外文翻译--现代设计与制造-精品

外文翻译----室内设计风格with a nod to the past。

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毕业设计(论文)外文资料翻译系部：机械工程系专业：机械工程及自动化姓名：学号：外文出处：Design of machine elements(用外文写)附件：1.外文资料翻译译文；2.外文原文。

附件1：外文资料翻译译文机器零件的设计相同的理论或方程可应用在一个一起的非常小的零件上，也可用在一个复杂的设备的大型相似件上，既然如此，毫无疑问，数学计算是绝对的和最终的。

他们都符合不同的设想，这必须由工程量决定。

有时，一台机器的零件全部计算仅仅是设计的一部分。

零件的结构和尺寸通常根据实际考虑。

另一方面，如果机器和昂贵，或者质量很重要，例如飞机，那么每一个零件都要设计计算。

当然，设计计算的目的是试图预测零件的应力和变形，以保证其安全的带动负载，这是必要的，并且其也许影响到机器的最终寿命。

当然，所有的计算依赖于这些结构材料通过试验测定的物理性能。

国际上的设计方法试图通过从一些相对简单的而基本的实验中得到一些结果，这些试验，例如结构复杂的及现代机械设计到的电压、转矩和疲劳强度。

另外，可以充分证明，一些细节，如表面粗糙度、圆角、开槽、制造公差和热处理都对机械零件的强度及使用寿命有影响。

设计和构建布局要完全详细地说明每一个细节，并且对最终产品进行必要的测试。

综上所述，机械设计是一个非常宽的工程技术领域。

例如，从设计理念到设计分析的每一个阶段，制造，市场，销售。

以下是机械设计的一般领域应考虑的主要方面的清单：①最初的设计理念②受力分析③材料的选择④外形⑤制造⑥安全性⑦环境影响⑧可靠性及寿命在没有破坏的情况下，强度是抵抗引起应力和应变的一种量度。

