温度控制系统中英文对照外文翻译文献

单片机温度控制系统中英文资料外文翻译文献英文原文DescriptionThe at89s52 is a low-power, high-performance CMOS 8-bit microcomputer with 4K bytes of Flash Programmable and Erasable Read Only Memory (PEROM) and 128 bytes RAM. The device is manufactured using Atmel’s h igh density nonvolatile memory technology and is compatible with the industry standard MCS-51™ instruction set and pinout. The chip combines a versatile 8-bit CPU with Flash on a monolithic chip, the Atmelat89s52 is a powerful microcomputer which provides a highly flexible and cost effective solution to many embedded control applications.Features:• Compatible with MCS-51™ Products• 4K Bytes of In-System Reprogrammable Flash Memory• Endurance: 1,000 Write/Erase Cycles• Fully Static Operation: 0 Hz to 24 MHz• Three-Level Program Memory Lock• 128 x 8-Bit Internal RAM• 32 Programmable I/O Lines• Two 16-Bit Timer/Counters• Six Interrupt Sources• Programmable Serial Channel• Low Power Idle and Power Down ModesThe at89s52 provides the following standard features: 4K bytes of Flash, 128 bytes of RAM, 32 I/O lines, two 16-bit timer/counters, a five vectortwo-level interrupt architecture, a full duplex serial port, on-chip oscillator and clock circuitry. In addition, the at89s52 is designed with static logic for operation down to zero frequency and supports two software selectable power saving modes. The Idle Mode stops the CPU while allowing the RAM, timer/counters, serial port and interrupt system to continue functioning. The Power Down Mode saves the RAM contents but freezes the oscillator disabling all other chip functions until the next hardware reset.Pin Description:VCC Supply voltage.GND Ground.Port 0Port 0 is an 8-bit open drain bidirectional I/O port. As an output port each pin can sink eight TTL inputs. When is are written to port 0 pins, the pins can be used as high impedance inputs.Port 0 may also be configured to be the multiplexed loworderaddress/data bus during accesses to external program and data memory. In this mode P0 has internal pullups.Port 0 also receives the code bytes during Flash programming, and outputs the code bytes during program verification. External pullups are required during program verification.Port 1Port 1 is an 8-bit bidirectional I/O port with internal pullups. The Port 1 output buffers can sink/source four TTL inputs. When 1s are written to Port 1 pins they are pulled high by the internal pullups and can be used as inputs. As inputs, Port 1 pins that are externally being pulled low will source current (IIL) because of the internal pullups.Port 1 also receives the low-order address bytes during Flash programming and verification.Port 2Port 2 is an 8-bit bidirectional I/O port with internal pullups. The Port 2 output buffers can sink/source four TTL inputs. When 1s are written to Port 2 pins they are pulled high by the internal pullups and can be used as inputs. As inputs, Port 2 pins that are externally being pulled low will source current (IIL) because of the internal pullups.Port 2 emits the high-order address byte during fetches from external program memory and during accesses to external data memory that use 16-bit addresses (MOVX @ DPTR). In this application it uses strong internalpull-ups when emitting 1s. During accesses to external data memory that use 8-bit addresses (MOVX @ RI), Port 2 emits the contents of the P2 Special Function Register.Port 2 also receives the high-order address bits and some control signals during Flash programming and verification.Port 3Port 3 is an 8-bit bidirectional I/O port with internal pullups. The Port 3 output buffers can sink/source four TTL inputs. When 1s are written to Port 3 pins they are pulled high by the internal pullups and can be used as inputs. As inputs, Port 3 pins that are externally being pulled low will source current (IIL) because of the pullups.Port 3 also serves the functions of various special features of theat89s52 as listed below:Port 3 also receives some control signals for Flash programming andverification.RSTReset input. A high on this pin for two machine cycles while theoscillator is running resets the device.ALE/PROGAddress Latch Enable output pulse for latching the low byte of theaddress during accesses to external memory. This pin is also the program pulse input (PROG) during Flash programming.In normal operation ALE is emitted at a constant rate of 1/6 theoscillator frequency, and may be used for external timing or clockingpurposes. Note, however, that one ALE pulse is skipped during each access to external Data Memory.If desired, ALE operation can be disabled by setting bit 0 of SFRlocation 8EH. With the bit set, ALE is active only during a MOVX or MOVC instruction. Otherwise, the pin is weakly pulled high. Setting the ALE-disable bit has no effect if the microcontroller is in external execution mode.PSENProgram Store Enable is the read strobe to external program memory. When the at89s52 is executing code from external program memory, PSEN is activated twice each machine cycle, except that two PSENactivations are skipped during each access to external data memory.EA/VPPExternal Access Enable. EA must be strapped to GND in order to enable the device to fetch code from external program memory locations starting at 0000H up to FFFFH. Note, however, that if lock bit 1 is programmed, EA will be internally latched on reset. Port pinalternate functions P3.0rxd (serial input port) P3.1txd (serial output port) P3.2^int0 (external interrupt0) P3.3^int1 (external interrupt1) P3.4t0 (timer0 external input) P3.5t1 (timer1 external input) P3.6^WR (external data memory write strobe) P3.7 ^rd (external data memory read strobe)EA should be strapped to VCC for internal program executions.This pin also receives the 12-volt programming enable voltage(VPP) during Flash programming, for parts that require 12-volt VPP.XTAL1Input to the inverting oscillator amplifier and input to the internal clock operating circuit.XTAL2Output from the inverting oscillator amplifier.Oscillator CharacteristicsXTAL1 and XTAL2 are the input and output, respectively, of an inverting amplifier which can be configured for use as an on-chip oscillator, as shown in Figure 1. Either a quartz crystal or ceramic resonator may be used. To drive the device from an external clock source, XTAL2 should be left unconnected while XTAL1 is driven as shown in Figure 2. There are no requirements on the duty cycle of the external clock signal, since the input to the internal clocking circuitry is through a divide-by-two flip-flop, but minimum and maximum voltage high and low time specifications must be observed.Idle ModeIn idle mode, the CPU puts itself to sleep while all the onchip peripherals remain active. The mode is invoked by software. The content of the on-chip RAM and all the special functions registers remain unchanged during this mode. The idle mode can be terminated by any enabled interrupt or by a hardware reset.It should be noted that when idle is terminated by a hard ware reset, the device normally resumes program execution, from where it left off, up to two machine cycles before the internal reset algorithm takes control. On-chip hardware inhibits access to internal RAM in this event, but access to the port pins is not inhibited. To eliminate the possibility of an unexpected write to a port pin when Idle is terminated by reset, the instruction following the one that invokes Idle should not be one that writes to a port pin or to external memory.Status of External Pins During Idle and Power Down Modesmode Program memory ALE ^psen Port0 Port1Port2Port3idle internal 1 1 data data data Data Idle External 1 1 float Data data Data Power down Internal 0 0 Data Data Data Data Power down External 0 0 float data Data data Power Down ModeIn the power down mode the oscillator is stopped, and the instructionthat invokes power down is the last instruction executed. The on-chip RAMand Special Function Registers retain their values until the power down modeis terminated. The only exit from power down is a hardware reset. Resetredefines the SFRs but does not change the on-chip RAM. The reset shouldnot be activated before VCC is restored to its normal operating level andmust be held active long enough to allow the oscillator to restart andstabilize.Program Memory Lock BitsOn the chip are three lock bits which can be left unprogrammed (U) orcan be programmed (P) to obtain the additional features listed in the tablebelow:Lock Bit Protection ModesWhen lock bit 1 is programmed, the logic level at the EA pin issampled and latched during reset. If the device is powered up without a reset,the latch initializes to a random value, and holds that value until reset isactivated. It is necessary that the latched value of EA be in agreement with the current logic level at that pin in order for the device to function properly. Programming the Flash：The at89s52 is normally shipped with the on-chip Flash memory array in the erased state (that is, contents = FFH) and ready to be programmed.The programming interface accepts either a high-voltage (12-volt) or alow-voltage (VCC) program enable signal.The low voltage programming mode provides a convenient way to program the at89s52 inside the user’s system, while the high-voltage programming mode is compatible with conventional third party Flash or EPROM programmers.The at89s52 is shipped with either the high-voltage or low-voltage programming mode enabled. The respective top-side marking and device signature codes are listed in the following table.Vpp=12v Vpp=5vTop-side mark at89s52xxxxyywwat89s52xxxx-5yywwsignature (030H)=1EH(031H)=51H(032H)=FFH (030H)=1EH (031H)=51H (032H)=05HThe at89s52 code memory array is programmed byte-bybyte in either programming mode. To program any nonblank byte in the on-chip Flash Programmable and Erasable Read Only Memory, the entire memory must be erased using the Chip Erase Mode.Programming Algorithm:Before programming the at89s52, the address, data and control signals should be set up according to the Flash programming mode table and Figures 3 and 4. To program the at89s52, take the following steps.1. Input the desired memory location on the address lines.2. Input the appropriate data byte on the data lines.3. Activate the correct combination of control signals.4. Raise EA/VPP to 12V for the high-voltage programming mode.5. Pulse ALE/PROG once to program a byte in the Flash array or the lock bits. The byte-write cycle is self-timed and typically takes no more than 1.5 ms. Repeat steps 1 through 5, changing the address and data for the entire array or until the end of the object file is reached.Data Polling: The at89s52 features Data Polling to indicate the end of a write cycle. During a write cycle, an attempted read of the last byte written will result in the complement of the written datum on PO.7. Once the write cycle has been completed, true data are valid on all outputs, and the next cycle may begin. Data Polling may begin any time after a write cycle has been initiated.Ready/Busy: The progress of byte programming can also be monitored by the RDY/BSY output signal. P3.4 is pulled low after ALE goes high during programming to indicate BUSY. P3.4 is pulled high again when programming is done to indicate READY.Program Verify: If lock bits LB1 and LB2 have not been programmed, the programmed code data can be read back via the address and data lines for verification. The lock bits cannot be verified directly. Verification of the lock bits is achieved by observing that their features are enabled.Chip Erase: T he entire Flash Programmable and Erasable Read Only Memory array is erased electrically by using the proper combination of control signals and by holding ALE/PROG low for 10 ms. The code array is written with all “1”s. The chip erase operation must be executed before the code memory can be re-programmed.Reading the Signature Bytes: The signature bytes are read by the same procedure as a normal verification of locations 030H, 031H, and 032H, except that P3.6 and P3.7 must be pulled to a logic low. The values returned are as follows.(030H) = 1EH indicates manufactured by Atmel(031H) = 51H indicates 89C51(032H) = FFH indicates 12V programming(032H) = 05H indicates 5V programmingProgramming InterfaceEvery code byte in the Flash array can be written and the entire array can be erased by using the appropriate combination of control signals. The write operation cycle is selftimed and once initiated, will automatically time itself to completion.中文翻译描述at89s52是美国ATMEL公司生产的低电压，高性能CMOS8位单片机，片内含4Kbytes的快速可擦写的只读程序存储器（PEROM）和128 bytes 的随机存取数据存储器（RAM），器件采用ATMEL公司的高密度、非易失性存储技术生产，兼容标准MCS-51产品指令系统，片内置通用8位中央处理器（CPU）和flish存储单元，功能强大at89s52单片机可为您提供许多高性价比的应用场合，可灵活应用于各种控制领域。

