Teseq推出增强型NSG 438 静电放电(ESD)模拟器

esd实验分类ESD（Electrostatic Discharge）实验是一类用于研究静电放电现象的实验。

静电放电是指在两个带电体之间突然放电的现象，常见于日常生活中，比如我们碰到金属物体时感到的一阵电流感。

ESD 实验可以帮助我们了解静电放电的原理、特性以及如何防止静电对电子设备的损害。

本文将从ESD实验的分类、实验原理以及实验过程等方面进行介绍。

一、ESD实验的分类根据实验目的和研究对象的不同，ESD实验可以分为以下几类：1. 静电放电特性实验：通过测量不同条件下的静电放电电流、电压和时间等参数，研究静电放电现象的特性和规律。

这类实验可以帮助我们了解静电放电的强度、持续时间以及放电过程中的能量转换等重要信息。

2. 静电防护实验：通过模拟真实的工作环境，测试和评估不同防护措施对静电放电的影响。

常见的防护措施包括接地、静电消除器、静电屏蔽等。

这类实验可以帮助我们选择合适的防护措施，减少静电放电对设备和人体的影响。

3. 静电放电故障实验：通过模拟静电放电引起的故障现象，研究静电放电对电子设备的损害程度和机理。

这类实验可以帮助我们预测和避免静电放电引起的故障，提高设备的可靠性和稳定性。

二、ESD实验的原理ESD实验的原理基于静电放电的物理过程。

当两个带电体之间的电势差达到一定程度时，电荷会通过空气或其他介质以电流的形式突然放电。

静电放电过程涉及电荷的积累、空气离子化、电流的流动等多个环节。

ESD实验的目的就是通过模拟和观察这些环节，揭示静电放电的机理和特性。

三、ESD实验的过程进行ESD实验需要一系列的实验步骤和实验装置。

下面是一般的ESD实验过程：1. 准备实验装置：根据实验的要求，准备相应的实验装置，包括静电放电发生器、测量仪器、试样等。

确保实验装置的可靠性和安全性。

2. 设计实验方案：根据实验的目的和要求，设计合适的实验方案，包括实验参数的选择、实验条件的确定等。

确保实验方案的科学性和可操作性。

蘇州市泰思特電子科技有限公司静电放电（ESD-20G）操作指导及注意事项1.仪器介绍：图3所标示数的名称依次是：（1）REDUCE（减小）；（2）ADD（增加）；（3）LEFT（向左）；（4）DOWN（向下）；（5）UP（向上）；（6）RIGHT（向右）；；（7）SELECT（设定）；（8）RUN（运行）/PAUSE（暂停）；（9）H.V OUTPUT（高压输出端口）；（10）液晶显示屏。

--------------------------------------------------------------------------------如上图所示, 面板上共有8 个按键ADD,REDUCE,UP,DOWN,LEFT,RIGHT,SELECT,RUN/ PAUSE；其中UP,DOWN两个按键用来上下移动光标,光标所在的行即为选择使能行；按键 SELECT用于对光标所在行选择切换功能；按键LEFT,RIGHT可以左右移动光标，主要用于“时间间隔”“放电次数”“电压设定”的数值改变；按键ADD,REDUCE用于对光标所在位置的数字加/减；按键RUN/PAUSE用于运行和停止。

注：气隙放电只能在单次放电模式下进行，其它放电模式下无效。

2.做ESD测试时 主要操作步骤：第一步：打开主机电源。

第二步：选择放电模式，接触放电或空气放电。

第三步：若选择接触放电（选用尖锥形的放电电极），极性切换选择正压或者负压。

第四步：若切换放电极性，只有在高压上电选择“否”的情况下才可以切换极性。

否则，切换不了。

第五步：四种放电模式,有单次放电、设定放电、自动放电、20PPS放电。

四种模式可任意选择。

第六步：若选择单次放电，高压上电选择选择“是”，选择好所需要的测试电压，按运行键RUN 进行测试，扣动一次枪击开关就放一次电，放电的速率跟手扣动枪击的快慢有关，扣的快，打的快，扣的慢，打的慢。