这些力可能是：①渐变力②瞬时力③冲击力④不断变化的力⑤温差如果一个机器的关键件损坏，整个机器必须关闭，直到修理好为止。

设计一台新机器时，关键件具有足够的抵抗破坏的能力是非常重要的。

设计者应尽可能准确地确定所有的性质、大小、方向及作用点。

机器设计不是这样，但精确的科学是这样，因此很难准确地确定所有力。

建筑学Modern-Architecture现代建筑⼤学毕业论⽂外⽂⽂献翻译及原⽂毕业设计（论⽂）外⽂⽂献翻译⽂献、资料中⽂题⽬：现代建筑⽂献、资料英⽂题⽬：Modern Architecture⽂献、资料来源：⽂献、资料发表（出版）⽇期：院（部）：专业：班级：姓名：学号：指导教师：翻译⽇期： 2017.02.14建筑学毕业设计的外⽂⽂献及译⽂⽂献、资料题⽬：《Advanced Encryption Standard》⽂献、资料发表（出版）⽇期：2004.10.25外⽂⽂献：Modern ArchitectureModern architecture, not to be confused with 'contemporary architecture', is a term given to a number of building styles with similar characteristics, primarily the simplification of form and the elimination of ornament. While the style was conceived early in the 20th century and heavily promoted by a few architects, architectural educators and exhibits, very few Modern buildings were built in the first half of the century. For three decades after the Second World War, however, it became the dominant architectural style for institutional and corporate building.1. OriginsSome historians see the evolution of Modern architecture as a social matter, closely tied to the project of Modernity and hence to the Enlightenment, a result of social and political revolutions.Others see Modern architecture as primarily driven by technological and engineering developments, and it is true that the availability of new building materials such as iron, steel, concrete and glass drove the invention of new building techniques as part of the Industrial Revolution. In 1796, Shrewsbury mill owner Charles Bage first used his ‘fireproof’ design, which relied on cast iron and brick with flag stone floors. Such construction greatly strengthened the structure of mills, which enabled them to accommodate much bigger machines. Due to poor knowledge of iron's properties as a construction material, a number of early mills collapsed. It was not until the early 1830s that Eaton Hodgkinson introduced the section beam, leading to widespread use of iron construction, this kind of austere industrial architecture utterly transformed the landscape of northern Britain, leading to the description, "Dark satanic mills" of places like Manchester and parts of West Yorkshire. The Crystal Palace by Joseph Paxton at the Great Exhibition of 1851 was an early example of iron and glass construction; possibly the best example is the development of the tall steel skyscraper in Chicago around 1890 by William Le Baron Jenney and Louis Sullivan. Early structures to employ concrete as the chief means of architectural expression (rather than for purely utilitarian structure) include Frank Lloyd Wright's Unity Temple, built in 1906 near Chicago, and Rudolf Steiner's Second Goetheanum, built from1926 near Basel, Switzerland.Other historians regard Modernism as a matter of taste, a reaction against eclecticism and the lavish stylistic excesses of Victorian Era and Edwardian Art Nouveau.Whatever the cause, around 1900 a number of architects around the world began developing new architectural solutions to integrate traditional precedents (Gothic, for instance) with new technological possibilities. The work of Louis Sullivan and Frank Lloyd Wright in Chicago, Victor Horta in Brussels, Antoni Gaudi in Barcelona, Otto Wagner in Vienna and Charles Rennie Mackintosh in Glasgow, among many others, can be seen as a common struggle between old and new.2. Modernism as Dominant StyleBy the 1920s the most important figures in Modern architecture had established their reputations. The big three are commonly recognized as Le Corbusier in France, and Ludwig Mies van der Rohe and Walter Gropius in Germany. Mies van der Rohe and Gropius were both directors of the Bauhaus, one of a number of European schools and associations concerned with reconciling craft tradition and industrial technology.Frank Lloyd Wright's career parallels and influences the work of the European modernists, particularly via the Wasmuth Portfolio, but he refused to be categorized with them. Wright was a major influence on both Gropius and van der Rohe, however, as well as on the whole of organic architecture.In 1932 came the important MOMA exhibition, the International Exhibition of Modern Architecture, curated by Philip Johnson. Johnson and collaborator Henry-Russell Hitchcock drew together many distinct threads and trends, identified them as stylistically similar and having a common purpose, and consolidated them into the International Style.This was an important turning point. With World War II the important figures of the Bauhaus fled to the United States, to Chicago, to the Harvard Graduate School of Design, and to Black Mountain College. While Modern architectural design never became a dominant style in single-dwelling residential buildings, in institutional and commercial architecture Modernism became the pre-eminent, and in the schools (for leaders of the profession) the only acceptable, design