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前端开发质量运营规则与方法Front-end development is a crucial aspect of website and application design, as it encompasses the design and implementation of the user interface. Good front-end development not only ensures a visually appealing and intuitive interface but also contributes to the overall user experience.前端开发是网站和应用程序设计的关键方面，它涵盖了用户界面的设计和实施。
良好的前端开发不仅确保了视觉上吸引人和直观的界面，还有助于整体用户体验。
When it comes to front-end development, quality and operation rules play a crucial role in maintaining the effectiveness and efficiency of the design and implementation process. By establishing and adhering to standardized rules and methodologies, front-end developers can ensure consistent quality and seamless operation of the user interface.在前端开发中，质量与运营规则在维护设计和实施过程的有效性和效率方面发挥着至关重要的作用。
通过建立和遵守标准化的规则和方法，前端开发人员可以确保用户界面的一致质量和无缝操作。
One of the key methods for ensuring quality in front-end development is to conduct thorough testing. This includes performance testing, compatibility testing, and usability testing to ensure that the user interface functions as intended across different devices and platforms. By identifying and addressing any issues or bugs through comprehensive testing, developers can enhance the overall quality of the front-end development.确保前端开发质量的关键方法之一是进行彻底的测试。
特种气体的配气装置及方法Special gas mixing devices and methods are essential in a variety of industrial applications, including semiconductor manufacturing, scientific research, and medical technology. These special gases, such as high-purity nitrogen, argon, helium, and hydrogen, are often used in controlled environments to carry out precise processes. Therefore, the design and implementation of a reliable gas mixing system is crucial to ensure the desired gas composition is achieved consistently.特种气体混合装置和方法在各种工业应用中至关重要，包括半导体制造、科学研究和医疗技术。
这些特殊气体，如高纯度氮气、氩气、氦气和氢气，通常用于受控环境中进行精确的加工。
因此，设计和实施可靠的气体混合系统对确保达到期望的气体组成至关重要。
One of the key requirements for an effective gas mixing device is accuracy. The device must be able to precisely control the flow rates of different gases and maintain the desired gas composition within narrow tolerances. This can be achieved through the use of precisionflow meters, pressure regulators, and gas analyzers to continuously monitor and adjust the gas mixture in real-time.有效气体混合装置的关键要求之一是精度。
麦克风芯片电路工作原理Microphone chip circuit working principle麦克风芯片电路工作原理A microphone chip is an essential component of many electronic devices, including smartphones, computers, and recording devices. 麦克风芯片是许多电子设备的重要组成部分，包括智能手机、计算机和录音设备。
The primary function of the microphone chip is to convert sound waves into electrical signals, which can then be processed and amplified for various applications.麦克风芯片的主要功能是将声波转换为电信号，然后可以用于各种应用中进行处理和放大。
The working principle of a microphone chip involves several key components, including a diaphragm, an electrically conductive material, and an output interface.麦克风芯片的工作原理涉及几个关键组件，包括一个振膜、一个电导材料和一个输出接口。
When sound waves hit the diaphragm, it vibrates and causes the attached electrically conductive material to move in response to the sound waves.当声波碰到振膜时，它会振动并引起附着的电导材料随声波移动。
This movement of the electrically conductive material generates a fluctuating electrical signal, which is then transmitted through the output interface of the microphone chip.这种电导材料的运动产生了一个波动的电信号，然后通过麦克风芯片的输出接口传输出去。
Hotel Management System Integration Services1.IntroductionIt is generally accepted that the role of the web services in businesses is undoubtedly important. More and more commercial software systems extend their capability and power by using web services technology。
Today the e—commerce is not merely using internet to transfer business data or supporting people to interact with dynamic web page，but are fundamentally changed by web services. The World Wide Web Consortium’s Xtensible Markup Language (XML) and the Xtensible Stylesheet Language （XSL）are standards defined in the interest of multi-purpose publishing and content reuse and are increasingly being deployed in the construction of web services。
Since XML is looked as the canonical message format，it could tie together thousands of systems programmed by hundreds of programming languages。
Executive Summary:During the summer of 2023, I had the privilege of completing an internship at XYZ Corporation, a global leader in the technology industry. This report outlines my experiences, learnings, and contributions during my tenure at the company. The internship provided me with invaluable insights into the corporate world, honed my professional skills, and solidified my interest in pursuing a career in technology.Company Overview:XYZ Corporation is a multinational corporation with a diverse range of products and services. The company is renowned for its innovative approach to technology, customer-centric culture, and commitment to employee development. During my internship, I was based in the Research and Development (R&D) department, where I worked alongside experienced professionals to contribute to cutting-edge projects.Internship Duration and Role:My internship at XYZ Corporation spanned a period of 12 weeks from June to August 2023. As an intern in the R&D department, I was primarily responsible for assisting in the development of a new software application. My role involved:1. Conducting research on existing software applications to identify potential areas for improvement.2. Assisting in the design and implementation of new features based on user feedback and market trends.3. Collaborating with the software development team to ensure seamless integration of new functionalities.4. Testing and debugging the software to ensure its reliability and performance.Key Learnings and Contributions:1. Technical Skills Development: My internship provided me with hands-on experience in various programming languages, including Python, Java, and JavaScript. I learned to apply these skills to real-world problems, improving my ability to develop efficient and scalable software solutions.2. Team Collaboration: I had the opportunity to work closely with a diverse team of professionals, including software developers, project managers, and designers. This experience taught me the importance of effective communication, active listening, and collaborative problem-solving.3. Project Management: I gained insights into project management practices, including the use of Agile methodologies. This enabled me to understand the lifecycle of a software project and contribute to its successful completion.4. Professional Growth: The internship allowed me to develop a strong work ethic, time management skills, and a keen eye for detail. I also learned the value of continuous learning and adapting to new challenges.During my tenure, I contributed to the following:- Feature Development: I successfully implemented a new user interface feature that improved the application's user experience, resulting in positive feedback from the testing team.- Bug Fixes: I identified and resolved several bugs, which helped to enhance the overall performance and stability of the software.- Documentation: I assisted in creating detailed documentation for the software, ensuring that it would be easy for future developers to understand and maintain.Reflections and Future Goals:Looking back on my internship at XYZ Corporation, I am grateful for the opportunity to gain practical experience in the technology industry. The internship has reinforced my passion for software development and has provided me with a solid foundation for my future career.As I move forward, I aim to continue honing my technical skills and expanding my knowledge of software development methodologies. I am also eager to apply the lessons learned during my internship to future projects and to contribute to the success of my chosen field.In conclusion, my internship at XYZ Corporation was an unforgettable experience that has shaped my professional growth. I am grateful to the entire team at XYZ for their guidance, support, and mentorship. I look forward to staying connected with the company and the industry, and I am committed to making a positive impact in my future endeavors.。