一般建议近1秒扣动一次枪击开关（这样接近标准）。

Vol. 40, No. 5航 天 器 环 境 工 程第 40 卷第 5 期492SPACECRAFT ENVIRONMENT ENGINEERING2023 年 10 月https:// E-mail: ***************Tel: (010)68116407, 68116408, 68116544航天器高压太阳电池阵列ESD检测用柔性天线传感器张国治1，汪令仪1，张翰霆1，冯 娜2，王 海2，张晓星1*（1. 湖北工业大学 新能源及电网装备安全检测湖北省工程研究中心，武汉 430068；2. 北京东方计量测试研究所，北京 100094）摘要：为完善地球同步轨道（GEO）航天器静电放电（ESD）风险评估手段，文章根据空间ESD辐射电磁波频带特性，利用三维电磁场仿真软件ANSYSS HFSS，采用矩形贴片天线等效技术、梯形地平面技术和CPW馈线指数渐近线化技术开展航天器高压太阳电池阵列ESD检测用柔性天线传感器研究。

采用聚酰亚胺（PI）作为柔性天线基底，其厚度为0.28 mm；柔性天线在弯曲半径分别为100、300、500 mm 以及不弯曲条件下，300 MHz～2 GHz频带范围电压驻波比（VSWR）小于3，其中在650 MHz～2 GHz 频段范围VSWR小于2。

通过搭建的ESD模拟试验平台对传感器的电磁脉冲（EMP）信号检测性能进行实测分析，结果表明传感器能够有效地检测到高压太阳电池阵列表面的ESD EMP信号，具有用于航天器ESD故障预警的潜力。

关键词：航天器；高压太阳电池阵列；静电放电；柔性天线传感器；电磁脉冲检测；单极子天线中图分类号：V520.6; O441.5文献标志码：A文章编号：1673-1379(2023)05-0492-09 DOI: 10.12126/see.2022120Flexible antenna sensor for ESD detection ofspacecraft high voltage solar cell arrayZHANG Guozhi1, WANG Lingyi1, ZHANG Hanting1, FENG Na2, WANG Hai2, ZHANG Xiaoxing1*(1. Hubei Engineering Research Center for Safety Monitoring of New Energy and Power Grid Equipment, Hubei University ofTechnology, Wuhan 430068, China; 2. Beijing Orient Institute of Measurement and Test Organization, Beijing 100094, China) Abstract: In order to improve the electrostatic discharge (ESD) risk assessment method for geosynchronous orbit (GEO) spacecraft, research on flexible antenna sensors for spacecraft ESD radiation detection were carried out in this article. Based on the frequency band characteristics of space ESD radiation electromagnetic wave, the means applied included the three-dimensional electromagnetic field simulation software ANSYSS HFSS, the equivalent technology of rectangular patch antenna, the trapezoidal ground plane technology and the CPW feeder exponential asymptotic technology. Polyimide (PI) was used as the base of the flexible antenna, and its thickness was 0.28 mm. The voltage standing wave ratio (VSWR) was less than 3 in the 300 MHz to 2 GHz frequency band range when the bending radius was 100, 300, 500 mm and no bending, of which the VSWR was less than 2 in the 650 MHz to 2 GHz frequency band range. The electromagnetic pulse (EMP) signal detection performance was measured and analyzed by the ESD simulation test platform. The results show that the designed antenna can detect ESD EMP signal effectively, with the potential to be used for spacecraft ESD fault warning.Keywords: spacecraft; high voltage solar cell array; ESD; flexible antenna sensor; EMP detection; monopole antenna收稿日期：2022-11-07；修回日期：2023-09-17基金项目：国家自然科学基金项目（编号：52107144）；湖北省教育厅科技项目（编号：Q20211401）引用格式：张国治, 汪令仪, 张翰霆, 等. 航天器高压太阳电池阵列ESD检测用柔性天线传感器[J]. 航天器环境工程, 2023, 40(5): 492-500ZHANG G Z, WANG L Y, ZHANG H T, et al. Flexible antenna sensor for ESD detection of spacecraft high voltage solar cell array[J]. Spacecraft Environment Engineering, 2023, 40(5): 492-5000 引言随着航天技术的快速发展，高压太阳电池阵列作为航天器的主电源，其对运行安全性的要求越来越高[1-2]，100 V及以上的高压电池阵列已经普遍应用于地球同步轨道（GEO）航天器。