solution from about 1932 to about 1984.Architects who worked in the international style wanted to break with architectural tradition and design simple, unornamented buildings. The most commonly used materials are glass for the facade, steel for exterior support, and concrete for the floors and interior supports; floor plans were functional and logical. The style became most evident in the design of skyscrapers. Perhaps its most famous manifestations include the United Nations headquarters (Le Corbusier, Oscar Niemeyer, Sir Howard Robertson), the Seagram Building (Ludwig Mies van der Rohe), and Lever House (Skidmore, Owings, and Merrill), all in New York. A prominent residential example is the Lovell House (Richard Neutra) in Los Angeles.Detractors of the international style claim that its stark, uncompromisingly rectangular geometry is dehumanising. Le Corbusier once described buildings as "machines for living", but people are not machines and it was suggested that they do not want to live in machines. Even Philip Johnson admitted he was "bored with the box." Since the early 1980s many architects have deliberately sought to move away from rectilinear designs, towards more eclectic styles. During the middle of the century, some architects began experimenting in organic forms that they felt were more human and accessible. Mid-century modernism, or organic modernism, was very popular, due to its democratic and playful nature. Alvar Aalto and Eero Saarinen were two of the most prolific architects and designers in this movement, which has influenced contemporary modernism.Although there is debate as to when and why the decline of the modern movement occurred, criticism of Modern architecture began in the 1960s on the grounds that it was universal, sterile, elitist and lacked meaning. Its approach had become ossified in a "style" that threatened to degenerate into a set of mannerisms. Siegfried Giedion in the 1961 introduction to his evolving text, Space, Time and Architecture (first written in 1941), could begin "At the moment a certain confusion exists in contemporary architecture, as in painting; a kind of pause, even a kind of exhaustion." At the Metropolitan Museum of Art, a 1961 symposium discussed the question "Modern Architecture: Death or Metamorphosis?" In New York, the coup d'état appeared to materialize in controversy around the Pan Am Building that loomed over Grand Central Station, taking advantage of the modernist real estate concept of "air rights",[1] In criticism by Ada Louise Huxtable and Douglas Haskell it was seen to "sever" the Park Avenue streetscape and "tarnish" the reputations of its consortium of architects: Walter Gropius, Pietro Belluschi and thebuilders Emery Roth & Sons. The rise of postmodernism was attributed to disenchantment with Modern architecture. By the 1980s, postmodern architecture appeared triumphant over modernism, including the temple of the Light of the World, a futuristic design for its time Guadalajara Jalisco La Luz del Mundo Sede International; however, postmodern aesthetics lacked traction and by the mid-1990s, a neo-modern (or hypermodern) architecture had once again established international pre-eminence. As part of this revival, much of the criticism of the modernists has been revisited, refuted, and re-evaluated; and a modernistic idiom once again dominates in institutional and commercial contemporary practice, but must now compete with the revival of traditional architectural design in commercial and institutional architecture; residential design continues to be dominated by a traditional aesthetic.中⽂译⽂：现代建筑现代建筑,不被混淆与'当代建筑' , 是⼀个词给了⼀些建筑风格有类似的特点, 主要的简化形式,消除装饰等. 虽然风格的设想早在20世纪,并⼤量造就了⼀些建筑师、建筑教育家和展品,很少有现代的建筑物,建于20世纪上半叶. 第⼆次⼤战后的三⼗年, 但最终却成为主导建筑风格的机构和公司建设.1起源⼀些历史学家认为进化的现代建筑作为⼀个社会问题, 息息相关的⼯程中的现代性,从⽽影响了启蒙运动,导致社会和政治⾰命.另⼀些⼈认为现代建筑主要是靠技术和⼯程学的发展, 那就是获得新的建筑材料,如钢铁, 混凝⼟和玻璃驱车发明新的建筑技术,它作为⼯业⾰命的⼀部分. 1796年, shrewsbury查尔斯bage⾸先⽤他的'⽕'的设计, 后者则依靠铸铁及砖与⽯材地板. 这些建设⼤⼤加强了结构,使它们能够容纳更⼤的机器. 由于作为建筑材料特性知识缺乏,⼀些早期建筑失败. 直到1830年初,伊顿Hodgkinson预计推出了型钢梁, 导致⼴泛使⽤钢架建设，⼯业结构完全改变了这种窘迫的⾯貌,英国北部领导的描述, "⿊暗魔⿁作坊"的地⽅如曼彻斯特和西约克郡. ⽔晶宫由约瑟夫paxton的重⼤展览, 1851年,是⼀个早期的例⼦,钢铁及玻璃施⼯; 可能是⼀个最好的例⼦,就是1890年由William乐男爵延长和路易沙利⽂在芝加哥附近发展的⾼层钢结构摩天楼. 早期结构采⽤混凝⼟作为⾏政⼿段的建筑表达(⽽⾮纯粹功利结构) ,包括建于1906年在芝加哥附近,劳埃德赖特的统⼀宫, 建于1926年瑞⼠巴塞尔附近的鲁道夫斯坦纳的第⼆哥特堂,.但⽆论原因为何, 约有1900多位建筑师,在世界各地开始制定新的建筑⽅法,将传统的先例(⽐如哥特式)与新的技术相结合的可能性.路易沙利⽂和赖特在芝加哥⼯作,维克多奥尔塔在布鲁塞尔,安东尼⾼迪在巴塞罗那, 奥托⽡格纳和查尔斯景mackintosh格拉斯哥在维也纳,其中之⼀可以看作是⼀个新与旧的共同⽃争.2现代主义风格由1920年代的最重要⼈物,在现代建筑⾥确⽴了⾃⼰的名声. 三个是公认的柯布西耶在法国, 密斯范德尔德罗和⽡尔特格罗⽪乌斯在德国. 密斯范德尔德罗和格罗⽪乌斯为董事的包豪斯, 其中欧洲有不少学校和有关团体学习调和⼯艺和传统⼯业技术.赖特的建筑⽣涯中,也影响了欧洲建筑的现代艺术,特别是通过⽡斯穆特组合但他拒绝被归类与他们. 赖特与格罗⽪乌斯和Van der德罗对整个有机体系有重⼤的影响.在1932年来到的重要moma展览,是现代建筑艺术的国际展览,艺术家菲利普约翰逊. 约翰逊和合作者亨利-罗素阁纠集许多鲜明的线索和趋势, 内容相似,有⼀个共同的⽬的,巩固了他们融⼊国际化风格这是⼀个重要的转折点. 在⼆战的时间包豪斯的代表⼈物逃到美国,芝加哥，到哈佛⼤学设计⿊⼭书院. 当现代建筑设计从未成为主导风格单⼀的住宅楼，在成为现代卓越的体制和商业建筑, 是学校(专业领导)的唯⼀可接受的, 设计解决⽅案,从约1932年⾄约1984年.那些从事国际风格的建筑师想要打破传统建筑和简单的没有装饰的建筑物。

