沉砂池Grit chamber沉淀Settling沉淀池Settling tank澄清池Clarifier初澄清池Primary clarifier初沉池Primary settling tank一级出水Primary effluent二级处理Secondary treatment二级处理工艺Secondary treatment process生物处理Biological treatment二澄清池Secondary clarifier二沉池Secondary settling tank最终澄清池Final clarifier最终沉淀池Final settling tank二级出水Secondary effluent三级处理Tertiary treatment深度处理Advanced treatment废水消毒Waste disinfection出流出水Effluent flow允许浓度Allowable levels优异出水High-quality polished effluent废水处理厂Wastewater treatment plant污水处理厂Sewage treatment plant二级处理厂Secondary treatment plant城市污水处理Municipal wastewater treatment市政工程Municipal engineering土木工程Civil engineering城市污水处理厂Municipal wastewater treatment plant 污水处理能力Sewage treatment capacity电容Capacitance污水处理设施Municipal treatment facilities 多反应器设施Multi-reactor facility处理池Treatment tank负荷Load负荷Loadings水力负荷Hydrautic loading污染负荷Pollutant load有机负荷Organic load无机负荷Inorganic load不含化肥、农药无机的Unorganic周期性负荷Periodic(intermitlent) loading 第五部分：物化处理1．混凝n. coagulation混凝过程coagulation process化学混凝chemical coagulation凝聚n. aggregation絮凝n. flocculationv. flocculate异向絮凝perikinetic flocculation同向絮凝orthokinetic flocculation混凝剂n. coagulant混凝剂投量coagulant dosage烧杯实验jar test最佳混凝剂投量optimum coagulant dosage助凝剂coagulant aid助凝剂flocculation aid聚电解质n. polyelectrolytes快速混合flash-mix ,rapid-mix快速混合器flash mixer ,rapid mixer混合池mixer tank快速混合池flash-mix tank絮凝器n. flocculator絮凝池flocculation tank固体接触池solids-contact tank澄清n. clarificationv. clarify澄清池n. clarifier高负荷澄清池high rate clarifier澄清水clarifying water2．沉淀n. sedimentation沉降n. sedimentation自由沉降plain settling拥挤沉降hindered settling重力沉降gravity settling沉淀池settling tank沉淀池，沉降池sedimentation tank矩形沉淀池rectangular settling tank圆形沉淀池circular settling tank管式沉淀池tube settler斜管沉淀池steeply inclined tube settler板式沉淀池parallel-plate settler板式沉淀池plate separator气浮n. floatation泡沫分离foam separation溶气气浮dissolved-air floatation气浮池floatation tank表面撇渣装置surface-skimming device撇去v. skim浮渣n. scum浮渣槽scum trough刮泥机sludge scraper排泥sludge drawoffsludge withdrawal预沉淀n. presedimentation预沉淀池presedimentation basin3．过滤n. filtration滤池n. filter慢滤池slow filter快滤池rapid filter高速（负荷）滤池high rate filter 砂滤池sand filter慢砂滤池slow sand filter快砂滤池rapid sand filter重力滤池gravity filter压力滤池pressure filter过滤介质，滤料filter medium石英砂silica sand无烟煤n. anthracite硅藻土diatomaceous earth 煤—砂滤床coal-sand beds多层滤料multilayered media混合滤料mixed media双层滤料滤池dual media filter 双层滤池two-layer filter粗滤料coarse media细滤料fine media助滤剂filter aid滤后水，滤出水filtered water滤后水，滤池出水filter effluent 滤前水，滤池进水filter influent 浊度穿透turbidity breakthrough过滤周期filter cycle清洗周期cleaning cycle刮砂法scraping method表面刮砂surface scraping反冲洗backwashing水力反冲洗hydraulic backwashing 水力反冲洗hydraulic backwash水力分级hydraulic grading 4．消毒n. disinfectionv. disinfect消毒剂n. disinfectantdisinfection agent杀菌剂n. germicide消毒过程disinfection process消毒副产物disinfection by-products氯化n. chlorinationv. chlorinate氯化水chlorinated water预氯化n. prechlorination氯化消毒副产物by-products of chlorination化学消毒剂chemical disinfectants液氯liquid chlorine ,liquefied chlorine氯胺n. chloramines次氯酸盐hypochlorites次氯酸钠sodium hypochlorite二氧化氯chlorine dioxide臭氧n. ozone臭氧化，臭氧消毒n. ozonation臭氧化v. ozonate紫外线(UV) ultraviolet radiation (UV)伽马射线gamma radiation灭活n. inactivationv. inactivate接触时间contact time需氯量chlorine demand加氯量，投氯量chlorine dosage ,applied chlorine自由氯，游离氯free chlorine ,free available chlorine化合氯combined