1NSG 435 ESD SIMULATORUSER MANUAL5.4 Air/Contact-discharge 28 5.5 Voltage 29 5.6 Polarity 30 5.7 Repetition frequency 31 5.8 Counter 31 5.9 Preselect counter 32 5.10 Automatic polarity switching 34 5.11 Continuous operation 375.12 Storing voltage settings 396 Test procedures 41 6.1 Standard-conforms procedures 416.2 Other conditions 417 Verification of the pulse data 438 Maintenance 44 8.1 Servicing 44 8.2 Calibration 44 8.3 Exchanging the R/C network 47 8.3.1 Derating of pulse repetition at increased capacitance 49 8.4 Repairs 508.5 Disposal 509 Declaration of Conformity CE 5110 Technical specifications 5211 ESD standards 5412 Warranty 5513 Odering information 5614 Addresses 57discharge network (exchangeable)measuring electronicshigh voltage relaypolarity changeovertrigger connection Test finger (exchangeable)Earth cableconnectionPulse triggerExchangeablebattery packTripod bushUNC1/4-20HandgripF1 Toggle between air and contact-discharge (and vice versa) Increment voltage and counterF2 Activation of voltage settingDecrement voltage and counterF3 Polarity switching:Selection of pre-programmed test levelsPreselect counter on/offF4 Selection of discharge mode:Single discharge Repetitive discharge at 0.5, 1, 5, 10, 20, 25 Hzfor air-dischargeRepetitive discharge at 0.5, 1, 5, 10 Hz for contact-dischargeAutomatic polarity switchingStorage of programmed test levelsF5 Resets the counterReturn from second functionNSG 435 ESD simulatorposes.The handgrip adapter is an integral part of this power supply unit. It contains electrical components that are necessary for this mode of operation. It is not per-missible to operate the NSG 435 with a power supply unit from another system.The power supply unit can be used on all common AC mains supplies without having to make any adjustments, thus:80 to 240 V (50/60 Hz) with 3-pin IEC connectorMatching 3-core mains cable20NSG 435 ESD simulator The power supply unit must be connected to a mains outlet having a protectiveearth.The protective earth connection does not replace the earth cable for the opera-tion of the NSG 435. To ensure safe and valid test operation the earth cable must be correctly connected as the pulse return path in every case.The mains power supply unit is constructed in conformity with the relevant safety standards and carries the appropriate test symbol.3.3.5 Discharge networksThe basic set contains a discharge network and test fingers that conforms to IEC/EN 61000-4-2, Ed. 1.2:2001.Alternative networks can be installed for testing in accordance with other standards.The discharge network and test fingers form a mutually matched combination. They are labeled with a corresponding INA number. The specified pulse data are only achieved while this combination is maintained.Several combinations are given in the order list. The C and R values of the discharge network can also be specified for other applications.Networks conforming to other standards can be built upon request. The speci-fications of the standard must be fully defined.Exchanging the discharge network is described in section «Exchanging the R/C network».The normal remote trigger unit consists of a «triggerbox» and 5 m (197 “) of optical cable. The remote trigger works in parallel with the «trigger-button» on the NSG 435. Pulse triggering, or the on/off switching in the case of repetitive discharges, can be effected by a push-button or an electrical signal applied to the triggerbox.The electrical signal at the BNC connector must fulfill the following condi tions:On: V = 2.4...10 V, I >2 mA, t >10 msOff: V <0.8 VRepetition rate: <5 HzThe remote trigger is powered by a conventional 9 volt battery. The current consumption is so low that a battery switch has been dispensed with. If NSG 435 provided with two optical connectors connect the optical cable to the blue terminal.It is recommended to remove the battery if the unit is not going to be used forMounting flangeContact surfaceThe measurement adapter type MD 101 as per informative annex B of IEC/EN 61000-4-2 serves to verify pulse amplitudes and pulse shapes. It is designed for mounting in the side wall of a Faraday cage in which an oscilloscope has been installed. This measurement adapter, also known as a «Pellegrini-Target» has the flat impedance curve to well over 1 GHz that is necessary for the purpose. Use of this adapter is only worthwhile in conjunction with a test rig that is laid out in strict conformity with the relevant standard (see section 7).24NSG 435 ESD simulatorSwitch the simulator on with the main switch.A display appears in the window showing values representing the status of the instrument