李雁飞工设 10011011033010参考文献Future of Automotive Design &Materials 汽车设计与材料的未来Trends and Developments in Design and Materials 设计与材料的趋势与发展(译by李雁飞Renault Zoe Z.E. 雷诺 Zoe Z.E.Jan Willem van der Wiel Senior Consultant ATC 高级顾问 ATCKo-finanziert durch die EuropäischeUnion (EFREDie europäischeKommission investiert in Ihre ZukunftTABLE OF CONTENTS 目录TABLE OF CONTENTS 目录 2 1INTRODUCTION 介绍 3 2CURRENT SITUATION 现状 4 2.1Design 设计 4 2.1.1International 国际 4 2.1.2Design in The Netherlands 荷兰的设计 5 2.2Materials 材料 6 2.2.1International 国际 6 2.2.2Materials in The Netherlands 荷兰的材料 92.3Design &Materials 设计与材料 93FUTURE PERSPECTIVE 未来展望 10 3.1Design by Tiers 10 3.2Design trends 设计方向 10 3.2.1Inspired by nature 自然灵感 11 3.2.2Floating elements 113.2.3Sculpted surfaces 镂空表面 11 3.2.4Individuality 个性 12 3.2.5Femininity 女性化12 3.3.6Electric drive 电子驾驶 12 3.3.7Light design 灯光设计 123.3Materials 材料 13 3.3.1Intelligent materials 智能材料 13 3.3.2New conductive materials 新导体 14 3.3.3Materials for energy storage 能量存储物质 15 3.4Design&Materials 设计与材料 15 3.4.1Sustainability 耐受程度 15 3.4.2Downsizing 193.4.3Cost down 193.4.4Rapid manufacturing 高速制造 194RELEVANCE FOR THE DUTCH INDUSTRY 与荷兰工业的相关性 19 References:参考 211INTRODUCTION 介绍Design and Materials are two different worlds and still strongly related. Each very different in their being and both equally important in shaping the physical world around us. Design creates products and products are made of materials. Design gives functions to products and materials are chosen and formed to best incorporate those functions. Design can also relate to graphics and the virtual world observed on displays or advanced visualization techniques. This trend study however focuses on Design of the physical world, shaped in 3D. And since this trend study originates from the Automotive Technology Centre the subject of this focus is on automotive products 设计和材料是两个不同的世界,仍然密切相关。