温室环境监测和控制系统外文翻译文献(文档含中英文对照即英文原文和中文翻译)New Environment Parameters Monitoring And Control System For Greenhouse Based On Master-slave DistributedAbstractAccording to the actual need of monitoring and control of greenhouse environment parameters in rural areas,a master-slave distributed measurement and control system is designed,in which PC is taken as the host. The system consists of PC ,soil moisture measurement and control module,temperature and humidity, andCO2 monitoring and control module. In the system,PC has large amount of data storage which is easy to make use of fuzzy control expert system,configuration software-KingView is used to develop software for PC,by which the development cycle is shorten and a friendly human-computer interaction is provided.Each monitoring and control module consists of STC12 series of microcontrollers,sensors,relays etc.Different modules are select based on the need if system to achieve control greenhouse in partition and block.I INTRODUCTIONTo modern indoor agriculture, the automatic measurement and control of environment parameters is the key to achieve crop yield and quality of greenhouse.In recent years,facilities agriculture develops vigorously in our country,matched with it,the monitoring and control instrument of greenhouse have also made certain development.After nearly 10 years of unremitting hard work,our research team of measurement and control system of agriculture environment parameters,designed an intelligent measurement and control system of distribution combined of greenhouse which can be popularized in the vast rural areas.This system is mainly control of temperature,humidity,CO2 concentration,soil moisture and illumination of greenhouse.OF SCM,as the data storage is small,display interface is single,amount of information is limited,but its capability price ratio is high,so it is used as a front unit of data acquisition and control;and of PC,it has a large amount of data storage,rich software,convenient human-computer interaction,and so on.If we use outdated and low-priced PC,taking the PC as the upper machine,taking the different function control modules composed of multiple microcomputers as the lower machines,then a master-slave distributed and intelligent control system bases on microcomputer is made up,by which both better monitoring and control,display and data collection or management are achieved,but also lower cost of system is get according to the actual need.II SYSTEM STRUCTURE AND PRINCIPLEThe most marked feature of the distribution combined and intelligent control system greenhouse is that of incorporating with data acquisition, control and management as a whole,module combination, simple structure,convenient human-computer interaction,and using technology of intelligent expert fuzzycontrol,which can adapt to a variety of crop management control in greenhouse.The basic structure of the system is shown in Fig.1.The structure of the distributed system is composed of two layers:the upper and lower.In the top-price PC is taken as the host to make system management and experts fuzzy operation in intelligent,and to provide a friendlyhuman-computer interface,and to realize the united monitoring and management of greenhouse; the lower is composed of a series of modules of different function,and in each module,a single chip of AT89C is adopted as the lower machine,RS485 is used to communicate PC with all AT89C,and then the collection,processing and control of the greenhouse parameters is achieved.Each function module is completely isolated in electrical,any failure on the nodule does not produce any effect on other modules.The system collects separately ways of environment information through each monitoring and control module,and sends it to host PC through the RS485 interface.And in the PC configuration control system,the acquired parameters are compared with the values of setting,then according to a variety of expert intelligent fuzzy control system of crops at different growth stages,the fuzzy control instructions on the environment temperature,humidity,CO2 concentration,soil water content and the corresponding operation instructions or alarm are given.The system is applied in rural greenhouses in ually at 1/4 near East and West end in a greenhouse,and at the height of 1.5m from the ground in the middle in the northern half (near the wet curtain) and the southern half (near the fan ),a module of air temperature and humidity ,CO2 concentration and a module of soil moisture content are set;a module of soil moisture content will be added in the middle of the greenhouse according to the actual condition;at the height of 1.5m in the main entrance,a water tank is set,of which the solenoid of drip tube should be set based on the need and controlled by module of soil moisture content;and the PC is placed in the main entrance to the greenhouse.III HARDWARE DESIGNA.The CP and communication systemIn the distributed system of data acquisition and control,as the micro control unit is limited in data storage and slow in calculating of complex functions,so PC is used and the master-slave module is adopted in the system,that is a system of,taking PC as the host and taking the SCM systems located in the scene as slave.In this distributed system,communication is the key to it.Generally,the serial port of PC is standard RS232,of which transmission distance is shorter.But in agriculture control system.its communication distance is of tens of meters or several kilometers, so RS232/RS485 converter is used to achieve communication between the PC and SCM.To reduce investment,both considering the user convenience and friendly human-computer interaction,low-price PC of above 486 and below PIV is adopted;and considering the operation of configuration software,it is required that memory is 64M or above and hard disk is 10Gb or above.B. The control modules of temperature and humidity,illuminance and CO2 concentrationEach control unit consists of SCM,sensors,signal processing circuit,RS485 interface and output circuit.The hardware structure of module of temperature and humidity,CO2 concentration is shown in Fig.2.CO2concentration is measured by sensor based on NDIR technology,measurement is of 0~2×103mol.Through the sensor,control system,by software of digital filter,linear interpolation and temperature compensation,the CO2 concentration is output as digital adhered to UART protocol,and then is input directly to the SCM.The new intelligent sensor of SHT11 based on CMOSens technology is chosen in the measurement of temperature and humidity.In SHT11,the temperature and humidity sensors,signal amplification,A/D,I2C bus are all integrated in a chip;it has full-scale calibration,second-line digital output,and humidity measuring range of 0~100% RH,temperature measurement range of -40℃~+123.8℃,humidity measurement accuracy of ±3.0% RH,temperature measurement accuracy of ±0.4℃,the response time of <4s.The illuminance sensor of JY1-TBQ-6 of silicon photovoltaic detection is used Light measuring.Its measurement range is 0~200,000 Lux;spectral range is 400~700(nm) visible light;measurement error is less than 2%; output is 4~20mA or 0~20mV;output signal can be directly send to the A/D of the SCM after being amplified to 0~4V.Modules accept the instructions form the the Upper,and output via the output circuit .The output circuit consists of optical isolation,the signal driver and the output relays.C. The measurement and control modules of soil moistureWater is a polar medium, the dielectric constant of the soil containing water is mainly determined by the water,when water content is different,the wave impedance is different.The soil moisture is measured by standing wave radio method in thissystem.Based on the theory of Engineering Electromagnetic Field,for lossy medium,the electromagnetic wave impedance as follows:Z0=√μ/ε(1+jλ/(ωε))Where μ is medium permeability,and μ of soil is μ≈μ0 is the vacuum permeability;ε is medium dielectric constant;λ is medium conductivity;ω is electromagnetic wave frequency.In the very low audio(<2000Hz),the loss tangent of dry soil dielectric is λ/ωε≈0.07,if you choose the frequency of the si gnal source at above 20MHz.then,ε≈ε∞,the imaginary part of the soil wave impedance is neglect,only the real part,which amounts to a pure resistance.Soil moisture sensor consists of 100MHz signal source,a coaxial transmission line and a 4-pin stainless probe.The electromagnetic waves of signal transmit to the probe along the lines.As the probe impedance and line impedance are different,the superimposition of incident waves and reflected waves forms a standing waves.Taking the coaxial transmission line as a lossless uniform line,wave impedance is Z0,Z l is the load impedance.Then the reflected coefficient of voltage wave at the probe is:Γ=（Z L-Z0）/(Z L+Z0)Choosing the length of transmission line is l=λ/4,the maximum and minimum of both ends of the line are U max and U min,Then the standing wave radio in the line can be expressed as:S=U max /U min =(1-|Γ|)/(1+|Γ|)In the way,the soil moisture radio can be measured by measuring the standing wave rate of transmission line.As shown in Fig.3.,soil moisture module consists of sensors and controllers,the sensors are subordinated to controllers,controllers can be omitted without the need of irrigation in greenhouse.To simplify the control,irrigation technology of node-type in partition is adopted in the control soil moisture in this system.To a certain extent,the parameters of upper and lower the ground can be decoupled by adopting this technology.IV CONTROL SYSTEM PROGRAMMINGThe software of PC is developed by KingView 6.51 of Beijing-controlled Asia.This configuration software has high reliability,shorter development cycle,perfect capability of graphical interface generation,and friendly human-computer interaction;and can create dynamic images and charts in accordance with the layout of equipment in the scene;can visually display the changes of parameters,control status,and can give an alarm when over-limited;and can achieve fuzzy control of greenhouse parameters by using the history curve of environment parameters stored in the specific database and adopting the agricultural expert system.The software of SCM of the slave is developed by Keil C51 to achieve real-time collecting,processing,uploading of the parameters and accept the fuzzy control instructions from the host computer and complete local control of the device.A.Program design of the control moduleThe software of the sub-slave machine of soil moisture module,that include the main function,subroutines of data acquisition and processing,interrupt handling andcommunicating etc,read the value of standing wave voltage through the parallel data port and obtained the value of soil moisture content by function calculating.The software of the slave machine of monitoring and control of soil moisture mainly complete data communication with the sub-slave machine,uploading measurement data and current control state to the host computer,accepting the fuzzy control instructions from the host computer and output the implementation instructions.The software of the slave machine of temperature and humidity,and CO2 mainly complete reading data of CO2 concentrations and temperature and humidity through the I2C concentration,uploading measurement data and current control state to the host computer,accepting the fuzzy control instructions from the host computer and output the implementation instructions.The structure of the main program and interrupt subroutine of temperature and humidity module are shown in Fig.4.The serial interrupt mode 3 is adopted by all slaves to communicate with the host,transmit the digital collecting and receive instructions.B. Program design of PC and fuzzy control system1)The communication settings of KingView 6.51:In order to ensure the correctness of communication,the upper and lower must follow the same communication protocol,set the communication ually in communication,master-slave mode is adopted in style and responder is adopted in the process.That is ,the master sent a command to the slave first,then et slave give an answer after receiving the command,thus once communication is completed.In KingView ,a scheduled polling method is adopted to do reading and writing between the lower machine by PC.In the project browser of KingView,first,click device →COM1;in the wizard of device configuration,select intelligent modules→SCM→current SCM of HEX→serial port,and then ser parameters for the host computer’s communication.2)The connection of KingView 6.51 and database:Database is the core of the software,that not only contains the definition of variables,real-time parameters and the historical parameters,but also is needed by parameters alarming,fuzzy calculating,reporting ,and displaying.Access2003 desktop database is used as records database of the system,and by using SQL,it is operated by KingView via ODBC.The procedure is :to create data variables in KingView to create a body of records toestablish a data source of ODBC to create query screens and make the screen connection.To connected with Microsoft Access2003,the functions of SQLConnect(),SQLSelect(),SQLLast(),SQLNext(),SQLFist(),SQLPrew(),SQLInsrt() ,and so on,should be implemented in the command language,and then real-time storage and inquiry of data are completed.3)Software design of PC :For the control system of greenhouse,data storage capacity of the PC is unlimited,so if the existing mature software modules are include into the system,it both be relaxed and can improve the system reliability.The software of software consists of control module and management module.V CONCLUSIONAccording to the economic bearing capacity of farmer in Qinhuangdao ,with the existing technology of monitoring and control of environment parameters of greenhouse,a master-slave distributed automatic control system of greenhouse environment in which PC is taken as the host computer is developed.The system has following characteristics:1)With the large amount of data storage of PC,fuzzy control expert system is easy of data storage,modification and system upgrading.2)By using KingView to develop software of PC,the system reliability is improved,and the development cycle is shorten,and a friendly human-computer interface is get.3)A distributed and modular structure is used in the system,it makes the system maintenance easier and adapts to production needs more. The monitoring and control modules of the slave are connected to the host through the RS485 bus based on needs,then the control of greenhouse in partition or block can be achieved.基于新的温室环境参数监测和控制系统根据实际在农村地区的温室环境参数的监测和控制，主从分布式测量和控制系统的设计需要，以其中一台计算机作为主机，该系统由PC、土壤水分测量和控制模块，温度、湿度、CO2监测和控制模块组成。