before it was last switched off.A typical set of values might look like this:The instrument performs audible switching functions for a while that result from various self-tests and calibration procedures.High voltage generation is activated by pressing and holding the trigger button. By bringing the test finger close to the earthing point an discharge occurs which is acknowledged acoustically and the display shows the effective discharge voltage in a frame. (This applies under the following conditions: air-discharge, single-pulse, preselect counter off).The instrument is now ready to use.26NSG 435 ESD simulatorThe instrument is ready for use immediately after the execution of a self-testand calibration procedure.Press and hold the trigger button to activate the high voltage generation. The active high voltage state is shown on the display by the “kV” indication blink-ing.The measured value of the breakdown voltage in air-discharge mode will be displayed. Differentiation from the display of the set value is made by the frame around the kV readings.The effective discharge voltage depends on various factors such as the distance to the discharge point, speed of approach, nature of the EUT, etc.In the case of a contact-discharge this measurement is not carried out since only a discharge current can occur.The instrument switches itself off automatically after a period of 30 minutes of non-use although the parameters that have been set will remain stored in memory.The change to contact-discharge is prevented if:The voltage set for this operating mode is too high, i.e. over 9 kVThe repetition frequency set for this operating mode is too high, i.e.over 10 pulses/sThe instrument notifies the error with a beep and the erroneous setting blinks for 5 s.When working with fixed voltage levels, the relevant value is automatically loaded upon toggling between the air/contact-discharge mode.12Free setting Call stored values level 1-4(4 values each for air-dischargeand contact discharge) Pressing F1 or F2 raises or lowers Press F3 to select the four stored the voltage respectively in steps of voltage values in each case. 100 V. Pressing the buttons (To change a stored value, see continuously changes the voltage section 5.12).level with increasing rapidity.30NSG 435 ESD simulatorPress F5 to return to the starting menu level. (This return will also be madeautomatically after about 10 s).5.6 PolarityF3 toggles between positive and negative polarity. The sign shown in the displayalters correspondingly.In the SINGLE mode a discharge is released each time the trigger button is pressed. The discharge is confirmed by a beep. In the REPETITIVE mode dis charges are released at the chosen rate for as long as the trigger button remains pressed (no acoustic confirmation).32NSG 435 ESD simulatorF5 sets the counter either back to 0000 or to the preset value if the preselect counter mode has been chosen.Pressing F5 a second time causes a branch to the preselect counter menu.5.9 Preselect counterA specified number of discharges (0...9999) can be pre-programmed with this function. These can then be triggered single by hand or automatically.F5 first resets the counter then, when pressed a second time, branches into the preselect counter menu.F3 switches the preselect counter operation on and off (PRESELECT ON/OFF). Use F1 and F2 to raise or lower the preset value. Keeping either button pressed causes the change to occur with increasing rapidity.34NSG 435 ESD simulatorPress F5 to return to the original menu level. (This return also occurs automati-cally after about 10 s)The preselect counter mode can be used with either single or with repetitive discharges.Each time there is a discharge the counter content is decremented by 1.In the repetitive mode the discharge sequence is started when the trigger button is first pressed and is halted when the button is pressed a second time. The sequence can be continued by pressing it again.Pulse triggering is terminated when the counter content reaches 0000.F5 reloads the preselect counter with the original value.Once the counter reaches 0000 and the procedure has been stopped, the counter can also be reloaded with the original value again and the test sequence started anew simply by pressing the trigger button.5.10 Automatic polarity switchingThe IEC standards call for equal quantities of positive and then negative dis-charges to be applied to a test point. The NSG 435 can execute this function automatically.The automatic polarity switch operates in conjunction with the preselect counter.F5 branches into the preselect counter menu.F4 switches the function «Automatic