世界现代设计史现代设计的萌芽与工艺美术运动设计师汉英翻译The Emergence of Modern Design and the Arts and Crafts Movement in World Modern Design HistoryIntroductionThe history of modern design is marked by the emergence of new ideas and movements that aimed to revolutionize the way objects were designed and produced. Among these influential movements was the Arts and Crafts Movement, which emerged in the late 19th century and left a lasting impact on the world of design. This essay aims to explore the origins of modern design, with a focus on the Arts and Crafts Movement, and its key designers.The Emergence of Modern DesignThe roots of modern design can be traced back to the Industrial Revolution in the 18th and 19th centuries, which brought about significant changes in manufacturing techniques and mass production. As machines began to replace traditional craftsmanship, designers started to question the value and quality of the objects being produced. This gave rise to a new movement that aimed to revive the importance of handcrafted objects and promote individual expression in design.The Arts and Crafts MovementThe Arts and Crafts Movement emerged in the late 19th century as a reaction against the dehumanizing effects of industrialization. Its key proponents, such as William Morris in England and Charles Rennie Mackintosh in Scotland, advocated for a return to the values of medieval craftsmanship, where designers were actively involved in the production process, ensuring high quality and individuality in their creations.Influential Designers of the Arts and Crafts Movement2. Charles Rennie Mackintosh: A key figure in the Glasgow School of Art and a pioneer of Scottish design, Mackintosh's innovative approach integrated elements of Art Nouveau with traditional craftsmanship. His architectural designs, furniture, and interiors showcased his unique style, characterized by clean lines, geometric shapes, and intricate details.The Influence of Modern Design and the Arts and Crafts MovementThe ideas and philosophies of the Arts and Crafts Movement had a profound impact on the development of modern design. Its emphasis on the importance of craftsmanship, simplicity, and functionality resonated with designers worldwide and laid the foundation for future design movements. The movement's focus on social reform and the revival of traditional techniques also paved the way for the rise of the modernist movement, whichaimed to create a harmonious and efficient society through design.ConclusionThe emergence of modern design was rooted in the questioning of traditional manufacturing techniques and the pursuit of individual expression. The Arts and Crafts Movement, with its emphasis on craftsmanship and aesthetics, played a significant role in shaping the direction of modern design. Designers like William Morris and Charles Rennie Mackintosh left a lasting legacy, influencing future generations of designers andinspiring the development of new design movements. Today, their principles continue to inform contemporary design practices, reminding us of the importance of quality, functionality, and the power of individual creativity.。

机械设计外文文献翻译、中英文翻译unavailable。

The first step in the design process is to define the problem and XXX are defined。

the designer can begin toXXX evaluated。

and the best one is XXX。

XXX.Mechanical DesignA XXX machines include engines。

turbines。

vehicles。

hoists。

printing presses。

washing machines。

and XXX and methods of design that apply to XXXXXX。

cams。

valves。

vessels。

and mixers.Design ProcessThe design process begins with a real need。

Existing apparatus may require XXX。

efficiency。

weight。

speed。

or cost。

while new apparatus may be XXX。

To start。

the designer must define the problem and XXX。

ideas and concepts are generated。

evaluated。

and refined until the best one is XXX。

XXX.XXX。

assembly。

XXX.During the preliminary design stage。

it is important to allow design XXX if some ideas may seem impractical。

they can be corrected early on in the design process。

毕业设计(论文)外文资料翻译学院：机械工程专业：机械设计制造及其自动化姓名：学号：3082108330外文出处：Lecture Notes in Computer science (用外文写)附件： 1.外文资料翻译译文；2.外文原文。

