1999年社科院考博英语真题

中国社会科学院2017年博⼠⽣⼊学考试英语试题考博英语真题中国社会科学院研究⽣院2017年攻读博⼠学位研究⽣⼊学考试试卷英语（B卷）2017年3⽉11⽇8:30–11:30答题说明1.请考⽣按照答题卡的要求填写相关内容。

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PART I:Cloze(20points)Directions:Choose the best word(s)for each numbered blank.During the mid–1980s,my family and I spent a__(1)__year in the historic town of St.Andrews,/doc/9ea84bb585868762caaedd3383c4bb4cf6ecb75e.html paring life there with life in America,we were impressed by a__(2)__ disconnection between national wealth and well-being.To mostAmericans,Scottish life would have seemed__(3)__.Incomes were about half that in the U.S.Among families in the Kingdom of Fife surrounding St.Andrews,44percent did not own a car,and we never met a family that owned two.Central heating in this place__(4)__south of Iceland was,at that time,still a luxury.In hundreds of conversations during our year there and during three half summer stays since,we ___(5)___noticethat,___(6)___their simpler living,the Scots appeared___(7)___joyful than Americans.We heard complaints about Margaret Thatcher,but never about being underpaid or unable to afford wants.Within any country,such as our own,are rich people happier?In poor countries,being relatively well off doesmake__(8)__somewhat better well off.But in affluent countries,where nearly everyone can afford life’s necessities,increasing affluence matters__(9)__little.In the U.S.,Canada,and Europe,the correlation between income and happiness is,as University of Michigan researcher noted in a1980s16–nation study,“virtually__(10)__”.Happiness is lower __(11)__the very poor.Butonce comfortable,more money provides diminishing returns.Even very rich people are only slightly happier than average.With net worth all___(12)___$100million,providing___(13)___money to buy things they don’t need and hardly care about,4 in5of the49people responding to survey agreed that“Money can increase or decrease happiness, depending on how it is used”.And some were indeed unhappy.One fabulously__(14)__man said he could never remember being happy.One woman reported thatmoney__(15)__misery caused by her children’s’problems.At the other end of life’s circumstances are most victims of disabling tragedies.Yet,remarkably, most eventually recover a near-normal level of day-to-day happiness.Thus,university students who must cope with disabilities are__(16)__able-bodied students to report themselves happy,and their friends agree with their self-perceptions.We have__(17)__the American dream of achieved wealth and well-being by comparing rich and unrich countries,and rich and unrich people.That leaves the final question:Over time,does happiness rise with affluence?Typically not.Lottery winners appear to gain but a temporary jolt of joy from their winnings. On a small scale,a jump in our income can boost our morale,for a while.But in the long run, neither an ice cream cone nor a new car nor becoming rich and famous produces the same feelings of delight that it initially___(18)___.Happiness is not the result of being rich,buta__(19)__ consequence of having recently become richer.Wealth,it therefore seems,is like health:Although its utter absence can breed misery,having it does not guarantee happiness.Happiness is__(20)__a matter of getting what we want than of wanting what we have.1. a.underpaid b.prosperous c.affluent d.sabbatical2. a.assumed b.seeming c.seemed d.seemly3. a.precarious b.imprudent c.spartan d.gallant4. a.not far b.as far as c.far from d.far to5. a.virtually b.remarkably c.ideally d.repeatedly6. a.forasmuch b.despite c.considering d.inasmuch7. a.no less b.less c.more d.no more8. a.for b.up c.out d.over9. a.scarely b.intentionally c.surprisingly d.provisionally10.a.diminishing b.negligible c.tripled d.perceivable11.a.in b.on c.upon d.among12.a.exceeded b.exceeding c.excess d.excessive13.a.utter b.messy c.greedy d.ample14.a.prosperous b.triumphant c.jubilant d.victorious15.a.could undo b.could intensifyc.could not undod.could not intensify16.a.as plausible as b.not as plausible asc.as likely asd.not as likely as17.a.ventilated b.deliberated c.speculated d.scrutinized18.a.does b.did c.has done d.is19.a.new b.favorite c.temporary d.normal20.a.more b.less c.better d.worsePART II:Reading Comprehension(30points)Directions:Choose the best answers based on the information in the passages below. Passage1In the1960s and’70s of the last unlamented century,there was a New York television producer named David Susskind.He was commercially successful;he was also,surprisingly,a man of strong political views which he knew how to present so tactfully that networks were often unaware of just what he was getting away with on their—our—air.Politically,he liked to get strong-minded guests to sit with him at a round table in a ratty building at the corner of Broadway and42nd Street.Sooner or later,just about everyone of interest appeared on his program.Needless to say,he also had time for Vivien Leigh to discuss her recent divorce from Laurence Olivier,which summoned forth the mysterious cry from the former Scarlett O’Hara,“I am deeply sorry for any woman who was not married to Larry Olivier.”Since this took in several billion ladies(not to mention those gentlemen who might have offered to fill,as it were,the breach),Leigh caused a proper stir,as did the ballerina Alicia Markova,who gently assured us that“a Markova comes only once every hundred years or so.”I suspect it was the dim lighting on the set that invited such naked truths.David watched his pennies.I don’t recall how,or when,we began our“States of the Union”programs.But we did them year after year.I would follow whoever happened to be president,and I’d correct his“real”State of the Union with one of my own,improvising from questions that David would prepare.I was a political pundit because in a1960race for the House of Representatives(upstate New York), I got more votes than the head of the ticket,JFK;in1962,I turned down the Democratic nomination for U.S.Senate on the sensible ground that it was not winnable;I also had a pretty good memory in those days,now a-jangle with warning bells as I try to recall the national debt or,more poignantly,where I last saw my glasses.。