polarity change» on and off (Precondition: PRESELECT ON). The active state is shown by the polarity sign in front of the voltage alternating on the display.36NSG 435 ESD simulatorUse F5 to return to the original menu level. (This return also occurs automatically after about 10 s). The «Automatic polarity change» function is identified by «ALT.POL.» over F4 and +/- over F3.The instrument switches over from positive to negative polarity once half of the preset number of pulses has been released (the sign on the display changes).This automatic function works in both the single pulse mode as well as with repetitive discharges.Reinitialize the operation in single pulse mode after each cycle. Reset the counter and select the counter menu again (press F5 three times).Select the repetition frequency in the basic menu with F4. By F5 branch into the preselect counter menu.38NSG 435 ESD simulatorHold F2 down until the counter content is 0000. Press F2 again to activate continuous operation. The display shows - - - -.Use F5 to return to the original menu level.Switching off continuous operation:By F5 branch into the preselect counter menu. Press F1 or F2. The counter shows 0000 or 9999 respectively. Continuous operation is switched off.Use F5 to return to the original menu level.5.12 Storing voltage settingsPre-programmed discharge voltage values can be stored in four memory loca-tions for both air and contact-discharges. As delivered, the instrument has the test levels set according to IEC/EN 61000-4-2, Ed. 1.2:2001.The values stored in memory can be altered arbitrarily.Level Test voltage contact-discharge 1234 2 kV 4 kV 6 kV 8 kV40NSG 435 ESD simulator Press F4 and a memory location (1 ... 4) appears over F3.Use F3 to specify the required memory location. Press F4 again and the value is stored.Use F5 to return to the original menu level.Set the required voltage with F1 or F2.Range for air: 0.2 ... 16.5 kVRange for contact: 0.2 ...9 kVThe «LEVEL» indication shown over F3 disappears. «STORE» appears over F4.simulator46 537A yellowB black8C yellow/green48NSG 435 ESD simulator Procedure:1 Switch the instrument off2 Remove the earth cable3 Take out the battery4 Unscrew the test finger5 Pull out the trigger button6 Remove the rear cover(the cover locks into 3 notches in the housing on both sides. The cover can be removed by carefully lifting it at the points where the notches are and gradually sliding it back).7 Lay the instrument on its side and remove the screws8 Remove the screw in the printed circuit board9 Remove the upper part of the housing with a rocking movement 10 Note the arrangement of the wiring11 Release the network connecting screws in the given order12 Remove the network13 Insert the replacement network14 Firmly screw the color-coded network connections into place as shown in the illustration15 Take care with the placement of the wires so that none becoming trapped while re-assembling the generator16 Carefully screw the upper part of the housing back into place17 Continue re-assembly in the reverse order of points 8 .. 1 above (attach the test finger belonging to the set!)18 Check the operation of the generator by observing the spark-gap (the high voltage generator adjusts itself automatically to the newnetwork)19 If in doubt, a voltage check can be carried out as given in section 8.220 A calibration measurement is not normally necessary50NSG 435 ESD simulator 8.4 RepairsRepair work is to be executed exclusively by authorized Teseq repair depart-ments. Only original replacement parts and accessories are to be used.Do not continue to use the instrument in the event of mechanical damage occurring. The molded housing also performs insulating and protective func-tions which are only assured as long as it is in its original condition. A damaged instrument should be returned without delay to a Teseq service centre.8.5 DisposalThe following list shows the principal materials that are used in the construction of the NSG 435. The relevant national regulations are to be observed when disposing of the instrument.Item Material RemarkHousing Control unit LCD-display LCD-window Chassis plate HV unit/network HV relay Test finger Battery Charger Carrying case ABS with glass-fiberEpoxy circuit board with SMD componentsGlassAcrylicGalvanized steelPolyurethane block with electr.components and copper wireVarious metals, ceramicvarious insulating MagerialsBrass, plastics, electrical componentsNickel-metal hybrid (>2002) ABS hosuing Epoxy circuit board ABS housing with transformer, PCB with electr, componentsPolyethyleneObserve any specialregulations regardingdisposal of Ni-MHs。