chlorine剩余保护residual protection余氯residual chlorine余氯量chlorine residual自由余氯free residual chlorine自由氯余量free chlorine residual化合余氯combined residual chlorine化合氯余量combined chlorine residuals折点氯化（法）breakpoint chlorination折点氯化曲线breakpoint chlorination curve折点加氯量breakpoint dosage氯折点chlorine breakpoint压力钢瓶pressured steel cylinder臭氧发生器ozone generator需臭氧量ozone demand剩余臭氧量ozone residual剩余臭氧residual ozone致病微生物，病源微生物pathogenic microorganisms病原体n. pathogens致病细菌或病毒pathogenic bacteria or viruses细菌n. bacteria大肠杆菌coliform bacteria阿米巴氏菌amoebic cysts孢子，芽孢n. spores病毒n. viruses藻类n. algae原生动物n. protozoa5．氧化n. oxidation还原n. reduction氧化剂n. oxidant强氧化剂strong oxidizing agent高级氧化法(AOP) advanced oxidation process 高级氧化工艺(AOP) advanced oxidation process 高级氧化过程(AOP) advanced oxidation process 高级氧化技术(AOT)advanced oxidation technology6．吸附n. adsorption活性炭(AC) activated carbon粉末炭(PAC) powdered activated carbon粒状炭(GAC) granular activated carbon颗粒活性炭(GAC) granular activated carbon活性炭纤维(ACF) activated carbon fiber再生n. regenerationv. regenerate吸附剂n. adsorbent吸附质n. adsorbate吸附塔，吸附柱adsorption column吸附床adsorption bed空床接触时间empty bed contact time吸附带mass transfer zone快速小柱试验rapid small scale column test生物活性炭(BAC) biological activated carbon7．离子交换n. ion exchange离子交换树脂ion exchange resin离子交换器ion exchanger离子交换柱ion exchange column硬度n. hardness除硬hardness removal软化n. softeningv. soften化学软化chemical softening沉淀软化precipitation softening除盐，脱盐n. desaltinationv. desalt去矿化n. demineralizationv. demineralize离子交换软化法ion exchange softening process离子交换除盐法ion exchange desalting process复床combined bed混合床mixed bed8．膜分离membrane separation微滤n. microfiltration超滤n. hyperfiltration纳滤n. nanofiltration反渗透reverse osmosis渗透n. osmosis半透膜semipermeable membrane电渗析n. electrodialysis渗析n. dialysis9．其它处理方法中和n. neutralizationv. neutralize酸性废水acidic wastes化学沉淀chemical precipitation沉淀软化precipitation softening电解n. electrolysis电除盐(EDI) n. electrodeionization吹脱、汽提法n. stripping冷却n. cooling冷却水cooling water冷却塔cooling tower第六部分生物处理生物反应器n. bioreactor微生物n.microorganismsn.microbes微生物种群microbial population混合群落mixed communities细菌n. bacteria原生动物n. protozoa真菌n. fungi轮虫n. rotifers生长n. growth繁殖n. reproduction世代时间generation time生长速率growth rates环境因子environmental factors生态因子ecological factors微生物生长动力学microbial growth kinetics1.迟滞期lag phase2.对数生长期exponential-growth phase3.减速生长期decling growth phase稳定期stationary phase4. 内源呼吸阶段endogenous stage内源生长期endogenous growth phase内源呼吸endogenous respiration底物，基质n. substrate底物（基质）利用substrate utilization生物量n. biomass生物反应biological reaction生物氧化biological oxidation生物降解n. biodegradation生物降解性n. biodegradability生物可降解的，可生物降解的 a. biodegradable不可生物降解的 a. nonbiodegradable生物处理biological treatment废水生物处理biological wastewater treatment废水生物处理系统biological wastewater treatment system污水生物处理系统biological sewage treatment system生物处理法biological treatment process生物处理装置biological treatment unit串联in series悬浮生长处理法suspended-growth treatment processes 生物固体biological solids活性污泥activated sludge附着生长处理法attached-growth treatment processes 附着的微生物attached microbes微生物附着生长attached microbial growth生物膜n. biofilm代谢n. metabolismv. metabolize稳定，稳定化n. stabilizationv. stabilize生物代谢biological metabolism微生物代谢microbial metabolism好氧的 a. aerobic好氧菌aerobic bacteria好氧微生物aerobic microorganisms好氧氧化aerobic oxidation厌氧的 a. anaerobic厌氧菌anaerobic bacteria厌氧氧化anaerobic oxidation兼性的 a. facultative兼性菌facultative bacteria好氧环境aerobic environment厌氧环境anaerobic environment营养物n. nutrients无机营养物inorganic nutrients营养物去除nutrient removal营养物生物去除biological nutrient removal脱氮除磷nitrogen and phosphorus removal生物硝化biological nitrification硝化菌nitrifying bacteria生物反硝化，生物脱氮biological denitrification生物除磷biological phosphorus removal1．