中国社会科学院研究生院1999博士研究生入学考试英语试题 Part Ⅰ V ocabulary (15％)Section ADirections ：On your Answer Sheet ，circle the answer that best completes the sentence ．1．With her last child having left home ，she felt a________ need to fill her time ．A ．tenseB ．thoroughC ．pressingD ．small2．It is generally thought that as teachers work with students ，psychology course work is________ to teacher-training ．A ．indispensableB ．inviolateC ．indisposedD ．invariable3．The announcement of the death of their leader caused thereafter a feeling of great despair to________ heir lives ．A ．overflowB ．scatterC ．permeateD ．manipulate4．Fear of pirate________ led the French to fortify their coastline ．A ．excursionsB ．incursionsC ．transmigrationsD ．transmogrifications5．During the oil crisis of the 1970s ，many states________ speed limits to reduce gasoline use ．A ．implantedB ．imposedC ．impairedD ．impressed6．Over-taxation ，many argue ，impedes initiative ，so that government income may actually________．A ．mushroomB ．capsizeC ．shrinkD ．dispel7．The assassin hid himself carefully from view before________ his future victim ．A ．drawing fromB ．drawing upC ．drawing withD ．drawing on8．He never exerts himself to aid those trying to________ a difficult situation ．A ．rectifyB ．modifyC ．solidifyD ．verify9．His alibi was fishy ，yet________ to close scrutiny ．A ．stood stillB ．withstoodC ．stood upD ．stood off10．Practitioners of law and medicine are esteemed in many countries which seems to indicate that________ depends on profession or title ．A ．prestigeB ．superiorityC ．privilegeD ．merit11．After the demonstration the protestors________ quietly ．A ．dismissedB ．diffusedC dispatchedD ．dispersed12．Mutual trade implies________ advantages ．A ．alliedB ．cooperativeC ．periodicalD ．reciprocal13．A virtual anchorite ，he________ to his self-sufficiency ．A ．adheresB ．confirmsC ．conformsD ．admonishes14．It is scarcely an exaggeration to say that during the Cold War period the threat________ by nuclear arms seemed an everpresent danger ．A ．imposedB ．convokedC ．posedD ．provoked15．Scientific integrity is as much a matter of self-interest as it is of________．A ．self-esteemB ．self-deceiving 考博家园C ．selfishnessD ．self-improvement Section BDirections ：On your Answer Sheet ，circle the letter that is the closest synonym to the underlinedword ．16．The majority of the observers at the conference ，in contradistinction to the delegates ，were opposed to ratification ．A ．adjournmentB ．distributionC ．tablingD ．approval17．Although it was none of my business I asked her if the one she was lamenting for was in any way kin ．A ．speaking forB ．running risks forC ．pleading forD ．mourning for18．I could never spend the tome that he does pouring over sports magazines ，compiling in tricate lists ，and calculating averages ．A ．delicateB ．incomprehensibleC ．meaninglessD ．complicated19．In England ，Latin appears never to have superseded the old Gaelic speech among the people ．A ．joinedB ．replacedC ．influencedD ．given way to20．Landslides triggered by heavy rainfall impeded our best attempts at rescuing the victims ．A ．encouragedB ．hinderedC ．nullifiedD ．crowned21．Death ensued as a result of suffocation ．A ．heartfailure B ．an accident C ．disease D ．asphyxiation 22．We must safeguard against coerced confessions ．A ．bribedB ．emotionalC ．unprofitableD ．forced23．My attention was engaged by the article's caption ．A ．graphB ．authorC ．contentsD ．title24．The report was unusual in that it insinuated corruption on the part of the minister ．A ．deniedB ．suggestedC ．proposedD ．stated25．When a newspaper prints an inaccurate date for an event ，universal chagrin results ．A ．discomfitureB ．amusementC ．reprisalD ．loss of profit26．In various parts of the world ，the devoted and devout participate enthusiastically in public processions during the major events of the liturgical year ．A ．piousB ．seriousC ．diseasedD ．misled27．Absent impartiality on the part of the psychotherapist ，a patient's conflicts may be exacerbated ．A ．indifferenceB ．objectivityC ．voiced concernD ．engagement28．They awoke to find the maid had left the remnants of dinner on the table ．A ．list of items for aB ．invitations to aC ．leftovers ofD ．preparations for a29．The upshot of all this was that travelling had become precarious ．A ．gloriousB ．funC ．expensiveD ．dangerous30．Some would consider that an infringement of good manners whereas others would not ．A ．an exampleB ．a violationC ．a problemD ．an indication Part Ⅱ Grammar (15％)Section ADirections ：On your Answer Sheet ，circle the letter that best completes the sentence ．1．________ sugar________ salt is oil water ． 考博家园A ．Not as ．．．as B ．No more than ．．．is C ．Not more than ．．．．is D ．Not more than ．．．as2．His mother frequently denies him permission to do things ，and that is________．A ．everB ．thisC ．thatD ．over3．The staff in pediatrics________ rushed whereas the geriatric ward is not busy at all ．A ．is nearly alwaysB ．nearly is alwaysC ．always is nearlyD ．is always nearly4．Anais Nin's diaries are often scandalous ，probably because she describes herself as she is rather than________．A ．others' define herB ．as others define herC ．her definition by othersD ．she is defined by others5．________，the mayor conceded defeat in his bid for re-election ．A ．Having racked up a lead of some 150，000 votesB ．Having been racked up a lead of some 150，000 votesC ．His opponent having racked up a lead of some 150，000 votesD ．His opponent racking up a lead of some 150，000 votes6．Never has a scientific explanation emerged________ someone somewhere has objected to it ．A ．thatB ．whichC ．whomD ．but7．Your mentor and friend________ to support me in my financial undertaking ．A ．have consentedB ．has consentedC ．have been consentingD ．are consented8．Due in large part to the complexity of its structure—over two hundred bones________ together by ligaments—the human skeleton is a marvel of architectural construction ．A ．bindingB ．boundC ．houndedD ．bind9．Inasmuch as a year does not elapse without a certain number of villagers falling victim to the ferocity of a tiger ，its roar is________ heard by the natives________ feelings of terror ．A ．not ．．．withB ．not ．．．withoutC ．seldom ．．．withD ．always ．．．without10．I regret to say that your thesis requires more thinking than________ for the problem is exceedingly complex ．A ．to be put inB ．has been put inC ．being put inD ．have been put in11．I must finish this assignment tonight ，________．A ．it is ever so lateB ．be it ever so lateC ．it be ever so lateD ．so late it be12．Science majors ，________，require a good basic foundation in the sciences as a whole ．A ．whether they are future physicists and chemistsB ．be they future physicists or chemistsC ．they are future physicists or chemistsD ．whether they should be future physicists and chemists13．Those are very important papers and I'd just as soon________ here ．A ．as you leave themB ．you leave themC ．you will leave themD ．that you will leave them14．Anatomists generally maintain that the human heart is nearest________． 考博家园A ．to the size in our fistB ．in the size to our fistC ．in size to our fistD ．to the size to our fist15．Foreigners are very fussy about their phone calls ．They hate________ anyone eavesdropping ．A ．thereB ．there beC ．there to beD ．beingSection BDirections ：In the sentences below ，either A ，B ，C or D is the incorrect gramatical form for thesentence ．Pick the incorrect form as your answer ，and on your Answer Sheet ，circle the corresponding letter ．16．One of the more intriguing theories about the destruction of Ur is his contention that the A population may destroy their ziggurats and abandoned their metropolis in anger a gainst the deitiesB C that permitted so long a famine ．D17．In the bush ，the ill took it to be only logical if the one who could dure an illness should also possess A B C the ability of causing it ，and that even at a distance ．D18．Ores which are occurred naturally as elements ，such as gold are of extreme rarity andA B C are occasionally of high value ．D19．Unless they are so permitted by the attending physician ，no visitors or relatives can enter theA B C patient's room ．D20．A rigorous alertness must be adhered when notetaking with the inessential ignored and theA B C D superfluous eliminated ．21．It is largely through perspiration ，or the evaporation of water through the pores ，that humansA B C rid them of excess moisture ．D22．Provided the computer is given correct information to start ，accuracy is another out standingA B C Dadvantage ．23．And so early every morning therefore ，but not before the infant bathed ， did she betake herself A B C D to the outhouse ．24．He stood on tiptoe ，stretching as far as he could ，however ，still ，he could not reach the book ． A B C D25．As gentle as possible ，and with help from an assistant ，the veterinarian examined the hippo to A B 考博家园determine if she was pregnant ．C D26．In a recent survey ，that responsiveness was that most of all made a woman dear to them was theA B C opinion of three out of four men ．D27．All personnel will be required to undergo special sensitivity training programs prior to leavingA B for aboard in order to be prepared against culture shock ．C D28．Among the many changes were those to the New Yorker book review ，and very shortsighted A B C they were ．D29．The majority of students ，preferring eternal verities ，rarely see that knowledge is subject A of growth and transformation ，and that it shifts in meaning and status with time ．B C D30．Because of the recent turmoil and until further notice ，any gathering of more than two people isA B C prohibited in the interest of preserving the law and order ．DPart Ⅲ Cloze (10％)Directions ：Choose as your answer the word that best fits the blank ．On your Answer Sheet ，circlethe corresponding letter ．My knees were shaking ． 1 afraid 2 with them ， 3 Ⅰ 4 myself out on the path to follow them ．Amara's husband 5 coming back and saw me ．“ 6 my age mates 7 thiswitchcraft ．You come back with me and keep watch 8 my wife ．Help me guard 9 body ．He will kill her and I cannot prevent it ．But he 10 killed her in vain ．He shall not eat her body ．”It was dark inside the reception hut ，and very quiet ．The women 11 kept watch over Amara ，and her co-wife still sat with her ．The man stood looking down upon her ．A man must never call his wife 12 her name and may never touch her 13 public ．The man knelt 14 hiswife ．“Child of Lain ．”She did not 15 ．Tentatively he 16 his hand on her forehead ．Perhaps he thought she heard ， 17 he added bravely ， 18 will happen to you ，Amara 19 wife ．”He clasped her hand in 20 ．We sat on in silence waiting for Amara to die ．1．A ．Am B ．Was C ．Will be D ．Have been2．A ．I went B ．go C ．but D ．to go3．A ．yet B ．moreover C ．even D ．soon4．A ．obliged B ．constrained C ．coerced D ．forced5．A ．is B ．was C ．will be D ．had been6．A ．Grant B ．Let C ．Pardon D ．Forgive 考博家园7．A ．takecare for B ．take care of C ．care of D ．care for 8．A ．around B ．with C ．by D ．for9．A ．my B ．your C ．his D ．her10．A ．is B ．was C ．will have D ．would have11．A ．even B ．ever C ．still D ．while12．A ．for B ．with C ．around D ．by13．A ．around the B ．in C ．when D ．while14．A ．along B ．beside C ．besides D ．thinking15．A ．budge B ．mix C ．stir D ．bestir16．A ．laid B ．lain C ．had lain D ．sat17．A ．for B ．when C ．listening D ．quietly18．A ．Nothing B ．Something C ．Anything D ．Everything19．A ．my B ．your C ．his D ．her20．A ．his B ．hers C ．theirs D ．ours Part Ⅳ Reading Comprehension (30％)Directions ：Read each passage and answer all the questions that follow the passage ．On yourAnswer Sheet ，circle the letter that best answers the question ．Passage 1The sources of anti-Christian feeling were many and complex ．On the more intangible side ，there was a general pique against the unwanted intrusion of the Western countries ；there was an understandable tendency to seek an external scapegoat for internal disorders only tangentially attributable to the West and perhaps most important ，there was a virile tradition of ethnocentricism ，vented long before against Indian Buddhism ，which ，since the seventeenth century ，focused on Western Christianity ．Accordingly ，even before the missionary movement really got under way in the mid-nineteenth century ，it was already at a disadvantage ．After 1860，as missionary activity in the hinterland expanded ，it quickly became apparent that in addition to the intangibles ，numerous tangible grounds for Chinese hostility abounded ．In part ，the very presence of the missionary evoked attack ．They were ，after all ，the first foreigners to leave the treaty ports and venture into the interior ，and for a long time they were virtually the only foreigners whose quotidian labors carried them to the farthest reaches of the Chinese empire ．For many of the indigenous population ，therefore ，the missionary stood as a uniquely visible symbol against which opposition to foreign intrusion could be vented ．In part ，too ，the missionary was attacked because the manner in which he made his presence felt after 1860 seemed almost calculated to offend ．By indignantly waging battle against the notion that China was the sole fountainhead of civilization and ，more particularly ，by his assault on many facets of Chinese culture per se ，the missionary directly undermined the cultural hegemony of the gentry class ．Also ，in countless ways ，he posed a threat to the gentry's traditional monopoly of social leadership ．Missionaries ，particularly Catholics ，frequently assumed the garb of the Confucian literati ．They were the only persons at the local level ，aside from the gentry ，who were permitted to communicate with the authorities as social equals ．Amid they enjoyed an extraterritorial status in the interior that gave them greater immunity to Chinese law than had ever been possessed by the gentry ．Although it was the avowed policy of the Chinese government after 1860 that the new 考博家园treaties were to be strictly adhered to ，in practice implementation depended on the wholehearted accord of provincial authorities ．There is abundant evidence that cooperation was dilatory ．At the root of this lay the interactive nature of ruler and ruled ．In a severely understaffed bureaucracy that ruled as much by suasion as by might ，the official ，almost always a stranger in the locality of his service ，depended on the active cooperation of the local gentry class ．Energetic attempts to implement treaty provisions concerning missionary activities ，in direct defiance of gentry sentiment ，ran the risk of alienating this class and destroying future effectiveness ．