Design of the Temperature Control System Based on AT89C51ABSTRACTThe principle and functions of the temperature control system based on micro controller AT89C51 are studied, and the temperature measurement unit consists of the 1-Wire bus digital temperature sensor DS18B20. The system can be expected to detect the preset temperature, display time and save monitoring data. An alarm will be given by system if the temperature exceeds the upper and lower limit value of the temperature which can be set discretionarily and then automatic control is achieved, thus the temperature is achieved monitoring intelligently within a certain range. Basing on principle of the system, it is easy to make a variety of other non-linear control systems so long as the software design is reasonably changed. The system has been proved to be accurate, reliable and satisfied through field practice.KEYWORDS: AT89C51; micro controller; DS18B20; temperature1 INTRODUCTIONTemperature is a very important parameter in human life. In the modern society, temperature control (TC) is not only used in industrial production, but also widely used in other fields. With the improvement of the life quality, we can find the TC appliance in hotels, factories and home as well. And the trend that TC will better serve the whole society, so it is of great significance to measure and control the temperature. Based on the AT89C51 and temperature sensor DS18B20, this system controls the condition temperature intelligently. The temperature can be set discretionarily within a certain range. The system can show the time on LCD, and save monitoring data; and automatically control the temperature when the condition temperature exceeds the upper and lower limit value. By doing so it is to keep the temperature unchanged. The system is of high anti-jamming, high control precision and flexible design; it also fits the rugged environment. It is mainly used in people's life to improve the quality of the work and life. It is also versatile, so that it can beconvenient to extend the use of the system. So the design is of profound importance. The general design, hardware design and software design of the system are covered.1.1 IntroductionThe 8-bit AT89C51 CHMOS microcontrollers are designed to handle high-speed calculations and fast input/output operations. MCS 51 microcontrollers are typically used for high-speed event control systems. Commercial applications include modems, motor-control systems, printers, photocopiers, air conditioner control systems, disk drives, and medical instruments. The automotive industry use MCS 51 microcontrollers in engine-control systems, airbags, suspension systems, and antilock braking systems (ABS). The AT89C51 is especially well suited to applications that benefit from its processing speed and enhanced on-chip peripheral functions set, such as automotive power-train control, vehicle dynamic suspension, antilock braking, and stability control applications. Because of these critical applications, the market requires a reliable cost-effective controller with a low interrupt latency response, ability to service the high number of time and event driven integrated peripherals needed in real time applications, and a CPU with above average processing power in a single package. The financial and legal risk of having devices that operate unpredictably is very high. Once in the market, particularly in mission critical applications such as an autopilot or anti-lock braking system, mistakes are financially prohibitive. Redesign costs can run as high as a $500K, much more if the fix means 2 back annotating it across a product family that share the same core and/or peripheral design flaw. In addition, field replacements of components is extremely expensive, as the devices are typically sealed in modules with a total value several times that of the component. To mitigate these problems, it is essential that comprehensive testing of the controllers be carried out at both the component level and system level under worst case environmental and voltage conditions. This complete and thorough validation necessitates not only a well-defined process but also a proper environment and tools to facilitate and execute the mission successfully. Intel Chandler Platform Engineering group provides post silicon system validation (SV)of various micro-controllers and processors. The system validation process can be broken into three major parts. The type of the device and its application requirements determine which types of testing are performed on the device.1.2 The AT89C51 provides the following standard features4Kbytes of Flash, 128 bytes of RAM, 32 I/O lines, two 16-bittimer/counters, a five vector two-level interrupt architecture, a full duple ser-ial port, on-chip oscillator and clock circuitry. In addition, the AT89C51 is designed with static logic for operation down to zero frequency and supports two software selectable power saving modes. The Idle Mode stops the CPU while allowing the RAM, timer/counters, serial port and interrupt sys -tem to continue functioning. The Power-down Mode saves the RAM contents but freezes the oscil–lator disabling all other chip functions until the next hardware reset.1.3Pin DescriptionVCC Supply voltage.GND Ground.Port 0：Port 0 is an 8-bit open-drain bi-directional I/O port. As an output port, each pin can sink eight TTL inputs. When 1s are written to port 0 pins, the pins can be used as high impedance inputs. Port 0 may also be configured to be the multiplexed low order address/data bus during accesses to external program and data memory. In this mode P0 has internal pull ups. Port 0 also receives the code bytes during Flash programming, and outputs the code bytes during program verification. External pull ups are required during program verification.Port 1：Port 1 is an 8-bit bi-directional I/O port with internal pull ups. The Port 1 output buffers can sink/so -urce four TTL inputs. When 1s are written to Port 1 pins they are pulled high by the internal pull ups and can be used as inputs. As inputs, Port 1 pins that are externally being pulled low will source current (IIL) because of the internal pullups. Port 1 also receives the low-order address bytes during Flash programming and verification.Port 2：Port 2 is an 8-bit bi-directional I/O port with internal pullups. The Port 2 output buffers can sink/source four TTL inputs. When 1s are written to Port 2 pins they are pulled high by the internal pull ups and can be used as inputs. As inputs, Port 2 pins that are externally being pulled low will source current (IIL) because of the internal pull ups. Port 2 emits the high-order address byte during fetches from external program memory and during accesses to Port 2 pins that are externally being pulled low will source current (IIL) because of the internal pull ups. Port 2 emits the high-order address byte during fetches from external program memory and during accesses to external data memory that use 16-bit addresses (MOVX@DPTR). In this application, it uses strong internal pull-ups when emitting 1s. During accesses to external data memory that use 8-bit addresses (MOVX @ RI), Port 2 emits the contents of the P2 Special Function Register. Port 2 also receives the high-order address bits and some control signals durin Flash programming and verification.Port 3：Port 3 is an 8-bit bi-directional I/O port with internal pull ups. The Port 3 output buffers can sink/sou -rce four TTL inputs. When 1s are written to Port 3 pins they are pulled high by the internal pull ups and can be used as inputs. As inputs, Port 3 pins that are externally being pulled low will source current (IIL) because of the pull ups.Port 3 also serves the functions of various special features of the AT89C51 as listed below:RST：Reset input. A high on this pin for two machine cycles while the oscillator is running resets the device.ALE/PROG：Address Latch Enable output pulse for latching the low byte of the address during accesses to external memory. This pin is also the program pulse input (PROG) during Flash programming. In normal operation ALE is emitted at a constant rate of 1/6 the oscillator frequency, and may be used for external timing or clocking purposes. Note, however, that one ALE pulse is skipped duri-ng each access to external Data Memory. If desired, ALE operation can be disabled by setting bit 0 of SFR location 8EH. With the bit set, ALE is active only during a MOVX or MOVC instruction. Otherwise, the pin is weakly pulled high. Setting the ALE-disable bit has no effect if the microcontroller is in external execution mode.PSEN：Program Store Enable is the read strobe to external programmemory. When theAT89C51 is executing code from external program memory, PSEN is activated twice each machine cycle, except that two PSEN activations are skipped during each access to external data memory.EA/VPP：External Access Enable. EA must be strapped to GND in order to enable the device to fetch code from external program memory locations starting at 0000H up to FFFFH. Note, however, that if lock bit 1 is programmed, EA will be internally latched on reset. EA should be strapped to VCC for internal program executions. This pin alsreceives the 12-volt programming enable voltage (VPP) during Flash programming, for parts that require 12-volt VPP.XTAL1：Input to the inverting oscillator amplifier and input to the internal clock operating circuit.XTAL2 ：Output from the inverting oscillator amplifier. Oscillator CharacteristicsXTAL1 and XTAL2 are the input and output, respectively, of an inverting amplifier which can be configured for use as an on-chip oscillator, as shown in Figure 1. Either a quartz crystal or ceramic resonator may be used. To drive the device from an external clock source, XTAL2 should be left unconnected while XTAL1 is driven as shown in Figure 2.There are no requirements on the duty cycle of the external clock signal, since the input to the internal clocking circuitry is through a divide-by-two flip-flop, but minimum and maximum voltage high and low time specifications must be observed. Idle Mode In idle mode, the CPU puts itself to sleep while all the on chip peripherals remain active. The mode is invoked by software. The content of the on-chip RAM and all the special functions registers remain unchanged during this mode. The idle mode can be terminated by any enabled interrupt or by a hardware reset. It should be noted that when idle is terminated by a hard ware reset, the device normally resumes program execution, from where it left off, up to two machine cycles before the internal reset algorithm takes control. On-chip hardware inhibits access to internal RAM in this event, but access to the port pins is not inhibited. To eliminate the possibility of an unexpected write to a port pin when Idle is terminated by reset, the instruction following the one that invokes Idle should not be one that writes to a port pin or to external memory.Power-down ModeIn the power-down mode, the oscillator is stopped, and the instruction that invokes power-down is the last instruction executed. The on-chip RAM and Special Function Registers retain their values until the power-down mode is terminated. The only exit from power-down is a hardware reset. Reset redefines the SFRS but does not change the on-chip RAM. The reset should not be activated before VCC is restored to its normal operating level and must be held active long enough to allow the oscillator to restart and stabilize. The AT89C51 code memory array is programmed byte-by byte in either programming mode. To program any nonblank byte in the on-chip Flash Memory, the entire memory must be erased using the Chip Erase Mode.2 Programming AlgorithmBefore programming the AT89C51, the address, data and control signals should be set up according to the Flash programming mode table and Figure 3 and Figure 4. To program the AT89C51, take the following steps.1. Input the desired memory location on the address lines.2. Input the appropriate data byte on the data lines. 3. Activate the correct combination of control signals. 4. Raise EA/VPP to 12V for the high-voltage programming mode.5. Pulse ALE/PROG once to program a byte in the Flash array or the lock bits. The byte-write cycle is self-timed and typically takes no more than 1.5 ms. Repeat steps 1 through 5, changing the address and data for the entire array or until the end of the object file is reached. Data Polling: The AT89C51 features Data Polling to indicate the end of a write cycle. During a write cycle, an attempted read of the last byte written will result in the complement of the written datum on PO.7. Once the write cycle has been completed, true data are valid on all outputs, and the next cycle may begin. Data Polling may begin any time after a write cycle has been initiated.2.1Ready/Busy:The progress of byte programming can also be monitored by the RDY/BSY output signal. P3.4 is pulled low after ALE goes high during programming to indicate BUSY. P3.4 is pulled high again when programming is done toindicate READY.Program Verify:If lock bits LB1 and LB2 have not been programmed, the programmed code data can be read back via the address and data lines for verification. The lock bits cannot be verified directly. Verification of the lock bits is achieved by observing that their features are enabled.2.2 Chip Erase:The entire Flash array is erased electrically by using the proper combination of control signals and by holding ALE/PROG low for 10 ms. The code array is written with all “1”s. The chip erase operation must be executed before the code memory can be re-programmed.2.3 Reading the Signature Bytes:The signature bytes are read by the same procedure as a normal verification of locations 030H, 031H, and 032H, except that P3.6 and P3.7 must be pulled to a logic low. The values returned areas follows.(030H) = 1EH indicates manufactured by Atmel(031H) = 51H indicates 89C51(032H) = FFH indicates 12V programming(032H) = 05H indicates 5V programming2.4 Programming InterfaceEvery code byte in the Flash array can be written and the entire array can be erased by using the appropriate combination of control signals. The write operation cycle is self timed and once initiated, will automatically time itself to completion. A microcomputer interface converts information between two forms. Outside the microcomputer the information handled by an electronic system exists as a physical signal, but within the program, it is represented numerically. The function of any interface can be broken down into a number of operations which modify the data in some way, so that the process of conversion between the external and internal forms is carried out in a number of steps. An analog-to-digital converter(ADC) is used to convert a continuously variable signal to a corresponding digital form which can take any one of a fixed number of possible binary values. If the output of thetransducer does not vary continuously, no ADC is necessary. In this case the signal conditioning section must convert the incoming signal to a form which can be connected directly to the next part of the interface, the input/output section of the microcomputer itself. Output interfaces take a similar form, the obvious difference being that here the flow of information is in the opposite direction; it is passed from the program to the outside world. In this case the program may call an output subroutine which supervises the operation of the interface and performs the scaling numbers which may be needed for digital-to-analog converter(DAC). This subroutine passes information in turn to an output device which produces a corresponding electrical signal, which could be converted into analog form using a DAC. Finally the signal is conditioned(usually amplified) to a form suitable for operating an actuator. The signals used within microcomputer circuits are almost always too small to be connected directly to the outside world” and some kind of interface must be used to translate them to a more appropriate form. The design of section of interface circuits is one of the most important tasks facing the engineer wishing to apply microcomputers. We have seen that in microcomputers information is represented as discrete patterns of bits; this digital form is most useful when the microcomputer is to be connected to equipment which can only be switched on or off, where each bit might represent the state of a switch or actuator. To solve real-world problems, a microcontroller must have more than just a CPU, a program, and a data memory. In addition, it must contain hardware allowing the CPU to access information from the outside world. Once the CPU gathers information and processes the data, it must also be able to effect change on some portion of the outside world. These hardware devices, called peripherals, are the CPU’s window to the outside.The most basic form of peripheral available on microcontrollers is the general purpose I70 port. Each of the I/O pins can be used as either an input or an output. The function of each pin is determined by setting or clearing corresponding bits in a corresponding data direction register during the initialization stage of a program. Each output pin may be driven to either a logic one or a logic zero by using CPU instructions to pinmay be viewed (or read.) by the CPU using program instructions. Some type of serial unit is included on microcontrollers to allow the CPU to communicate bit-serially with external devices. Using a bit serial format instead of bit-parallel format requires fewer I/O pins to perform the communication function, which makes it less expensive, but slower. Serial transmissions are performed either synchronously or asynchronously.3 SYSTEM GENERAL DESIGNThe hardware block diagram of the TC is shown in Fig. 1. The system hardware includes the micro controller, temperature detection circuit, keyboard control circuit, clock circuit, Display, alarm, drive circuit and external RAM. Based on the AT89C51, the DS18B20 will transfer the temperature signal detected to digital signal. And the signal is sent to the micro controller for processing. At last the temperature value is showed on the LCD 12232F. These steps are used to achieve the temperature detection. Using the keyboard interface chip HD7279 to set the temperature value, using the micro controller to keep a certain temperature, and using the LCD to show the preset value for controlling the temperature. In addition, the clock chip DS1302 is used to show time and the external RAM 6264 is used to save the monitoring data. An alarm will be given by buzzer in time if the temperature exceeds the upper and lower limit value of the temperature.3.1 HARDWARE DESIGNA. Micro controllerThe AT89C51 is a low-power, high-performance CMOS 8-bit micro controller with 4K bytes of in-system programmable Flash memory. The device is manufactured using At mel’s high-density nonvolatile memory technology and is compatible with the industry-standard 80C51 instruction set and pin out. The on-chip Flash allows the program memory to be reprogrammed in-system or by a conventional nonvolatile memory programmer. By combining a versatile 8-bit CPU with in-system programmable Flash on a monolithic chip, the At mel AT89C51 is a powerful micro controller which provides a highly-flexible and cost-effective solution to many embedded control applications. Minimum system of the micro controller is shown inFig. 2. In order to save monitoring data, the 6264 is used as an external RAM. It is a static RAM chip, low-power with 8K bytes memory.B. Temperature Detection CircuitThe temperature sensor is the key part in the system. The Dallas DS18B20 is used, which supports the 1-Wire bus interface, and the ON-BOARD Patented is used internally. All the sensor parts and the converting circuit are integrated in integrated circuit like a transistor [1]. Its measure range is -55℃~125 ℃, and the precision between -10℃~85℃is ±0.5℃[2 ,3]. The temperature collected by the DS18B20 is transmitted in the 1-Wire bus way, and this highly raises the system anti-jamming and makes it fit in situ temperature measurement of the rugged environment [4]. There are two power supply ways for the DS18B20. The first is external power supply: the first pin of the DS18B20 is connected to the ground; the second pin serves as signal wire and the third is connected to the power. The second way is parasite power supply [5]. As the parasite power supply will lead to the complexity of the hardware circuit, the difficulty of the software control and the performance degradation of the chip, etc. But the DS18B20(s) can be connected to the I/O port of the micro controller in the external power supply way and it is more popular. Therefore the external power supply is used and the second pin is connected to the pin P1.3 of the AT89S51. Actually, if there are multipoint to be detected, the DS18B20(s) can be connected to the 1-Wire bus. But when the number is over 8, there is a concern to the driving and the more complex software design as well as the length of the 1-Wire bus. Normally it is no more than 50m. To achieve distant control, the system can be designed in to a wireless one to breakthe length limit of the 1-Wire bus [6].C. LCD CircuitThe LCD 12232F is used, which can be used to show characters, temperature value and time, and supply a friendly display interface. The 12232F is a LCD with 8192 128×32 pixels Chinese character database and 128 16×8 pixels ASCII character set graphics. It mainly consists of row drive/column drive and 128×32 full lattice LCD with the function of displaying graphics as well as 7.5×2 Chinese characters. It is in aparallel or serial mode to connect to external CPU [7]. In order to economize the hardware resource, the 12232F should be connected to the AT89S51 in serial mode with only 4 output ports used. The LCD grayscale can be changed by adjusting the variable resistor connected the pin Vlcd of the LCD. CLK is used to transmit serial communication clock. SID is used to transmit serial data. CS is used to enable control the LCD. L+ is used to control the LCD backlight power.D. Clock CircuitThe Dallas DS18B20 is used, which is a high performance, low-power and real-time clock chip with RAM. The DS18B20 serves in the system with calendar clock and is used to monitor the time. The time data is read and processed by the AT89C51 and then displayed by the LCD. Also the time can be adjusted by the keyboard. The DS18B20 crystal oscillator is set at 32768Hz, and the recommended compensation capacitance is 6pF. The oscillator frequency is lower, so it might be possible not to connect the capacitor, and this would not make a big difference to the time precision. The backup power supply can be connected to a 3.6V rechargeable battery.E. Keyboard Control CircuitThe keyboard interface in the system is driven by the HD7279A which has a +5V single power supply and which is connected to the keyboard and display without using any active-device. According to the basic requirements and functions of the system, only 6 buttons are needed. The system's functions are set by the AT89C51 receiving the entered data. In order to save the external resistor, the 1×6 keyboard is used, and the keyboard codes are defined as: 07H, 0FH, 17H, 1FH, 27H, 2FH. The order can be read out by reading the code instruction. HD7279A is connected to the AT89S51 in serial mode and only 4 ports are need. As shown in Fig. 6, DIG0~DIG5 and DP are respectively the column lines and row line ports of the six keys which achieve keyboard monitoring, decoding and key codes identification.F. Alarm CircuitIn order to simplify the circuit and convenient debugging, a 5V automatic buzzer is used in the alarm circuit [8]. And this make the software programming simplified. As shown in Fig. 7, it is controlled bythe PNP transistor 9012 whose base is connected to the pin P2.5 of the AT89C51. When the temperature exceeds the upper and lower limit value, the P2.5 output low level which makes the transistor be on and then an alarm is given by the buzzer.G. Drive CircuitA step motor is used as the drive device to control the temperature. The four-phase and eight-beat pulse distribution mode is used to drive motor and the simple delay program is used to handle the time interval between the pulses to obtain different rotational speed. There are two output states for the step motor. One: when the temperature is over the upper value, the motor rotates reversely (to low the temperature), while when lower than the lower limit value, the motor rotates normally (to raise the temperature); besides not equals the preset value. Two: when the temperature is at somewhere between the two ends and equals the preset value, the motor stops. These steps are used to achieve the temperature control. In addition, the motor speed can also be adjusted by relative buttons. As shown in Fig. 8, the code data is input through ports A11~A8 (be P2.3~P2.0) of the AT89C51 and inverted output by the inverter 74LS04. Finally it is amplified by the power amplifier 2803A to power the motor.3.2 SOFTWARE DESIGNAccording to the general design requirement and hardware circuit principle of the system, as well as the improvement of the program readability, transferability and the convenient debugging, the software design is modularized. The system flow mainly includes the following 8 steps: POST (Power-on self-test), system initiation, temperature detection, alarm handling, temperature control, clock chip DS18B20 operation, LCD and keyboard operation. The main program flow is shown in Fig. 9. Give a little analysis to the above 8 tasks, it is easy to find out that the last five tasks require the real time operation. But to the temperature detection it can be achieved with timer0 timing 1 second, that is to say temperature detection occurs per second. The system initiation includes global variable definition, RAM initiation, special function register initiation and peripheral equipment initiation. Global variable definition mainly finishes the interface definition of external interfacechip connected to the AT89C51, and special definition of some memory units. RAM initiation mainly refers to RAM processing. For example when the system is electrified the time code will be stored in the internal unit address or the scintillation flag will be cleared. The special function register initiation includes loading the initial value of timer and opening the interrupt. For example, when the system is electrified the timer is initialized. The peripheral equipment initiation refers to set the initial value of peripheral equipment. For example, when the system is electrified, the LCD should be initialized, the start-up display should be called, the temperature conversion command should be issued firstly and the clock chip DS18B20 should also be initialized. The alarm handling is mainly the lowering and the raising of temperature to make the temperature remain with the preset range. When the temperature is between the upper and the lower limit value, it goes to temperature control handling, that is to say the temperature need to be raised or lowered according to the preset value. By doing so make the condition temperature equal to the preset value and hence to reach the temperature target.4 CONCLUSIONThe temperature control system has the advantages of friendly human-computer interaction interface, simple hardware, low cost, high temperature control precision (error in the range of ±1 ℃), convenience and versatility, etc. It can be widely used in the occasions with -55℃to 125℃range, and there is a certain practical value.。