信息管理与信息系统专业英语作文全文共3篇示例，供读者参考篇1Information Systems and My Future CareerAs a student majoring in Information Management and Information Systems, I am constantly amazed by the rapid pace of technological advancements and the crucial role they play in driving innovation across industries. This field lies at the intersection of business and technology, offering a multifaceted and dynamic landscape that captivates my intellectual curiosity.In today's digital age, information is the lifeblood of organizations, and effective management of this invaluable resource is paramount for success. Information Systems encompass the hardware, software, databases, networks, and processes that collectively enable the acquisition, storage, processing, and dissemination of data and information. By harnessing the power of these systems, businesses can streamline operations, enhance decision-making processes, and gain a competitive edge in their respective markets.One aspect of my studies that particularly fascinates me is the exploration of data analytics and business intelligence. The ability to extract meaningful insights from vast troves of data is akin to unlocking a treasure trove of knowledge. Through advanced analytical techniques and data visualization tools, organizations can identify patterns, trends, and correlations that were previously hidden, empowering them to make informed, data-driven decisions. The potential applications of this technology are virtually limitless, spanning domains such as marketing, finance, healthcare, and logistics.Moreover, the advent of cloud computing and the Internet of Things (IoT) has revolutionized the way we perceive and interact with information systems. The cloud has enabled seamless access to computing resources on-demand, fostering collaboration and scalability. Concurrently, the proliferation of IoT devices has ushered in a new era of interconnectivity, where physical objects can communicate and exchange data, paving the way for smart cities, intelligent transportation systems, and predictive maintenance in industrial settings.As I delve deeper into my studies, I am continuously captivated by the intricate interplay between information systems and organizational strategy. Effective informationmanagement is not merely a technological endeavor but a strategic imperative that can profoundly impact an organization's competitive positioning. By aligning information systems with business objectives, companies can streamline processes, enhance customer experiences, and drive innovation within their respective industries.One area that resonates deeply with me is the role of information systems in promoting sustainability and social responsibility. Through the integration of environmental data and predictive modeling, organizations can monitor their carbon footprint, optimize resource utilization, and implementeco-friendly practices. Additionally, information systems can facilitate transparency, accountability, and ethicaldecision-making, ensuring that businesses operate in a socially responsible manner.Looking ahead, the field of Information Management and Information Systems is poised for continued growth and transformation. The emergence of disruptive technologies such as artificial intelligence, machine learning, and blockchain will undoubtedly reshape the landscape of information management. As a future professional in this domain, I am excited to contribute to the development and implementation ofcutting-edge solutions that drive efficiency, innovation, and value creation for organizations.Ultimately, my passion for this field stems from its multidisciplinary nature and its potential to positively impact various aspects of society. By combining technical expertise with business acumen and strategic thinking, information systems professionals can play a pivotal role in shaping the digital future. As I embark on this journey, I am determined to continuously expand my knowledge, embrace lifelong learning, and cultivate the necessary skills to navigate the ever-evolving landscape of technology and information management.篇2The Field of Information Management and Information SystemsAs a student pursuing a degree in Information Management and Information Systems, I find myself fascinated by the rapidly evolving landscape of technology and its profound impact on how we gather, process, and utilize data. In today's digital age, information has become the lifeblood of organizations, driving decision-making processes and shaping the trajectory of success.At the core of this field lies the intricate interplay between information, technology, and people. It is a discipline that bridges the gap between the technical and the practical, providing a comprehensive understanding of how to harness the power of data and leverage it for organizational growth and efficiency.One of the fundamental aspects of Information Management and Information Systems is the art of data collection and organization. In an era where data is generated at an unprecedented rate, it is crucial to have robust systems in place to capture, store, and structure this information effectively. From traditional databases to cutting-edge cloud computing solutions, we explore a wide array of tools and methodologies that enable us to manage and access data seamlessly.However, data alone is merely a raw resource; it is the analysis and interpretation of this data that truly unlocks its potential. Through advanced analytical techniques, such as statistical modeling, data mining, and machine learning algorithms, we can uncover valuable insights, identify patterns, and make informed decisions that drive strategic planning and operational excellence.Another essential component of our field is the design and implementation of information systems. These systems serve as the backbone of modern organizations, enabling the seamless flow of information across various departments and facilitating collaboration and communication. From enterprise resource planning (ERP) systems to customer relationship management (CRM) platforms, we study the intricacies of system architecture, user interface design, and data integration to create solutions that enhance productivity and streamline business processes.Moreover, the field of Information Management and Information Systems extends beyond the confines of a single organization. We delve into the realm of supply chain management, exploring how data and information systems can optimize the flow of goods and services across complex global networks. By leveraging advanced technologies such asradio-frequency identification (RFID), internet of things (IoT), and blockchain, we can achieve unprecedented levels of transparency, traceability, and efficiency in supply chain operations.As the digital landscape continues to evolve, cybersecurity and data privacy have become paramount concerns. Our curriculum equips us with the knowledge and skills to safeguard sensitive information, implement robust security measures, andensure compliance with legal and ethical standards. We study encryption techniques, access control mechanisms, and risk management strategies to protect organizations from cyber threats and data breaches.Furthermore, the integration of emerging technologies, such as artificial intelligence (AI) and big data analytics, has opened up new frontiers in the field of Information Management and Information Systems. By harnessing the power of machine learning and predictive modeling, we can gain deeper insights, automate decision-making processes, and drive innovation across various industries.Despite the technical nature of our discipline, effective communication and collaboration are essential skills that we cultivate. We learn to bridge the gap between technical jargon and business terminology, translating complex concepts into actionable strategies that resonate with stakeholders at all levels. Through group projects and case studies, we developteam-building abilities, problem-solving skills, and the ability to navigate the intricate dynamics of cross-functional teams.Looking ahead, the future of Information Management and Information Systems is brimming with exciting possibilities. As technology continues to advance at a rapid pace, our rolebecomes increasingly pivotal in helping organizations adapt, innovate, and thrive in a data-driven world. We will be at the forefront of exploring emerging technologies, such as quantum computing, and their potential applications in data processing and decision-making.Additionally, the ethical implications of data usage and the responsible deployment of information systems will be a focal point of our field. As stewards of sensitive information, we will play a crucial role in shaping policies and guidelines that strike a balance between technological progress and the protection of individual privacy and societal well-being.In conclusion, the field of Information Management and Information Systems is a dynamic and multifaceted discipline that lies at the intersection of technology, data, and business strategy. As students, we are equipped with the knowledge and skills to navigate the complexities of modern information ecosystems, enabling organizations to leverage data as a strategic asset and drive sustainable growth. With a commitment to lifelong learning and a passion for innovation, we are poised to shape the future of how information is managed, analyzed, and utilized for the betterment of society.