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rankings basedon survey resultsRankings based on survey results are a common way to evaluate and compare different products, services, or companies. Surveys are typically designed to collect feedback from a large group of people, and the results are then used to create rankings that reflect the opinions of the respondents.To create a ranking based on survey results, you typically need to follow several steps:1. Design the survey: The survey should be designed to collect feedback on the specific products, services, or companies you want to evaluate. The survey should include questions that seek opinions, preferences, and satisfaction levels.2. Conduct the survey: The survey is then distributed to a large group of people, typically through an online platform or through direct mail. It's important to have a diverse group of respondents to ensure that the results are representative of different perspectives and opinions.3. Analyze the data: After the survey is complete, the data is analyzed to determine the responses to each question. The data can be analyzed quantitatively or qualitatively, depending on the type of information collected.4. Create the rankings: Once the data is analyzed, it can be used to create rankings by comparing the responses across different products,services, or companies. The rankings can be based on different factors such as overall satisfaction, quality, value, or any other relevant metric determined by the survey questions.5. Publish the rankings: The rankings are then published in a report, online, or through other channels to inform consumers and businesses about the products, services, or companies that performed well in the survey.It's important to note that rankings based on survey results should be interpreted with caution. While they provide valuable insights into consumer preferences and satisfaction levels, it's important to consider the limitations of surveys, such as potential biases or limited sample sizes.。
2022年-2023年教师资格之中学英语学科知识与教学能力真题练习试卷A卷附答案单选题（共30题）1、In ordinary conversations, participants are expected, first of all, to __________, otherwise,communication would break down.A.stand straightB.coordinateC.speak the truthD.cooperate【答案】 D2、We don't think （） possible to master a foreign language without much memory work.A.thisB.thatC.itsD.it【答案】 D3、When a teacher makes a lesson plan, he should do all of the following EXCEPT_____________A.design techniques that have easy and difficult aspects of itemsB.try to design techniques that involve all studentsC.take into consideration the different demands and needs of all studentsD.cater only to the top range students to make sure the progress of teaching【答案】 D4、Passage 1A.Creativity. and InsightsB.Insights and Problem SolvingC.Where Do Insight Moments ComeD.Where Do Creativity Moments Come【答案】 D5、Which of the following has the proper word stress?A.magnificentB.magNificentC.magnifiCentD.Magnificent【答案】 B6、Which of the following English phonemes has more than one allophone based on its position in a word?A./wiB.lj/C./miD./Ⅳ【答案】 D7、What does his/her feedback focus on if a teacher's comment is “John, it would be much better if you have given more details,t” ?A.ContentnguageC.AttitudeD.Aptitude【答案】 A8、It was not until dawn__________ the snowcapped peak in the remote area in Tibet.A.that they sightedB.did they sightC.that they did not sightD.had they sighted【答案】 A9、Passage 1A.The former are able to write in two different languagesB.The former can translate their works into different languagesC.The former are able to express ideas from a bi-cultural perspectiveD.The former can travel freely across the border between two countries【答案】 C10、Diagnostic test is often used for the purpose ofA.finding out what students know and don' t knowB.measuring students' general language proficiencyC.knowing whether students have the right language aptitudeD.checking whether students have achieved the teaching objectives 【答案】 A11、请阅读短文。
2025年全国大学英语CET六级考试模拟试卷及解答参考一、写作（15分）Task 1: Writing (30 minutes)Part AWrite an email to your friend about a recent movie you watched. In your email, you should:1.Briefly introduce the movie and its main theme.2.Share your personal feelings about the movie.3.Recommend the movie to your friend, explaining why you think they would enjoy it.You should write about 100 words on the ANSWER SHEET 2.Do not sign your own name at the end of the letter. Use “Li Ming” in stead. Do not write the address.Example:Dear [Friend’s Name],I hope this email finds you well. I wanted to share with you a movie I recently watched that I thought you might find interesting.The movie I’m talking about is “Inception,” directed by Chris topher Nolan.It revolves around the concept of dream manipulation and the layers of reality. The story follows Dom Cobb, a skilled thief who specializes in extracting secrets from within the subconscious during the dream state.I was deeply impressed by t he movie’s intricate plot and the exceptional performances of the cast. The visual effects were breathtaking, and the soundtrack was perfectly matched to the action sequences. The movie made me think a lot about the nature of reality and the power of dreams.I highly recommend “Inception” to you. I believe it will be a captivating experience, especially if you enjoy films that challenge your perceptions and make you think.Looking forward to your thoughts on this movie.Best regards,Li MingAnalysis:This example follows the structure required for Part A of the writing task. It starts with a friendly greeting and a brief introduction to the subject of the email, which is the movie “Inception.”The writer then shares their personal feelings about the movie, highlighting the plot, the cast’s performances, the visual effects, and the soundtrack. This personal touch helps to engage the reader and provide a more authentic recommendation.Finally, the writer makes a clear recommendation, explaining that theybelieve the movie would be enjoyable for their friend based on itsthought-provoking nature and entertainment value. The email concludes with a friendly sign-off, maintaining a warm and inviting tone.