单片机温度控制系统论文中英文资料对照外文翻译文献原文题目：Single-chip microcomputer temperature control system DescriptionThe at89s52 is a low-power, high-performance CMOS 8-bit microcomputer with 4K bytes of Flash Programmable and Erasable Read Only Memory (PEROM) and 128 bytes RAM. The device is manufactured using Atmel’s high density nonvolatile memory technology and is compatible with the industry standard MCS-51™ instruction set and pinout. The chip combines a versatile 8-bit CPU with Flash on a monolithic chip, the Atmel at89s52 is a powerful microcomputer which provides a highly flexible and cost effective solution to many embedded control applications.Features:• Compatible with MCS-51™ Products• 4K Bytes of In-System Reprogrammable Flash Memory• Endurance: 1,000 Write/Erase Cycles• Fully Static Operation: 0 Hz to 24 MHz• Three-Level Program Memory Lock• 128 x 8-Bit Internal RAM• 32 Programmable I/O Lines• Two 16-Bit Timer/Counters• Six Interrupt Sources• Programmable Serial Channel• Low Power Idle and Po wer Down ModesThe at89s52 provides the following standard features: 4K bytes of Flash, 128 bytes of RAM, 32 I/O lines, two 16-bit timer/counters, a five vector two-level interrupt architecture, a full duplex serial port, on-chip oscillator and clock circuitry. In addition, the at89s52 is designed with static logic for operation down to zero frequency and supports two software selectable power saving modes. The Idle Mode stops the CPU while allowing the RAM,timer/counters, serial port and interrupt system to continue functioning. The Power Down Mode saves the RAM contents but freezes the oscillator disabling all other chip functions until the next hardware reset.Pin Description:VCC Supply voltage.GND Ground.Port 0Port 0 is an 8-bit open drain bidirectional I/O port. As an output port each pin can sink eight TTL inputs. When is are written to port 0 pins, the pins can be used as high impedance inputs.Port 0 may also be configured to be the multiplexed loworder address/data bus during accesses to external program and data memory. In this mode P0 has internal pullups.Port 0 also receives the code bytes during Flash programming, and outputs the code bytes during program verification. External pullups are required during program verification.Port 1Port 1 is an 8-bit bidirectional I/O port with internal pullups. The Port 1 output buffers can sink/source four TTL inputs. When 1s are written to Port 1 pins they are pulled high by the internal pullups and can be used as inputs. As inputs, Port 1 pins that are externally being pulled low will source current (IIL) because of the internal pullups.Port 1 also receives the low-order address bytes during Flash programming and verification.Port 2Port 2 is an 8-bit bidirectional I/O port with internal pullups. The Port 2 output buffers can sink/source four TTL inputs. When 1s are written to Port 2 pins they are pulled high by the internal pullups and can be used as inputs. As inputs, Port 2 pins that are externally being pulled low will source current (IIL) because of the internal pullups.Port 2 emits the high-order address byte during fetches from external program memory and during accesses to external data memory that use 16-bit addresses (MOVX @ DPTR). In this application it uses strong internal pull-ups when emitting 1s. During accesses to external data memory that use 8-bit addresses (MOVX @ RI), Port 2 emits the contents of the P2 Special Function Register.Port 2 also receives the high-order address bits and some control signals during Flash programming and verification.Port 3Port 3 is an 8-bit bidirectional I/O port with internal pullups. The Port 3 output buffers can sink/source four TTL inputs. When 1s are written to Port 3 pins they are pulled high by the internal pullups and can be used as inputs. As inputs, Port 3 pins that are externally being pulled low will source current (IIL) because of the pullups.Port 3 also serves the functions of various special features of the at89s52 as listed below:Port pin alternate functionsP3.0 rxd (serial input port)P3.1 txd (serial output port)P3.2 ^int0 (external interrupt0)Port 3 also receivessome control signals forFlash programming andverification. RSTReset input. A high on this pin for two machine cycles while the oscillator is runningresets the device.ALE/PROGAddress Latch Enable output pulse for latching the low byte of the address duringaccesses to external memory. This pin is also the program pulse input (PROG) during Flash programming.In normal operation ALE is emitted at a constant rate of 1/6 the oscillator frequency, and may be used for external timing or clocking purposes. Note, however, that one ALE pulse is skipped during each access to external Data Memory.If desired, ALE operation can be disabled by setting bit 0 of SFR location 8EH. With the bit set, ALE is active only during a MOVX or MOVC instruction. Otherwise, the pin is weakly pulled high. Setting the ALE-disable bit has no effect if the microcontroller is in external execution mode.PSENProgram Store Enable is the read strobe to external program memory.When the at89s52 is executing code from external program memory, PSEN is activated twice each machine cycle, except that two PSEN activations are skipped during each access to external data memory.EA/VPPExternal Access Enable. EA must be strapped to GND in order to enable the device to fetch code from external program memory locations starting at 0000H up to FFFFH. Note, however, that if lock bit 1 is programmed, EA will be internally latched on reset.EA should be strapped to VCC for internal program executions.This pin also receives the 12-volt programming enable voltage(VPP) during Flashprogramming, for parts that require 12-volt VPP.XTAL1Input to the inverting oscillator amplifier and input to the internal clock operating circuit. XTAL2Output from the inverting oscillator amplifier.Oscillator CharacteristicsXTAL1 and XTAL2 are the input and output, respectively, of an inverting amplifierwhich can be configured for use as an on-chip oscillator, as shown in Figure 1. Either a quartz crystal or ceramic resonator may be used. To drive the device from an external clock source, XTAL2 should be left unconnected while XTAL1 is driven as shown in Figure 2. There are no requirements on the duty cycle of the external clock signal, since the input to the internal clocking circuitry is through a divide-by-two flip-flop, but minimum and maximum voltage high and low time specifications must be observed. P3.3 ^int1 (external interrupt1) P3.4 t0 (timer0 external input) P3.5 t1 (timer1 external input) P3.6 ^WR (external data memory write strobe) P3.7^rd (external data memory read strobe)Idle ModeIn idle mode, the CPU puts itself to sleep while all the onchip peripherals remain active. The mode is invoked by software. The content of the on-chip RAM and all the special functions registers remain unchanged during this mode. The idle mode can be terminated by any enabled interrupt or by a hardware reset.It should be noted that when idle is terminated by a hard ware reset, the device normally resumes program execution, from where it left off, up to two machine cycles before the internal reset algorithm takes control. On-chip hardware inhibits access to internal RAM in this event, but access to the port pins is not inhibited. To eliminate the possibility of an unexpected write to a port pin when Idle is terminated by reset, the instruction following the one that invokes Idle should not be one that writes to a port pin or to external memory.Status of External Pins During Idle and Power Down Modesmode Program memory ALE ^psen Port0 Port1Port2Port3idle internal 1 1 data data data DataIdle External 1 1 float Data data Data Power down Internal 0 0 Data Data Data Data Power down External 0 0 float data Data data Power Down ModeIn the power down mode the oscillator is stopped, and the instruction that invokes power down is the last instruction executed. The on-chip RAM and Special Function Registers retain their values until the power down mode is terminated. The only exit from power down is a hardware reset. Reset redefines the SFRs but does not change the on-chip RAM. The reset should not be activated before VCC is restored to its normal operating level and must be held active long enough to allow the oscillator to restart and stabilize.Program Memory Lock BitsOn the chip are three lock bits which can be left unprogrammed (U) or can be programmed (P) to obtain the additional features listed in the table below:Lock Bit Protection ModesWhen lock bit 1 is programmed, the logic level at the EA pin is sampled and latchedduring reset. If the device is powered up without a reset, the latch initializes to a random value, and holds that value until reset is activated. It is necessary that the latched value of EA be in agreement with the current logic level at that pin in order for the device to function properly. Programming the Flash：The at89s52 is normally shipped with the on-chip Flash memory array in the erased state (that is, contents = FFH) and ready to be programmed.The programming interface accepts either a high-voltage (12-volt) or a low-voltage (VCC) program enable signal.The low voltage programming mode provides a convenient way to program the at89s52 inside the user’s system, while the high-voltage programming mode is compatible with conventional third party Flash or EPROM programmers.The at89s52 is shipped with either the high-voltage or low-voltage programming mode enabled. The respective top-side marking and device signature codes are listed in the following table.Vpp=12v Vpp=5vTop-side mark at89s52xxxxyywwat89s52xxxx-5yywwsignature (030H)=1EH(031H)=51H(032H)=FFH (030H)=1EH (031H)=51H (032H)=05HThe at89s52 code memory array is programmed byte-bybyte in either programming mode. To program any nonblank byte in the on-chip Flash Programmable and Erasable Read Only Memory, the entire memory must be erased using the Chip Erase Mode. Programming Algorithm:Before programming the at89s52, the address, data and control signals should be set up according to the Flash programming mode table and Figures 3 and 4. To program the at89s52, take the following steps.1. Input the desired memory location on the address lines.2. Input the appropriate data byte on the data lines.3. Activate the correct combination of control signals.4. Raise EA/VPP to 12V for the high-voltage programming mode.5. Pulse ALE/PROG once to program a byte in the Flash array or the lock bits. Thebyte-write cycle is self-timed and typically takes no more than 1.5 ms. Repeat steps 1 through 5, changing the address and data for the entire array or until the end of the object file is reached.Data Polling: The at89s52 features Data Polling to indicate the end of a write cycle. During a write cycle, an attempted read of the last byte written will result in the complement of the written datum on PO.7. Once the write cycle has been completed, true data are valid on all outputs, and the next cycle may begin. Data Polling may begin any time after a write cycle has been initiated.Ready/Busy: The progress of byte programming can also be monitored by theRDY/BSY output signal. P3.4 is pulled low after ALE goes high during programming to indicate BUSY. P3.4 is pulled high again when programming is done to indicate READY.Program Verify: If lock bits LB1 and LB2 have not been programmed, the programmed code data can be read back via the address and data lines for verification. The lock bits cannot be verified directly. Verification of the lock bits is achieved by observing that their features are enabled.Chip Erase: T he entire Flash Programmable and Erasable Read Only Memory array is erased electrically by using the proper combination of control signals and by holdingALE/PROG low for 10 ms. The code array is written with all “1”s. The chip erase operation must be executed before the code memory can be re-programmed.Reading the Signature Bytes: The signature bytes are read by the same procedure as a normal verification of locations 030H, 031H, and 032H, except that P3.6 and P3.7 must be pulled to a logic low. The values returned are as follows.(030H) = 1EH indicates manufactured by Atmel(031H) = 51H indicates 89C51(032H) = FFH indicates 12V programming(032H) = 05H indicates 5V programmingProgramming InterfaceEvery code byte in the Flash array can be written and the entire array can be erased by using the appropriate combination of control signals. The write operation cycle is selftimed and once initiated, will automatically time itself to completion.译文题目：单片机温度控制系统描述at89s52是美国ATMEL公司生产的低电压，高性能CMOS8位单片机，片内含4Kbytes 的快速可擦写的只读程序存储器（PEROM）和128 bytes 的随机存取数据存储器（RAM），器件采用ATMEL公司的高密度、非易失性存储技术生产，兼容标准MCS-51产品指令系统，片内置通用8位中央处理器（CPU）和flish存储单元，功能强大at89s52单片机可为您提供许多高性价比的应用场合，可灵活应用于各种控制领域。

中英文对照外文翻译(文档含英文原文和中文翻译)基于PLC的中央空调控制系统1引言在PLC被开发出来的三十年里，它经过不断地发展，已经能结合模拟I/O，网络通信以及采用新的编程标准如IEC 61131-3。

然而，工程师们只需利用数字I/O和少量的模拟I/O数以及简单的编程技巧就可开发出80%的工业应用。

PLC已经广泛的应用在所有的工业部门。

据“美国市场信息”的世界PLC以及软件市场报告称，1995年全球PLC及其软件的市场经济规模约50亿美元[5]。

随着电子技术和计算机技术的发展，PLC的功能得到大大的增强。

由于采用传统的工具可以解决80%的工业应用，这样就强烈地需要有低成本简单的PLC；从而促进了低成本微型PLC的增长，它带有用梯形逻辑编程的数字I/O。

然而，这也在控制技术上造成了不连续性，一方面80%的应用需要使用简单的低成本控制器，而另一方面其它的20%应用则超出了传统控制系统所能提供的功能。

工程师在开发这些20%的应用需要有更高的循环速率，高级控制算法，更多模拟功能以及能更好地和企业网络集成。

在八十和九十年代，那些要开发“20%应用”的工程师们已考虑在工业控制中使用PC。

PC所提供的软件功能可以执行高级任务，提供丰富的图形化编程和用户环境，并且PC的COTS部件使控制工程师能把不断发展的技术用于其它应用。

这些技术包括浮点处理器；高速I/O总线，如PCI和以太网；固定数据存储器；图形化软件开发工具。

而且PC还能提供无比的灵活性，高效的软件以及高级的低成本硬件。

冰蓄冷中央空调是将电网夜间谷荷多余电力以冰的冷量形式储存起来，在白天用电高峰时将冰融化提供空调服务。

由于我国大部分地区夜间电价比白天低得多，所以采用冰储冷中央空调能大大减少用户的运行费用。

冰蓄冷中央空调系统配置的设备比常规空调系统要增加一些，自动化程度要求较高，但它能自动实现在满足建筑物全天空调要求的条件下将每天所蓄的能量全部用完，最大限度地节省运行费用。

毕业设计外文翻译题目（外文）：Electric boiler temperature control system题目（中文）：电锅炉温度控制系统出处：信息技术（Information technology）可以说，二十世纪跨越了三个“电”的时代，即电气时代、电子时代和现已进入的电脑时代。

不过，这种电脑，通常是指个人计算机，简称PC机，它由主机、键盘、显示器等组成。

还有一类计算机，大多数人却不怎么熟悉。

这种计算机就是把智能赋予各种机械的单片机（亦称微控制器）。

顾名思义，这种计算机的最小系统只用了一片集成电路，即可进行简单运算和控制。

因为它体积小，通常都藏在被控机械的“肚子”里。

它在整个装置中，起着有如人类头脑的作用，它出了毛病，整个装置就瘫痪了。

现在，这种单片机的使用领域已十分广泛，如智能仪表、实时工控、通讯设备、导航系统、家用电器等。

各种产品一旦用上了单片机，就能起到使产品升级换代的功效，常在产品名称前冠以形容词——“智能型”，如智能型洗衣机等。

现在有些工厂的技术人员或其它业余电子开发者搞出来的某些产品，不是电路太复杂，就是功能太简单且极易被仿制。

究其原因，可能就卡在产品未使用单片机或其它可编程逻辑器件上。

单片机的基本组成是由中央处理器（即CPU中的运算器和控制器）、只读存贮器（通常表示为ROM）、读写存贮器（又称随机存贮器通常表示为RAM）、输入/输出口（又分为并行口和串行口，表示为I/O口）等等组成。

实际上单片机里面还有一个时钟电路，使单片机在进行运算和控制时，都能有节奏地进行。

另外，还有所谓的“中断系统”，这个系统有“传达室”的作用，当单片机控制对象的参数到达某个需要加以干预的状态时，就可经此“传达室”通报给CPU，使CPU根据外部事态的轻重缓急来采取适当的应付措施。

1.单片机单片机即单片微型计算机，是把中央处理器、存储器、定时/计数器、输入输出接口都集成在一块集成电路芯片上的微型计算机。

智能控制系统中英文资料对照外文翻译文献附录一：外文摘要The development and application of Intelligence controlsystemModern electronic products change rapidly is increasingly profound impact on people's lives, to people's life and working way to bring more convenience to our daily lives, all aspects of electronic products in the shadow, single chip as one of the most important applications, in many ways it has the inestimable role. Intelligent control is a single chip, intelligent control of applications and prospects are very broad, the use of modern technology tools to develop an intelligent, relatively complete functional software to achieve intelligent control system has become an imminent task. Especially in today with MCU based intelligent control technology in the era, to establish their own practical control system has a far-reaching significance so well on the subject later more fully understanding of SCM are of great help to.The so-called intelligent monitoring technology is that:" the automatic analysis and processing of the information of the monitored device". If the monitored object as one's field of vision, and intelligent monitoring equipment can be regarded as the human brain. Intelligent monitoring with the aid of computer data processing capacity of the powerful, to get information in the mass data to carry on the analysis, some filtering of irrelevant information, only provide some key information. Intelligent control to digital, intelligent basis, timely detection system in the abnormal condition, and can be the fastest and best way to sound the alarm and provide usefulinformation, which can more effectively assist the security personnel to deal with the crisis, and minimize the damage and loss, it has great practical significance, some risk homework, or artificial unable to complete the operation, can be used to realize intelligent device, which solves a lot of artificial can not solve the problem, I think, with the development of the society, intelligent load in all aspects of social life play an important reuse.Single chip microcomputer as the core of control and monitoring systems, the system structure, design thought, design method and the traditional control system has essential distinction. In the traditional control or monitoring system, control or monitoring parameters of circuit, through the mechanical device directly to the monitored parameters to regulate and control, in the single-chip microcomputer as the core of the control system, the control parameters and controlled parameters are not directly change, but the control parameter is transformed into a digital signal input to the microcontroller, the microcontroller according to its output signal to control the controlled object, as intelligent load monitoring test, is the use of single-chip I / O port output signal of relay control, then the load to control or monitor, thus similar to any one single chip control system structure, often simplified to input part, an output part and an electronic control unit ( ECU )Intelligent monitoring system design principle function as follows: the power supply module is 0~220V AC voltage into a0 ~ 5V DC low voltage, as each module to provide normal working voltage, another set of ADC module work limit voltage of 5V, if the input voltage is greater than 5V, it can not work normally ( but the design is provided for the load voltage in the 0~ 5V, so it will not be considered ), at the same time transformer on load current is sampled on the accused, the load current into a voltage signal, and then through the current - voltage conversion, and passes through the bridge rectification into stable voltage value, will realize the load the current value is converted to a single chip can handle0 ~ 5V voltage value, then the D2diode cutoff, power supply module only plays the role of power supply. Signal to the analog-to-digital conversion module, through quantization, coding, the analog voltage value into8bits of the digital voltage value, repeatedly to the analog voltage16AD conversion, and the16the digital voltage value and, to calculate the average value, the average value through a data bus to send AT89C51P0, accepted AT89C51 read, AT89C51will read the digital signal and software setting load normal working voltage reference range [VMIN, VMAX] compared with the reference voltage range, if not consistent, then the P1.0 output low level, close the relay, cut off the load on the fault source, to stop its sampling, while P1.1 output high level fault light, i.e., P1.3 output low level, namely normal lights. The relay is disconnected after about 2minutes, theAT89C51P1.0outputs high level ( software design), automatic closing relay, then to load the current regular sampling, AD conversion, to accept the AT89C51read, comparison, if consistent, then the P1.1 output low level, namely fault lights out, while P1.3 output high level, i.e. normal lamp ( software set ); if you are still inconsistent, then the need to manually switch S1toss to" repair" the slip, disconnect the relay control, load adjusting the resistance value is: the load detection and repair, and then close the S1repeatedly to the load current sampling, until the normal lamp bright, repeated this process, constantly on the load testing to ensure the load problems timely repair, make it work.In the intelligent load monitoring system, using the monolithic integrated circuit to the load ( voltage too high or too small ) intelligent detection and control, is achieved by controlling the relay and transformer sampling to achieve, in fact direct control of single-chip is the working state of the relay and the alarm circuit working state, the system should achieve technical features of this thesis are as follows (1) according to the load current changes to control relays, the control parameter is the load current, is the control parameter is the relay switch on-off and led the state; (2) the set current reference voltage range ( load normal working voltage range ), by AT89C51 chip the design of the software section, provide a basis for comparison; (3) the use of single-chip microcomputer to control the light-emitting diode to display the current state of change ( normal / fault / repair ); specific summary: Transformer on load current is sampled, a current / voltage converter, filter, regulator, through the analog-digital conversion, to accept the AT89C51chip to read, AT89C51 to read data is compared with the reference voltage, if normal, the normal light, the output port P.0high level, the relay is closed, is provided to the load voltage fault light; otherwise, P1.0 output low level, The disconnecting relay to disconnect the load, the voltage on the sampling, stop. Two minutes after closing relay, timing sampling.System through the expansion of improved, can be used for temperature alarm circuit, alarm circuit, traffic monitoring, can also be used to monitor a system works, in the intelligent high-speed development today, the use of modern technology tools, the development of an intelligent, function relatively complete software to realize intelligent control system, has become an imminent task, establish their own practical control system has a far-reaching significance. Micro controller in the industry design and application, no industry like intelligent automation and control field develop so fast. Since China and the Asian region the main manufacturing plant intelligence to improve the degree of automation, new technology to improve efficiency, have important influence on the product cost. Although the centralized control can be improved in any particular manufacturing process of the overall visual, but not for those response and processingdelay caused by fault of some key application.Intelligent control technology as computer technology is an important technology, widely used in industrial control, intelligent control, instrument, household appliances, electronic toys and other fields, it has small, multiple functions, low price, convenient use, the advantages of a flexible system design. Therefore, more and more engineering staff of all ages, so this graduate design is of great significance to the design of various things, I have great interest in design, this has brought me a lot of things, let me from unsuspectingly to have a clear train of thought, since both design something, I will be there a how to design thinking, this is very important, I think this job will give me a lot of valuable things.中文翻译：智能控制系统的开发应用现代社会电子产品日新月异正在越来越深远的影响着人们的生活，给人们的生活和工作方式带来越来越大的方便，我们的日常生活各个方面都有电子产品的影子，单片机作为其中一个最重要的应用，在很多方面都有着不可估量的作用。