篇3The Thrilling World of Information Systems and ManagementAs a student majoring in Information Management and Information Systems (IMIS), I find myself constantly in awe of the rapidly evolving digital landscape that surrounds us. This field is more than just a collection of ones and zeros – it's a dynamic and ever-changing realm that lies at the heart of modern business operations, shaping the way we live, work, and interact with the world around us.When I first embarked on my academic journey in IMIS, I must admit, I was a bit apprehensive. The concepts of data management, system analysis, and programming seemed daunting, like a vast and complex puzzle waiting to be solved. However, as I delved deeper into the subject matter, I realized that this field is not just about mastering technical skills; it's about developing a keen understanding of how information flows and how to harness its power to drive organizational success.One of the most fascinating aspects of IMIS is its interdisciplinary nature. It seamlessly blends elements of computer science, business administration, and analytical thinking, creating a unique synergy that enables us to tacklereal-world challenges. Whether it's designing robust databases, developing cutting-edge applications, or streamlining business processes, we are trained to approach problems from a holistic perspective, considering not just the technical aspects but also the human and organizational factors involved.In our coursework, we explore a wide range of topics, each more captivating than the last. From database management systems and data mining to project management and system security, every module opens up new horizons and expands our understanding of the intricate web of information that underpins modern enterprises. It's exhilarating to realize that the skills we acquire have the potential to revolutionize industries and shape the future of business operations.One of the highlights of my IMIS journey has been the opportunity to work on real-world projects and case studies. These practical experiences have allowed me to apply the knowledge gained in the classroom to tangible scenarios, fostering a deep appreciation for the complexities and nuances involved in information management. Whether it's analyzing vast datasets to uncover valuable insights or designing user-friendly interfaces for enterprise applications, these hands-on projectshave been instrumental in honing my analytical andproblem-solving abilities.Moreover, the collaborative nature of our coursework has taught me invaluable lessons in teamwork and communication. In the rapidly changing landscape of information technology, no individual can single-handedly navigate the intricacies of modern systems. By working in diverse teams, we learn to leverage each other's strengths, share knowledge, and develop effective communication strategies – skills that are invaluable in any professional setting.Beyond the technical aspects, IMIS has also challenged me to think critically about the ethical and societal implications of information systems. As the world becomes increasinglydata-driven, we must grapple with questions of privacy, security, and the responsible use of technology. Throughthought-provoking discussions and case studies, we explore the delicate balance between innovation and ethical considerations, ensuring that we are not just creating powerful systems but doing so in a responsible and sustainable manner.Looking to the future, the prospects for IMIS graduates are truly exciting. With the ever-increasing reliance on digital technologies across industries, the demand for skilledprofessionals in this field is skyrocketing. Whether it's in the realm of e-commerce, healthcare, finance, or any other sector, our ability to manage and leverage information will be a key differentiator in driving organizational success.Furthermore, the rapid pace of technological advancement ensures that our learning journey never truly ends. As new technologies emerge and paradigms shift, we must remain agile and adaptable, constantly expanding our knowledge and skillsets to stay ahead of the curve. This prospect of lifelong learning is both exhilarating and humbling, reminding us that in the world of information systems, complacency is not an option.In conclusion, my experience in the Information Management and Information Systems program has been nothing short of transformative. It has opened my eyes to the vast potential of information technology and the crucial role it plays in shaping the modern business landscape. As I look ahead to the next chapter of my academic and professional journey, I am filled with excitement and a deep sense of purpose. Armed with the knowledge and skills acquired through this program, I am confident in my ability to navigate the ever-changing digital landscape and contribute to the continued evolution ofinformation systems, driving innovation and shaping the future of business operations.。
刷脸支付的英语作文As technology continues to advance, facial recognition technology has become more widely used in various aspects of our daily lives. From unlocking smartphones to accessing secure buildings, the convenience and efficiency of facial recognition are undeniable. However, when it comes to facial recognition in payment systems, there are mixed feelings among consumers.随着技术的不断进步，人脸识别技术在我们日常生活的各个方面越来越广泛使用。
从解锁手机到进入安全建筑，人脸识别的便利性和效率是不可否认的。
然而，当涉及到刷脸支付系统时，消费者们对此持有不同的看法。
For some, the idea of using their face as a form of payment is futuristic and exciting. The convenience of simply looking at a camera to complete a transaction without needing to carry a walletor enter a PIN is an attractive concept. This seamless integration of technology into our daily transactions can make the payment process quicker and more efficient.对于一些人来说，使用自己的脸作为支付手段是未来主义和令人兴奋的想法。
设计管理制度英文怎么写AbstractThe implementation of an effective management system is crucial for the success of any organization. This paper presents a comprehensive guide to designing and managing a management system that effectively integrates the organization’s objectives, processes, and resources. The paper outlines the key components of a management system, including strategic planning, organizational structure, performance measurement, and continuous improvement. It also discusses the importance of leadership, communication, and employee engagement in managing a successful management system. The paper provides practical recommendations and best practices for organizations to consider when designing and managing their management systems. The paper concludes with a discussion of the benefits of a well-designed and managed management system and the potential challenges in implementing such a system.1. IntroductionThe design and management of an effective management system is essential for organizat ions to achieve their goals and maintain a competitive advantage in today’s dynamic business environment. A management system is a framework that integrates an organization’s objectives, processes, and resources to ensure that the organization operates efficiently, effectively, and in line with its strategic direction. This paper provides a comprehensive guide to designing and managing a management system that is aligned with the organization’s goals and enhances its overall performance.2. Key Components of a Management SystemA management system consists of several key components that work together to enable an organization to achieve its strategic objectives. These components include:2.1 Strategic PlanningStrategic planning is the process of defining an organization’s long-term goals and identifying the resources and actions required to achieve those goals. A well-designed management system begins with a clear strategic plan that outlines the organization’s vision, mission, values, and strategic objectives.2.2 Organizational StructureThe organizational structure defines the roles, responsibilities, and reporting relationships within the organization. A well-designed management system aligns the structure with the organization’s strategy and ensures that the right people are in the right positions to drive performance.2.3 Performance MeasurementPerformance measurement involves the collection, analysis, and reporting of data on the organization’s performance. A well-designed management system includes clear performance measures that are aligned with the organization’s strategic objectives and enable managers to monitor progress and make informed decisions.2.4 Continuous ImprovementContinuous improvement is the ongoing process of identifying and implementing opportunities to enhance the organization’s performance. A well-managed management system fosters a culture of continuous improvement and provides the tools, processes, and support needed to drive positive change.3. Importance of Leadership, Communication, and Employee EngagementIn addition to the key components of a management system, leadership, communication, and employee engagement are critical factors in effectively managing a management system. Leadership sets the tone for the organization and is responsible for establishing a clear vision, building a strong culture, and providing the support and resources needed to achieve the organization’s goals. Effective communication ensures that employees understand the organization’s objectives, their ro le in achieving those objectives, and the impact of their work on the organization’s overall performance. Employee engagement is essential for generating enthusiasm, commitment, and productivity, and ensuring that employees feel valued and motivated to con tribute to the organization’s success.4. Practical Recommendations and Best PracticesOrganizations can take several practical steps to design and manage an effective management system. These include:4.1 Define Clear ObjectivesClearly define the organiz ation’s strategic objectives, and ensure that all components of the management system are aligned with these objectives.4.2 Establish Clear Roles and ResponsibilitiesDevelop a clear organizational structure that defines the roles and responsibilities of each team and individual, and ensures that the organization’s resources are effectively allocated to achieve its goals.4.3 Establish Key Performance IndicatorsIdentify and measure key performance indicators that are linked to the organization’s strategic objectives, and provide real-time data and insights to inform decision-making.4.4 Encourage a Culture of Continuous ImprovementCreate a culture of continuous improvement by providing training, tools, and resources to enable employees and teams to identify and implement opportunities for improvement. 