1．In a vague way ，anti-Christian feeling stemmed from________．A ．the mere presence of invadersB ．a generalized unfocused feelingC ．the introduction to the WestD ．none of the above2．The author would agree that________．A ．many problems in China came from internal disorders due to Western influenceB ．many problems in China came from China itself and were unrelated to the WestC scapegoats perform a necessary function and there should be more of themD ．all of the above are true3．With which of the following statements would the author agree?A ．Ethnocentricism is a manly tradition ．B ．The disdain toward Christianity was prefigured by a disdain toward Buddhism ．C ．Although Christianity was not well received in China ，Buddhism was ．D ．The author would agree with A and C4．Missionaries________．A ．often dressed the same way as Chinese scholars didB ．were free of the legal constraints that bound the local indigenous populationC ．had greater access to authority than Chinese peasantsD ．may be described by all of the above5．By which of the following statements may the dichotomy between government policy and its implementation be described?A ．There's many a slip twixt the cup and the lip ．B ．You can lead a horse to water but you cannot make him drink ．C ．All that glitters is not gold ．D ．All of the above apply in various ways to the dichotomy ．6．Provincial authorities________．A ．cooperated fully with the central government's policyB ．were alive to local feelingsC ．were obliged to determine whether local sentiment tolerated implementationD ．may be described by B and CPassage 2Proponents of creating large private sectors as quickly as possible in transition economies offer both political and economic arguments to support their view ．They argue that if democracy is to become a viable political system in the countries undergoing transition ，the state's monopoly 考博家园over the bases of political power must be broken so that the countervailing sources of political influence may emerge (Berger ，1991)．Otherwise ，the nomenklatura ，managers of state-owned firms and former bureaucrats ，may sabotage or block economic reforms ，as well as loot ，dissipate or transfer to their own possession the assets of the firms they manage ．By creating property owners ，privatization can create an ascent middle class that has a stake in the creation and maintenance of an effective system of property rights and the pursuit of economic policies that would enable the private sector to flourish ．The most compelling economic reason for privatizing state-owned enterprises in the transition economies is that as units of production—as distinct from providers of secure employment—they were a failure ．Private ownership is thus seen as the means of unlocking gains in productivity by stimulating productive efficiency ，offering greater motivation for both managers and workers ，and creating incentives to enter new markets and exit declining ones ．Privatization ，it is argued ，will unleash dynamic small businesses ，act as a lure for foreign direct investment and speed the painful process of restructuring industry ，and it would accomplish all this while returning property to its rightful historical owners and raising funds for the government ．Despite this enticing list of promises ，many countries of Eastern Europe and the former Soviet Union remain reluctant to privatize ．Some of the opposition is ideological ．Some comes from insiders at state-owned enterprises ，both workers and managers ，who fear the loss of income and power ．More broadly ，there are fears that privatization will reduce employment as private owners dismiss redundant workers and that the new private sector will be unlikely to provide the social benefits—like housing ，health and nursery care ，and recreation ，sports and vacation facilities—that state-owned enterprises often provided ．At the extreme ，there are fears that if privatization exacerbates unemployment and causes declines in production ，reformist governments will be swept away ．Practical difficulties have compounded this resistance to privatization ．The valuations of firms is difficult because capital markets barely exist ，accounting statements can be almost meaningless ，and profits and sales achieved in the communist era are a poor guide to future viability ．Households in these countries do not have sufficient sayings to purchase many of the largest firms ，and ，even if they did have the money ，they view former stateowned enterprises as dubious investments ．With a rudimentary banking system ，loans for the purchase of state property are seen as both risky and inflationary ．In this muddled situation ，suspicions naturally arise that buyers are benefiting from low prices at the expense of the state ．7．The argument about democracy is________．A ．a political argumentB ．an economic argumentC ．an argument based upon demonstrable proofD ．an argument favored by all economists8．The information contained between brackets refers to________．A ．something unknownB ．an American Supreme Court Justice's legal decisionC ．someone who does not in fact believe the argumentsD ．an author who deals with the topic being discussed9．Which of the following statements is true? 考博家园A ．“Nomenklatura” is underlined because its meaning cannot be determined by the text ．B ．“Nomenklatura” is different from managers and bureaucrats ．C ．“Nomenklatura” is a foreign term whose meaning in English is managers and bureaucrats ．D ．The origin of the word “nomenklatura” is well-known ．10．The author would necessarily agree________．A ．with the political argumentsB ．that state-owned enterprises were successful in providing secure employmentC ．that state-owned enterprises were successful as units of productionD ．that none of the above is true11．In paragraph 3，the ultimate fear is that of________．A ．the enterprise managersB ．the workersC ．the average citizenD ．the government itself12．The practical difficulties may be explained by________．A ．theoretical argumentsB ．the state of the economic systemsC ．fears of privatizationD ．all of the abovePassage3One traditional justification for greater judicial deference to agencies ，on legal questions in the U. S. administrative regime is she expertise argument ：This justification comports with traditional understandings about the respective roles of the different branches of government and agencies' place in modern government ．Agencies ，in this view ，are the technical experts that put into operation the policy judgments made by legislators ．Indeed ，technical expertise is the raison d'etre of agencies ；by focusing on a particular regulatory field ，or sector of the economy ，agencies can do what Congress lacks the time and other institutional resources to do ．Chevron v ．National Resources ，which presented the question whether the statutory term “stationary source” referred to an entire pollution—emitting plant or ，rather ，to every single smokestack within such a plant ，supplies an apt example of when an agency's special technical expertise can aid statutory interpretation ．According to the expertise argument ，agencies are deemed to understand even the legal ramifications of the problems agencies are created to work on ．Admittedly ，the dichotomy between legal and factual questions may at times be difficult to maintain ，but that observation argues asmuchin favor of as it does against Chevron deference ．Agency expertise ，however ，is not the only common justification ，sometimes the doctrine is justified also on democratic grounds ．According to the argument from democracy ，it is agencies ，not courts ，that are answerable to both the executive and the legislative representatives of the citizenry ．Because judges are not elected ，while presidents and legislators are ，and because agencies but not judges are accountable to the President and to Congress ，judicial deference to agency decisions enhances the political legitimacy of the administrative regime ．Finally ，Chevron may be justified also in the name of administrative efficiency or coordination ．Before Chevron ，different federal courts in different jurisdictions could interpret the same statutory provision differently ．Multiple interpretations by different federal courts would mean that the statute “said” different things in those different jurisdictions ．Such confusion could be eliminated by appellate review ，but agencies faced uncertainty pending review ，and the possibility of different interpretations across different appellate circuits remained ．Because multiple agencies do not typically interpret the same statutory language ，however ，Chevron 考博家园deference allows the agency charged with administering a statute to interpret that statute ．One agency ，rather than many federal courts ，now resolves ambiguities in the statute that the agency in question is charged to administer ．Such interpretive streamlining not only reduces uncertainty but also promotes regulatory coordination ．Once an agency has settled on a reasonable interpretation ，it can act on the basis of that interpretation nationally ．13．The expertise argument assumes that________．A ．an agency has experts but that Congress does notB ．Congress is more interested in policy than in implementationC ．modern agencies are more responsible than agencies were in the pastD ．all of the above are true14．Chevron is underlined________．A ．because it is the name of a companyB ．because it is one party to a law caseC ．because it is the title of a bookD ．because it is the title of a scholarly article15．A “stationary source”________．A ．refers to where one goes to buy writing paperB ．may mean either a plant or a smokestack ，but not bothC ．is in this instance a legal term whose meaning is being questionedD ．refers to something not covered by the above16．We may assume that________．A ．different lower federal courts may have different opinions about a lawB ．the decision of a lower federal court is not necessarily the final decisionC ．both of the above are trueD ．none of the above is true17．The difference between an appellate circuit court and a given agency is________．A ．that the latter is local whereas the former is nationalB ．that a variety of appellate courts may review a given law in contradistinction to a given agency and its jurisdictionC ．that albeit the former specializes in a given area ，the latter has a range of expertise across many different areasD ．that the first is state—based while the latter is nationally—based18．Throughout this passage ，“Chevron deference” refers to________．A ．favoring ChevronB ．favoring National ResourcesC ．favoring the agency involvedD ．favoring none of the abovePassage 4The main feature of a convention—a pattern of behavior that is customary ，expected ，and selg-enforced—is that ，out of a host of conceivable choices ，only one is actually used ．This fact also explains why conventions are needed ：they resolve problems of indeterminacy in interactions that have multiple equilibria ．Indeed ，from a formal point of view ，we may define a convention as an equilibrium that everyone expects in interactions that have more than one equilibrium ． 考博家园Theeconomic significance of conventions is that they reduce transaction costs ．Imagine the inconvenience if ，whenever two vehicles approached one another ，the drivers had to get out and negotiate which side of the road to take ．Or consider the cost of having to switch freight from one type of railroad to another whenever a journey involves both a wide-gauge and a narrow-gauge railroad line ．This was a common circumstance in the nineteenth century and not unknown in the late twentieth ：until recently ，Australia had different rail gauges in the states of South Wales and Victoria ，forcing a mechanical switch for all trains bound between Sydney and Melbourne ． Conventions are also a notable feature of legal contracts ．People rely on standard leases ，wills ，purchasing agreements ，construction contracts and the like ，because it is less costly to fill in the blanks of a standard contract than to create one from scratch ．Even more important ，such agreements are backed up by legal precedent ，so the signatories have even greater confidence that ，their terms are enforceable ．We may discern two ways in which conventions become established ．One is by central authority ．Following the French Revolution ，for example ，it was decreed that horse-drawn carriages in Paris should keep to the right ．The previous custom had been for carriages to keep left and for pedestrians to keep right ，facing the oncoming traffic ．Changing the custom was symbolic of the new order ：going on the left had become politically incorrect because it was identified with the privileged classes ：going on the right was the habit of the common many and therefore more “democratic”．In Britain ，by contrast there seems to have been no single defining event that gave rise to the dominant convention of left-handed driving ．Rather ，it grew up by local custom ，spreading from one region to another ．This is the second mechanism by which conventions become established ：the gradual accretion of precedent ．The two mechanisms are not mutually exclusive ，of course ．Society often converges on a convention first by an informal process of accretion ：later it is codified into law to regulate exceptions ．In many countries ，rules of the road were not legislated until the nineteenth century ，but by this time the law was merely reiterating what had already become established custom ．The surprising fact is that until the end of the eighteenth century ，the dominant convention was for horse-drawn carriages to keep to the left ．This situation obtained in Great Britain ，France ，Sweden ，Portugal ，Austria ，Hungary ，Bohemia and parts of Italy ．A chain of historical accidents—Napoleon adopting the new convention for his armies and imposing this convention in occupied countries ；Portugal sharing a common border with occupied Spain ；Austria ，Hungary and Bohemian Czechoslovakia falling under German rule ；Italy having elected a “modern” leader under a king—gradually tipped the balance ．19．In the first sentence ，the word “convention” is underlined________．A ．for personal reasons regarding styleB ．to stress the importance of the wordC ．because the author will define itD ．for none of the above reasons20．A synonym for “equilibria” is________．A ．choicesB ．conventionsC ．problemsD ．interactions21．We may assume that the cost in time of passenger traffic in Australia as a whole________．A ．is great 考博家园。