(文档含英文原文和中文翻译)中英文资料对照外文翻译外文资料译文智能电饭煲执行使用spmc65p2404a摘要:：份文件的目的是介绍如何使用spmc65p2404a单片机作为主控制器，合模糊控制实施智能电饭煲控制器。

关键字：机,模/数转换,温度控制, 继电器1引言大部分电饭锅,就今天的市场热起来,在选择机械方式或额定功率模式中,低能源利用率和单一的功能不能满足人民群众日益增长的生活需求。

在这种情况下,就显得极为必要建立一种智能型电饭煲多功能,安全性及可靠性。

它经历了许多阶段,机械电饭锅发展成为智能化的。

三大类型,其中包括微机, 电脑和机器有十种模式便应运而生由于突出高科技手段应用于电气炊具; 此外,他们转而将更加多样化和时尚的基础上漂亮好菜。

除了价格低廉,机械电饭锅勉强满足人们的需求,为现代高品质的生活, 而聪明的是由微机控制或电脑成功,有以下几个特点：为本的界面设计,让用户能看到运行状态easefully ；烹调过程是自动由计算机控制；外太空的"黑水晶" ,是采取内锅的超硬度,优异耐磨耐用性和永恒的血染。

所有特征匹配的现代概念,节省时间,节省劳力和耐久性。

智能电饭锅具有以下功能：,快速升温,少量做饭, 45分钟稀饭,稀饭2h时, 汤料的1H和2H汤；他们个性化的操作界面很容易让使用者控制烹饪。

用得多能力,同时沸腾水稻只智能电饭锅起到不可或缺的作用,在我们的日常生活中。

它的发明非常的智能控制,使今日的生活更加简单和方便。

2使用步骤电气烹调过程的控制水分的吸收量,供热时间,温度控制的过程,维持沸腾时间, 保温过程中,炖过程是精彩的烹饪。

烹饪过程,就是一个把β淀粉多吸收和消化α淀粉。

大量的实践已经证明,一个完善的烹煮过程可以细分为以下几个步骤：水吸收,使水稻吸收更多的水尽可能在适当的温度,使米饭将螺好完美的品味好多了。

赖斯将吸收更多的水,随着温度升高而降低。

然而,当温度高于60℃,βstarch将改建为αstarch转为糊。

烟雾报警器中英文对照外文翻译文献(文档含英文原文和中文翻译)译文:温度控制系统的设计摘要：研究了基于AT89S 51单片机温度控制系统的原理和功能，温度测量单元由单总线数字温度传感器DS18B 20构成。

该系统可进行温度设定，时间显示和保存监测数据。

如果温度超过任意设置的上限和下限值，系统将报警并可以和自动控制的实现，从而达到温度监测智能一定范围内。

基于系统的原理，很容易使其他各种非线性控制系统，只要软件设计合理的改变。

该系统已被证明是准确的，可靠和满意通过现场实践。

关键词：单片机；温度；温度I. 导言温度是在人类生活中非常重要的参数。

在现代社会中，温度控制（TC）不仅用于工业生产，还广泛应用于其它领域。

随着生活质量的提高，我们可以发现在酒店，工厂和家庭，以及比赛设备。

而比赛的趋势将更好地服务于整个社会，因此它具有十分重要的意义测量和控制温度。

在AT89S51单片机和温度传感器DS18B20的基础上，系统环境温度智能控制。

温度可设定在一定范围内动任意。

该系统可以显示在液晶显示屏的时间，并保存监测数据，并自动地控制温度，当环境温度超过上限和下限的值。

这样做是为了保持温度不变。

该系统具有很高的抗干扰能力，控制精度高，灵活的设计，它也非常适合这个恶劣的环境。

它主要应用于人们的生活，改善工作和生活质量。

这也是通用的，因此它可以方便地扩大使用该系统。

因此，设计具有深刻的重要性。

一般的设计，硬件设计和软件系统的设计都包括在内。

II. 系统总体设计该系统硬件包括微控制器，温度检测电路，键盘控制电路，时钟电路，显示，报警，驱动电路和外部RAM。

基于AT89S51单片机，DS18B20的将温度信号传送到数字信号的检测。

和信号发送到微控制器进行处理。

最后，温度值显示在液晶12232F。

这些步骤是用来实现温度检测。

使用键盘接口芯片HD7279在设定温度值，使用微控制器保持一定的温度，并使用液晶显示的温度控制设定值。

此外，时钟芯片DS1302用于显示时间和外部RAM6264是用来保存监测数据。

外文翻译--基于51单片机温度报警器的设计(适用于毕业论文外文翻译+中英文对照)XXX: Design of a Temperature Alarm Based on 51 MCUDepartment: n EngineeringMajor: Measurement and Control Technology and nClass:Student ID:Name:Supervisor:Date:A microcontroller。

also known as a single-chip computer system。

XXX its ns being integrated on a small chip。

it has most of the components needed for a complete computer system。

such as CPU。

memory。

internal and external bus systems。

and mostof them also have external storage。

At the same time。

it integrates XXX interfaces。

timers。

real-time clocks。

etc。

The most XXX integrate sound。

image。

ork。

and complex input-output systems on a single chip.XXX used in the industrial control field。

Microcontrollers XXX CPUs inside the chip。

The original design concept was to integrate a large number of peripheral devices and CPUs on a chip to make the computer system XXX's Z80 was the first processor designed according to this concept。

热风炉控制系统中英文对照外文翻译文献(文档含英文原文和中文翻译)译文:基于西门子PCS7的热风炉控制系统的设计本文介绍的方法利用西门子过程控制系统PCS7 V6.0控制加热炉。

描述了两者的配置控制系统软件和硬件，功能通过该系统，随着困难解决方案。

加热炉控制系统的配置双CPU冗余。

采用工业以太网，欧洲流行的PROFIBUS DP现场总线和分布式I / O减反射膜结构。

它采用ET200M I/O站的冗余。

带PROFIBUS-DP通信接口和节点具有双控制器的通信协议（CPU）。

一、介绍在生产过程中的热轧带钢，要求对来料板坯温度比较高；一般来说，应当是1 350℃左右。

的加热炉的加热程序的设备，如能满足连续可靠的要求生产只有在控制的温度和输出量有很好的协调。

加热炉采用可移动的步进梁移动冷板坯的出口侧的输入时，炉侧；钢板坯是移动的，它将被加热的喷嘴喷射炉气联合焦炭炉。

当板坯入炉炉体的末端，它首先会被加热到850℃左右在预热段，然后约1300℃在加热段；最后将进入热浸泡部分使板坯加热均匀滚动。

上述控制过程通常通过不断的PID （比例，积分和差分）。

S分别对各控制截面的顶部或侧壁分别收集实际温度在每节该炉和再采样值将被发送到PLC（可编程逻辑控制器）实现连续比例，积分和微分（PID控制）通过测量值之间的差异空气和煤气流量设定值；然后开度每段的喷枪将调整控制气体的流量，温度控制，然而，因为它不是关于气体的燃烧清楚，如果这采用的方法是，热利用效率介质的极低、能耗非常大。

在这里，一种改进的双交叉振幅限制全自动燃烧控制进行了介绍和其基本原理是进行控制燃烧的上部和下部各节在正常工作时间；如有必要，温度将上部调整信号可被视为套双交叉限幅控制和在下部前温度检测值可用于炉状态监测。

这一原则主从控制模式可以更好地协调在上燃烧和供热平衡段和下部的燃烧上、下段均匀；同时，它认为天然气的燃烧，起到了很好的作用节能。

在这个项目中，PCS7 V6.0由西门子将用于实现上述控制功能。

中英文资料外文翻译文献原文：Temperature Sensor ICs Simplify DesignsWhen you set out to select a temperature sensor, you are no longer limited to either an analog output or a digital output device. There is now a broad selection of sensor types, one of which should match your system's needs.Until recently, all the temperature sensors on the market provided analog outputs. Thermistors, RTDs, and thermocouples were followed by another analog-output device, the silicon temperature sensor. In most applications, unfortunately, these analog-output devices require a comparator, an ADC, or an amplifier at their output to make them useful.Thus, when higher levels of integration became feasible, temperature sensors with digital interfaces became available. These ICs are sold in a variety of forms, from simple devices that signal when a specific temperature has been exceeded to those that report both remote and local temperatures while providing warnings at programmed temperature settings. The choice now isn't simply between analog-output and digital-output sensors; there is a broad range of sensor types from which to choose.Classes of Temperature SensorsFour temperature-sensor types are illustrated in Figure 1. An ideal analog sensor provides an output voltage that is a perfectly linear function of temperature (A). In the digital I/O class of sensor (B), temperature data in the form of multiple 1s and 0s are passed to the microcontroller, often via a serial bus. Along the same bus, data are sent to the temperature sensor from the microcontroller, usually to set the temperature limit at which the alert pin's digital output will trip. Alert interrupts the microcontroller when the temperature limit has been exceeded. This type of device can also provide fan control.Figure 1. Sensor and IC manufacturers currently offer four classes of temperature sensors."Analog-plus" sensors (C) are available with various types of digital outputs. The V OUT versus temperature curve is for an IC whose digital output switches when a specific temperature has been exceeded. In this case, the "plus" added to the analog temperature sensor is nothing more than a comparator and a voltage reference. Other types of "plus" parts ship temperature data in the form of the delay time after the part has been strobed, or in the form of the frequency or the period of a square wave, which will be discussed later.The system monitor (D) is the most complex IC of the four. In addition to the functions provided by the digital I/O type, this type of device commonly monitors the system supply voltages, providing an alarm when voltages rise above or sink below limits set via the I/O bus. Fan monitoring and/or control is sometimes included in this type of IC. In some cases, this class of device is used to determine whether or not a fan is working. More complex versions control the fan as a function of one or more measured temperatures. The system monitor sensor is not discussed here but is briefly mentioned to give a complete picture of the types of temperature sensors available.Analog-Output Temperature SensorsThermistors and silicon temperature sensors are widely used forms of analog-output temperature sensors. Figure 2 clearly shows that when a linear relationship between voltage and temperature is needed, a silicon temperature sensor is a far better choice than a thermistor. Over a narrow temperature range, however, thermistors can provide reasonable linearity and good sensitivity. Many circuits originally constructed with thermistors have over time been updated using silicon temperature sensors.Figure 2. The linearity of thermistors and silicon temperature sensors, two popular analog-output temperature detectors, is contrasted sharply.Silicon temperature sensors come with different output scales and offsets. Some, for example, are available with output transfer functions that are proportional to K, others to °C or °F. Some of the °C parts provide an offset so that negative temperatures can be monitored using a single-ended supply.In most applications, the output of these devices is fed into a comparator or a n A/D converterto convert the temperature data into a digital format. Despite the need for these additional devices, thermistors and silicon temperature sensors continue to enjoy popularity due to low cost and convenience of use in many situations.Digital I/O Temperature SensorsAbout five years ago, a new type of temperature sensor was introduced. These devices include a digital interface that permits communication with a microcontroller. The interface is usually an I²C or SMBus serial bus, but other serial interfaces such as SPI are common. In addition to reporting temperature readings to the microcontroller, the interface also receives instructions from the microcontroller. Those instructions are often temperature limits, which, if exceeded, activate a digital signal on the temperature sensor IC that interrupts the microcontroller. The microcontroller is then able to adjust fan speed or back off the speed of a microprocessor, for example, to keep temperature under control.This type of device is available with a wide variety of features, among them, remote temperature sensing. To enable remote sensing, most high-performance CPUs include an on-chip transistor that provides a voltage analog of the temperature. (Only one of the transistor's two p-n junctions is used.) Figure 3 shows a remote CPU being monitored using this technique. Other applications utilize a discrete transistor to perform the same function.Figure 3. A user-programmable temperature sensor monitors the temperature of a remote CPU's on-chip p-n junction.Another important feature found on some of these types of sensors (including the sensor shown in Figure 3) is the ability to interrupt a microcontroller when the measured temperature falls outside a range bounded by high and low limits. On other sensors, an interrupt is generated when the measured temperature exceeds either a high or a low temperature threshold (i.e., not both). For the sensor in Figure 3, those limits are transmitted to the temperature sensor via the SMBus interface. If the temperature moves above or below the circumscribed range, the alert signal interrupts the processor.Pictured in Figure 4 is a similar device. Instead of monitoring one p-n junction, however, it monitors four junctions and its own internal temperature. Because Maxim's MAX1668 consumes a small amount of power, its internal temperature is close to the ambient temperature. Measuring the ambient temperature gives an indication as to whether or not the system fan is operating properly.Figure 4. A user-programmable temperature sensor monitors its own local temperature and the temperatures of four remote p-n junctions.Controlling a fan while monitoring remote temperature is the chief function of the IC shown in Figure 5. Users of this part can choose between two different modes of fan control. In the PWM mode, the microcontroller controls the fan speed as a function of the measured temperature by changing the duty cycle of the signal sent to the fan. This permits the power consumption to be far less than that of the linear mode of control that this part also provides. Because some fans emit an audible sound at the frequency of the PWM signal controlling it, the linear mode can be advantageous, but at the price of higher power consumption and additional circuitry. The added power consumption is a small fraction of the power consumed by the entire system, though.Figure 5. A fan controller/temperature sensor IC uses either a PWM- or linear-mode control scheme.This IC provides the alert signal that interrupts the microcontroller when the temperature violates specified limits. A safety feature in the form of the signal called "overt" (an abbreviated version of "over temperature") is also provided. If the microcontroller or the software were to lock up while temperature is rising to a dangerous level, the alert signal would no longer be useful. However, overt, which goes active once the temperature rises above a level set via the SMBus, is typically used to control circuitry without the aid of the microcontroller. Thus, in thishigh-temperature scenario with the microcontroller not functioning, overt could be used to shut down the system power supplies directly, without the microcontroller, and prevent a potentially catastrophic failure.This digital I/O class of devices finds widespread use in servers, battery packs, and hard-disk drives. Temperature is monitored in numerous locations to increase a server's reliability: at the motherboard (which is essentially the ambient temperature inside the chassis), inside the CPU die, and at other heat-generating components such as graphics accelerators and hard-disk drives. Battery packs incorporate temperature sensors for safety reasons and to optimize charging profiles, which maximizes battery life.There are two good reasons for monitoring the temperature of a hard-disk drive, which depends primarily on the speed of the spindle motor and the ambient temperature: The read errors in a drive increase at temperature extremes, and a hard disk's MTBF is improved significantly through temperature control. By measuring the temperature within the system, you can control motor speed to optimize reliability and performance. The drive can also be shut down. In high-end systems, alerts can be generated for the system administrator to indicate temperature extremes or situations where data loss is possible.Analog-Plus Temperature Sensors"Analog-plus" sensors are generally suited to simpler measurement applications. These ICs generate a logic output derived from the measured temperature and are distinguished from digital I/O sensors primarily because they output data on a single line, as opposed to a serial bus.In the simplest instance of an analog-plus sensor, the logic output trips when a specific temperature is exceeded. Some of these devices are tripped when temperature rises above a preset threshold, others, when temperature drops below a threshold. Some of these sensors allow the temperature threshold to be adjusted with a resistor, whereas others have fixed thresholds.The devices shown in Figure 6 are purchased with a specific internal temperature threshold. The three circuits illustrate common uses for this type of device: providing a warning, shutting down a piece of equipment, or turning on a fan.Figure 6. ICs that signal when a temperature has been exceeded are well suited forover/undertemperature alarms and simple on/off fan control.When an actual temperature reading is needed, and a microcontroller is available, sensors that transmit the reading on a single line can be useful. With the microcontroller's internal counter measuring time, the signals from this type of temperature sensor are readily transformed to a measure of temperature. The sensor in Figure 7 outputs a square wave whose frequency is proportional to the ambient temperature in Kelvin. The device in Figure 8 is similar, but theperiod of the square wave is proportional to the ambient temperature in kelvins.Figure 7. A temperature sensor that transmits a square wave whose frequency is proportional tothe measured temperature in Kelvin forms part of a heater controller circuit.Figure 8. This temperature sensor transmits a square wave whose period is proportional to the measured temperature in Kelvin. Because only a single line is needed to send temperature information, just a single optoisolator is required to isolate the signal path.Figure 9, a truly novel approach, allows up to eight temperature sensors to be connected on this common line. The process of extracting temperature data from these sensors begins when the microcontroller's I/O port strobes all the sensors on the line simultaneously. The microcontroller is then quickly reconfigured as an input in order to receive data from each of the sensors. The data are encoded as the amount of time that transpires after the sensors are strobed. Each of the sensors encodes this time after the strobe pulse within a specific range of time. Collisions are avoided by assigning each sensor its own permissible time range.Figure 9. A microcontroller strobes up to eight temperature sensors connected on a common line and receives the temperature data transmitted from each sensor on the same line.The accuracy achieved by this method is surprisingly high: 0.8°C is typical at room temperature, precisely matching that of the IC that encodes temperature data in the form of the frequency of the transmitted square wave. The same is true of the device that uses the period of the square wave.These devices are outstanding in wire-limited applications. For example, when a temperature sensor must be isolated from the microcontroller, costs are kept to a minimum because only one optoisolator is needed. These sensors are also of great utility in automotive and HVAC applications, because they reduce the amount of copper running over distances.Anticipated Temperature Sensor DevelopmentsIC temperature sensors provide a varied array of functions and interfaces. As these devicescontinue to evolve, system designers will see more application-specific features as well as new ways of interfacing the sensors to the system. Finally, the ability of chip designers to integrate more electronics in the same die area ensures that temperature sensors will soon include new functions and special interfaces.翻译：温度传感器芯片简化设计当选择一个温度传感器时，将不再局限于模拟输出或数字输出设备。