4.5 Lead with Vision and PurposeSet a clear vision and purpose for the organization, and engage employees through effective leadership, communication, and employee engagement to foster a sense of belonging and drive performance.5. Benefits of a Well-Designed and Managed Management SystemA well-designed and managed management system offers several benefits to organizations, including:5.1 Enhanced PerformanceA well-designed and managed management system enables organizations to achieve their strategic objectives, operate efficiently, and continuously improve their performance.5.2 Stronger AlignmentA well-designed and managed management system ensures that the organization’s components, processes, and resources are aligned with its strategic objectives, enabling a seamless and effective operation.5.3 Better Decision-MakingA well-designed and managed management system provides managers with the information, insights, and tools needed to make informed decisions and drive positive change.5.4 Engaged EmployeesA well-designed and managed management system fosters a culture of continuous improvement, employee engagement, and collaboration, enabling employees to feel valued and contribute to the organization’s success.6. Potential ChallengesDespite the many benefits of a well-designed and managed management system, organizations may encounter several potential challenges in its design and implementation. These include:6.1 Resistance to ChangeEmployees and managers may resist new processes, tools, and methods, making it challenging to implement a management system effectively.6.2 Lack of ResourcesDesigning and managing a management system requires dedicated resources, including time, money, and expertise, which may be in short supply for some organizations.6.3 Lack of Leadership SupportWithout strong leadership support, a management system may lack the necessary vision, direction, and culture to succeed.6.4 Ineffective CommunicationIneffective communicati on can hinder employees’ understanding of the management system, their role in achieving its objectives, and the benefits it offers.7. ConclusionDesigning and managing an effective management system is essential for organizations to achieve their strategic objectives, operate efficiently, and continuously improve their performance. By integrating key components such as strategic planning, organizational structure, performance measurement, and continuous improvement, and emphasizing the importance of leadership, communication, and employee engagement, organizations can create a strong foundation for success. Practical recommendations and best practices offer organizations guidance in designing and managing their management systems, while the benefits and potential challenges provide a comprehensive overview of what to expect. With the right approach and commitment, organizations can build and manage a management system that contributes to their long-term success and competitive advantage.。
中语智汇平台商务英语实习报告As a recent graduate seeking to enhance my professional skills and gain practical experience in the field of business English, I was thrilled to have the opportunity to complete a three-month internship at the Chinese Language Intelligence Platform. This report aims to provide a comprehensive overview of my internship experience, the skills I acquired, and the valuable insights I gained into the dynamic world of business communication.During my time at the Chinese Language Intelligence Platform, I was immersed in a diverse range of responsibilities that allowed me to develop a well-rounded understanding of the company's operations and the role of business English in its success. From translating business documents and interpreting during client meetings to creating engaging content for the company's international marketing campaigns, each task challenged me to think critically, adapt to new situations, and hone my language proficiency.One of the most significant aspects of my internship was the chance to work closely with the company's international businessdevelopment team. This experience provided me with a deeper appreciation for the importance of effective cross-cultural communication in the global marketplace. I learned to navigate the nuances of different business customs, etiquette, and negotiation strategies, which proved invaluable in fostering strong relationships with the company's international partners and clients.Moreover, I had the opportunity to participate in the development of the company's new business English training program. This involved researching industry trends, identifying the specific language needs of the target audience, and collaborating with the content development team to create engaging and practical learning materials. Through this process, I gained valuable insights into the design and implementation of effective business English curricula, which will undoubtedly inform my future career endeavors.One of the most rewarding aspects of my internship was the chance to apply my language skills in real-world business scenarios. Whether it was translating a complex contract, drafting a persuasive email to a potential client, or delivering a presentation to the company's leadership team, each task challenged me to think critically, adapt my communication style, and ensure that the message was conveyed clearly and effectively.Throughout my internship, I was also fortunate to receive guidanceand mentorship from the company's experienced business English professionals. Their willingness to share their knowledge, provide constructive feedback, and offer career advice was invaluable in shaping my understanding of the industry and bolstering my confidence as a young professional.Beyond the tangible skills I acquired, my internship at the Chinese Language Intelligence Platform also helped me develop a deeper appreciation for the importance of cultural awareness and adaptability in the business world. I learned to navigate the nuances of different communication styles, understand the cultural context underlying business practices, and find ways to bridge the gap between diverse stakeholders.One particularly memorable experience that highlighted the significance of cultural sensitivity was my involvement in the planning and execution of a high-profile client event. As the primary point of contact for the international attendees, I was tasked with ensuring a seamless and enjoyable experience for all participants. This required me to anticipate potential language and cultural barriers, develop tailored communication strategies, and coordinate closely with the event team to address the unique needs of our global guests.Through this experience, I gained a newfound respect for thecomplexities of international business communication and the critical role that language proficiency and cultural awareness play in fostering successful partnerships and collaborations. This learning has undoubtedly shaped my perspective on the importance of continuous professional development and the need to remain adaptable in an ever-evolving global landscape.In conclusion, my internship at the Chinese Language Intelligence Platform has been a transformative experience that has equipped me with a wealth of practical skills, valuable industry insights, and a deep appreciation for the power of effective business communication. As I look to the future, I am confident that the knowledge and experiences I have gained will serve as a strong foundation for my continued growth and success in the field of business English.。