注：请将该封面与附件装订成册。

附件1：外文资料翻译译文高速加工和现代模具制造一、概述1 目前模具制造的发展现状和趋势模具作为重要的工艺装备，在消费品、电器电子、汽车、飞机制造等工业部门中，占有举足轻重的地位。

工业产品零件粗加工的75%，精加工的50%及塑料零件的90%将由模具完成。

目前中国模具市场需求已达500亿元之规模。

汽车模具、特别是覆盖件模具年增长速度将超过20%；建材模具也迅速发展，各种异型材模具、墙面和地面模具成为模具的新增长点，今后几年塑料门窗和塑料排水管增长将超过30%；家电模具年增长速度将超过10%；IT业年均增长速度超过20%，对模具的需求占模具市场的20%。

2004年中国机床工具工业产值将继续增长。

我国模具制造市场潜力巨大。

根据资料统计，近年来，我国模具的年总产值达到30亿美元，进口超过10亿美元，出口超过1亿美元。

增长从1995年的25%增加到2005年的50%。

国外专家预言：亚洲在全球模具制造中占据的份额，将从1995年的25%增加至2005年的50%。

中国模具工业发展迅速，形成了华东和华南两人基地，并且逐渐扩大到其他省份。

（山东，安徽，四川) 1996年~2002年，模具制造业产值年平均增长14%, 2003年增长25%。

2003年我国模具产值为450亿人民币总产量位居世界第3，出口模具3.368亿美元，比上年增长33.5%。

但是，我国技术含量低的模具已供过于求，精密、复杂的高档模具很大部分依靠进口。

每年进口模具超过10亿美元。

出口超过1亿美元，精密模具精度要求在2~3u m，大型模具需要满足8000kN合模力注塑机的要求；小型模具需满足直径1mm 塑料管的要求。

Die Life and Die FailureProper selection of the de material and of the die manufacturing technique determines, to a large extent, the useful life of forming des. Dies may have to be replaced for a number of reasons, such as changes n dimensions due to wear or plastic deformation, deterioration of the surface finish, breakdown of lubrication, and cracking or breakage. In hot impression die forging, the principal modes of die failure are erosion, thermal fatigue, mechanical fatigue and permanent (plastic) deformation.In erosion, also commonly called die wear, material is actually removed from the die surface by pressure and sliding of the deforming material, wear resistance of the die material, die surface temperature, relative sliding speed at the die/material interface and the nature of the interface layer are the most significant factors influencing abrasive die wear. Thermal fatigue occurs on the surface of the die impression in hot forming and results in “heat checking”. Thermal fatigue results from cyclic yelling of the de surface due to contact with the hot deforming material. This contact causes the surface layers to expend, and, because of the very steep temperature gradients, the surface layers are subject to compressive stresses. At sufficiently high temperatures, these compressive stresses may cause the surface layers to deform. When the de surface cools, a stress reversal may occur and the surface layers will then be n tension. After repeated cycling in this manner, fatigue will cause formation of a crack pattern that s recognized as heat checking. Die breakage or cracking is due to mechanical fatigue and occurs in cases where the dies are overloaded and local stresses are high. The dies are subject to alternating stresses due to loading and unloading during the deformation process and this causes crack initiation and eventual failure.Die life and de failure are greatly affected by the mechanical properties of the die materials under the conditions that exist in a given deformation process. Generally, the properties that are most significant depend on the process temperature. Thus, die materials used in cold forming processes are quite differentfrom those used in hot forming.The design and manufacture of dies and the selection of die materials are very important in the production of discrete parts by use of metal forming processes. The dies must be made by modern manufacturing methods from appropriate die materials in order to provide acceptable die life at a reasonable cost. Often the economy success of a forming process depends on die life and de costs per piece produced. For a given application, selection of the appropriate die material depends on three types of variables:(a)Variables related to the process itself, including factors such as size of the die cavity, type of machine used and deformation speed, initial stock size and temperature, die temperature to be use, lubrication, production rata and number of parts to be produced.(b)Variables related to the type of die loading, including speed of loading, i.e. impact of gradual contact time between dies and deforming metal (this contact time is especially important in hot forming), maximum load and pressure on the dies, maximum and minimum die temperatures, and number of loading cycles to which the dies will be subjected.(c)Mechanical properties of the die material, including harden ability, impact strength, hot strength(if hot forming is considered)and resistance to thermal and mechanical fatigue.译文二：模具的寿命与失效正确的选择模具材料和模具的制造技术，在很大程度上决定着成形模具的使用寿命。