上海社科院考博英语题型The Importance of Social Sciences Research by Shanghai Academy of Social Sciences(Word count: 1005)Introduction:The Shanghai Academy of Social Sciences (SASS) is a leading research institution in China, dedicated to advancing knowledge in the field of social sciences. One of the key activities conducted by SASS is the entrance examination for doctoral candidates, which plays a crucial role in selecting the best minds to further research in the social sciences field. This article examines the different question types used in the SASS exam and explores the significance of social sciences research. Question Types in the SASS Exam:1. Multiple-choice Questions: This type of question enables the examination committee to assess the candidate's understanding of theoretical concepts and analytical abilities. It tests a candidate's ability to accurately recall information and apply it to different scenarios.2. Case Studies: Case studies require candidates to provide in-depth analysis and critical thinking skills. These questions aim to evaluate the candidate's capacity to interpret complex social phenomena, identify underlying causes, and propose effective solutions.3. Essay Questions: Essay questions are designed to assess the candidate's comprehensive understanding of a particular subject matter and their ability to present arguments and evidence in a coherent and logical manner. This type of question helps evaluate the candidate's research skills, ability to synthesize information, and language proficiency.4. Research Proposal: Candidates may be asked to develop a research proposal that outlines a potential social sciences research project. This question type measures the candidate's ability to identify research gaps, formulate research questions, design appropriate research methods, and propose meaningful contributions to the field of social sciences.Significance of Social Sciences Research:1. Understanding Society: Social sciences research provides insights into human behavior, social structures, and relationships. This knowledge helps us to understand various aspects of society, such as culture, politics, economy, and education, thus allowing for informed decision-making and effective social interventions.2. Policy Formulation and Evaluation: Social sciences research plays a vital role in shaping policies and evaluating their effectiveness. Policymakers rely on rigorous research to identify societal issues, predict the potential impacts of policy changes, and monitor the progress towards desired outcomes.3. Global Perspectives: The social sciences offer a global perspective by studying diverse cultures, societies, and economies. This research fosters cross-cultural understanding, empowers social integration, and promotes international cooperation in addressing global challenges.4. Social Change: Social sciences research contributes to social change by addressing pressing societal problems and proposing innovative solutions. It provides a platform for marginalized voices to be heard, facilitates social justice, and promotes sustainable development.5. Academic Advancement: Social sciences research enhances academic knowledge by expanding the existing body of theories and methodologies. It fosters intellectual debates, encourages interdisciplinary collaborations, and enables the discovery of new perspectives that enrich various disciplines.Conclusion:The SASS exam, which includes various question types, ensures that doctoral candidates possess the necessary knowledge, skills, and innovative thinking to contribute to social sciences research. As demonstrated, social sciences research plays vital roles in understanding society, formulating policies, fostering global perspectives, bringing about social change, and advancing academic knowledge. The Shanghai Academy of Social Sciences is committed to selecting the best minds through the entrance examination to ensure that research in social sciences continues to unlock new frontiers of knowledge and contribute to the development of a better society.。