照明英语知识点总结图Lighting plays a crucial role in our everyday lives, providing visibility, safety, and aesthetic appeal to the spaces we inhabit. Whether it’s in our homes, offices, or outdoor environments, reliable and efficient lighting is essential for creating a comfortable and productive environment. In this article, we will explore the key points of lighting in the following areas:1. The Basics of Lighting2. Types of Lighting3. Lighting Design Principles4. Energy-Efficient Lighting5. Lighting Control Systems6. Future Trends in Lighting Technology1. The Basics of LightingTo understand lighting, it is important to address the fundamental concepts that form the basis of its function and characteristics:- Light Sources: Light in our environment is mainly derived from natural sources such as the sun and artificial sources like electric lamps. Understanding the properties and output of different light sources is crucial in choosing the right lighting for a specific application.- Spectral Distribution: The spectral distribution of light describes how the intensity of light is distributed across different wavelengths. This is important in determining the color rendering capabilities of a light source.- Luminous Flux and Illuminance: Luminous flux refers to the total quantity of visible light emitted by a light source, while illuminance refers to the amount of light that falls on a surface. These metrics are essential in understanding the brightness and coverage of lighting in a given space.- Color Temperature: The color temperature of light is measured in degrees Kelvin and describes the color appearance of a light source. It is an important consideration in creating the desired ambiance and visual comfort in a space.2. Types of LightingThere are various types of lighting to cater to different needs and preferences. The main types include:- Ambient Lighting: Also known as general lighting, ambient lighting provides overall illumination to a space and is typically the primary source of light in a room.- Task Lighting: Task lighting is designed to provide focused illumination for specific activities such as reading, cooking, or working at a desk. It helps to reduce eyestrain and improve task performance.- Accent Lighting: Accent lighting is used to highlight a particular object, architectural feature, or artwork. It adds visual interest and drama to a space.- Decorative Lighting: Decorative lighting includes fixtures that are designed to enhance the aesthetics of a space, such as chandeliers, pendant lights, and wall sconces.- Natural Lighting: Natural lighting refers to the use of daylight to illuminate interior spaces. It offers numerous benefits, including energy savings, visual comfort, and connection to the outdoors.- Emergency Lighting: Emergency lighting is essential for providing illumination in the event of a power outage or emergency situation. It includes exit signs, emergency lights, and backup lighting systems.3. Lighting Design PrinciplesEffective lighting design involves careful consideration of several principles to achieve the desired visual and functional outcomes:- Balance: Balancing the distribution of light throughout a space helps to create a harmonious and comfortable environment. This can be achieved by combining different types of lighting and adjusting their intensities to suit the specific needs of the space.- Contrast: Contrast in lighting involves creating variations in light levels to emphasize different elements within a space, such as highlighting architectural features or creating visual interest.- Uniformity: Uniformity in lighting aims to provide consistent levels of illumination across a space, ensuring that there are no areas of glare or shadow.- Color Rendering: Color rendering refers to the ability of a light source to accurately represent the colors of objects. High color rendering is important in retail, hospitality, and residential settings where color quality is essential.- Glare Control: Glare occurs when there is excessive contrast between bright and dark areas in the visual field, leading to discomfort and reduced visibility. Proper glare control is essential for creating a comfortable and safe environment.- Energy Efficiency: Designing lighting systems to be energy-efficient is crucial for reducing energy consumption and operating costs. This can be achieved through the use of efficient light sources, controls, and lighting designs that maximize natural light.4. Energy-Efficient LightingIn recent years, there has been a growing emphasis on energy-efficient lighting solutions that minimize environmental impact and reduce energy consumption. Key strategies for achieving energy efficiency in lighting include:- LED Lighting: Light-emitting diode (LED) technology has revolutionized the lighting industry by offering a highly efficient and long-lasting alternative to traditional light sources. LED lighting consumes significantly less energy, has a longer lifespan, and offers superior color rendering capabilities.- CFL Lighting: Compact fluorescent lamps (CFLs) are another energy-efficient option that has gained popularity for their ability to provide high-quality light output while using less energy than incandescent bulbs.- Light Control: Implementing lighting controls such as dimmers, occupancy sensors, and daylight harvesting systems can significantly reduce energy usage by optimizing the use of artificial lighting based on occupancy and daylight availability.- Energy Star Certification: Energy Star-qualified lighting products meet strict energy efficiency and performance criteria set by the Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) and the Department of Energy (DOE). Choosing Energy Star-certified lighting products ensures that they are among the most energy-efficient options available.- Lighting Retrofits: Upgrading existing lighting systems with more energy-efficient technologies can yield significant energy savings and improve lighting quality.5. Lighting Control SystemsLighting control systems are essential for optimizing the performance and energy efficiency of lighting installations. These systems offer the following benefits:- Dimming: Dimming controls allow users to adjust the light output of fixtures to meet specific requirements and create different ambiances. This not only enhances visual comfort but also reduces energy consumption.- Occupancy Sensors: Occupancy sensors detect the presence of people in a space and automatically turn lights on or off based on occupancy. This helps to minimize energy wastage in unoccupied areas.- Daylight Harvesting: Daylight harvesting systems adjust artificial lighting levels based on the amount of natural light available, reducing the need for electric lighting in spaces with ample daylight.- Time Scheduling: Time scheduling controls enable programming of lighting systems to operate at specific times, allowing for energy-efficient operation based on occupancy patterns and usage schedules.- Remote Access: Advanced lighting control systems offer remote access and monitoring capabilities, allowing users to adjust lighting settings and troubleshoot issues from a centralized location.6. Future Trends in Lighting TechnologyThe field of lighting technology is constantly evolving, with several key trends shaping the future of lighting design and implementation:- Connected Lighting: The concept of connected lighting involves integrating lighting systems with smart controls, sensors, and network connectivity to enable remote management, data collection, and advanced functionality.- Human-Centric Lighting: Human-centric lighting aims to enhance well-being and productivity by tailoring light settings to mimic natural daylight patterns and support the body's circadian rhythms.- IoT Integration: Lighting systems are increasingly being integrated with the Internet of Things (IoT) to enable seamless communication with other building systems and provide valuable data for optimization and analysis.- Sustainable Materials: The use of sustainable materials and manufacturing processes is becoming an important consideration in lighting design, with a focus on reducing environmental impact and promoting circular economy principles.- Advanced Controls: The development of advanced control systems, including machine learning and artificial intelligence, is expected to enhance the functionality and energy efficiency of lighting installations.ConclusionIn conclusion, lighting is an essential aspect of our built environment, influencing our visual comfort, safety, and overall experience of a space. By understanding the basics of lighting, exploring different types of lighting, and applying sound design principles, we can create environments that are not only well-lit but also energy-efficient and visually appealing. As technology continues to advance, the future of lighting looks promising, with innovative solutions that prioritize sustainability, connectivity, and human well-being.。