外文文献翻译完整版字数4366字(含：英文原文及中文译文)文献出处：Hongfei, Xiaoping. Temperature Control System with Multi-closed Loops for Lithography Projection Lens[J]. Chinese Journal of Mechanical Engineering, 2009, 22(2):207-213.中文译文用于光刻投影镜头的多闭环温度控制系统Hongfei ， Xiaoping摘要图像质量是光学光刻工具的最重要指标之一,尤其易受温度、振动和投影镜头(PL )污染的影响。

本地温度控制的传统方法更容易引入振动和污染,因此研发多闭环温度控制系统来控制PL 内部温度,并隔离振动和污染的影响。

一个新的远程间接温度控制(RITC )方案,提出了利用冷却水循环完成对PL 的间接温度控制。

嵌入温度控制单元(TCU )的加热器和冷却器用于控制冷却水的温度,并且, TCU 必须远离PL, 以避免震动和污染的影响。

一种包含一个内部级联控制结构(CCS )和一个外部并行串联控制结构(PCCS )的新型多闭环控制结构被用来防止大惯性,多重迟滞,和RITC 系统的多重干扰。

一种非线性比例积分(PI )的算法应用,进一步提高收敛速度和控制过程的精度。

不同的控制回路和算法的对比实验被用来验证对控制性能的影响。

结果表明,精度达到0.006℃规格的多闭环温度控制系统收敛率快,鲁棒性强,自我适应能力好。

该方法已成功地应用于光学光刻工具,制作了临近尺寸(CD ) 100纳米的模型,其性能令人满意。

关键词:投影镜头,远程间接温度串级控制结构,并行串连控制结构,非线性比例积分(PI )的算法1引言由于集成电路缩小, 更小的临界尺寸(CD ) 要求, 生产过程的控制越来越严格。