二、听力理解-长对话（选择题，共8分）第一题听力原文：M: Hi, Lisa. How was your trip to Beijing last weekend?W: Oh, it was amazing! I’ve always wanted to visit the Forbidden City. The architecture was so impressive.M: I’m glad you enjoyed it. By the way, did you manage to visit the Great Wall?W: Yes, I did. It was a long journey, but it was worth it. The Wall was even more magnificent in person.M: Did you have any problems with transportation?W: Well, the subway system was very convenient, but some of the bus routes were confusing. I ended up getting lost a couple of times.M: That’s a common problem. It’s always a good idea to download a map or use a GPS app.W: Definitely. I also found the people in Beijing to be very friendly and helpful. They spoke English well, too.M: That’s great to hear. I’m thinking of visiting Beijing next month. Arethere any other places you would recommend?W: Oh, definitely! I would suggest visiting the Summer Palace and the Temple of Heaven. They are both beautiful and culturally significant.M: Thanks for the ti ps, Lisa. I can’t wait to see these places myself.W: You’re welcome. Have a great trip!选择题：1、Why did Lisa visit Beijing?A. To visit the Great Wall.B. To see her friends.C. To experience the local culture.D. To study Chinese history.2、How did Lisa feel about the Forbidden City?A. It was boring.B. It was too crowded.C. It was impressive.D. It was not as beautiful as she expected.3、What was the biggest challenge Lisa faced during her trip?A. Finding accommodation.B. Getting lost.C. Eating healthy food.D. Visiting all the tourist spots.4、What other places does Lisa recommend visiting in Beijing?A. The Summer Palace and the Temple of Heaven.B. The Great Wall and the Forbidden City.C. The National Museum and the CCTV Tower.D. The Wangfujing Street and the Silk Market.答案：1、C2、C3、B4、A第二题Part Two: Listening ComprehensionSection C: Long ConversationsIn this section, you will hear one long conversation. At the end of the conversation, you will hear some questions. Both the conversation and the questions will be spoken only once. After you hear a question, you must choose the best answer from the four choices marked A), B), C), and D).1.What is the main topic of the conversation?A) The importance of cultural exchange.B) The challenges of teaching English abroad.C) The experiences of a language teacher in China.D) The impact of language barriers on communication.2.Why does the speaker mention studying Chinese?A) To show his respect for Chinese culture.B) To express h is gratitude for the Chinese students’ hospitality.C) To emphasize the importance of language learning.D) To explain his reasons for choosing to teach English in China.3.According to the speaker, what is one of the difficulties he faced in teaching English?A) The students’ lack of motivation.B) The limited resources available.C) The cultural differences between Chinese and Western students.D) The high expectations from the school administration.4.How does the speaker plan to overcome the language barrier in his future work?A) By learning more Chinese.B) By using visual aids and non-verbal communication.C) By collaborating with local language experts.D) By relying on his previous teaching experience.Answers:1.C2.C3.C4.B三、听力理解-听力篇章（选择题，共7分）第一题Passage:A new study has found that the way we speak can affect our relationships and even our physical health. Researchers at the University of California, Los Angeles, have been investigating the connection between language and well-being for several years. They have discovered that positive language can lead to better health outcomes, while negative language can have the opposite effect.The study involved 300 participants who were monitored for a period of one year. The participants were asked to keep a daily diary of their interactions with others, including both positive and negative comments. The researchers found that those who used more positive language reported fewer physical symptoms and a greater sense of well-being.Dr. Emily Thompson, the l ead researcher, explained, “We were surprised to see the impact that language can have on our health. It’s not just about what we say, but also how we say it. A gentle tone and supportive language can make a significant difference.”Here are some examples of positive and negative language:Positive Language: “I appreciate your help with the project.”Negative Language: “You always mess up the project.”The researchers also looked at the effects of language on relationships. They found that couples who used more positive language were more likely toreport a satisfying relationship, while those who used negative language were more likely to experience relationship stress.Questions:1、What is the main focus of the study conducted by the University of California, Los Angeles?A) The impact of diet on physical health.B) The connection between language and well-being.C) The effects of exercise on mental health.D) The role of social media in relationships.2、Which of the following is a positive example of language from the passage?A) “You always mess up the project.”B) “I can’t believe you did that again.”C) “I appreciate your help with the project.”D) “This is a waste of time.”3、According to the study, what is the likely outcome