Design and Implementation of Seamless End-to-End Internet QoS ManagementSystemT. Choi, Y. Jung, S. SohnElectronics Telecommunications Research Institute161 Kajong-Dong Yusung-GuTaejon City, KOREAE-mail: {choits, yhjung, swsohn}@etri.re.krAbstractSeamless end-to-end Internet Quality of Service (QoS) management is very challenging not only because Internet management is not well understood and practiced in the real world but because the nature of the Internet is hard to predict and manage. Secure transmission, transport reliability, ability to differentiate service qualities, QoS-based intelligent routing, QoS monitoring, and customer-oriented service management are essential technical huddles to be coped with. Despite of these difficulties, the Internet becomes the platform of choice for the next generation applications and services. Without a solid management solution, it is not easy to deploy high quality commercial services. In this paper, we propose an architecture of seamless end-to-end Internet QoS Management System and describe the design principles and system components of our developing prototype system.KeywordsEnd-to-end Internet QoS Management, Customer-based Service Management, QoS Monitoring, TMF, TMN, CORBA, Java, Web, PBNM1.IntroductionThe Internet is growing with enormous speed and is becoming an integral part of everyday business operation. It is undoubtedly becoming the platform of choice for the emerging innovative network and application services. In order to support such services, several unsolved technical issues have to be resolved. Secure transmission, transport reliability, ability to differentiate service qualities and intelligent routing are some of the essential technical huddles to be coped with. Industries, academia and research communities of the IT advanced countries are actively engaged in developing products, conducting researches, establishing test-beds and performing performance and interoperability tests for next generation Internet technologies. Unlike the existing Internet, which is mainly based on best-effort service, the emerging next generation Internet [4] can provide secure, reliable, and qualitatively differentiated commercial services. For the success of this emerging Internet and its services, the importance of automated seamless end-to-end Internet service and network management cannot be over-emphasized. It will play a very important role for both customers and service providers. Customers can request a service with quality of their choice, monitor how the requested service behaves and report troubles when faults occur through the automated service management interface. Internet service providers (ISPs) can provision the requested services via service/network provisioning processes, monitor the service/network status and requested qualities, and act proactively when the faulty situation occurs such as identifying the faults, analyzing the problems, fixing them, and sending trouble status reports to the customers, etc. Also ISPs can exchange service orders and trouble tickets among themselves.In the current Internet, very limited set of configuration, fault, performance, accounting management for the network elements only are used for most ISPs and enterprise networks. Network management is far from the reality, let alone the service management. But, as the Internet becomes the platform for various network services, the customers want to consider the service they are using as a total solution. To meet this requirement, customer care management, service management, network management and network element management should tightly work together to provide automated seamless end-to-end Internet management.In telecommunications environments, this issue was raised and work have been progressed to address it. TeleManagement Forum (TMF) [1] is a leading industry consortium that recognized the issue and is providing a number of solution sets. Its Service Management Business Process Model (SMBPM) [2] defines a number of processes including customer care processes, service management processes, network management processes, and information systems management processes. Each process has its own functions and interfaces for the interaction with other processes. These management processes are not fully defined yet, and even those defined ones are specifically designed for telecommunications services. However, the concept is very useful to the next generation Internet management and can be augmented for this purpose.Recently, in the Internet community, automation of QoS control for IP networks has become a hot issue. Internet Engineering Task Force (IETF) policy framework working group has published an internet draft on policy-based network management (PBNM) architecture [3]. Its main objective is to provide secure and scalable management framework for automated policy-based QoS control in the Internet. Also, Internet2’s QBONE bandwidth broker working group [4] is defining a specification for bandwidth broker. It provides an automated end-to-end resource allocation mechanism between customers and service providers. These two activities mainly focus on network management issues with little service management aspects. They are very Internet specific but lack overall service and network management framework. Hence, marriage between TMF’s SMBPM andthese two activities can produce very interesting service and network management framework for the next generation Internet.This paper proposes an architecture of seamless end-to-end Internet QoS Management System based on the three management frameworks mentioned above. In the next section, some of the major Internet management issues are summarized. In Section 3, we describe the TMF’s business process model and relate it with our management processes. Then, the functional management architecture is explained. In Section 4, our prototype implementation based on the proposed architecture is explained in detail. Finally, we conclude our work with summary and itemize the remaining future work.2.Major Internet Management IssuesIt is very important to understand the current and next generation Internet before we start considering how to manage them. In comparison with network management for telecommunications network and service, the Internet management is not well studied and practiced. One main reason for this is because that the Internet was not considered as a commercial service platform until recently. Most mission critical applications were used over relatively secure and reliable privately owned or leased network infrastructure. People have tendency to be tolerable for the current low quality best-efforts Internet services. However, as the Internet becomes a commercial service platform, the situation is completely different. Business excellence of an ISP can be judged by the robust management processes.Figure 1: The Current View of Internet StructureFigure 1 [5] may best illustrate the architecture of the Internet today, which includes the diversity of end-user connectivity, the mix of retail and wholesale environments, the ability to undertake multiple upstream services, and the existence of point of presences (PoPs) and exchange points at various locations within the Internet. Physically, future Internet will be similar to the current architecture except higher capacity PoPs (Giga PoPs), exchange points, andtransmission links. But functionality will be quite different. More sophisticated bandwidth management, congestion control, traffic policing, and quality of service control will be added.Some of the important issues to consider for managing such complex physical and logical components of the new Internet can be identified best in terms of ISO’s five major functional areas of network management, that is, configuration, fault, performance, accounting and security management. For proper identification of issues, we need to look at the Internet architecture described in Figure 1 from the management point of view. Figure 2 shows functional components for management and their relationships at the top most level. For seamless automated end-to-end Internet management, end-customers should be able to participate in the management processes via customer care management interfaces. An ISP not only has to interact with end-customers but with other ISPs, network operators or suppliers for the end-to-end service and network management. More details on internal processes and interfaces will be discussed in the following section.Figure 2: High-level Internet Management Business Context and Scopel Configuration ManagementConfiguration management is the process of monitoring and inventorying the current state of resources and their inter-relationships (e.g., network topology) and controlling the configuration, state and relationships between resources. The former is a very important process but the latter has attracted more attention from the Internet management community recently. Traditionally, remote control of the network resources was done through telnet or SNMP set operations although remote configuration management requires scalable, reliable and convenient way of controlling network resources. It can be viewed from different levels: service management, network management and network element management.-From the service management viewpoint, service topology monitoring, intra-and inter-service provisioning, service inventory control, and Service Level Agreement (SLA) negotiation with end-customers and other ISPs are main tasks.-From the network management viewpoint, service provisioning data (e.g., QoS parameters, security parameters, etc.) should be mapped to network provisioning data and network topology should be mapped to service topology.It checks resource availability and policy conflicts for the requested provisionand decides which network elements should be chosen for the final enforcement. These checks can be done based on known topology, inventory and policy information.-From the network element management viewpoint, element specific data can be enforced to setup the requested functionality (e.g., a queuing discipline, filtering rules, etc.). It also collects topology and inventory specific data to be used by network management layer.l Fault ManagementFault management is the process of identifying faults, isolating, responding, and resolving them quickly. Typically fault management was the realm of network administrators or managers and, thus, end-customers were not aware of what was going on inside of the ISP’s network. However, as the Internet becomes a platform to provide meaningful commercial services, end-customers no longer want to consider it as a black box. Instead, they want to be well informed as to the nature of the fault, the status of resolution and expected time for the resolution. This requirement leads to ISPs to be more open and interactive with end-customers and other ISPs. Fault management can also be viewed from different levels of management.