中英文外文翻译文献原文：DESIGN and ENVIRONMENTProduct design is the principal part and kernel of industrial design. Product design gives uses pleasure. A good design can bring hope and create new lifestyle to human.In spscificity,products are only outcomes of factory such as mechanical and electrical products,costume and so on.In generality,anything,whatever it is tangibile or intangible,that can be provided for a market,can be weighed with value by customers, and can satisfy a need or desire,can be entiled as products.Innovative design has come into human life. It makes product looking brand-new and brings new aesthetic feeling and attraction that are different from traditional products. Enterprose tend to renovate idea ofproduct design because of change of consumer's lifestyle , emphasis on individuation and self-expression,market competition and requirement of individuation of product.Product design includes factors of society ,economy, techology and leterae humaniores.Tasks of product design includes styling, color, face processing and selection of material and optimization of human-machine interface.Design is a kind of thinking of lifestyle.Product and design conception can guide human lifestyle . In reverse , lifestyle also manipulates orientation and development of product from thinking layer.With the development of science and technology ,more and more attention is paid to austerity of environmental promblems ,such as polluting of atmosphere,destroy of forest, soilerosion,land desertification, water resource polluting, a great deal of species becaming extinct,exhansting of petroleum , natural gas and coal and so on . A designer should have a strong consciousness of protecting environment and to make his\her design to be based on avoiding destroying environment and saving natural recourse.Nowadays ,greenhouse effects,destroyed ozone layers and acid rain are three global environmental questions.Greenhouse effect is phenomena of the atmosphere becoming warmer . The forming principle of greenhouse effect is that the Sun shortwave radiation can penetrate into ground through atmosphere ,long wave radiation emitted from ground after ground is warmed ,is absorbed by carbon dioxide of atmosphere , and then atmosphere gets warmer.The carbon dioxide in the atmosphere changes the earth to a large greenhouse like a thick layer of glass . Methane ,ozone,chlorine,Fluorine, hydrocarbon and aqueous vapor also make some contribution to greenhouse effects. With rapid increase of population and rapid development of industry ,more and more carbon dioxide of atmosphere enters into atmosphere. Because forest is cun down in a large amount also ,carbon dioxide increases gradally ,and the greenhouse effects are strengthened constantly .The results of the greenhouse effects are very serious. The great changes will take place in the natural ecology ,such as desert expanding ,land corroding aggravating, forest retreating to the polarregion, calamity of drought and waterlog serious and rainfall increasing. The temperate zone will be wetter in water and will be droughtier in summer . Tropical zone will become wetter and subtropical zone will become more arid . All of these above will forces the existing irrigation works to be adjusted. Coastal regions will be threatened seriously .Because the temperature is rising , ice-cubes will be melted at the two poles so to the sea level will be rising and a lot of cities and ports will be submerged.The ozone layer destroyed shocked academia and the wholeinternational aommunity .American scientists,Monila and Rowland , pointed out that it is human activities bring ozone hole of today . arch-criminal that we now well know is freon and Kazakhstan dragon.Acid rain has already become a kind of air pollution phenomenon in extensive range,crossing over national boundaries at present. Acid rain destroys soil, makes lake acid and endangers growing of abimals and plants. It also stimulates people's skin, brings out the skin disease, causes lung hydronces, lung harden ,and corrodes the metal product,paint ,leather, fabrics and building with carbonate .In a word , the environment of human life has already worsened day by day. The reasons of the worsening mostly come from the human own bad life style, disrespecting the objective law, eager for quick success,use of the earth resource without scientific plan ,and lack of consciousness pratecting the environment in design . So they destroy home by themselves,which not only harm human on contemporary, but also seriously influence existence of descendants.The environmental question is caused by people's bad design and life style to a great extent , which puts forward a serious question for a designer that designers should undertake the historical important task of environment protection.Industry has brought the disaster to world while creates a large amount of wealth for mankind . Industry design has accelerated theconsumpition of the resource and energy resource and has caused enormous destruction to the ecological balance of the earth while creating modern life style and living environment for mankind.So as industry designers, setting up environmental awareness incarnates their morals and social sense of responsibility. Designers must be responsible for their own designs, and must take human health and blessedness , and harmonically coexisting of nature with the human as the rules necessarily obeyed in their own design.Designers must also master the necessary knowledege in material, craft, chemical industry, manufacturing,ect.,in order to be possible for avoiding to danger to environment causing by his design.The concept of "Sustainable development design"has epoch-maling meanings of humanity and real development of the world .It reflects the designer's morals and responsibility , and has already become the trend of designing development in the 21st century .Hence ,mankind's development made of traditional industrial civilization was turned to one of the modern ecological civilization. It is the coordination of social progress,economic growth and environmental protestion.Sustainable development is a kind concept of brand-new ethics,morals and values that people should follow. Its essence lies in fully utilizing the modern science and technongy ,exploiting green resources ,development constantly, impelling harmonious developmentbetween human and nature and pramoting inter-harmony of population ,resource and environment .Solving the problem of sustainable development is a change of technological innovation and behavior made.Sustainable development strategy is to solve the problem of meeting contemporary people's demands in maximum under the precondition of un-hurting several generations' demands of the future . It will realize the unity of the present interests and long-term interest and leave the development space for descendants.The question of the strategic consideration of sustainable development should include circulation, green energy and ecological efficiency.Green design comes from introspection on environmental and ecological disruption caused by design of modern technology and culture. Green design focuses on the balance relation of persons and natural ecology . Designers should consider the environmental benefits at every decision of the disign process, and try their best to reduce the destruction to environment.For industry design, the core of green design is "3R",namely Reduce,Recycle and Reuse.It is necessary not only to reduce consunption of substance and energy sources,and reduce letting of harmful substance,but also to classified reclaim, recycle and reuse products andparts conveniently.Green design is not only technical ,but also an innovative idea. It requires designer to give up some rat-fuck method excessively emphasizing at the style of products, and to focus on the real innovative. He or she would design the form of the products with more responsible method and make the products lengthen their wervice life as much as possible through succinct and permanent modeling.For materials,stock and regeneration of raw materials, consumption and pollution of environmental energy during obtaining materials,machining performance in follow-up manufacturing,low consumption and low pollution of energy ,and reclaimable during discarded should be considered.Problems of manufacturing are that pollution should be reduced or died out during beginning of manufacturing.Consideration on packing, transporting , sale, ect. is meant the environmental performance of packaging, green packing ,good performance of transportation ,decreasing self weight , reducing energy consumption , localized production and reducing consimption of work flow.Consideration on the use of product concerns with waste of energy and resources while produces are used , the modularization of environmental performance , recombined ability , and the mades of using product while products are renewed , as well as other factors.Easy disassembled feature , convenient decomposition and classification , reclaaimable and reusable features of materials, and recombined feature of parts or removes for other use should all be considered during the period while products are renewed , as well as other factors.Easy disassembled feature, convenient decomposition and classification , reclaimable and reusable features of materials, and recombined feature of parts or removed for other use should all be considered during the period while products are discarded .Clean energy souces should be Considered , such as solar ernergy , water, electricity and wind power .Clean materials concern with low pollution , innocuity, disaggregation and reclaimable . Clean manufacturing process is meant production with energy saving and environment protection while used, and reclaimable while discarded.Regeneration and reuse of parts are powerful measure of sustainable strategy. The fact has proved that through disassembly and analysis the proportion of reusable material would be higher after improving design and retread.For example , in a scrap car , metal meterial accounts for 80%.Among them , nonferrous metal accounts for 3%~4.7%. 45%of output of steel comes from scrap steeel in world and 25% output of steel comes from scrap steel in our country.Product Lifecycle Management is meant all life course of product from people's demand for product to be washed out , including the main stages of demand analysis, praduct planning , conceptual design , produce design , digitized simulation, proceess preparation , process planning,production testing and quaality control , sell and distribution, use \maintaining and maintain, as well as scrap and reclaiming . Advanced management idea and first-class information technology are taken into industrial and commercial operation in modern enterprises , which makes enterprises be able to adjust management means and management ways effectively in digital economic era , inoder to exert enterprise's unprecedented competition advantage . Helping enterprise to carry on products innovation , to win the market , and to obtain additional profit would improve the value of the enterprise products.译文：设计与环境产品设计是工业设计的主体和核心。