ESD静电放电是指在两个接触或接近的物体间由于静电电荷失去平衡而发生的放电现象，通常称为静电击。

在现代电子产品制造和使用过程中，静电放电对电子产品的影响极其重要，甚至可能对产品的性能和寿命产生严重影响。

对静电放电抗扰度检测方法和检测标准的研究和制定显得尤为重要。

一、ESD静电放电抗扰度检测方法1. 传统方法传统的ESD静电放电抗扰度检测方法主要包括人体静电放电（HBM）、机器模拟静电放电（MM）和车间模拟静电放电（CDM）三种方式。

其中，HBM是通过人体与电气设备或系统之间的接触来模拟电气设备在实际应用中的静电放电，MM是通过模拟电气设备在实际应用中的机器间的接触来模拟静电放电，CDM则是通过模拟电气设备在实际应用中的车间之间的接触来模拟静电放电。

这些方法在一定程度上可以模拟实际应用环境中的静电放电，但是在实际应用中的适用性和准确性有待进一步验证。

2. 新兴方法随着科学技术的不断进步和电子产品的不断更新换代，新兴的ESD静电放电抗扰度检测方法也在不断涌现。

基于纳米技术的ESD静电放电抗扰度检测方法，通过利用纳米技术的特殊性能，可以更加精准地模拟和检测实际应用环境中的静电放电，提高了检测的准确性和可靠性。

还有基于仿生学的ESD静电放电抗扰度检测方法，通过模拟自然界中生物体对静电放电的响应机制，可以提高电子产品对静电放电的抗扰度。

二、ESD静电放电抗扰度检测标准1. 国际标准目前，国际上对ESD静电放电抗扰度检测标准的制定已经相对成熟，在国际电工委员会（IEC）和国际标准化组织（ISO）已经有了相关的标准，如IEC 61340系列标准和ISO 10605标准等。

这些标准主要针对静电放电的发生原理、检测方法、抗扰度要求等进行了详细规定，对于全球范围内的电子产品生产和使用具有重要指导意义。

2. 国内标准在国内，我国电子技术标准化研究院（CESI）和我国合格评定国家认可委员会（CNAS）等机构也已经制定了相关的ESD静电放电抗扰度检测标准，如GB/T 16927标准等。

HBM、MM＆CDM静电放电模拟器静电放电模拟器目 录目 录 (1)1．概述 (2)2．基本设置 (2)2.1使用前的准备 (2)2.2放电重复时间(REPEAT TIME)设置 (3)2.3静电放电次数(ESD NUMBER)设置 32.4 测试电压的调节（ADJ） (4)3HBM试验 (4)3.1 HBM OUT与测试 (4)3.2 HBM试验电压等级 (6)3.3 HBM试验管脚组合 (8)3.4 HBM敏感度分类 (11)3.5HBM测试注意事项124. MM试验 (13)4.1 MM OUT的输出与选择 (13)4.1.1 OUT接线与MM选择 (13)4.1.2输出电压、正负极性的设置 (13)4.2 MM试验电压大小与极性 (13)4.3 MM试验管脚组合 (14)4.4．MM静电试验电压和极性的选择154.5选择静电放电重复频率 (15)4.6 MM的ESDS分类 (16)4.7 MM试验的特点与注意事项 (16)4.8. MM与HBM放电的比较(相同电压下，哪个损坏程度大？ (16)5 CDM试验 (18)5.1 CDM充电的2种常用方法D-CDM与F-CDM (18)5.1.1 直接充电方法D-CDM (18)5.1.2 感应充电方法F-CDM (18)5.1.3 两种带电方法接线的比较 (19)5.2 CDM的设置与接线 (19)5.3 选择CDM静电试验电压和极性 (20)5.4 CDM试验电压等级 (20)5.5 CDM试验特点与注意事项 (20)5.6 CDM的放电 (21)5.7 CDM敏感度分类 (22)6 使用操作注意事项 (23)7 主要技术指标 (24)8 技术支持与售后服务 (24)9. 定期校准 (24)ESD-china的优势..............................................................................................................错误！未定义书签。