-From the service management viewpoint, trouble handling process is the main task. Through the automated interfaces between an end-customer and ISP(s), the state and information regarding fault management processes can be shared seamlessly. Especially, new functional components for QoS control need to be managed properly.-From the network management viewpoint, identification, detection, and resolution of network specific faults are important tasks. It has to interact with service management layer and network element management layer.Identification of network faults can trigger the trouble handling process in the service management layer to notify the faults to the affected customers or other ISPs. Customer trouble reports can trigger network fault management process as well in the reverse direction. It is very important to automate these processes and integrate them for the seamless end-to-end service/network management.-From the network element management viewpoint, network elements in the next generation Internet add new hardware and software components to be managed such as active bandwidth management mechanisms, queues, policing and shaping components. Fault monitoring of these components and timely resolutions are essential to provide end-to-end QoS guarantee.l Performance ManagementPerformance management is the process of collecting data relating to the usage of resources, analyzing them to make meaningful statistics, feeding them to fault management process, and applying them to capacity planning and deployment. Managing performance is one of the most challenging aspects of Internet management, especially next generation Internet management. For QoS guaranteedservices, service provisioning is just beginning and constant monitoring of the requested service quality is more important. Let’s look at the performance management from three different management levels.-From the service management viewpoint, end-to-end service quality monitoring is the main task. ISPs have to keep track of performance metrics regarding end-to-end aspects such as one way delay, two-way delay, delay variance, and packet loss rate, etc. On the other hand, end-customer’s main interest is whether the service quality they requested is well met. This task can be achieved by defining automated interface between an end-customer and an ISP for performance reporting. This is a very important process that most current Internet service providers is missing and should be an essential part of customer care processes for next generation Internet.-From the network and network element management viewpoints, interests are in network or network element level. Performance metrics for a particular network or a network element are collected and analyzed, for instance, single diff-serv [6] domain performance metrics, a single RSVP [7] flow delay variance in a given network domain, and a router’s queuing performance metric, etc. Aggregation of all these metrics can be used to provide an end-to-end performance metric.l Accounting ManagementAccounting management is the process of gathering resource usage data and assigning that usage to a end-customer whose use is to be accounted. Unlike telecommunications environment, resource usage accounting in the Internet is not a trivial task. Currently, there are two different mechanisms are widely used by the ISPs, that is, simple accounting method used by Radius [8] and TACACS+ [9] and interior accounting method defined by IETF Realtime Traffic Flow Measurement (RTFM) [10] working group and Cisco’s Netflow [11]. The former collects aggregate usage data per customer and the latter accounts for per service basis so that a separate tariff can be applied. But because of the IP traffic characteristics, the second methods have several problems to be solved. Besides them, end-to-end accounting management when multiple ISPs involved for providing a particular service has to be addressed. Also when different quality of service is provided, the tariff structure becomes much more complex.l Security ManagementSecurity management is the process of managing the security environment of a network including detection of security violations and maintaining security audits and performing the network management task in a secure way. For detection of security violation, there are issues such as fault-tolerant and scalable intrusion detection mechanisms and real-time intrusion tracking mechanisms both for IP-based enterprise networks and ISP networks. For secure network management operations, issues such as secure management information transport with reasonable overheads and remote controlling of network resources in a secure manner become very important.3.System Architecture3.1. Business Process ModelFigure 3: TMF’s Service Management Business Process ModelIn section 2, we described major management issues based on ISO’s five major functional areas of network management from the TMN’s service management, network management, and network element management viewpoints [12]. These management functionalities can be grouped into layers whose components are a set of management processes. Each process performs specific management functions and interacts with other processes in the same layer or different layers for seamless management operations. TMF defined a process model, SMBPM, for this purpose. It is shown in Figure 3.The first two layers show management processes relating to the service management and the third layer shows network management processes. Each process shown as a small box actually consists of very complex internal functions and interfaces for the interactions with other processes. This model covers five management functional areas. The shaded boxes represent management processes that this proposal is interested in, namely, service configuration (especially including QoS provisioning), fault management (including trouble administration), and performance monitoring (particularly QoS monitoring).Based on this model, we would like to provide a management platform for seamless end-to-end Internet QoS management. A simple scenario is as follows. Customers can request a particular service to an ISP, say VPN via a customer care interface. SLA includes service specific QoS parameters for provisioning. The ISP receives the request, processes it, and interacts with customers while the requested service is provisioned. The ISP’s QoS service manager converts the QoSparameters and other parameters (e.g., security, access control, etc.) into proper policies, stores in the policy repository for further processing, and then notifies QoS network manager about the request. The QoS network manager retrieves the stored policy, performs some housekeeping functions (e.g., policy conflict checking, resource availability, etc.) and enforces the required resource reservation to necessary network elements. If the requested service provisioning requires more than one ISP’s involvement, the same process has to be repeated between the ISPs. Once the provisioning is completed, the results will be notified to the QoS service manager and the QoS service manager, in turn, will notify the customer. Also QoS service manager constantly monitors the service quality with the help of QoS network managers. It regularly reports to the customer about the QoS status to meet the SLA. Customers can send any trouble reports regarding the requested service via the same customer care interface and the service provider processes them by interacting with a QoS fault manager for the identification, detection, and resolution of possible faults. QoS network manager can also detect faults and notifies the customer if it affects service qualities. Meantime, the status of the resolution process is promptly notified to the customer.The mapping between this conceptual business process model and real functional model with implementation details will be described in the following sections in detail.3.2. Functional ArchitectureFigure 4: Functional Architecture of the Proposed Management System Figure 4 shows the functional architecture of our proposed QoS management system. As the figure illustrates, this architecture is based on the TMN model [12]for the overall management framework, TMF’s SMBPM for automated business processes workflow, and IETF’s PBNM for network and element management especially in the area of QoS-based resource provisioning. The system currently covers configuration, fault, performance, and part of security management functional areas. However, the system architecture is scalable to expand other management functional areas such as accounting and other security management. As the system matures, we are planning to add those functionality as well in the future.In