中国社会科学院研究生院2005年博士研究生英语入学考试和答案PART I: VocabularySection A (10 points)Directions: Choose the word that is the closest in meaning with the underlined word.1. Too often, the sales manager who hires salesmen simply because of their extroverted and flamboyant personality will have a high turnover.a. deviousb. humorousc. singulard. ostentatious2. He remains alert to signs of hope and finds one in the story of the late SuAnne Big Crow, a high-school basketball star whose exploits and character united the reservation in pride.a. featsb. peatsc. leatsd. beats3. The emergence of extraterrestrial life, particularly intelligent life, is a key test for these rival paradigms.a. doctrinesb. heresiesc. examplesd. debates4. There are no national statistics, but family-law experts agree that with remarriage and a booming economy creating an increasingly mobile work force, relocation is becoming a much more. contentious issue in divorce cases.a. precariousb. urgentc. elusived. controversial5. Although astronomers increasingly suspect that bio-friendly planets may be abundant in the universe, the chemical steps leading to life remain largely mysterious.a. doubtb. assumec. emerged. amplify6. Small wonder, then, that the heavy surrounding wall is obsolete, and we build, instead, membranes of thin sheet metal or glass.a. extantb. manifest e. archaic d. dilapidated7. That prospect has infuriated ordinary Mexicans, who have seen the purchasing power of their paychecks erode more than 40% since 1982, and who voted for the new president because he promised to replace austerity with prosperity.a. severe and restricted economyb. affluence and large-scale economyc. inefficient and small-scale economyd. scarce and uncontrolled economy8. The benefits and pleasure from embezzlement will only be ephemeral for those corrupt officials, at the expense of the whole country for centuries to come.a. transitoryb. durablec. immortald. resilient9. We might feel ambivalence about taking PhD candidate tests that require us to work extremely hard and under too much stress.a. an antagonistic feelingb. a contradictory feelingc. a Monday-morning feelingd. an altruistic feeling10. Much of the emotionalism of modern pop music, which seems to offer catharsis to both performer and audience, is taken directly from the sacred-music traditions of African Americans.a. abreactionb. laxnessc. euphemismd. euthanasiaSection B (10 points)Directions: Choose the word that best completes the sentence.11. It is hoped that the severe prison sentences will serve as a(n) to other would-be offenders.a. hoaxb. deterrentc. hindranced. anguish12. and grit are much more important than intelligence and talent. So those who were responsible for cheating were kicked off the team, even in the face of overwhelming criticism.a. integrityb. culpabilityc. persistenced. indolence13. And so to the of the Games --- faster, higher, stronger ---Tonya Harding adds words she knows all too well: harder. Harder. Longer. Badder. She has worked so hard, tried for so long, wanted so bad.a. creedb. convictionc. dogmad. qualm14. Traditionally, biologists believed that life is a freak --- the result of a zillion-to-one accidental concatenation. It follows that the likelihood of its happening again elsewhere in the cosmos is .a. infinitesimalb. immeasurablec. multitudinousd. miscellaneous15. By starting treatment early, and interrupting it for brief periods once they had the virus under control, all of the study's eight participants were able to _ their immune responses.a. consoleb. fosterc. bolsterd. decrease16. His former wife had ____ the court for permission to move them to Colorado, but a judge said that would damage their relationship with Caldwell and ruled she could either stay in Illinois or relinquish custody.a. defiedb. ratifiedc. petitionedd. eluded17. Some managers in the slate-owned enterprises have been charged with for depositing public funds into private bank accounts at a time when economic reform is being carried out.a. embezzlementb. pillagec. pilferaged. arson18. Both sections are designed to be taken by high school seniors. Over 20 percent of the children with these top scores were found to be left-handed or , twice the rate observed among the general population.a. ambidextrousb. ambivalentc. ambientd. dexterous19. Poorer parents, meanwhile, may be tempted to borrow more than they ever expect to repay; the rate on government-backed loans is roughly 22% and bound to rise.a. interestb. mortalityc. defaultd. velocity20. It is not only that they are supposed to fall in love and to enter into a monogamous marriage in which she gives up her name and he his _______. but this love must be manufactured at all cost or the marriage will seem insincere to all concerned.a. concessionb. solvencyc. paroled. meditationPART Ⅱ: GrammarSection A (10 points)Directions: Choose the answer that best fills in the blank.21. We cannot observe and measure innate intelligence, we can observe and measure the effects of the interaction of whatever is inherited with whatever stimulation has been received from the environment.a. thereforeb. therebyc. whereasd. thus22. The critics tended to speculate who had the greatest influence on the development of that writer's novels.a. as tob. so as toc. thatd. of23. the stock market has posted its worst loss since the '87 crash and has provoked fears ofa bearish season to come.a. Panicked by a faltering buyout deal and a whiff of inflation,b. To be panicked by a hesitating buyout deal and a whiff of inflation,c. Being panicked by a hesitant buyout deal and a trace of inflation,d. Panicking by a faltering buyout deal and a hair-raising inflation,24. The assumption that the initiative in the establishment of this wondrous arrangement should be in the hands of the male, with the female graciously succumbing ____ the impetuous onslaught of his wooing , goes back right to prehistoric times when savage warriors first descended _________ some peaceful matriarchal hamlet and dragged away its screaming daughters to their marital beds.a. to ... onb. to ...withc. with ...tod. on...at25. Hacker could even take control of the entire system by implanting his own instructions in the software that runs it. Moreover, he could program the computer to ease any sigh ofa. his being thereb. him having ever been therec. his ever having been thered. having ever been there26．Jefferson was a renowned doubter，urging his nephew to “question with boldness even the existence of a God” John Adams was at least a skeptic，．a．as were of course the revolutionary firebrands Tom Paine and Ethan Allemb．as the revolutionary firebrand was of course Tom Paine and Ethan Allemc. as of course the revolutionary firebrands Tom Paine and Ethan Allem wered．as of course the revolutionary firebrand was Tom Paine and Ethan Allem27．Should Earth be struck by an asteroid，destroying all higher life-forms，intelligent beings，still less humanoids，a．would almost certainly not arise next time aroundb．will almost undoubtedly not arise next time aroundc．would not have to arise next time around indeedd．Would have arisen next time around for a certainty28．Another reason argues for the separation of church and state．If the Founding Fathers had one overarching aim、it was to limit the power the churches the state．They had seen the abuses of kings who claimed to rule with divine approval，from arbitrary Henry VIII to the high-handed George Ⅲ.a．not of ...but of b．not only ...but alsoc．of ...as well as d．of ...or of29．Many such chemical changes have been performed by man since very early times，probably the first the heating of clay to make pottery，which has been known for 1O，000 years．a was b is C．had been d．being30．But if life on Earth is not unique，the case for a miraculous origin would be undermined．The discovery of even a humble bacterium on Mars,____, would support the view that life emerges naturally．a．if they could be shown to have arisen separately from Earthb．if it could show to have arisen in parallel from Earthc if it could be shown to have arisen independently from Earthd. if they can be shown to have arisen autonomously from EarthSection B (10 points)Directions：Choose the letter that indicates the error in the sentence31．Bill Gates rules because early on he acted on the assumption which computing power---theA Bcapacity of microprocessors and memory chips---would become nearly free；his company keptCchuming out more and more lines of complex software to make use of the cheap bounty．D32. What struck the imagination of the world was, in first place, the dramatic character ofA Bthe discovery - the long and patient search, a real act of faith, culminating in the discoveryCof something the like of which had never been found before - the undisturbed body of theDancient Egyptian kings.33. Even George Washington must shudder in his sleep to hear the constant emphasis onA"Judeo-Christian values.” It is he who writes, “We have abundant reason to rejoice that in thisB CLand ... every person may here worship God according to the dictates of his own heart.”D34. It was a textbook case of crisis mismanagement. Hitting by hundreds of lawsuits and a federalA Bprobe into the safety of its silicone breast implant, Dow Coming spent much of the past year hunkered down in a defensive crouch -- stalling investigators, sitting on evidence andC Dminimizing the complaints of women who said the devices caused them pain, disfigurement and serious autoimmune disorders.35. As the colleges and universities have less and less resources to devote to the humanities andAliberal arts, by which a sensitivity toward social advancement has traditionally been nurturedB Cthey are forced to look to private industry for money.D36. In the space of 12 hours last Thursday, Mexican Finance Minister Guillermo Ortiz Martinez undertook the unenviable task of charming, consoling and begging the forgiveness of three AAmerican credit-rating agencies, the head of a dozen U.S. commercial banks and 400 investorsBand analysts who lost nearly $10 billion last month when Mexico's newly minted President,CErnesto Zedillo Ponce de Leon, abruptly allowed the peso to float against the dollar.D37. He believed that Nazca only made sense if the people who had designed and made theseAvast drawings on the ground could actually see them. and that led him to the theory that theBancient Peruvians had somehow learned to fly, as only from above they could really see theC Dextent of their handiwork.38. The rescue package he finally unveiled Tuesday called for cutting budgets, keeping prices inA check and holding wage increases to 7% for 1995, backed by an $18 billion emergency fundBsubstantially financed by the U.S. Those sacrifices, however, make them clear that Mexico nowCfaces an anguished period of economic stagnation, even if the government can make the planD stick.39. But our guess, and certainly our hope, is that you are among the far greater number whoA knows that walls are only temporary at best, and that over the long run, we can serve society'sB Cinterests better by working together in mutual accommodation.D40. No wonder John Adams once described the Judeo-Christian tradition as “the most bloodyAreligion that ever existed,” and that the Founding Fathers took such pains to keepBthe hand that held the musket separate from the one that carries the cross.C DPART II1: Reading comprehension: (30 points)Directions: Answer all the questions based on the information in the passages below.Passage 1I have shown how democracy destroys or modifies the different inequalities that originate in society; but is this all, or does it not ultimately affect that great inequality of man and woman which has seemed, up to the present day, to be eternally based in human nature? I believe that the social changes that bring nearer to the same level the father and son, the master and servant, and, in general, superiors and inferiors will raise woman and make her more and more the equal of man. But here, more than ever, I feel the necessity of making myself clearly understood; for there is no subject on which the coarse and lawless fancies of our age have taken a freer range.There are people in Europe who，confounding together the different characteristics of the sexes would make man and woman into beings not only equal but alike．They would give to boththe same functions，impose on both the same duties，and grant to both the same rights：they would mix them in all things—their occupations，their pleasures．their business．It may readily be conceived that by thus attempting to make one sex equal to the other, both are degraded，and from so preposterous a medley of the works of nature nothing could ever result but weak men and disorderly women．It is not thus that the Americans understand that species of democratic equality Which may be established between the sexes．They admit that as nature has appointed such wide differences between the physical and moral constitution of man and woman，her manifest design was to give a distinct employment to their various faculties；and they hold that improvement does not consist in making beings so dissimilar do pretty nearly the same things，but in causing each of them to fulfill their respective tasks in the best possible manner The Americans have applied to the sexes the great principle of political economy which governs the manufacturers of our age，by carefully dividing the duties of man from those of woman in order that the great work of society may be the better carried on．In no country has such constant care been taken as in America to trace two clearly distinct lines of action for the two sexes and to make them keep pace one with the other，but in two pathways that are always different．American women never manage the outward concerns of the family or conduct a business or take a part in political life：nor are they，on the other hand，ever compelled to perform the rough labor of the fields or to make any of those laborious efforts which demand the exertion of physical strength．No families are so poor as to form an exception to this rule．If, on the one hand，an American woman cannot escape from the quiet circle of domestic employments．she is never forced，on the other，to go beyond it．Hence it is that the women of America，who often exhibit a masculine strength of understanding and a manly energy，generally preserve great delicacy of personal appearance and always retain the manners of women although they sometimes show that they have the hearts and minds of menNor have the Americans ever supposed that one consequence of democratic principles is the subversion of marital power or the confusion of the natural authorities in families They hold that every association must have a head in order to accomplish its object．and that the natural head of the conjugal association is man．They do not therefore deny him the right of directing his partner，and they maintain that in tile smaller association of husband and wife as well as in the great social community the object of democracy is to regulate and legalize the powers that are necessary, and not to subvert all power．Comprehension Questions：41．What does the writer think will improve equality between the sexes?a．the opinions of those who comment on society's foiblesb．the fact that democracy has leveled other inequalitiesc. the social changes that have occurredd．the wider gender demographic assumptions of our age42. Why does the writer oppose the views of some Europeans?a. Because he does not think men and women should do the same jobs, enjoy the same pastimes, or indulge in the same business transactions.b. Because he thinks they confuse the different characteristics of men and women.c. Because he thinks it absurd that the sexes should have the same duties and rights.d. Because he does not think the sexes have the same function in society.43. In what particular way do Americans have a different interpretation of democratic equality between the sexes?a. They want men and women to take different roles in society.b, They believe the sexes are very different from each other.c. They encourage men and women to fulfill different tasks as well as they can.d. They impose a division of labor in order to benefit society as a whole.44. What does the writer suggest to be the main strengths of American women?a. They concentrate on work in the home.b. They heed their comportments and show brainpowers analogous to those of men.e. They refrain from shirking domestic employment.d. They do not participate in business or politics.45. What effect has democracy had on the relations between the sexes in America?a. It has resulted in women being subordinate to men.b. It has subverted natural authority in families.c. It has formulated and endorsed necessary powers, with the man as head of the family.d. It has reinforced existing inequalities.Passage 2When we speak of progress in connection with our individual endeavors or any organized human effort, we mean an advance toward a known goal. It is not in this sense that social evolution can be called progress, for it is not achieved by human reason striving by known means toward a fixed aim. It would be more correct to think of progress as a process of formation and modification of the human intellect, a process of adaptation and learning in which not only the possibilities known to us but also our values and desires continually change. As progress consists in the discovery of the not yet known, its consequences must be unpredictable. It always leads into the unknown, and the most we can expect is to gain an understanding of the kind of forces that bring it about. Yet, though such a general understanding of the character of this process of cumulative growth is indispensable if we are to try to create conditions favorable to it, it can never be knowledge which will enable us to make specific predictions. The claim that we can derive from such insight necessary laws of evolution that we must follow is an absurdity. Human reason can neither predict nor deliberately shape its own future. Its advances consist in finding out where it has been wrong.Even in the field where search for new knowledge is most deliberate, i,e., in science, no man can predict what will be the consequences of his work, In fact, there is increasing recognition that even the attempt to make science deliberately aim at useful knowledge--that is, at knowledge whose future uses can be foreseen--- is likely to impede progress. Progress by its very nature cannot be planned. We may perhaps legitimately speak of planning progress in a particular field where we aim at the solution of a specific problem and are already on the track of the answer. But we should soon be at the end of our endeavors if we were to confine ourselves to striving for goals now visible and if new problems did not spring up all the time. It is knowing what we have not known before that makes us wiser man.But often it also makes us sadder men. Though progress consists in part in achieving things we have been striving for, this does not mean that we shah like all its results or that all will begainers. And since our wishes and aims are also subject to change in the course of process, it is questionable whether the statement has a clear meaning that the new state of affairs that progress creates is a better one, Progress in the sense of the cumulative growth of knowledge and power over nature is a term that says little about whether the new state will give us more satisfaction than the old. The pleasure may be solely in achieving what we have been striving for, and the assured possession may give us little satisfaction. The question whether, if we had to stop at our present stage of development, we would in any significant sense be better off or happier than if we had stopped a hundred or a thousand years ago is probably unanswerable.The answer, however, does not matter. What matters is the successful striving for what at each, moment seems attainable. It is not the fruits of past success but the living in and for the future in which human intelligence proves itself. Progress is movement for movement's sake, for it is in the process of learning, and in the effects of having learned something new, that man enjoys the gift of his intelligence.Comprehension Questions:46. Which of the following statements does the passage most strongly support?a. Scientific progress will benefit mankind immeasurably.b. Scientific research frequently achieves its intended goals.c. Progress may or may not lead to a better world.d. Progress defined by a infinite trajectory leads to wisdom.47. Progress, in the view of the writer.a. involves the development of the human intellectb. is closely related to social development and evolutionc. is at the expense of tradition and moral valuesd. always remunerates everyone relatively equally48. When considering the search for knowledge,a. we should aim at solving specific problemsb. we should produce useful resultsc. we become wiser because we accumulate a broad range of knowledged. science finds solutions for existing problems and uncovers new problems49. Progress, according to this argument,a. unquestionably leads to a more pleasurable existenceb. facilitates prosperity and personal satisfactionc. involves the achievement of measurable goalsd. is an inevitable movement forward50. The author suggests thata. past achievements are less important than future aspirationsb. history's successes demonstrate change in knowledgec. striving without achieving goals is wasted effortd. movement for movement's sake is pointlessPassage 3The immediate postwar economic regime throughout much of the world could be characterized as a unique compromise between national economic objectives (e.g., industrialization / development, full employment, and social welfare) on the one hand, and aninternational system of co-operative and liberal multilateralism, on the other-a combination often described as “national capitalism” or “embedded liberalism”.In practice the implementation of Keynesianism in each national context was quite specific and had to do with the mediating effect of local institutions or “governance regimes”. In industrialized nations, states regulated economics mainly through fiscal policy. Meanwhile, developing countries experimented with more extreme forms of state intervention, from various versions of “mixed”economies to outright socialism. In Latin America, the guiding postwar paradigm was import-substituting industrialization (ISI), through which governments fostered economic development by protecting domestic industries from foreign competition.This variety of postwar social contracts was made possible by a strong system of international monetary regulations, which were bound together by the political hegemony of the United States. In order to prevent global capital movements (whether outflows from the United States or inflows to Europe) from upsetting the system of pegged exchange rates, a consensus emerged for the establishment of capital controls. In limiting the pressures that could be brought to bear on the exchange rate, these restraints to capital mobility allowed governments to pursue domestic objectives other than currency stability (like full employment and a welfare state in Europe and industrialization in the developing world), and thereby satisfy the social demands formulated by their democratic electorates.Over the course of the postwar period, however, this system was put under considerable stress that culminated during the 1970s, On the domestic front, expansionary policies were beginning to exhaust their potential and were becoming increasingly inflationary. On the international front, the rapid progress of financial innovation and the multinationalization of firms had engendered a movement in favor of the liberalization of capital movements, supported by Britain (initially) and the United States (later). Both emerging and European economies were flooded with foreign capital, which made it even harder to sustain noninflationary courses of action and increased the vulnerability of currencies to speculation. In 1971, the U.S. commitment to such a liberal financial order was ratified by the country's decision to let the dollar float, which in effect brought the Bretton Woods system to an end.The new post-Bretton Woods economic environment not only appeared difficult to control with established economic strategies, but it also changed the political opportunity structure that governments faced. Previously, national policies bad been determined chiefly by the interplay of domestic parties, local interest groups, and national institutions. In contrast, now international finance constituted an increasingly powerful constituency, which could be presumed to have its own set of policy preferences-such as low inflation, balanced budgets, and strict monetary policy managed by an independent central bank.Comprehension Questions:51. What is the best title of this passage?a. The Widely Contrasting Models of the Economy and the Myth of the Mixed Economy.b. The Shifting of the Means of Government Intervention and the Downfall of the Bretton Woods system,c. The Varying Social Contracts and the Disadvantages of the System of Pegged Exchange Ratesd, The Changing International Economic Order and the Rise of the Market Paradigm52. What is the difference in the ways of government intervention between developed and developing countries according to the author?a. The background of developing countries is more general and the contexts of developednations are more specific.b. Industrialized nations focused mainly on government expenditure, while developingcountries tested different experimental forms of state intervention.c. Developed nations regulated the economies through fiscal policies, whereas developingcountries tried to control economies by protectionism.d. Develo ped countries experimented various version of “mixed” economies; meanwhile,developing countries tried to protect domestic industries from foreign competition.53. Which of the following statements is NOT true?a. The restrictive measures gave the governments the first priority on currency stability.b. Not only the U.S political supremacy but a strong system of international monetaryregulations made various social agreements possible.c. To protect the pegged exchange rates from being destabilized by global capital flow, themajority of the countries reached agreement on the establishment of capital control.d. Developed countries concentrated their domestic objective on full employment, whiledeveloping countries focused on industrialization.54. How was the system of pegged exchange rates put under substantial stress for the period before 1970's?a. Domestically, expansionary policies lost their potential and became inflationary;internationally, liberalization of capital movements ensued.b. Domestically, policies exhausted the endangered movements; internationally, the rapidprogress of financial innovation and the multinationalization of firms supported Britain and the United States.c. Domestically, policies exhausted potential and failed to become deflationary, internationally,financial modernization and firms favored support of Britain and the United States.d. Domestically, policies produced exhaust and reversed inflation, internationally, financialinnovation and firms favored support of Britain and the United States.55. In the passage the author's attitude towards “the new post-Bretton Woods economic environment” isa, optimistic b. critical c. indifferent d. approvingPassage 4The first social effect of this state of affairs was to produce a large and ever larger floating population of 'stateless' exiles. During the growth period of Hellenic history such a plight had been uncommon and was regarded as a dreadful abnormality. The evil was not overcome by Alexander's great hearted effort to induce the reigning Faction of the moment to each city-state to allow its ejected opponents to return to their homes in peace; and the fire made fresh fuel for itself; for the one thing that the exiles found for their hands to do was to enlist as mercenary soldiers: and this glut of military man-power put fresh drive into the wars by which new exiles - and thereby more mercenaries - were being created.The effect of these direct moral ravages of the war spirit in Hellas in uprooting her children was powerfully reinforced by the operation of disruptive economic forces which the wars let loose.。