作为最重要的制造工艺设备,先进的光学光刻工具需要更严格的微控制环境[1],如严格控制其温度、洁净度、气压、湿度等。

Ｔemｐｅratｕre Contｒol Using aＭｉcrocoｎtroller:Ａn Ｉnterｄiscｉｐｌinａry Undｅrｇraduaｔe Eｎgineｅring Deｓiｇn ＰｒｏjectJames S.ＭcDｏnaldDeｐartment oｆEngｉnｅering ＳciｅｎceＴrinitｙUniｖeｒsitySan Ａnｔoniｏ，ＴＸ782１2Abｓｔｒact：Tｈis papeｒdescrｉｂes an ｉnｔeｒdiｓｃiｐlinary dｅsign ｐｒoject whｉch ｗas ｄoｎe under tｈｅauthor’s supeｒvisioｎby a gｒoup of foｕr seniｏr studenｔsｉｎｔhe Departｍent ｏｆEngｉneerｉｎｇScience at Trｉnｉty Universｉty．The oｂｊective ｏf tｈe proｊecｔwas to deveｌop a teｍｐｅratuｒe control ｓystem ｆor an ａiｒ-fillｅｄcｈamｂeｒ. The system wａs to alｌow ｅnｔrｙof a ｄｅsirｅd cｈａmbｅr ｔemperatuｒe in a prescribｅd ｒａnge aｎd to exhｉｂｉt oveｒsｈoot andｓteady-ｓtａteｔeｍｐeｒature eｒror of lessｔhan１dｅgrｅe Keｌvin iｎtｈe ａctual chamｂeｒtemｐerature step responｓe.Ｔｈｅdｅｔails ｏf tｈe deｓiｇn developed by thｉs grｏｕｐof studｅnts, baseｄon a Mｏｔorｏla MＣ68HC05 ｆａｍilｙmicｒocｏntroller，are dｅｓｃribｅd. The ｐｅｄagogical vａｌue of thｅｐroblem is also discussed tｈrougｈa descriｐtion of some of the key ｓteｐｓｉn the ｄesignｐrocｅｓs.It iｓshｏwn thａt tｈe solutioｎrequires broad knoｗｌeｄgｅdrawn ｆrｏm ｓｅveral engiｎeｅring diｓciplｉnes incluｄinｇｅlectriｃaｌ, mｅchａnｉcaｌ，and ｃontｒｏl systems engineering．1 IntroductionＴｈe desiｇn ｐrｏject ｗhich iｓtｈe suｂjｅcｔof thｉs ｐａpｅr oｒiｇinaｔeｄfrom ａｒeal-woｒld apｐlicatｉon. A ｐrotoｔyｐｅoｆａmicrｏsｃope ｓlide ｄｒyer hａd bｅen dｅveｌoped aroｕndａｎOmｅｇaＴＭｍoｄel ＣＮ-3９0 tｅmｐerａｔure controlｌer, and the oｂjeｃｔｉvｅｗas ｔｏdeveloｐa cuｓtoｍｔemｐerａture coｎtrol system ｔｏｒepｌａce ｔhe Oｍｅga system．The ｍoｔiｖatiｏｎwａs ｔｈat a cuｓｔom contｒoｌleｒtaｒｇeted spｅciｆｉcally ｆoｒｔｈe aｐpｌi ｃａtiｏn should bｅableｔｏachｉeve thｅsaｍe functionａlity aｔaｍuch lo ｗeｒcost，as the Omeｇａsystem ｉs uｎｎｅｃessarily versatｉlｅanｄeｑｕｉpped ｔo hanｄlｅa wide variｅty of apｐｌications．Ｔhｅｍechａnical laｙouｔof thｅsliｄe dryer ｐrｏｔotｙpe ｉs shoｗn iｎFigurｅ1.Ｔhｅmain eｌeｍｅnt oｆthe dryer is a lａrｇe,iｎｓulａｔed, air-fｉllｅd ｃhambeｒｉn which mｉｃroscope sliｄes，eａｃｈｗｉth a tｉssue sａmpｌeｅnｃａsed iｎｐａraｆfｉｎ, caｎbｅｓet oｎcaddieｓ. In orｄer ｔhat the paraffi ｎmａinｔain the proｐerｃonsisｔenｃｙ，the tｅmperature in the slｉde chａmｂer must ｂe maiｎtａｉnｅd ａtａdesirｅd (constant) temperatｕre．A seｃoｎd ｃham ｂｅr (tｈe ｅleｃtrｏniｃs encｌｏsure) ｈouses a reｓisｔiｖe ｈeateｒａnd the ｔemperａtｕｒｅcontrｏlleｒ, aｎd a fａnｍｏuntｅd ｏnｔhe ｅｎｄｏf the dry ｅr bloｗｓaiｒacross ｔhe heater, carryｉng ｈeat ｉnｔo thｅslｉdｅchaｍbe ｒ．Thiｓdesign ｐrｏjecｔwas ｃaｒｒieｄｏｕt durｉng acａｄemｉc yｅａr 19９６–9７by ｆoｕr ｓｔuｄentｓunder ｔｈe auｔhor’ｓｓupervision as a Seｎior De ｓiｇｎprojecｔinｔhe Depａrtment ｏf Enｇineｅring Science at Tｒinｉty Unｉｖersitｙ. The ｐurpose ｏf this pａpｅｒisto describｅthe problem anｄｔhe students’solutioｎiｎsoｍe detail，anｄto diｓcuss some ｏｆtｈe pedagoｇｉｃａl opｐortunｉtｉes offｅｒｅd by aｎinｔｅrｄisciplｉnａｒｙdeｓign prｏjeｃt of thｉs tｙpｅ. Thｅstｕdeｎｔs’oｗｎｒeｐor ｔwas prｅsｅnteｄaｔｔhe 199７Ｎａtiｏnａl Ｃonferｅｎcｅon Unｄerｇｒaduat ｅReseaｒch [１].Sectioｎ2ｇiveｓ a more detaiｌed stａtemenｔofｔｈe problem, incｌuding perfｏrｍance sｐeciｆiｃations, aｎd Sｅctioｎ３descrｉbes the studentｓ’ deｓign. Ｓecｔion 4 makes up the buｌk of the pａｐer，and ｄiscuｓses ｉｎsomeｄetａiｌｓｅveｒaｌaspeｃｔs oｆthe dｅsigｎpｒocｅss ｗｈｉch offer ｕｎiquｅpｅdaｇogical opｐorｔｕｎities. Fiｎaｌly，Section ５ｏffｅrs soｍe conclusions.２Proｂlｅm StatemeｎtTｈe bａsｉc idea of the pｒoject is ｔo ｒeｐｌace the relｅvant parｔs of the fｕncｔio ｎａlｉty ofａn Oｍega CN-39０temｐeratuｒe controｌler uｓｉng ａcuｓtｏm－designｅd sｙstem. Ｔheａpｐｌｉｃaｔion dicｔａtｅs that ｔeｍperature ｓettings are ｕｓuaｌlｙkept constaｎt fｏr longｐeｒioｄs ｏf time, buｔiｔ’s nonethelesｓimporｔａｎｔtｈat step chanｇｅｓbe ｔrackeｄin a “reasonａble” ｍanner. Thｕs ｔhe maiｎｒequｉrｅmentｓboil doｗn tｏ·ａlloｗiｎｇaｃｈamｂer tｅmperatｕrｅseｔ－point ｔo beｅnｔeｒeｄ, ·displaying boｔh ｓet－point ａnd actuａl temperａｔureｓ, and·trackｉng stｅｐchaｎgｅs ｉnｓeｔ-pｏiｎｔtempｅraｔureｗｉth acceｐｔa ｂle risｅｔiｍe，ｓtｅaｄｙ-stａte error, and ｏvershｏｏt.Ａltｈoughｎoｔexpliｃiｔly a ｐart of thｅspeciｆicaｔions in Table １，iｔwas cｌeaｒthat the customeｒｄｅsiｒｅｄdigiｔal disｐlaｙｓof set-ｐoint anｄａctual tｅmpeｒａtｕreｓ, and that sｅt-ｐｏinｔteｍperatuｒe enｔry should be ｄigital as well (as ｏpposｅd tｏ,ｓａy, thｒoｕgｈ a ｐotentioｍeter ｓeｔtｉnｇ).3 SysｔｅｍＤesｉgｎThe ｒequirｅments foｒdigital ｔｅmperaturｅｄisｐｌａyｓand setpｏint eｎｔｒｙaloｎe aｒe enoｕgh to dictａｔe thaｔａmicｒｏcontroｌleｒbased dｅsｉgn ｉs likｅly thｅmｏst aｐpropｒiatｅ.Ｆigｕｒe 2 showsａｂlock diagrａm oｆthe studentｓ’ ｄesign.Tｈe microcoｎｔrolｌeｒ，a MoｔoｒolaMC68HC７05B1６（680５for short), is ｔhe heart oｆtｈe systeｍ. It aｃceｐtｓinｐｕｔs ｆrom ａｓｉｍple foｕr-key keypａd ｗhicｈallｏw ｓpｅcｉficatioｎｏf the ｓeｔ-ｐoiｎｔtｅｍperature, ａnd it disｐlays ｂｏth set-pｏiｎｔand mｅasｕｒed chamｂeｒteｍｐerａtures usiｎｇtwo-diｇitｓeveｎ-ｓeｇｍeｎt LＥDｄisｐｌayｓcontrｏｌlｅｄby a dispｌaｙdriveｒ. Aｌl thｅse inpｕts and outｐuts aｒe accomｍodaｔeｄｂy paｒａlｌel pｏｒts on ｔhe 680５. Cｈaｍber temperaｔｕre is sensｅd usinｇa ｐrｅ-ｃaliｂrated tｈｅr ｍistｏr ａnd inｐuｔvia ｏnｅof the ６80５’s ａnａlog-to-diｇitａl inｐuts. Finally, a pulsｅ-ｗidth moduｌaｔion (PWM) outpｕｔｏn the 680５is ｕseｄto ｄrｉve ａre ｌay whｉch swｉtｃｈes line power to tｈｅresｉsｔivｅheaｔer ofｆaｎd on．Fiｇｕre 3 shｏｗs a more detａiｌed sｃhemａｔic of tｈe ｅlectroｎｉｃs and ｔheｉr ｉntｅrfacing tｏｔhｅ6８05．Tｈｅkｅｙpad，a Sｔoｒm 3K04110３, ｈas f ｏur keys wｈiｃh are intｅｒfａced to piｎs PA0｛PA3 of Port A，ｃonfiguｒed as inｐｕｔs.One ｋey functｉons aｓ a mode sｗitｃh.Two ｍｏｄes aｒe suｐpｏrted：ｓet modｅand runｍｏde. In ｓet moｄe two ｏf the ｏtｈer kｅｙsａre used to specifｙtheｓet－pｏinｔtemｐｅrａtuｒｅ:one iｎcｒemeｎtｓit and ｏne decreｍeｎts．Ｔhｅfoｕrtｈkeｙis uｎuseｄaｔｐｒesent. The LED diｓpｌayｓａｒe drivｅn by a Haｒｒis ＳemｉｃoｎｄuctｏｒＩＣM7212 ｄisplａyｄriverｉnteｒｆaced tｏｐins PB０{PB6 ｏf Port Ｂ，ｃonｆｉgureｄas outpuｔｓ. Thｅtempe ｒａtｕrｅ-senｓiｎｇｔhｅrmiｓｔor dｒives，ｔｈｒｏugh ａvolｔage divｉdｅｒ, pin AN0 (one of ｅiｇht analog inputs）.Ｆｉnalｌｙ, pin PＬMA （onｅoｆｔwoＰWM outputs）driｖes the heateｒrelay.Softwａrｅoｎthｅ6805 ｉmplemｅntｓtｈe temperａｔure coｎtrol aｌgｏｒｉt ｈm, maintains tｈe tｅｍｐeｒaｔuｒe displays，aｎｄaltｅrs ｔhe ｓet-poｉnｔin respoｎseｔｏｋeypad inputｓ. Because it is not coｍpｌete at ｔｈis wｒiting, ｓｏftware ｗill ｎoｔｂe diｓcｕssed in detaiｌin ｔhｉs pａｐer. Ｔhe control algorithm iｎpaｒticular ｈａsｎｏt ｂeｅn detｅｒmiｎed，but it isｌｉkelｙto b ｅa ｓimpｌe proportional ｃontｒｏller andｃｅｒｔainly ｎｏｔｍｏrｅｃomplex than a ＰID. Some ｃoｎtrol design issｕesｗilｌbｅｄiscussed in Sectｉoｎ4, however.4 The Dｅｓign ProcｅｓsAlthough ｅssentially ｔhe proｊect is jusｔｔｏbｕild a therｍｏstaｔ，iｔpｒｅsents many nice pedagｏgｉｃal oppｏrｔｕniｔｉｅs.Ｔhｅkｎｏｗledｇe ａnｄeｘpeｒienｃｅbａｓｅof a seｎｉｏr enｇineering unｄergｒａｄuate arｅjuｓt ｅnouｇｈto briｎg him ｏr hｅr to ｔhｅbｒink ｏf a sｏｌutiｏn tｏｖarious asｐeｃts of ｔｈｅproｂlｅm. Ｙet,inｅａch case，realwｏrｌd ｃonｓiderationｓcoｍplｉcate thｅsitｕatｉon signifiｃantlｙ.Forｔｕnately thｅse complicaｔions aｒｅnot inｓurmountａblｅ, and ｔｈe result ｉｓa very benefiｃial dｅsigｎexperience．Tｈｅremａiｎderｏf thiｓsｅctｉon looｋｓat a few ａsｐecｔｓoｆｔhｅｐrobｌem ｗhiｃh preｓent ｔhe type of leaｒnｉngｏpportuniｔy juｓt deｓcribed. Sectioｎ 4.1 discusses ｓome of thｅfｅatu ｒｅs of aｓimｐｌified matheｍatiｃal ｍoｄel oｆthｅｔheｒmaｌpropeｒtiesof tｈe systｅｍand ｈow iｔcan be ｅasilｙvalidateｄexｐerimentally. Section 4.２dｅsｃrｉbes how realisｔｉc contｒｏｌａlgｏｒithm deｓｉgns ｃan be arrived ａt uｓiｎg iｎtｒｏducｔｏry conｃeｐts in ｃoｎtｒｏｌdesign. Sectioｎ 4.3 pointｓou ｔsｏmｅimｐoｒｔant deficｉenciｅs of such aｓiｍplifieｄmodeｌing/control desi ｇn ｐrocess and how they cａn be oveｒcomｅtｈrougｈsiｍｕlatioｎ. Ｆinaｌly, Sｅctiｏｎ4.４gives ａn ovｅrview of ｓoｍｅof tｈe micrｏcontroｌleｒ-rｅlateｄｄesigｎｉsｓueｓwhicｈarise anｄlｅarｎinｇopｐortｕnities offered.4.１MathemaｔicalＭodelＬumｐｅd-elemｅnt ｔｈeｒmal sｙstems are dｅsｃribｅd ｉn alｍost any introductory liｎｅａr coｎｔrol sｙｓtems tｅxt，anｄjust this soｒtｏf moｄｅl ｉs applｉcａbｌｅtｏthe slide dryer proｂlem.Figｕrｅ4 sｈｏwsａsｅcｏnd-oｒder lumｐeｄ-elemenｔｔhｅrmal ｍodｅｌoｆtｈe ｓlide dryer. Ｔｈe stateｖaｒiabｌes arｅthe temperatures Tａｏfｔheａir in thｅbｏｘand Tb of the box itseｌf. The inputｓto thｅsystem are the ｐｏwer ｏuｔｐut q(t）of tｈｅheater aｎd ｔhｅambienｔtemｐerature T¥．mａａnd mb arｅthe ｍaｓｓes of thｅair aｎd the boｘ, ｒespecｔｉvely, aｎdＣa and Ｃb ｔhｅｉr ｓpecｉfｉｃhｅatｓ. μ１ａｎｄμ2 aｒｅｈｅat ｔransfer coｅｆficｉentｓfrom tｈe aｉr to ｔｈe bｏx ａｎd from the box to tｈｅexterｎal woｒlｄ, resｐeｃtｉvｅly.Iｔ’ｓnｏt hard to sｈoｗｔｈat ｔhｅ（lｉｎeａｒizｅd) ｓｔatｅeｑuａtionscoｒrespondiｎg to Figｕre 4 ａreTaking Lａplaｃe traｎsfoｒmｓof (1）aｎd （2) ａｎd ｓolvinｇfoｒTa(s）,ｗhiｃｈis thｅｏutｐut of ｉｎｔereｓt, gives tｈe foｌlowing open－looｐmodel o ｆthｅtheｒmａlｓyｓｔｅｍ：ｗhere Ｋis a coｎstant aｎd D(s)ｉs a second-oｒder ｐolynomiａl．K, tz, and the ｃｏｅfficｉeｎtｓoｆＤ（s) are ｆuｎctioｎs ｏf ｔhe vａrｉoｕsｐaraｍetersａｐp ｅarｉng iｎ(1)anｄ(2).Of course theｖaｒious parameteｒs iｎ(1) anｄ（２) are compleｔｅly unknowｎ，but it’s ｎot hard ｔo sｈow thａt, ｒｅgaｒdleｓｓof ｔheｉr vａlues, Ｄ(ｓ) ｈas tｗo ｒeal zeros. Therefoｒｅthｅmain tｒａｎｓfeｒfunｃtion oｆiｎterest (whicｈiｓｔhe one fｒomＱ(s), ｓince wｅ’ｌl aｓｓume constant aｍbient teｍperaｔuｒe)ｃan ｂｅｗrittenMoreoveｒ,ｉt’ｓnｏｔtｏo ｈard to show ｔhaｔ1=tp1<１=tz<１=tp2, ｉ.ｅ.，ｔhat thｅzero lieｓbetｗeｅn the ｔwｏpoｌes. Ｂoｔｈof these are excelleｎｔｅxeｒcｉｓes for tｈｅｓtudent,ａnd the reｓulｔｉs ｔｈe oｐenloop pole-ｚｅro diaｇrａm of Figure５.Ｏｂtaｉniｎg a cｏｍpｌete theｒmal mｏdel, tｈen, is reduced tｏiｄentifyinｇt ｈe cｏnｓtａnt K and the three unknｏwｎｔｉme conｓtants in (3).Fｏuｒuｎknow ｎpaｒaｍetｅrｓiｓquｉｔｅ a few, but sｉmpｌｅexpeｒimeｎtｓshoｗtｈat １=tp1 _ １=tz；1=tｐ２ｓo tｈａt tz；tp２_0 aｒｅgｏｏｄaｐｐrｏxｉmations.Thuｓtｈｅopen-loop ｓysｔem is essenｔｉally first-oｒｄer and ｃan theｒeforｅｂe writteｎ(whｅre tｈe subsｃｒipｔp１ｈasｂeeｎｄｒopped).Ｓiｍple opｅn－loｏp stepｒespｏnｓe eｘｐerimｅｎts show thａt，fｏr a wiｄe ran ｇｅｏf iniｔｉaｌｔeｍperaｔurｅs and heａt ｉnｐｕｔs, K ＿0：１４_＝W and t ＿295 s.14.２ConｔroｌSysteｍDｅsｉｇnＵsｉng the first－order model of (４)for tｈe opeｎ-loｏp transfer functｉoｎGaｑ(s) aｎd ａssuming for the momeｎt thaｔlinｅａr conｔrol of the heateｒｐｏwｅｒoｕtｐut q(t) is ｐossｉbｌｅ,ｔhe bｌock ｄiａgrａｍoｆFigｕｒe 6 ｒepresenｔs the cｌｏsed-lｏop ｓyｓtｅm. Td(s）iｓtｈe ｄesired, oｒset-ｐoinｔ,temperａｔu ｒe,C(ｓ) is ｔhｅｃｏmpensator traｎｓｆeｒfuｎｃｔion，and Q(ｓ) is the hｅａｔeｒouｔput ｉn ｗatts.Giｖeｎtｈis siｍple ｓｉtuatｉon, iｎtｒoduｃtory linear contｒol desｉgn ｔoｏｌｓｓuch as ｔｈｅroｏｔｌｏcｕs meｔhｏｄcaｎbe used to arｒiｖe at a C(s) whｉｃh meets the ｓｔeｐrｅｓponｓe rｅquｉｒｅments oｎrise tｉｍe, stｅady－ｓtate error, ａnd ovｅrshｏｏt specified in Tａble１．The upｓhot,of coｕrｓｅ, isｔhａt a proｐoｒtionａl cｏntroller witｈｓuffｉcient gain ｃan meet alｌｓｐecｉfiｃations．Overｓhｏot is ｉmposｓibｌｅ, ａnｄincｒeａsing gains deｃreａses both s ｔeady－ｓｔａte errｏｒand rise timｅ.Ｕｎfortｕｎaｔely，sufｆｉcient gain to meet the speｃiｆiｃatｉons maｙｒeｑuire larｇer heaｔoutpuｔs tｈaｎtｈe hｅａｔer is capaｂle ｏf pｒoduciｎg. This waｓｉnｄeed tｈe case fｏｒthis ｓystem，and ｔhe result iｓｔｈａt ｔhe risｅtiｍe specifｉｃation caｎｎoｔbｅmet．It is ｑuite revealiｎg to ｔhｅｓｔudenｔhow uｓｅfuｌsuch aｎovｅｒsimplｉｆｉed ｍｏdel, ｃarefuｌly arrived aｔ, can bｅin detｅrｍining ovｅｒａll ｐｅrfｏrmance limitａtions.4．3 Simulａｔiｏn MoｄｅlGross ｐerformance anｄits lｉmitatｉonsｃan bｅdeterminedｕｓing the ｓimpｌｉfiｅｄｍodｅl of Figｕre6, ｂｕtｔheｒe are a ｎumber ofｏther aspectｓof the closed－lｏop systeｍwhose eｆfｅｃts ｏn perfｏｒmanｃe are ｎｏt sｏsi ｍplｙmodeled. Cｈieｆａmonｇthesｅａre·quａntizaｔioｎeｒrｏr iｎanａlog－ｔo-diｇitaｌｃonvｅｒsioｎof ｔhe mｅas ｕｒeｄteｍｐerａture and· tｈe uｓe of PWM tｏcｏnｔrol ｔhe heater.Bｏth of these aｒe nｏnlinｅaｒandｔime-ｖaryiｎｇeｆfectｓ, aｎd the onｌy pr ａcticaｌwaｙto sｔuｄy tｈem is tｈｒough siｍulatｉon (or exｐerimeｎt,oｆcou ｒｓe）.Ｆigurｅ７sｈows a SimulinkTＭｂｌｏck diagram of the cｌｏsed-looｐｓｙｓtem ｗhich inｃorpｏraｔｅs thesｅｅfｆeｃts. A/D conｖｅrｔeｒquａntizatioｎanｄsaturatiｏn ａreｍoｄeled usinｇsｔanｄarｄＳｉmｕlink quａｎｔizｅr ａnd ｓatu ｒａtｉoｎｂlockｓ. ＭodeliｎｇＰWM is more compｌicaｔed and reｑuires a custoｍS-funｃtioｎｔo ｒepresｅnt it．Tｈisｓiｍｕlatｉｏｎｍoｄｅｌｈas prｏvｅnｐarticｕlarly usefｕlｉn ga ｕgiｎg the effｅｃts of varyｉnｇthe basiｃＰWM ｐaraｍeｔerｓａnd ｈence selｅcｔing ｔhem aｐｐroprｉatelｙ. (I.e．, thｅlonger the perioｄ, the largｅr the te ｍｐeratuｒｅerror PWM ｉntｒoduces. Oｎtｈｅother hand, a ｌｏｎg pｅｒiｏd ｉｓdeｓiraｂｌｅｔo avoｉd ｅｘcessive relaｙ“ｃhaｔｔer,” ａmｏnｇotｈer ｔhingｓ．)PWM is oｆten difficｕlｔfor sｔudents ｔoｇｒaｓp, and ｔhｅsiｍulａtion mｏｄel allows an exploratｉｏｎoｆitｓoｐeratｉoｎand effects whicｈis ｑuｉte ｒeｖｅaling.４.４Tｈe MiｃroｃontrollerSiｍplｅcloseｄ-ｌoop cｏntrol, kｅｙpａd reａding, anｄdisplａy cｏntrol aｒe ｓomｅoｆｔhｅclasｓic appｌicatiｏｎｓof microｃonｔrollｅｒs,and this projecｔi ｎcorporaｔes all thｒｅｅ. Iｔisｔherefore an eｘcｅｌｌent all-aｒouｎd exｅrｃise in micrｏcontrollｅｒapplicationｓ.Iｎaｄdｉtion, beｃａｕse ｔhe ｐrｏjecｔｉs t ｏｐrｏdｕce an acｔualｐacｋageｄpｒｏtotyｐe,it won’t dｏｔｏuse a simple evaluatiｏn ｂoaｒd witｈｔhｅI/Ｏｐins jumpered to ｔｈe taｒgｅt system.Ｉnsteａd，iｔ’s ｎｅceｓsａry ｔｏdevelop aｃomｐleｔe embｅdｄｅdａｐplicatioｎ. Thｉs enｔailｓｔhｅchoice oｆａn appropriａｔe parｔｆrom the broaｄrａnｇe ｏfｆｅrｅd ｉn ａtypical microｃoｎｔrｏller fａmiｌy ａnd ｌｅaｒｎing to uｓｅ a faｉｒｌｙsophisticateｄdevelｏpmｅｎt enｖｉronmenｔ. Fｉnalｌy, a custｏm pｒinｔｅd-ciｒｃuit bｏａrd for the micrｏcontｒｏller ａnd peｒipｈerals must be dｅsi ｇneｄand fabｒicaｔed.Mｉｃｒocoｎｔrｏller Sｅlectｉon. Iｎviewｏf ｅxistｉｎｇｌｏcal expｅｒtｉse,thｅMotorola liｎe ofｍiｃrocontrollers was chosen for thｉs projecｔ. Ｓtill, this doeｓnot naｒrow ｔhe chｏice down much. A fairly disｃipｌｉnｅｄｓtｕdy oｆsysteｍreｑuirｅments isｎｅcessaｒy to speｃifｙwhicｈmicrocontroｌlｅr, outｏf scores of variantｓ, is ｒeqｕiｒed forｔheｊob. This is ｄiｆficｕｌt fｏr stｕｄents,as tｈeｙｇeｎｅraｌly ｌacｋthe eｘｐerience and iｎtuition neｅded aｓwell ａｓthｅｐｅｒｓｅveｒａnceｔo wａｄe thrｏugh mａnuｆacturers’ sｅlectｉon guｉｄes.Part ｏf thｅprobｌemｉsｉn chooｓinｇmethods for iｎterfacing the various p ｅripｈｅrals (e.g.,whａt kind of ｄｉspｌａｙdrｉver should ｂe uｓed?). Ａsｔud ｙof relevant Moｔorolａａppｌicatiｏn nｏｔeｓ［２，3, ４] prｏveｄvery hｅｌpfｕl iｎuｎdeｒstａndingwｈaｔbaｓｉcａｐpｒoａches ａre aｖailable，and whaｔｍｉｃrocｏntrollｅｒ/pｅrｉpherａl comｂiｎａtions should be coｎsｉｄerｅd．ThｅMC68ＨC70５B１6 wａｓfｉnａlｌｙchｏsenｏn the bａsis oｆitｓavaｉlableA/D ｉnputs and ＰWMoutｐuｔｓａs welｌａs 24 digitaｌＩ/O lｉnes.Ｉn retroｓｐeｃt this is proｂabｌｙｏverkiｌl, as onｌy one A/D ｃｈａnneｌ,one PWM channeｌ，ａnd11 I／O pins ａre actuaｌly rｅquｉrｅd (see Figure3). Tｈe de ｃision waｓmａde to err on the safe sidｅbｅcause a complｅtｅdevｅloｐment sｙstem spｅｃifiｃｔｏtｈe choｓeｎｐart wａs necｅssａry, anｄthe pｒｏjecｔbuｄｇet dｉd not peｒｍiｔa sｅｃond sucｈｓysteｍto bｅpurｃhaｓeｄshｏｕld th ｅｆｉrstpｒove ｉｎadequate.Miｃrｏｃonｔroller Appliｃａｔｉon Ｄeｖｅlopmeｎt. Ｂrｅadboardinｇof the ｐerｉphｅral hａrdwarｅ,ｄeｖeloｐment of microcontrollｅr ｓoftｗare,aｎd ｆｉnａl debugginｇaｎd ｔestiｎg ｏfａcustom pｒinted－circuit boａrd for tｈe ｍｉｃｒｏｃontrollｅｒand perｉpheralｓallｒｅqｕire ａdeveloｐmenｔeｎviroｎmenｔof some kｉnｄ.The choice of a deveｌopｍeｎt eｎvironmenｔ, liｋｅthat of the mｉcrocontｒｏｌler iｔself, caｎｂｅbewildｅｒing anｄｒｅｑuires sｏme facｕltｙe ｘｐertｉse.Motoｒｏla mａkes threeｇraｄeｓｏf dｅｖelopｍｅnt envirｏnmｅntｒanginｇfrom simple evaｌuatioｎboarｄs (at aｒouｎd ＄１0０) to fulｌ-blｏｗｎreal-tiｍe in-ｃircuｉt emulatorｓ（at morｅlike＄７500). The middｌe optioｎｗas chｏｓen for thｉs projecｔ: ｔhｅＭMEVS，ｗhiｃｈconsｉstｓof ＿a ｐlatfｏｒｍboarｄ(wｈicｈｓｕｐporｔs all 6８０５-ｆaｍilｙparts), _ aｎeｍｕｌator modulｅ(ｓｐｅcifｉc ｔo B-seｒｉes parｔs)，ａｎd _ a ｃabｌe aｎd tａrｇet head adａpter(ｐacｋage-ｓpｅｃifｉc). Overaｌl, thｅsysｔeｍcosts aboｕｔ$900 and providｅｓ，wiｔh sｏmｅｌｉmitａｔions, in-ｃircuit emｕlation capａbiliｔy.Ｉt ａｌso comes wｉth the ｓiｍplｅbｕt ｓuffｉciｅnt sｏｆtwarｅｄeｖeloｐmｅnｔeｎvirｏnmｅnt RＡPＩＤ[５］．Sｔuｄeｎｔsｆinｄｌearninｇto use this tyｐe of system chaｌｌeｎgiｎｇ，buｔｔhe experｉｅnｃe they gain iｎｒeal－woｒld ｍｉcrｏcontroller aｐplication development ｇrｅaｔｌy exceeds the tｙpｉcal fｉｒst－courｓe experience using sｉmple evalｕation ｂoards．Ｐrｉnteｄ-Ciｒcuit Board. The layｏuｔoｆ a siｍple (ｔhoｕgh ｄeｆinitｅｌy notｔｒｉvｉａl)ｐriｎｔｅd-circuiｔbｏard iｓanotｈeｒpracｔiｃal lｅarninｇｏｐｐorｔuｎｉty prｅｓｅnteｄby this ｐrｏjecｔ．The fｉnaｌboａrd lａｙouｔ, with ｐacｋａge oｕｔlｉneｓ,iｓshown(at５0% oｆactuaｌsｉze）in Figｕr ｅ8. Thｅrｅlａtive sｉmplicｉty ｏｆｔhe circuit makeｓmａｎuａｌplａｃemｅnｔaｎd roｕｔinｇpｒactical—ｉn facｔ, ｉt ｌikely givｅs bｅtｔer rｅsｕlts ｔhan ａutｏｍａtｉｃiｎan appｌicatiｏｎlikｅｔhiｓ—ａnd tｈe sｔudent is therefｏre expoｓed to fundamental iｓsues of prinｔed-ｃiｒｃuｉt lａyouｔanｄbａｓic desiｇn rulｅs．The lａyout sｏftwａre ｕsｅd was the ｖery nｉce ｐａckage ｐcb,2and the boarｄｗas fabrｉcａｔed in-house witｈthe ａid of ｏｕr ｓｔafｆeｌecｔrｏniｃs ｔeｃhniｃiａn.中文翻译:单片机温度控制:一个跨学科的本科生工程设计项目ＪamesS．MｃDonald工程科学系三一大学德克萨斯州圣安东尼奥市782１2摘要:本文所描述的是作者领导由四个三一大学高年级学生组成的团队进行的一个跨学科工程项目的设计。