the service management layer, three management processes are defined. It has a single integrated customer care interface with which customers, other ISPs, or human enterprise/ISP’s network managers interact. In other words, the system provides two different ways of interaction. One possible scenario is when customer network management system or other ISP’s service management system interacts with it via a programming interface. Another case is when human administrators want to access the management system directly via its graphical user interface. The former is using a CORBA IDL interface [13] and the latter supports web access via Java/CORBA mapping. Three processes also communicate with QoS network manager in the network management layer through the CORBA IDL interface. Another important interaction is with a directory/DB server for storing and retrieving SLAs, trouble tickets, and performance reports. SLA is stored in two different forms: service provisioning independent and dependent information. The latter is translated into the policy schema (e.g., QoS policy, routing policy, and security policy) which will be used by a QoS network manager later.In the network management layer, more than one QoS network manager can exist. Each is responsible for its own network domain, for example, a single Diff-Serv domain. Each handles network resource provisioning, fault monitoring and resolution, performance data collection, and policy schema administration. It interacts with service management processes through a CORBA IDL interface. Invocation of a management operation can be either direction. For example, a service provisioning process initiates network provisioning via QoS manager interface. On the other hand, the QoS network manager can send a performance data to a performance reporting process in the service management layer. For network resource provisioning, the QoS manager interacts with a directory server to retrieve appropriate policy schema (e.g., QoS policy, access control policy, etc.) and network topology information. The QoS network manager then decides what policies to be applied to which network elements. Before provisioning takes place, it converts the policy schema into information objects that both QoS manager and network element manager have a common understanding. Common Open Policy Service (COPS) protocol [14] is used for transport of these information. Fault, performance, and network topology management use SNMP.In the network element management layer, a few different types can coexist. The first kind is a network element which plays a role of a COPS client and an element management agent. This is the simplest case where the QoS manager directly controls the network element. Another kind is a network element manager which manages one or more same type of devices. In this case, it plays an agentrole towards the QoS manager and plays a manager role for its device(s). For network elements provisioning, it intercepts COPS messages and enforces them to the appropriate network elements. If the element supports COPS client functionality, the COPS message for the QoS manager transparently pass through. If not, the element manager plays a role of proxy for that particular network element. Fault, performance, and topology management can be performed via SNMP.4.ImplementationWe are currently implementing our system based on the proposed architecture. Our initial implementation focus is end-to-end QoS-based resource provisioning. The prototype system consists of three components: a QoS Service Manager, a QoS Policy Server, and a QoS Client.4.1.QoS Service ManagerSLA,Trouble,PerformanceDataFigure 5: A QoS Service Manager Implementation ArchitectureAs mentioned in the previous section, TMF’s Service Management Automation Reengineering Team (SMART) [15] has defined technical specifications for service order handling [16], customer-to-service provider trouble administration [17], and performance reporting [18]. These documents define information models and service interfaces independent of underlying communications technologies. The range of resources and services, problem types, status codes, service orders, performance metrics etc. are defined primarily to cover telephony service. In order for these service management processes to support the Internet services, extension of the above resource types is inevitable. However, their functional requirements,state model, and basic protocol mechanisms are designed in such way that no or trivial modifications are needed.Our QoS service manager implementation is based on the functional behaviors defined in these specifications and extension of resource types suitable for the next generation Internet environment. Also these specifications lacks the capability to interact with network management layer processes. However, for the true seamless end-to-end QoS management of the Internet, integration of service management layer and network management layer is very important requirement to be fulfilled. Thus, our QoS service manager implementation extends the existing interface specifications to cover this requirement.One more user of the QoS service manager is network administrators or managers of an enterprise network or an Internet service provider. Unlike the previous cases which require a programming interface for communications, a user friendly and easily accessible user interface is recommended for those users. The QoS service manager exposes its services via Java applet to those users. This way they can access QoS service manager’s interface via their web browser. The detailed implementation architecture of the QoS service manager is illustrated in Figure 5.4.2.QoS Network ManagerThis component is an NM OS which is responsible for managing configuration, fault, performance, part of security aspects of a network in the Internet. Its implementation architecture is based on the IETF’s PBNM architecture. PBNM defines four major components: Policy Management Tool, Policy Repository, Policy Decision Point (PDP), and Policy Enforcement Point (PEP). Policy Management Tool presents services, interacts with users, and coordinates PDPs. PDP stores the policies provided by users into a policy repository as schematic forms, checks any local domain conflicts, exchanges policies with PEPs and, possibly, with other PDPs. PEP participates policy management (e.g., sending request, reports, and accounting info., etc.) and enforces policies received by a PDP. Policy repository contains policies stored in a certain schema. There is, currently, no standardized common schema but work is under progress in IETF policy framework working group. Policy can represent a variety of information such as QoS, routing, security, etc. Policy information is exchanged between PDP and PEP via COPS protocol.The scope of current PBNM mainly covers policy-based QoS service provisioning which is only a subset of the configuration management. Yet, QoS fault and performance monitoring and proactive QoS problem management are significant aspects to be considered as well. Our QoS Network Manager is built on PBNM with additional functionality expanded. Towards SML, it has a CORBA IDL interface for necessary interactions with customer care processes. For network QoS provisioning, we are implementing PDP functions, LDAP for policy repository, and COPS-PR [19] server functions for policy information exchange. Network topology monitoring and update functions are added for intra- and inter-domain network resource provisioning. Network fault management and networkQoS performance data collection funtionality is included. SNMP is a protocol used for the associated management operations and the network provisioning process shares manager MIB. For the common understanding of these management information between the service manager and the network manager, mapping functions between manager MIB and information objects consumed by the service manager are provided.Figure 6: A QoS Network Manager Implementation Architecture IETF defined Realtime Traffic Flow Measurement (RTFM) architecture for realtime network performance monitoring. It consists of four main components: meter, meter reader, meter manager, and analysis applications. QoS Network Manager implements a meter manager and a meter reader. Figure 6 shows an implementation architecture of the QoS Network Manager.4.3.QoS Element ManagerThe main requirement of our QoS Element Manager is to provide platform transparent QoS control. There are many different types of network elements in the Internet: routers and a variety of switches (L2/L3/L4, FastEthernet, Gigabit Ethernet, ATM, MPLS, etc.). Each one has different means of controlling its QoS features. Our Element Manager provides a platform neutral interface for QoS control towards the QoS network manager and has an adaptation layer which interacts with a particular platform. For QoS provisioning of a network element, QoS Element Manager plays COPS client role. It supports both COPS enabled network elements and non-COPS compliant network elements. For the former, it transparently pass the COPS messages to network elements. For the latter, it plays a role of COPS client proxy for those network elements.。