活性污泥法activated sludge process微生物n. microorganisms n. microbes细菌n. bacteria生物絮体biological floc微生物絮体microbial floc活性污泥activated sludge絮状活性污泥flocculate-bacterial sludge回流活性污泥(RAS)returned activated sludge回流污泥returned sludge回流污泥recycled sludge剩余污泥excess sludge废活性污泥(W AS)waste activated sludge废污泥waste sludge曝气池aeration tank曝气池aeration basin曝气池aeration chamber完全混合曝气池completely mixed aeration basin活性污泥池activated sludge tank曝气n. aeration混合n. mixing曝气系统aeration system曝气器n. aerator压缩空气compressed air空气压缩机，空压机air compressor鼓风机，风机n. blower循环/切换n. cycling/switchover扩散装置，扩散器n. diffuser空气扩散装置，空气扩散器air diffuser鼓泡空气扩散装置（扩散器）bubble air diffuser微气泡扩散装置（扩散器）fine-bubble diffuser扩散板plate diffuser扩散管tube diffuser扩散罩dome diffuser微气泡扩散曝气fine-bubble diffused aeration微气泡fine-bubble大气泡coarse-bubble静态混合器static mixer机械曝气系统mechanical aeration systems机械曝气mechanical aeration表面曝气surface aeration表面曝气器surface aerator需氧量oxygen demand供气量air supply氧转移效率oxygen tansfer efficiency可沉降固体settleable solids挥发性固体volatile solids非挥发性固体nonvolatile solids挥发性悬浮固体(VSS) volatile suspended solids混合液mixed liquor混合液悬浮固体(MLSS) mixed liquor suspended solids混合液挥发性悬浮固体(MLVSS) mixed liquor volatile suspended solids污泥沉降比(SV) settling velocity污泥容积指数(SVI) sludge volume index比耗氧速率(SOUR) specific oxygen uptake rate污泥龄sludge age曝气池容积aeration tank volume曝气时间aeration period曝气时间aeration time水力停留时间(HRT) hydraulic residence time水力负荷hydraulic loadingBOD负荷BOD loading普通活性污泥法conventional activated sludge process 传统活性污泥法conventional activated sludge process 标准活性污泥法standard activated sludge process传统活性污泥厂conventional activated sludge plant阶段曝气活性污泥step aeration activated sludge process分段v. step进水负荷influent load分段进水step loading渐减v. taper渐减曝气tapered aeration接触稳定活性污泥法contact stabilization activated sludge process再曝气n. reaeration曝气—沉淀—再曝气aeration-sedimentation-reaeration完全好氧处理法complete aerobic treatment process高负荷（完全混合）活性污泥法high-rate (completely mixed) activated sludge process延时曝气活性污泥法extended aeration activated sludge process延时曝气法extended aeration process延时曝气extended aeration氧化沟oxidation ditch水平转刷horizontal rotor转刷曝气rotor aeration笼型转刷caged rotor吸附—生物降解工艺(AB法)adsorption-biodegradation process序批式活性污泥法(SBR法) sequencing batch reactor(SBR) process、序批式活性污泥法(SBR法) sequential batch reactor(SBR) processSBR法SBR process序批式反应器(SBR) sequencing batch reactor (SBR)序批式反应器(SBR) sequential batch reactor初沉primary clarification曝气n. aeration二沉secondary clarification初沉池primary clarifier二沉池secondary clarifier泵送系统pumping system活性污泥法activated sludge process变体n. variantSBR运行周期SBR cycle处理周期process cycle进水阶段fill phase进水阀influent valve反应阶段react phase沉淀阶段settle phase清水，上清液clear water上清液n. supernatant排水阶段draw phase滗水阶段decant phase滗水装置decant mechanism闲置阶段，待机阶段idle phase营养物去除nutrient removal营养物生物去除biological nutrient removal碳源carbon source硝化n. nitrificationv. nitrify硝化菌nitrifying bacteria反硝化n. denitrificationv. denitrify脱氮n. denitrification生物反硝化，生物脱氮biological denitrification缺氧—好氧脱氮工艺(A/O法)anoxic-oxic process厌氧—缺氧—好氧法(A2/O法) anaerobic-anoxic-aerobic processA-A-O法同步脱氮除磷工艺anaerobic-anoxic-aerobic process脱氮除磷nitrogen and phosphorus removal厌氧氨氧化(ANAMMOX)anaerobic ammonium oxidation生物除磷biological phosphorus removal膜生物反应器(MBR)membrane biological reactor2．