1999年中国社会科学院考博英语真题及详解PART ⅠVOCABULARYSECTION ADirections: Beneath each of the following sentences, there are four choices marked A, B, C and D.Choose the one that best completes the sentence and mark the corresponding letterwith a single bar across the square bracket on ANSWER SHEET Ⅰ.1. With her last child having left home, she felt a _____ need to fill her lime.A. tenseB. thoroughC. pressingD. small【答案】C【解析】tense绷紧的，紧张的。

thorough彻底的，透彻的。

pressing紧迫的，迫切的。

2. It is generally thought that as teachers work with students, psychology course work is _____ to teacher- training.A. indispensableB. inviolateC. indisposedD. invariable【答案】A【解析】indispensable必不可少的，必需的。

inviolate不受侵犯的，不受亵渎的。

indisposed不愿的，厌恶的。

invariable不变的，恒定的。

3. The announcement of the death of their leader caused thereafter a feeling of great despair to _____ their lives.A. overflowB. scatterC. permeateD. manipulate【答案】C【解析】permeate渗透，弥漫，充满。

社科院博士生初试考试英语试题及答案细节决定成败，学习重在积累，面对日益严峻的竞争环境，越来越多的在职人员纷纷加入到考博的进修行列中，社会科学院的博士生考试英语试题历来以超难著称，下面我领略一下吧!自2015年起社科院博士生英语考试开始启用如下考题类型，下面我们一起来看看社科院的博士生初试考试英语个性考题吧~试卷第三部分(包括阅读7 选5、概要)，请考生直接写在英语试题答题纸上的指定位置，不再提供额外的答题纸。

PART III: Reading and Writing 10 Section A (10 points) Directions: Some sentences have been removed in the following text. Choose the most suitable one from the list A—G to fit into each of the blanks. There are two extra choices which do not fit in any of the blanks.(1) __________________ Player 1 may not know these particular words of wisdom, but chances are she’s thinking much the same as she tries to decide whether to send Player 2 some of her $10 stake. If she does, the money will be tripled, and her anonymous partner can choose to return none, some, or all of the cash. But why should Player 2 send anything back? And why should Player 1 give anything in the first place? Despite the iron logic of this argument, she types in her command to send some money. A few moments later she smiles, seeing from her screen that Player 2 has returned a tidy sum that leaves them both showing a net profit.(2) ___________________ Based on exactly the same cold logic that Player 1 dismissed, the so-called Nash equilibrium predicts that in economic transactions between strangers, where one has to make decisions based on a forecast of another’s response, the optimal level of trust is zero. Yet despite the economicorthodoxy, the behavior of Players 1 and 2 is not exceptional. In fact, over the course of hundreds of such trials, it turns out that about half of Player 1s send some money, and three- quarters of Player 2s who receive it send some back.Zak is a leading protagonist in the relatively new field of neuroeconomics, which aims to understand human social interactions through every level from synapse to society. It is a hugely ambitious undertaking. By laying bare the mysteries of such nebulous human attributes as trust, neuroeconomists hope to transform our self- understanding. (3) _________________ “ As we learn more about the remarkable internal order of the mind, we will also understand far more deeply the social mind and therefore the external order of personal exchange, and the extend ed order of exchange through markets.”(4) __________________ As Zak’s collaborator Steve Knack of the World Bank points out: “Trust is one of the most powerful factors affecting a country’s economic health. Where trust is low, individuals and organizations are more wary about engaging in financial transactions, which tends to depress the national economy.”And trust levels differ greatly between nations. The World Values Survey, based at the University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, has asked people in countries around the world, “Do you think strangers can generally be trusted?” the positive response rate varies from about 65% in Norway to about 5% in Brazil. (5) __________________ “Policy-makers in these latter countries might be urgently interested in mechanisms that enable them to raise national trust levels,” observes Knack.A. Even more intriguingly, it seems that this urge to respond positively when someone shows trust in us is largely outside ourcontrol.B. Crucially for international economic development, what is true for individuals turns out also to be true for nations.C. Disturbingly, countries where trust is lower than a critical level of about 30%—as is the case in much of South America and Africa – risk falling into a permanent suspicion- locked poverty trap.D. “It’s good to trust; it’s better not to,” goes an Italian proverb.E. They believe their findings even have the potential to help make societies more productive 11 and successful.F. He points out that our brains have been tailored by evolution to cope with group living.G. This outcome doesn’t just flout proverbial wisdom, it thumbs its nose at economic theory.Section B (10 points) Directions: Write a 100—120-word summary of the article in this part.。

中国社会科学院财经系金融学专业考博真题导师分数线内部资料一、专业的设置、招生人数及考试科目院系(招生人数)专业(招生人数)研究方向导师考试科目404财经系(13)020204金融学(2)01国际金融与投资裴长洪①1001英语②2001经济学原理③3187金融学02金融理论与政策何德旭①1001英语②2001经济学原理③3187金融学03城市与房地产金融倪鹏飞①1001英语②2001经济学原理③3187金融学04金融经济学钟春平①1001英语②2001经济学原理③3187金融学二、导师介绍裴长洪：财贸经济系博士生导师。

1954年出生于福建省闽侯县。

现任中国社会科学院经济研究所所长、党委书记。

主要从事宏观经济、国际贸易等相关领域研究。

主要承担课题：2009年国家社科基金重大招标项目《完善我国境外投资政策体系研究》；2011年国家社科基金重大项目《社会主义基本经济制度研究》；2009年国家自然科学基金项目《金融危机防范与公司治理研究》；2010年广东省委、省政府委托课题《广东经验：跨越中等收入陷阱》。

论文《论我国利用外资进入新阶段》获2010年中国社会科学院第7届优秀科研成果三等奖；专著《后危机时代中国开放型经济》获2011年国家商务部优秀科研成果二等奖；担任第十六届中央政治局第22次集体学习讲解人；参加2011年《政府工作报告》起草工作；1996年获国务院特殊津贴；2005年入选中宣部“四个一批”人才工程。

1999年至2002年曾两次当选国际社会科学理事会执行委员并出席执委会；被俄罗斯科学院远东研究所授予名誉博士称号（2000年10月），2001年4月被俄罗斯自然科学院授予外籍院士称号；2001年7月被美国肯塔基州州长授予该州荣誉称号“肯塔基上校”。

何德旭，中国社会科学院研究生院财经系教授、博士生导师。

1962年9月出生于湖北省潜江市。

1998年毕业于陕西财经学院金融系，获得经济学博士学位。

现任中国社会科学院数量经济与技术经济研究所党委书记、副所长、研究员。

2002年中国社会科学院考博英语真题及详解PART Ⅰ Vocabulary (15points)Section ADirections: Choose the word that is the closest synonym to the underlined word. 1. The government slated new elections in the spring, largely as a result of the public clamor.A. demandB. viewC. requestD. opinion【答案】A【解析】clamor大声的要求。

demand要求（强烈的）。

view观点，见解。

request请求，要求（委婉的）。

opinion意见，看法。

2. The most prolific writer is not necessarily the best.A. written-aboutB. productiveC. artfulD. religious【答案】B【解析】prolific多产的。

productive多产的。

artful狡猾的。

religious虔诚的。

3. Imagine my vexation when they said they would come to dinner and then didn’t show.A. enlightenmentB. astonishmentC. annoyanceD. contrariness【答案】C【解析】vexation恼怒，烦恼。

annoyance烦恼，恼怒。

enlightenment启迪，教化。

astonishment惊讶。

contrariness反对。

4. Any troop of wild animals should be approached warily.A. fearlesslyB. confidentlyC. silentlyD. prudently【答案】D【解析】warily小心警惕地。