esd测试等级标准ESD测试等级标准是确定电子产品和器件静电敏感性的一种方式。

ESD（Electrostatic Discharge）即静电放电，是指在两个电势不同的物体之间会产生电荷交换的现象。

静电放电可能对电子产品和器件造成损害，因此对其进行测试和评估是非常重要的。

静电放电可能导致电子产品和器件的故障和失效。

这些故障和失效可能会在生产过程中产生，或者在产品正常使用中发生。

比如，当一个人穿着带静电的衣物触摸到电子产品或器件时，会产生静电放电，并可能导致产品损坏。

为了减少这种损害的发生，ESD测试等级标准被制定出来。

以下是一些常用的ESD测试等级标准：1. IEC 61000-4-2：这个标准是国际电工委员会（IEC）制定的，用于评估电子设备耐受不同等级ESD的能力。

该标准根据静电放电的电压等级将电子设备分为不同的等级，包括2KV、4KV、8KV和15KV。

2. ANSI/ESD S20.20：这个标准是美国国家标准化协会（ANSI）和电子行业协会（ESDA）联合制定的，用于评估和管理电子设备防静电措施的有效性。

该标准定义了不同的ESD控制区域，并规定了不同区域内的静电放电限制。

3. MIL-STD-883：这个标准是美军标准之一，用于评估和测试电子器件的可靠性和耐受能力。

该标准包括了多个测试方法和等级，其中包括对ESD的测试。

4. JEDEC JESD22：这个标准是电子设备供应商联盟（JEDEC）制定的，用于评估和测试电子器件的可靠性和耐受能力。

其中包括了多个测试方法和等级，包括ESD测试。

以上只是一些常见的ESD测试等级标准，不同国家、不同行业和不同应用领域可能会有所不同。

同时，ESD测试等级标准通常还会包括测试方法和规程，以确保测试的准确性和一致性。

ESD测试等级标准的制定和遵守对于保护电子产品和器件的可靠性和耐受能力至关重要。

遵守这些标准可以帮助制造商和供应商确保其产品在生产过程中减少ESD相关的损坏，并提高其在使用过程中的可靠性。

ESD及TVS简介主要内容•静电定义及相关标准•静电防护的必要性•静电防护器件介绍•TVS参数介绍、测试、选型及应用•TVS的开发及生产工艺流程•TVS的技术发展方向•总结ESD 定义• ESD是Electro Static Discharge“静电放电”的缩写:两个物体所携带电荷的转移过程，就是静电放电.• 器件级–机械模型Machine Model (MM) ESD:–带电器件模型Charged Device Model (CDM) ESD:–人体模型Human Body Model (HBM) ESD:•系统级–IEC61000-4-2国际电工委员会定义的一种系统考核物件的抗ESD能力的评级.Human Body Model (HBM) ESDHuman Body Model (HBM) ESD 模拟人体的静电环境下的测试:–接触测试Direct contact discharge–空气放电Air dischargeStandards :-IEC 61000-4-2 (150 pF / 330 Ohm)-GBT17626.2测试结果判据生活及工作环境中的静电如此强烈IC的工艺越先进，集成度越来越高，IC越脆弱工作电压越来越低，IC越脆弱静电放电的破坏半导体破坏率的分配：59%都是由静电引致的ESD资料由Semiconductor Reliability提供人体模型针对IC的静电放电方式静电放电的破坏静电对集成电路的损伤主要表现为：•芯片内热二次击穿•金属喷镀熔融•介质击穿•表面击穿•体积击穿等1.灾难性损坏•器件不能操作•约占受静电破坏的原件的百分之十2.潜在性损坏•器件可以操作但性能不稳定，维修次数因而增加•约占受静电破坏原件的百分之九十静电击穿现象，表面上看不出有太多变化，在高倍的电子显微镜上可以看到，IC 内部的电路已经被毁坏。