生物膜法生物膜n. biofilm生物膜反应器biofilm reactor生物滤池n. biofilter生物过滤n. biofiltration旋转布水器rotary sprinkler填料n. packings塑料管状或蜂窝状填料plastic tubular or honeycomb-shaped packings滴滤池trickling filter普通生物滤池trickling filter高负荷生物滤池high-rate filter塔式生物滤池tower biofilter曝气生物滤池(BAF) biological aerated filter生物转盘法biodisc process生物转盘rotating biological contactor生物转盘n. biodisc塑料盘片plastic discs轻质盘片lightweight discs水平轴horizontal shaft生物粘液biological slime粘液层slime layer生物流化床biological fluidized bedbiological fluidised bed生物流化床反应器fluidized-bed bioreactor移动床生物膜反应器(MBBR)moving-bed biofilm reactor3．厌氧生物处理发酵n. fermentationv. fermentate产酸细菌n. acidogens产甲烷细菌n. methanogens产酸阶段acidogenic phase产甲烷阶段methanogenic phase水解n. hydrolysisv. hydrolysis产酸发酵acidogenic fermentation产氢产乙酸H2-producing acetogenesis产甲烷methanogenesis产酸菌acid formers产甲烷菌methane formers ,methane-forming bacteria有机酸organic acids挥发性脂肪酸(VFAs) volatile fatty acids硫酸盐还原sulfate reduction硫酸盐还原菌sulfate-reducing bacteria上流式厌氧污泥床(UASB)upflow anaerobic sludge blanket上升流速upflow velocity厌氧折流板反应器(ABR)anaerobic baffled reactor两段或两级厌氧生物处理two-stage anaerobicbiotreatment两相厌氧生物处理two-phase anaerobic biotreatment产酸相acidogenic phase产甲烷相methanogenic phase消化n. digestionv. digest消化池n. digestor厌氧消化anaerobic digestion污泥消化sludge digestion厌氧消化池anaerobic digestor厌氧接触法anaerobic contact process厌氧膨胀床反应器anaerobic expanded-bed reactor厌氧流化床反应器anaerobic fluidized-bed reactor厌氧生物转盘anaerobic rotating biological contactor 4．自然生物处理系统自然净化系统natural purification system稳定塘stabilization pondsstabilization lagoons氧化塘oxidation ponds土地处理系统land treatment systems废水土地处理land treatment of wastewater净化过程purification process自然净化natural purification污水塘sewage lagoon稳定塘stabilization pondsstabilization lagoons氧化塘oxidation ponds好氧塘aerobic pond兼性塘facultative pond好氧生化反应aerobic biochemical reaction厌氧生化反应anaerobic biochemical reaction 厌氧分解anaerobic decomposition厌氧分解decompose anaerobically好氧稳定aerobic stabilization细菌n. bacteria藻类n. algae微型植物microscopic plants出流，出水effluent flow光合作用n. photosynthesis厌氧塘anaerobic pond曝气塘aerated pond修饰塘polishing pond熟化塘maturation lagoon深度处理塘advanced treatment pond三级处理塘tertiary treatment pond土地处理工艺（过程）land treatment processes关键因素critical factors土壤类型soil type气候n. climate土地处理系统land treatment systems慢速土地处理系统slow rate land treatment system低负荷土地处理系统low-rate land treatment system三级处理水平tertiary treatment level灌溉n. irrigationv. irrigate土壤的天然过滤和吸附性质natural filtration and adsorption properties of soil投配的废水applied wastewater垄—沟表面布水ridge-and-furrow surface spreading喷洒布水系统，喷灌布水系统sprinkler systems快速渗滤土地处理系统rapid infiltration landtreatment system渗滤—渗透土地处理infiltration-percolation landtreatment快速渗滤rapid infiltration快速渗滤法rapid infiltration method过滤作用filtering action吸附作用adsorption action地表漫流土地处理系统overland flow land treatment system地表漫流overland flow径流集水沟runoff collection ditch物理、化学和生物过程physical , chemical , and biological processes湿地n. wetland天然湿地natural wetland人工湿地constructed wetlandman-made wetland第七部分：污泥处理、处置与利用污泥n. sludge生活污水污泥sewage sludge污泥体积，污泥量sludge volume原污泥，生污泥raw sludge新鲜污泥，生污泥fresh