中国社会科学院研究生院 2001 博士研究生入学考试英语试题Part ⅠVocabulary (15 points)Section ADirections：Choose the word that is the closest synonym to the underlined word．1．Totally perplexed by the first question on the exam，he passed on to the second．A．relieved by B．satisfied with C．confused by D．sated with2．To the growing perturbation of the unions，the Ministry of Labour has been pressing for a stringent income policy．A．satisfaction B．disappointment C．relief D．anxiety3．Adages are frequently mutually antagonistic：witness，“ignorance breeds prejudice” and “familiarity breeds contempt．”A．is at the heart of B．multiplies C．worsens D．generates4．His mother's scolding pierced him to the quick．A．froze him completely B．shamed him enormouslyC．hurt him to the core D．stuck in his craw5．This year's sterling depreciation，only a few aver，has no impact On the economy at large．A．increase in value B．fall in value C．lack of use D．drastic change6．How valiant that general who prosecutes a war with vigor!A．brings to trial B．wages C．praises D．condemns7．Management was not acting in good faith when it alleged that worker's wages would have to be cut for the company to remain solvent．A．prosperous B．out of debt C．productive D．out of trouble8．The new military junta suppressed dissent．A．initiated B．quashed B．supported D．reinstated9．To cream a circuit，a conducting wire is attached to an electric cell at one end，and to an electric outlet at the other．A．battery B．faucet C．socket D．appliance10．The former Soviet state of Georgia today exhibits a diversified economy．A．a multifaceted B．a sagging C．a dissolving D．an improved11．The Mayor asked the city council to recommend potential programs for the benefit of the indigent．A．transient B．unemployed C．homeless D．needy12．He wears strange clothes，talks to himself，and appears unkempt．Is it any wonder his neighbors view him as an eccentric?A．a crank B．cuckoo C．an anchorite D．unconventional13．So engrossed was the detective in considering the evidence that he completely forgot where he was．A．wrapped up B．impressed C．disinvolved D．impatient14．Disastrous forest fires are quite often caused by simple carelessness：a dropped butt ignites dead leaves．A．enflames B．burns C．lights D．blackens15．The reciprocal hatred between various members of different races underlies the difficulty of integration in the United States．A．hidden B．profound C．mutual D．racialSection BDirections：Choose the answer that best completes the sentence．16 ．Having discovered the shadiness in which her employers were involved ，sheimmediately________ her connection with them．A．converted B．severed C．improved D．realized17．An important customer may resent being________ by an assistant rather than by the boss．A．condescended to B．devoted to C．attended to D．conformed to18．The antique silver________ the beautifully set table．A．complemented B．implemented C．augmented D．complimented19．He spends his time in________ complaints rather than acting．A．fragile B．fertile C．frangible D．futile20．She________ because she found the journal interesting．A．subscribed B．prescribed C．described D．inscribed21．It is in the chairman of the board's interest，before a meeting，to________ with the directorsabout sensitive matters．A．confer B．contend C．conspire D．consort22．Complacency towards ecological balance (“It can't happen here!”) has resulted in a numberof________．A．damages B．wastes C．catastrophes D．dangers23．The village lies over the mountain and is________ only by boat．A．acceeded to B．available C．accessible D．obtainable24．A nation-wide service was announced to________ the sacrifice made by the heroes of thewar．A．memorize B．commemorate C．award D．reward25．The doctor pondered for a while，trying to recall which of several medications would be bestto________ the patient's suffering．A．alleviate B．restrict C．decrease D．diminish26．The volume knob，if turned toward the left，will________ the sound．A．magnify B．enlarge C．amplify D．reinforce27．Having reached the top of the hill，we were appalled to find the path________ precipitously．A．departed B．decreased C．descended D．derailed28．Often considered in common thought as________，language，culture，and personality are in fact inseparable．A．indistinct paradigms B．separate reasonsC．irreplaceable concepts D．independent entities29．Based on economic studies，it seems possible to forecast that a recession may________ adepression．A．imply B．indicate C．symbolize D．precede30．The speech consisted of________ phrases，well-chosen imagery，and amusing rhetorical flourishes．A．suitable B．selected C．apt D．fitPart ⅡGrammar (15 points)Section ADirections：Choose the answer that best fills in the blank．31．Before Columbus set sail on his first voyage of discovery，many pooh-poohed his chances，and were unwilling to________ on his chances of success．A．make bets B．make the bet C．make a bets D．make bet32．Although her research topic had been approved by her thesis advisor，the library persistedin________ the documents．A．its denial for access B．deny her access toC．denying her access to D．denying her access for33．Their differences were urnreconcilable：they had no alternative________ the law to settle the dispute between them．A．but going to B．but to go C．but go to D．but invoking34．________，water is composed of two parts hydrogen and one part oxygen．A．As is known B．As be knownC．As known D．Which is known35．It is imperative that he________ full charge of the joint project．A．take B．taking C．took D．takes36．He________ leave her than a child would abandon a favorite plaything．A．would no more B．would rather C．will no longer D．may no more37．The radio was of________ quality that I took it back and asked for a better one．A．such the infeaior B．such a inferior C．so an inferior D．such inferior38．He goes shopping so frequently not because he is rich，but because he enjoys________ politely．A．speaking B．being spoken to C．being spoken D．speaking to39．Eighteenth-century statesmen were totally convinced that war could be used as________ settling disputes．A．a mean to B．a means for C．some means for D．means for40．She does not believe that he is________ the honor accorded him．A．worth of B．worth C．worthy of D．worthy41．Few of the young realize what feats lie________ them．A．in the store for B．in store for C．waiting D．awaiting for42．Reading________ the mind________ food is to the body．A．is for．．．is as B．as．．．is asC．is to．．．_______what D．what is．．．is as43．Obviously，he decided not to say anything about it because he hoped to________．A．keep it as a secret B．keep it to be a secretC．keep it a secret D．keep it being a secret44．She was slated to present an abstract of her thesis at the national convention，and so spent the holiday________．A．touching on it B．touching it upC．touching it D．touching it down45．Greeley's injunction “Go West，young man!” resulted in a massive migration of population，with people occupying land________ no one held title of ownership and that had yet to be sold．A．to which B．that C．which D．of whichSection BDirections：Choose the letter that indicates the error in the sentence．46．Now，as our urban areas sink ever deeper into drug-produced crime，death from the illic it useof unregulated and dangerous drugs following death，that becomes vital for the parents，teachers，C Dand advisors of our youth to have as wide an understanding of these problems as possible．47．It was musingly noted that the major reason why the English colonized so much of the worldAwas that，no matter what weather conditions they met abroad，they had already experiencedB Csomething like it at home．D48．I like sculptors，modern painters were influced by primitive，and ancient art，whichA B Cdemonstrated in the works of the Gaugin and Rousseau．D49．The moon may be considered a world that is complete in itself yet utterly dead，a sterile，mountainous waste on which during the day the sun blazes down with great heat，but on whichA Bduring the night the cold is so intense that it far surpasses anything ever experiencing on the earth．C D50．It is often the result with new ideas，a great deal of frantic activity and optimistic forecastingA B Cproduce no discernible results．D51．By definition，a discount store offers standard merchandises at prices lower than those of moreA Bconventional merchants．It is able to do so by accepting a lower profit margin，by purchasingat higher volume，and by paying workers less．C D52．In the digestive process，food is initially processed in the stomach，with its nutrient valueApassing into the bloodstream．Alcohol，however，is highly unusual so that some 20 percent entersB C Dthe bloodstream directly from the stomach，having bypassed the digestive process．53．The clothes you wear do not serve only a pure practical function．They speak volumes about theA Bway you view your personality，your state of mind，your social status，and even your aspirations and dreams．C D54．The greatest utility，of an education lies not so much in teaching one information rather than inA B Cteaching one how to deal with the information acquired．D55．The obstacles Nancy Kerrigan faced as she strove to win the Olympic ice skating medal atALikehamma in 1944 form the kind of story about whom a fascinating novel might be written．56．It is on occasion the manner in which a person expresses the thought rather than the actualA Bwords which tells us whether the speaker is serious or not．C D57．The Quebecois，partly because of language，and partly because of religion，have long been consideringA Bto separate themselves from the rest of the Canadian provinces．C D58．Despite the President wrote a conciliatory letter deploring the incident，the press was adamantA B Cin continuing its condemnation．D59．Acids constitute a family of chemical compounds that，in solution，have the ability to turnA Bcertain blue vegetable dyes red，a corrosive action on metals，and taste sharp．C D60．Well over three-fourths of that book on noted British writers are about authors who wroteA B Cduring the nineteenth century．DPart ⅢCloze Test (10 points)Directions：Choose the word that best completes the meaning．It was a foolish question to ask．It 61 more sense for me to have learned if she had 62 or a point of view，but it was 63 for that now and I supposed that the 64 Relations Office had 65 her before granting the interview．I didn't have time this week to read 66 pieces about corporate rainmakers and their golden parachutes or women at midtown law firms 67 six times my salary but whining about breaking the 68 ceiling．“Won't waste your time，”she 69 ．“If the details on your 70 are accurate and the articles Laura 71 me have correct background，we won't have to 72 that．”I 73 in approval．She was obviously a 74 ，and an intelligent one 75 ．It was always 76 to sit for a 77 when the questioner spent the first hour asking what schools I had 78 ，how long 79 ，and whether I liked my job．“Is it all right 80 you if we start with some information about the Sex Crimes Prosecution Unit?”“I'd like that，”I replied．61．A．made B．would make C．would have made D．would be62．A．a fish to fry B．a nut to crack C．a song to sing D．an axe to grind63．A．still late B．too late C．so late D．past64．A Common B．Financial C．Local D．Public65．A．vetted B．called C．connected with D．contacted with66．A．rushed B．windy C．puff D．blowing67．A．taking B．making C．slaving for D．losing68．A．plastered B．glass C．fragile D．limited69．A．rambled B．carried on C．lectured D．went on70．A．application B．curriculum vitae C．report D．folder71．A．phoned B．faxed C．had phoned D．had faxed72．A．re-paint B．remix C．re-write D．rehash73．A．trembled B．grimaced C．smiled D．winked74．A．girl B．pro C．tyro D．mogul75．A．at that B．at this C．to reboot D．added76．A．agreeable B．instructive C．impatient D．aggravating77．A．photo B．portrait C．profile D．sketch78．A．attended B．matriculated C．enrolled D．preferred79．A．I had worked B．did I work C．was I working D．would I work80．A．for B．to C．according to D．withPart ⅣReading Comprehension (30 points)Directions：Answer all questions based on the information in the passages below．Passage 1Early that June Pius XII secretly addressed the Sacred College of Cardinals on theextermination of the Jews．“Ev ery word We address to the competent authority on this subject，andall Our public utterances，”he said in explanation of his reluctance to express more open condemnation，“have to be carefully weighed and measured 15 by us in the interest of the victims themselves，lest，contrary to Our intentions，We make their situation worse and harder to bear．”He did not add that another' reason for proceeding cautiously was that he regarded Bolshevism as afar greater danger than Nazism．The position of the Holy See was deplorable but it was an offense of omission rather than commission．The Church，under the Pope's guidance，had already saved the lives of more Jewsthan all other churches，religious institutions，and rescue organizations combined，and was presently hiding thousands of Jews in monasteries，convents，and Vatican City itself．The recordof the Allies was far more shameful．The British and Americans，despite lofty pronouncements，had not only avoided taking any meaningful action but gave sanctuary to few persecutedJews ．The Moscow Declaration of that year—signed by Roosevelt ，Churchill ，and Stalin—methodically listed Hitler's victims as Polish，Italian，French，Dutch，Belgian，Norwegian，Soviet，and Cretan．The curious omission of Jews (a policy emulated by the U. S. Office of War Information) was protested vehemently but uselessly by the World Jewish Congress．