IC 的功能已经失效类型材料+结构能量耗散方式钳位电压控制漏电耗损耐受冲击次数型号稳定性方向性TVS PN结+环氧树脂材料传导为主好约0.1uA优好单/双向氧化锌压敏电阻氧化锌基体与电极层高温工烧的独石结构吸收为主一般>0.1uA良持续工作会有明显的电性能劣化现象双向高分子聚合物ESD PCB或陶瓷基体+有机高分子填料吸收为主一般1nA一般持续工作会有明显的电性能劣化现象双向ESD主要防护器件静电放电的保护器件（TVS)TVS的工作原理TVS的参数介绍TVS关键参数钳位电压的测量TLP测试钳位电压TLP测试钳位电压TLP测试钳位电压评估：评估、确定产品防雷、防静电等级选型：挑选元器件、配置合适的保护方案验证：器件上板验证分析：分析产品应用的环境优化：优化防护方案12345静电问题的解决思路TVS的选型及应用•根据信号线的传输速率选择确定TVS的电容（电源端口对TVS电容不敏感，但对EMI的影响需关注；•根据需过的静电等级或浪涌等级，确定TVS的封装及IPP；•根据后级需保护IC的静电或浪涌的耐受力确定TVS的钳位电压；•适当的组合电路及电阻、磁珠、电容、电感的退耦选择是有必要的；•TVS在PCB板上的放置位置；•对高速信号的走线及过孔的要求或浪涌对PCB走线宽度厚度的需求；•地的处理尤其重要集成的多路TVS正向静电反向静电TVS开发流程TVS生产流程TVS 技术发展趋势TVS工艺技术对比Semtech Nexperia Onsemi Willsemi国内其他C J(Typ.)0.22pFRclamp3321P0.15pFPESD5V0H1BSF0.2pFESD81110.15pFESD73111CZ0.25pF+VC@16A（TLP test）6.3VRclamp3331PQ6.3VPESD5V0H1BSF10VESD81115.2VESD73131CZ>14VSCR结构√√√√N/A NPN结构√√√√√0402I PP100A Developing Developing100A（Q4）N/A CSP六面包封传统CSP五面包封六面包封N/A晶圆ASMCTower Jazz Internal FabInternal FabTower Jazz ASMC外购低容低钳位电压TVSWillsemi has developed 5 generations lowcapacitance TVS device,the new generation TVS has lower clamping voltage and lower capacitance, can be used for USB3.1、HDMI2.0、antenna 、Thunderbolt ，etc. high speed data line.ProductDevice StructureV CLAMP TLP (V)@16AR DYN (ohm)PositiveNegativePositiveNegativeESD5311Z Gen Ⅱ21.621.90.730.74ESD63011N Gen Ⅲ10.9911.190.210.22ESD73011N Gen Ⅳ9.909.880.320.32ESD73131CZGen Ⅴ5.265.210.160.16-25-20-15-10-5510152025-20-16-12-8-404812162024T L P C u r r e n t (A )TLP Voltage (V)ESD5311Z ESD63011N ESD73011N ESD73131CZ总结•环境中的静电非常的严重•各类电子产品经常被静电打坏，而且往后IC会越来越脆弱•TVS能有效的降低电子产品的静电损坏率•未来对TVS提出更高的要求，比如高速信号线的低容、低钳位电压、小封装及高性价比；•韦尔的TVS性能满足各类IC的防护需求；谢谢。

103科技资讯 S CI EN CE & T EC HNO LO GY I NF OR MA TI ON动力与电气工程静电放电(Electrostatic Discharge,ESD)抗扰度试验是模拟操作人员或物体在接触设备时的放电以及人或物体对临近物体的放电,以评估设备遭受ES D时的性能。

ES D 发生器是模拟ESD过程、进行抗扰度试验的前提和基础。

在IEC61000-4-2标准中,对ESD发生器的构成、性能要求及波形校验等都有较详细的介绍。

1 ESD发生器回路简图图1中的R c 是充电电阻,取值为50MΩ～100MΩ;R d 是放电电阻,取值为330Ω±10%;C s 是储能电容,C d 为分布电容(存在于发生器与被试设备之间、参考接地板和耦合板之间),两者之和取150pF±10%。

2 ESD 测试模型ESD是一个复杂多变的随机过程。

由于ESD有许多不同的放电形式,而且同一静电源对不同的物体放电时产生的结果也不一样,因此难以有效地对ESD的效应和危害进行正确的评估。

但是根据不同场合ESD的主要特点可以建立相应的ES D模型,来模拟ESD的主要特征。

常见ESD测试模型有人体模型、机器模型、带电器件模型和人体-金属模型。

建立ESD模型的一个最主要的目的就是根据模型参数来设计、制作相应的ESD发生器。

目前的国内外产品,都是根据IEC61000-4-2中的规定,采用人体-金属模型制作而成的。

人体-金属模型(BMM)的模拟对象是带电人体通过金属对他物产生放电的情形,主要特点是能够全面反映出高速、低速两种放电模式;用于对系统的人体静电敏感度的测试。

3 ESD发生器的研究现状目前的国内外E S D 发生器产品基本上分为两大类:以EM-TEST的DITO为代表的手持式E SD 发生器和以No is ek en 的E SS -2002为代表的放电枪与主机分离式结构的静电放电发生器的结构原理及研究现状①田巍 张洛花(河南城建学院电气与电子工程系 河南平顶山 467036)摘 要:静电放电发生器是模拟静电放电过程、进行静电放电抗扰度试验的平台。