sludge消化污泥，熟污泥digested sludge混合污泥mixed sludge污泥处理sludge treatment污泥处置sludge disposal最终处置ultimate disposal填埋n. landfill污泥减量sludge volume reduction污泥稳定化sludge stabilization（污泥）浓缩n. thickening污泥浓缩sludge thickening稳定，稳定化n. stabilizationv. stabilize稳定了的污泥stabilized sludge调理（调节）n. conditioningv. condition脱水n. dewateringv. dewater干化n. drying污泥干化场sludge drying bed污泥干燥heat drying干燥器n. dryer污泥焚烧，污泥焚化n. incineration焚烧炉，焚化炉n. incinerator污泥浓缩sludge thickening物理过程physical process含水过多的污泥watery sludge稀污泥thin sludge处理装置treatment unit浓缩池n. thickener重力浓缩gravity thickening重力浓缩池gravity thickener圆形污水沉淀池circular sewage sedimentation tank 刮泥机sludge scraper搅拌作用stirring action底流n. underflow浓缩的底流thickened underflow浓缩污泥thickened sludge出水n. effluent上清液n. supernatant溢流v. overflow堰n. weir气浮浓缩floatation thickening溶气气浮dissolved-air floatation气浮池floatation tank入流污泥influent sludge污泥絮体sludge flocs撇去v. skim漂浮污泥层floating sludge layer污泥消化sludge digestion消化池n. digester消化池装置digester unit消化n. digestionv. digest有机固体organic solids生化分解biochemical decomposition好氧消化aerobic digestion好氧污泥消化aerobic sludge digestion好氧消化过程aerobic digestion process活性污泥池activated sludge tank预制的（成套）活性污泥处理系统prefabricated (package) activated sludge treatmentsystems预制的接触稳定或prefabricated contact stabilization or延时曝气处理系统extended aeration treatment systemsBOD负荷BOD loading细胞物质cellular mass内源衰亡endogenous decay厌氧消化anaerobic digestion厌氧污泥消化anaerobic sludge digestion有盖的圆形池covered circular tank消化过程digestion process厌氧消化过程anaerobic digestion process生化反应biochemical reactions有机酸organic acids挥发性脂肪酸(VFAs) volatile fatty acids甲烷气methane gas末端产物end product指示剂n. indicator污泥消化池气体sludge digester gas污泥沉淀sludge settling污泥储存sludge storage消化污泥digested sludge充分消化的污泥well-digested sludge消化池上清液digester supernatant中温消化mesophilic digestion高温消化thermophilic degestion污泥脱水sludge dewatering混合堆肥co-composting污泥处理总成本overall sludge-handling costs第八部分：废水回用地表水资源surface water resource地下水资源groundwater resource水短缺water scarcity回用n. , v. reuse废水回用wastewater reuse直接回用direct reuse直接废水回用direct wastewater reuse间接回用indirect reuse间接废水回用indirect wastewater reuse 出水处理effluent treatment回用水reclaimed water排放n. , v. discharge保留n. retention循环n. recyclingv. recycle部分处理n. partial treatment最终用途end use城市污水回用municipal wastewater reuse 灌溉n. irrigation景观灌溉landscape irrigation地下水回灌groundwater recharge市政回用municipal reuse直接市政回用direct municipal reuse深度处理，高级处理advanced treatment 分质供水系统dual-distribution system间接市政回用indirect municipal reuse供水系统，给水系统water supply system 取水口n. intake天然同化能力natural assimilative capacity 人工回灌artificial recharge深井注射deep-well injection浅表布水shallow surface spreading渗透n. percolation工业回用industrial reuse工艺废水，过程废水process wastewaters工艺补充水，过程补充水plant process makeup water 冷却塔水cooling tower water选择性处理optional treatment水费water costs回用的城市污水reclaimed municipal wastewater工业过程industrial processes冷却水cooling water锅炉给水boiler feedwater灌溉回用irrigation reuse废水直接灌溉direct irrigation with wastewater低负荷土地处理系统low-rate land treatment system 间接灌溉回用indirect reuse for irrigation废水排放wastewater discharge雨水回用storm water reuse可回用水reusable waterPartⅨ:第九部分：投资成本，投资费（用）capital costs建设成本，建设费（用）construction costs运行成本，运行费（用）operating costs能耗成本energy costs运行维护operation and maintenance运行控制operational control控制系统control system仪表/控制系统instrumentation/control system自动控制系统，自控系统automatic control system。