外文文献Abstractsystem informationOur country glasshouse facilities of usage opposite compare night, 60's only make use of simple type plastics big Peng to plant a vegetable.1966 The year Jilin provincial governor spring City construct our country a Pang with big plastics, the area be only 500 square mattresses, arrive 70's, economy energy type Sunlight glasshouse beginning at our country application, and get more quick development, to 1981, basis 19 city, autonomous region all Account, the protection ground accumulate to 1. 60,000 hectare, share a vegetable to plant area of 4. 3596, among them, the glasshouse be only 1500 hectares and share Vegetable plot area of 0. 496.July till 1994, whole country privately owned economy energy type the sunlight glasshouse be 1,150,000 acres, big Peng 40010000 acre, the total area reaches to 5,150,000 acres. But large glass structure the glasshouse is in the our country development always more slow, until the beginning of 80's,Just successively ushering in into a set a glasshouse equipments from Holland, the United States, Japan is more than 40, main distribute in Peking, Shanghai, Guangzhou Wait big city surroundings, our country oneself produce of glass glasshouse amount less, also because of it inner part the facilities be more simple and crude and produce Quality quantity and use function all low outside the country a forerunner a product, influence domestic glasshouse of expansion and usage Our country for glasshouse control system of research comparison night, arrive 80's, just carry on to the artificial weather room Tiny machine control, such as heavy celebrate Gun Ji artificial weather room of list slice machine control system, and Shanghai plant to living of artificial weather Room. Afterward to calculator glasshouse control system of research hasn't been break off, go to 1995, agriculture university in Peking grind Make into the achievement’s, type Tc-1 experiment glasshouse environment supervision calculator management system", this system belong to a small scaled distribute type data to adoptGather control system; Science and engineering university in Jiangsu develop success to control the plant factory that the machine carry on a management system with the work: industry in Jilin big The intelligence which learn to develop success to used for glasshouse spray water controller, can shine on a degree to come from according to the temperature, degree of humidity in the glasshouse and the light Move to adjust to spray water quantity: farm machinery in China turn science institute for research to develop into new intelligence glasshouse, from big Pang essence, well ventilated decline The system, solar energy store to save the system, fuel hot breeze to heat system, irrigation system, calculator environment the parameter measure to control systemEtc. constitute;Return to have many Gao Deng3's college, research hospital to all be carry on glasshouse control system of related research, and many The unit all has already started to set up or will start to set up the total frame of glasshouse control system.Total top say, our country currently facilities cultivation comprehensive environment control the technique level be low and adjust the ability of control bad, and with list The environment factor adjust to control an equipments for lord, take to have。

Thermo Tank Temperature Control System Based On STM32Biao QIU(····) , Shi-guang LI(····), Zheng-zhong GAO(····), Xu ZHANG(····), Yu RUI(····)(School of Information and Electrical Engineering, Shandong University of Science and Technology, Qingdao 266510, China)Abstract-this paper introduced a thermo tank temperature control system based on STM32, Firstly, the temperature acquisition is realized by the high-precision electrical bridge based on constant current source. Then the augmented PID algorithm realized by software is adopted Butterworth filter is used to convert the output PWM of STM32 to current signal which is used to control the semiconductor control rectifier to adjust the temperature. Calibration check and practical application both indicated that the system was reliable, high-precision, practicable and could meet reality needs.Key words-STM32; thermo tank; temperature acquisition; PIDManuscriptNumber:1674-8042(2011)01-0064-03Dio: 10.3969/j.issn.1674-8042.2011.01.161 introductionThermo tank can be divided into low temperature thermo tank and high temperature thermo tank according to temperature range. Heating control thermo tank is one kind of high temperature thermo tank and has a wide range of applications in industrial, medical and scientific areas. As some special thermo tank control system require high precision in temperature acquisition and control, the system designed in this paper can measure temperatures from 16℃to 80℃and its precision is superior to ±0.05℃. As ARM is gradually occupying the microelectronics market for its powerful function and low cost, it is of important practical significance and value to design a temperature control system based on ARM with high precision, simple structure and low cost. 2 Basic control principles of thermo tankIn this system, temperature acquisition of the inner thermo tank is realized by using platinum resistance as temperature sensor and bridge circuit based on constant current source. Then compare the actual temperature with the temperature set by touch screen. By using augmented PID algorithm to adjust, STM32 outputs 16-bit PWM signals. Then convert PWM signal to voltage signal to control the conduction angle of Semiconductor Control Rectifier(SCR) which controls the heating tubes. System control principle is shown in Fig.1.Considering the system accuracy and stability requirements, features of this system include: powerful and high speed ARM STM32F103 as the controller, augmented PID algorithm, and full use of on-chip resources of microcomputer such as ADC, USART and16-bit PWM output for great control accuracy.Fig 1 System control principle3 hardware designThis system includes temperature acquisition bridge circuit, STM32F103, color LCD touch screen control circuit, filtering circuit and SCR. In addition, the system has a good man-machine interaction function and can realize real-time monitoring and control by using 5.6 inches color LCD and touch screen. Temperature control system structure is shown in Fig.2.Fig 2 System structure3.1 temperature acquisition and A/D conversionAmong the thermal resistance temperature sensors, platinum resistance, with advantage as high precision, stable performance, corrosion resistance and easy to use, is the ideal temperature acquisition component widely used in industrial environments and control systems. As the temperature acquisition range is 16℃to 80℃, Pt1000 is chosen as temperature sensor, which resistance changes with temperature according to certain rules and has good high precision and stable performance.Unbalanced bridge measurement is typical in detect circuits using platinum resistance as temperature sensors[1]. However, the nonlinearity between platinum resistance and temperature and nonlinearity of unbalanced bridge lead to acquisition error, thus we improved the temperature acquisition bridge circuit. Use constant current source to power the bridge, connect the two bridge arms with precise operational amplifier that is low noise and low temperature drift, use 4DH2 to constitute constant current source circuit which outputs 0.5 A current, thus the current in platinum resistance is equal to constant current source.The ADC of STM32F103 is used to convert analog voltage of temperature into digital signal. The 12-bit ADC is a successive approximation analog-to-digital converter and has the function of self-calibration. D/D conversion of each channel can be performed in single, continuous, scan or discontinuous mode, and in this system we use continuous mode. The result of ADC is stored in right-aligned 16-bit data register which improves the conversion speed. In addition, the analog watchdog feature allows the application to detect if the input voltage goes outside the user-defined high or low thresholds.3.2 TM32F103 on-chip resourcesTM32F103 can work in -40℃~105℃and this meets the requirements of industrial environment. It incorporate the high performance ARM Cortex-M3 32-bits RISC core operating at a 72 MHz frequency, high speed embedded memories (Flash memory up to 128Kbytes and SRAM up to 20Kbytes) to store data and program, and an extensive range of enhanced I/Os, most of which have alternate functions and peripherals connected to two APB buses. It has three general purpose 16-bit timers plus two watchdogs, as well as standard and advanced communication interface USART used to communicate with LCD[2]. More importantly, it offers two 12-bit ADCs with 1μs conversion speed which make it suit for fast acquisition and fast processing. It is one of the important reasons for this system to choose TM32F103 as the core controller.3.3 Filtering and conversion circuitsIn order to realize the convention from PWM signal to analog output, we use the second order low pass filter to filter out the high frequency components and keep DC component and changing duty cycle of PWM signal so that the analog voltage output is got then. Fig.3 shows the designed Butterworth filter. After filtering, convert P WM signal to 0~2.5 V to control thyristor conduction angle[3]. Thus we realized the precise control of heating temperature.Fig 3 Butterworth filter4 Software design4.1PID control algorithmThis system uses PID control algorithm which is a basic control method widely used in industrial process control method widely used in industrial process control. Augmented PID control algorithm[4] isu k - u k- 1 = K P ( e k - e k- 1 ) + K 1 e k + K D ( e k - 2e k- 1 + e k- 2 ) .However, if this algorithm was used directly, it could generate a lare overshoot and cause integral saturation easily when starup, stop or adjust substantially. In order to inhibit the emergence of this phenomenon, we use integral separation as an improvement.Integral separation won't work until actual temperature is approaching the settings. When it works, it can eliminate static error and improve precision[5]. Block diagram of integral separation PID is shown in Fig.4.Fig 4 Integral separate PID algorithm block diagram4.2 Touch screen software designIt makes human-computer interface much more friendly, more convenient and faster by using touch screen. Use dedicated control chip ADS7843 to connect AMT9532, four-wire resistive touch screen, withSTM32F103, process the touch screen signals[6]. Touch screen's software design flow chart is shown in Fig.5.Fig 5 Touch screen flow chartUse standard thermometer with 0.001℃precision as calibration to check the experimental results. Specific methods: set different temperatures within the appropriate range though touch screen, wait until the temperatures shown in the LCD are stable, then calculate the errors based on the actual temperature of standard thermometer with formula:Error=|set-actual|/set.The check results are shown in Tab.1.Tab.1 Calibration results6 conclusionBy using 16-bit PWM output, simple filtering circuit conversion circuit, software design and floating-point operations, this system realized 16-bit D/A. Conversion which is very hard for common MCU to realize.The system temperature range is 6℃~80℃and the resolution of 16-bit control signal could reach to 10‰. The experimentalresults show that the system definitely can reach the control requirement that temperature accuracy is better than ±0.05℃. The application shows that this system has the real-time, flexible, stable high-precision, and low cost advantages, and can meet the industrial requirements of high accuracy, high stability and reliability.References[1] Zhaojun Li, Ping Ji, Xiangguang Lou, 2007, Design of high precision temperature control system. Electronic Measurement Technology. (2): 146-148.[2] ST Microelectronics Corporation, 2007. STM32F103XX Data sheet.[3] Dayong Xia, Xiaohui Zhou, Zeng Zhao, Bofeng Chen, Endian Hu,2007. Temperature control system of single-chip of model MCS-51. Industrial Instrumentation & Automation, (1):43-47.[4] Lin Wu, Enping Lou, Dongqing Hou, Liang Xu, 2006, Wireless temperature and humidity control system based on PID arithmetic. Chinese Journal of Scientific Instrument, 27(21):619-620.[5] Yan Zhao, Guangzhi Yang, 2006. Automatic measuring system in constant temperature for oxygen content based on singlechip. Chinese Journal of Scientific Instrument, s1.[6] Songmei Zhang, Junkai Liang, Longji Liu, 2008. Deign of thermo tank temperature control system based on C8051F. Electronic Measurement Technology, 31(9): 147-149.基于STM32的恒温箱温度控制系统摘要—这篇文章介绍了一个基于STM32的恒温箱温度控制系统，首先，由基于常流源的高精度电桥获取温度，然后，由软件实现的扩充型PID算法在这里得到应用，使用巴特沃兹滤波器（最平坦滤波器）将STM32输出的PWM转换成电流信号来控制半导体整流器从而调节温度，校准检测和实际应用都表明这个系统可靠、精度高、可行性好，并且能够满足现实需要。

单片机温湿度控制论文英文文献(基于_C8051F)摘要在工业生产中，温度和湿度是常见的主要操作参数，特别是在热处理行业中，温度控制变得越来越重要。

本文即从硬件和软件这两方面介绍单片机（SCM）C8051F单片机智能温湿度控制硬件的系统，并描述示意图和软件。

该设计增加了二氧化碳的整合浓度和光强度检测和必要通信功能。

这是一个更人性化，更实用智能温湿度测量。

关键字：C8051F单片机，温度和相对环境控制; C02 浓度测量;传感器; GSM1、介绍在许多环境因素的影响，温度和湿度的因素是最重要的和最难以控逆变环境因素。

在一些工业方面，对于生产某些特殊环境要求。

此外，近年来，能源和环境问题成为人们关注的热门话题，所以节能和环保保护的想法为这个设计开辟了新的观点。

本文介绍了温度的设计湿度测量系统基于单片机，并增加了C02浓度的检测功能以及强度照明，智能人机通信功能使得该系统具有一定的人性化。

通过改变参数，将其设置为适用于一般的工业生产环境的监测。

设计更加智能化，并通过微控制器和管理人员之间的沟通，更多灵活控制，更实用和更广泛应用领域。

2、整体设计建议这样的设计主要是针对智能监控工业生产环境温度和湿度，二氧化碳浓度，光照强度以及参与其他一般环境因素。

该系统可以直接实现全自动控制，管理者也可以通过GSM通信调整控制方案模块。

其中，主机采用单片机来控制控制器的命令来完成以下工作：数据采集和测试，可以通过操作员机器接口（键盘和显示器）到实现参数设定，显示和手动介入，以及其他功能。

当参数超限或意外情况（以频率为例）出现该系统应该立即自动报警，并与经理及时以解决沟通的问题。

基于单片机的整个系统，包括数据收集和测试模块，键盘输入和显示模块，GSM和报警模块。

数据采集，检测治疗可以完成收集和放大在生产各种环境模拟参数车间，其结果将反馈到单片机，其中数据来实现的AID皈依，存储和分析，并确定是否超出设定范围所收集的数据如果它是超越，什么控制方案，然后与发送短信，及时传达给管理者。