Modern Industrial Design1.Procedures of Modern Industrial DesignIndustrial Design is a whole process from the market investigation and analysis, through the concept design and detail design, to manufacturing, packaging, advertisement and sells.The followings describe each phase:1.1 Market Investigation and AnalysisFirst, designers should acquire the products of enterprise and the situation of company's industry and customers, and decide the problem to be solved.①Market investigating and information collection and analysis.②Finding the problem that the enterprises need to solve.③Starting to research the competitive products.④Locating the products in the market. Result; Deciding the project plan.1.2 Design Conceiving-Conceptual DesignThe work core during this period is to dream up. The design company analyzes and summarizes the information and materials obtained from the last period, and then provide the innovative solution.①Creating a concept, innovation and imagination, making primarily several conceptive designs, considering the workers and environment at the same time, and presenting design drafts.②Comparing and analyzing the schemes above, and selecting 2-3 optional design schemes.③valuating and validating the schemes from ②, including:the target function,costs and economics,styles and colors of product,manufacturability,acceptability of market consumers.Result: determining the conceptual design scheme.1.3 Detailed DesignDesigning each component and assemble in details, including style, color and environment of products.Providing a complete set of drawings, from design drawing to engineering drawings, or digital design schemes.Result: Finally determining the design scheme.1.4 Design Submission and Prototype MakingBased on the determined design scheme of products, laying out the detailed manufacturing plan.①Submitting the final design scheme.②Determining the specification and techniques required during the production.③Measuring and computing the costs of materials and manufacturing.④Working out the machining process.⑤ Manufacturing the models or prototype making.⑥Judging the prototype machine.Result: Determining the productivity and putting into production.1.5 Batch ManufacturingDuring this period, the design company helps the manufacturers organize production, as well as optimize the manufacturing techniques.①Corresponding workers and facility management.②Die manufacturing and facility installing.③Establishing assemble description and production plan, and making the quality standardization.④Batch production.Result: Products are put into the market.1.6 Products Get into the Market①Product packaging.②Making the propagandist^ strategy of products in the market and advertisement producing.③Distribution strategy and ways of products.Result; New products make the huge economic benefits and drive the market improving.2.Modern Industrial Design and Marketing2.1 Analysis of Market RequirementsTraditional marketing method focuses on making up an environment to attract consumers, but not be able to offer more complete and further information. Ne w methods, in a way, capacitate the team members to understand the social behaviors better, also to foresee the product focus and trends of consumers. These methods require members to do research and to investigate the potential users more deeply.Some methods for deep research on users are:(1) Scenario DevelopmentA certain scenario or story for some typical users in the targeted activity is set up to narrate that the lack of product would make their activity harder or less fulfilling. This narrative can make team members to understand the basic situation of the users, to determine the target users and to go on to the next process.(2) New Product EthnographyTraditional ethnography is a form of cultural anthropology using fieldwork to observe the group and derive patterns of behavior, belief, and activity. The product ethnography is new developed form of ethnography. The method used in product development is a blend of the traditional methods with new emerging technology for observing, recording, and analyzing social situations. It is not merely descriptive but also predictive. The ethnography can be implied to the initial process of product development. The product ethnography can be used to predict consumer preferences for product features, form, material, color, and patterns of use and purchase , so to help determining the qualities that products should possess.(3) Lifestyle ReferenceMany successful products have formed new styles and trends in markets and are directing the fashion styles in design as well. Lifestyle Reference approach is to do the design with reference to other products, fashions and activities from the target market.(4) ErgonomicsIn order to gain a better understanding on the comfort of product for users, the ergonomically methods can be used to analyze man-machine interaction and detailed task.Teams translate all the information gained by means of all the methods above into the indications and carry them out through the whole design process.2.2 Concept of Value in ProductsIf a product is useful, usable and desirable to customers, and has strong influence on lifestyle impact, availability and ergonomics, it is valuable to customers. Good value is no longer based on more functions created with the lowest cost. Value in its true sense, however, is lifestyle-driven, not cost-driven. The emphasized attributes of the products are the terms of usefulness, usability and desirability. If the price needs to rise up, the value of the product has to increase at the same time. At the moment, the customers can accept the rising price based on the rising value. If the product does not add value, then as a commodity with higher cost it will fail in the market.2.3 Analysis of Value OpportunityValue can be broken down into specific attributes that contribute to a product's usefulness, usability, and desirability, and it is these attributes that connect a product's function features to that value.(1) Value OpportunitiesValue Opportunities are a set of opportunities to add value to a product. Value Opportunities can be represented as seven classes of value attributes; Emotion, aesthestics , identity, ergonomics, impact, core technology, and quality; each relates with the product's feature of usefulness, usability and desirability, and contributes to changing the product's value. The concept and analysis approach were also first brought forward by Professor Jonathan Cagan and Professor Craig M. Vogel of Carnegie Mellon University and have been widely applied in schools and corporations.The contents of the value attributes see chart below;(2) Value Opportunity ChartsWe use the Value Opportunity to analyze the value opportunity of the product. Each attribute of product is qualitatively measured with ranges of low, medium and high. When the product meets some level of the attribute, a line is drawn for that.The Value Opportunity Charts can help teams to understand what Value Opportunity attributes the product team targeted and how well the product turned out. In the Value Opportunity Analysis ( VOA) , this new V0s8 chart is compared either with the chart of old product or with the chart of competitive products, so that designers can find which attribute aspects of our products have increased the value or how it can be to achieve abetter solution.(3) Ways to Increase ProfitIn order to position the product, increasing of the product's value must lead to a higher cost, which can be compensated by some ways such as increasing the price and the sold quality.The Map of Price and Cost Figure ( P57 ) shows that a profit increases with added value of product, i. e. , the profit margin is significantly higher for the higher-valued product.Four ways to increase profits are;①To increase the value of product-the profit increases according to the rising of value, so we can say that high-valued product brings in high profit.②To increase the price-Remarkably, to customers, the additional price for product should be accorded with the added value and should have the appropriate profit.③To establish strong brand equity, and thus to win customers-when the trust of brand is built up in the mind of customers, a long-ranged fixed users group will also be established, which leads to a higher quantity of product sale.④To lay the lower price than the competitive price for gaining the advantage of price and a strong share of the market. The product's costs can be reduced through the scientific and efficient design mean so that the costs will not be highly increased at the same time when the product's value has been increased greatly.With the methods above, the products with the characteristics of usefulness, usabilityand desirability can achieve a better market place and gain a better profit.现代工业设计1.现代工业设计的程序工业设计是一个从市场调研和分析开始，经过概念设计和细节设计，到加工制作，再到包装、广告和销售的全过程。