By thesimple expedient of converting the Jews of Poland into Poles，and so on，the Final Solution waslost in the Big Three's general classification of Nazi terrorism．Contrasting with their reluctance to face the issue of systematic Jewish extermination was the forthrightness and courage of the Danes，who defied German occupation by transporting toSweden almost every one of their 6，500 Jews；of the Finns，allies of Hitler，who saved all but four of their 4，000 Jews；and of the Japanese，another ally，who provided refuge in Manchuria for some 5，000 wandering European Jews in recognition of financial aid given by the Jewish firm of Kuhn，Loeb & Company during the Russian—Japanese War of 1904—1905．1．“We，Our” and “Us” in the first paragraph refer to________．A．Pius XII himselfB．Plus XII and the College of CardinalsC．an unknown groupD．something that cannot be determined by the text2．“The Allies” refers to________．A．Britain，the Soviet Union，and the U. S. A．B．the Polish，Italians，etcC．the JewsD．something that cannot be determined by the text3．The actions of the British and the Americans，as contrasted to the actions of the Church，may be illustrated by which of the following?A．There's many a slip twixt the cup and the lip．B．A stitch in time saves nine．C．All say and no do．D．What goes around comes around．4．The U. S. Office of War Information________．A．eschewed the policy mentioned B．emasculated the policy mentionedC．aped the policy mentioned D．did none of the above5．“The Final Solution” refers to________．A．the extermination of the JewsB．the answer to the problem of war in generalC．a mathematical problemD．none of the above6．“Their” in paragraph 3，line 1，refers to the________．A．Jews B．Poles，and so on C．Big Three D．DanesPassage 2Between the invention of agriculture and the commercial revolution that marked the end ofthe middle ages，wealth and technology developed slowly indeed．Medieval historians tell of the centuries it took for key inventions like the watermill or the heavy plow to diffuse across the landscape．During this period，increases in technology led to increases in the population，with little if any appearing as an improvement in the median standard of living．Even t he first century of the industrial revolution produced more “improvements” than “revolutions” in standards of living．With the railroad and the spinning and weaving of textiles as important exceptions，most innovations of that period were innovations in how goods were produced and transported and in new kinds of capital，but not in consumer goods．Standards of living improved，but styles of life remained much the same．The eighteenth and nineteenth centuries saw a faster and different kind of change．For thefirst time，technological capability outran population growth and natural resource scarcity．By the last quarter of the nineteenth century，the typical inhabitant of the leading economies—a Briton，a Belgian，an American，or an Australian had perhaps three times the standard of living of someone in a pre-industrial economy．Still，so slow was the pace of change that people，or at least aristocratic intellectuals，couldthink of their predecessors of some two thousand years before as effectively their contemporaries．Marcus Tullius Cicero，a Roman aristocrat and politician，might have felt moreor less at home in the company of Thomas Jefferson．The plows were better in Jefferson's time．Sailing ships were much improved．However，these might have been insufficient to createa sense of a qualitative change in the order of life for the elite．Moreover，being a slave of Jefferson was probably a lot like being a slave of Cicero．So slow was the pace of change that intellectuals in the early nineteenth century debatedwhether the industrial revolution was worthwhile ，whether it was an improvement or a degeneration in the standard of living．Opinions were genuinely divided，with as optimistic a liberal as John Stuart Mill coming down on the “pessimist” side as late as the end of the 1840s．In the twentieth century，however，standards of living exploded．In the twentieth century，the magnitude of the growth in material wealth has been so great as to make it nearly impossibleto measure．Consider a sample of consumer goods available through Montgomery Ward in 1895—when a one-speed bicycle cost $65．Since then，the price of a bicycle measured in “nominal” dollars has more than doubled (as a result of inflation)．Today，the bicycle is much less expensive in terms of the measure that truly counts，its “real” price：the work and sweat needed to earn its cost．In 1895，it took perhaps 260 hours' worth of the average American worker's production to amass enough money to buy a one-speed bicycle．Today an average American worker can buy one—and of higher quality—for less than 8 hours worth of production．On the bicycle standard (measuring wealth by counting up how many bicycles the labor canbuy) the average American worker today is 36 times richer than his or her counterpart was in 1895．Other commodities would tell a different story．An office chair has become 12．5 times cheaper in terms of the time it takes the average worker to produce enough to pay for it．A Steinway piano or an accordion is only twice as cheap．A silver teaspoon is 25 percent more expensive．Thus t he answer to the question “How much wealthier are we today than our counterparts ofa century ago?” depends on which commodities you view as important．For many personal services—having a butler to answer the door and polish your silver spoons—you would find little difference in average wealth between 1895 and 1990：an hour of a butler's time costs about the same then as now．For mass-produced manufactured goods—like bicycles—we are wealthier by as much as 36 times．7．In the eighteenth and nineteenth centuries upper-class intellectuals________．A．believed that they were very much the same as their equals some two thousand years before B．probably thought that great changes had occurred since CiceroC．felt that qualitative changes had occurred in the last two thousand yearsD．believed in the efficacy of slavery8．In the nineteenth century________．A．worthwhile，visible change occurred as a result of the Industrial RevolutionB．scholars such as John Stuart Mills felt the Industrial Revolution was a negative forceC．led to widespread degenerative behavior in urban conglomeratesD．none of the above9．A bicycle today，generally speaking，________．A．requires more work and sweat because fewer people work to produce itB．is comparatively less in real price than a bicycle in the nineteenth centuryC．needs to be considered in terms of “nominal” costsD．is cheaper in America than any other western country10．Commodities in the twentieth century________．A．are impossible to compare across centuriesB．are more expensive than the nineteenth centuryC．are cheaper than they were in the nineteenth centuryD．need to be measured by comparing upper-class essentials such as having a butler11．The sentence “Moreover，being a slave of Jefferson was probably a lot like being a slave of Cicero”________．A．shows that the author believes that slaves were commoditiesB．reveals that lower class people in the nineteenth century were really slavesC．reinforces the idea that the quality of life really had not changed much over the centuries D．comments on the long-lasting effects of slavery from Roman times12．A suitable title for this passage might be________．A．The Tempo and Temper of ChangeB．The Steadily Increasing Rate of ChangeC．An Explosion of Material WealthD．Improving the Standards of Living for AllPassage3Scholars often seem to operate on the assumption that any analysis with a rosy outlooksimply does not adequately understand the matter at hand．Ecotourism researchers have not been derelict in this regard，as the literature review earlier showed．All the researchers who have looked at Capirona's project，however，have been impressed by its grassroots nature and are optimistic about its potential as eco-development (Colvin 1994；Wesche 1993；Silver 1992)．All of these researchers，however，visited the community in its early years of operation．As mentioned previously，recent，non-scholarly reports are less positive．Thus there remains some doubt as to the long-term viability of even such a model of indigenous ecotourism development as Capirona．This study originally proposed to study Capirona's project，but that community was wear of such research visits and refused a request to carry out the study there．Palo Blaneo，though completing only its first year of ecotourism development was chosen as an alternate site．Perhaps it should not be surprising that the prospects for ecotourism in，Palo Blanco appear，as they did in Capirona quite bright．Ecotourism development efforts differ from mainstream development efforts in that，asidefrom start-up loans，much or all of the continuing financial support comes from tourists rather than from governments or development agencies．As a result，the two main players in any ecotourism endeavor—the hosts and the guests—are driven by differing motivations．The local population hopes to improve its own lot by taking advantage of the curiosity，disposable income，and in some cases，perhaps，good intentions of ecotourists．The tourists want to “explore the natural wonders of the world，”whether that be a wildebeest migration across the Serenget i or the march ofleaf-cutter ants across the jungle floor (Ryan and Grasse 1991：166)．In contrast to mass tourism，ecotourism permits tourists to seek educational self-fulfillment inthe form of travel，and tries to transform that activity into something that benefits the greater good—specifically，to fund environmental preservation，rural development，and even cultural survival．However，in order to satisfy everyone—tourists，environmentalists，tour operators and the local hosts ，ecotourism must bring into aliganment a variety of contradictory purposes．Ecotourism promotes feelings among tourists that they are part of the solution when，in fact，the very act of flying a thousand miles or more to their destination consumes resources and pollutes the environment (cf．Somerville 1994)．The beauty of ecotourism is that it can exploit this egotistic motivation；the flaw is that it is forever limited by it．Even a brief foray into development literature ，however ，shows that flawed conceptualizations are the rule，not the exception．As development，ecotourism may be no more inchoate than any other approach，and in some ways it is as progressive as any theory．For example，ecotourism twin development goals—conserving the environment and benefiting local peoples—are increasingly seen ，both within and outside of tourism circles ，asinterdependent．Without economic development，many argue that environmental conservation is neither ethical nor sustainable (Boo 1990：1；West and Brechin 1992：14，Brandon and Wells 1992)．Such conservation can b e achieved only by “providing local people with alternative income sources which do not threaten to deplete the plants and animals within the protected zone”(Brandon and Wells 1992：557)．Most research on this issue，however，assumes that the protective regulations have been established by the government or another external agency．In Palo Blanco，however，the people themselves are already acting to protect their land．13．According to the author，scholars________．A．see life through rose-colored glassesB．should never give favorable reportsC．are expected to give only favorable response following their research and analysisD．seem to believe a favorable result to research missed the point14．Ecotourism relies on________．A．government aid exclusivelyB．local people and their donations of time and moneyC．initial loans at the beginning，followed by support from touristsD．government assistance through agencies and local disposable income15．The main contradiction raised in this text is that________．A．local people do not need outside touristsB．tourists who believe in ecotourism actually bring some measure of damage to the placesthey visitC．tourists are egotistical but do not want to beD．tourists do not want to spend money but the local people expect them to16．A study of the studies available on this topic shows that________．A．ecotourism is not like other projects that earn moneyB．the twin goals actually coincide with each otherC．the rule in the thinking about ecotourism is that the thinking is well putD．later studies and reports may differ from earlier studies17．The key to conserving the environment is________．A．economic self-relianceB．income for the local people that is independent of ecotourismC．ameliorating accessibilityD．all of the above18 ．The expres sion “explore the natural wonders of the world” is in quotation marksbecause________．A．there are no specific natural wonders of the worldB．it is meant to bring attention to the use of the word “wonder”C．it is meant to be amusing in its comparison of a wildebeest to an antD．it is probably a quotation from Ryan and GrassePassage 4It is not forbidden to dream of building a better world，which is by and large what the social sciences try to help us to do．How to make cities more harmonious，reduce crime rates，improve welfare，overcome racism，increase our wealth—this is the stuff of social sciences．The trouble is that the findings of social sciences are often dismissed as being too theoretical，too ambitious or。