for couples who use negative language in their relationships?A) They will have a more satisfying relationship.B) They will experience fewer physical symptoms.C) They will report a greater sense of well-being.D) They will likely experience relationship stress.Answers:1、B2、C3、D第二题Passage OneIn the United States, there is a long-standing debate over the best way to educate children. One of the most controversial issues is the debate between traditional public schools and charter schools.Traditional public schools are operated by government and are funded by tax dollars. They are subject to strict regulations and are required to follow a standardized curriculum. Teachers in traditional public schools are typically unionized and receive benefits and pensions.On the other hand, charter schools are publicly funded but operate independently of local school districts. They are free to set their own curriculum and teaching methods. Charter schools often have a longer school day and a more rigorous academic program. They are also subject to performance-based evaluations, which can lead to their closure if they do not meet certain standards.Proponents of charter schools argue that they provide more choices for parents and that they can offer a more personalized education for students. They also claim that charter schools are more accountable because they are subject to more direct oversight and can be closed if they fail to meet their goals.Opponents of charter schools argue that they take resources away fromtraditional public schools and that they do not provide a level playing field for all students. They also claim that charter schools can be more selective in their admissions process, which may lead to a lack of diversity in the student body.Questions:1、What is a key difference between traditional public schools and charter schools?A) Funding sourceB) CurriculumC) Teacher unionsD) Academic rigor2、According to the passage, what is a potential advantage of charter schools?A) They are subject to fewer regulations.B) They offer more choices for parents.C) They are more likely to receive government funding.D) They typically have a shorter school day.3、What is a common concern expressed by opponents of charter schools?A) They are less accountable for their performance.B) They may lead to a lack of diversity in the student body.C) They are more expensive for local taxpayers.D) They do not follow a standardized curriculum.Answers:1、B) Curriculum2、B) They offer more choices for parents.3、B) They may lead to a lack of diversity in the student body.四、听力理解-新闻报道（选择题，共20分）第一题News ReportA: Good morning, everyone. Welcome to today’s news broadcast. Here is the latest news.News Anchor: This morning, the World Health Organization (WHO) announced that the number of confirmed cases of a new strain of the H1N1 flu virus has reached 10,000 worldwide. The WHO has declared the outbreak a public health emergency of international concern. Health officials are urging countries to take immediate measures to contain the spread of the virus.Q1: What is the main topic of the news report?A) The announcement of a new strain of the H1N1 flu virus.B) The declaration of a public health emergency.C) The measures taken to contain the spread of the virus.D) The number of confirmed cases of the new strain.Answer: BQ2: According to the news report, who declared the outbreak a public health emergency?A) The World Health Organization (WHO)B) The Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC)C) The European Union (EU)D) The United Nations (UN)Answer: AQ3: What is the main purpose of the health officials’ urging?A) To increase awareness about the flu virus.B) To encourage people to get vaccinated.C) To take immediate measures to contain the spread of the virus.D) To provide financial assistance to affected countries.Answer: C第二题News Report 1:[Background music fades in]Narrator: “This morning’s top news includes a major announcement from the Ministry of Education regarding the upcoming changes to the College English Test Band Six (CET-6). Here’s our correspondent, Li Hua, with more details.”Li Hua: “Good morning, everyone. The Ministry of Education has just announced that starting from next year, the CET-6 will undergo significant modifications. The most notable change is the inclusion of a new speaking section, which will be mandatory for all test-takers. This decision comes in response to the increasing demand for English proficiency in various fields. Let’s goto the Education Depar tment for more information.”[Background music fades out]Questions:1、What is the main topic of this news report?A) The cancellation of the CET-6 exam.B) The addition of a new speaking section to the CET-6.C) The difficulty level of the CET-6 increasing.D) The results of the CET-6 exam.2、Why has the Ministry of Education decided to include a new speaking section in the CET-6?A) To reduce the number of test-takers.B) To make the exam more difficult.C) To meet the demand for English proficiency.D) To replace the written test with an oral test.3、What will be the impact of this change on students preparing for the CET-6?A) They will need to focus more on writing skills.B) They will have to learn a new type of test format.C) They will no longer need to take the exam.D) They will be able to choose between written and oral tests.Answers:1、B2、C3、B第三题You will hear a news report. For each question, choose the best answer from the four choices given.Listen to the news report and answer the following questions:1、A) The number of tourists visiting the city has doubled.B) The city’s tourism revenue has increased significantly.C) The new airport has attracted many international tourists.D) The city’s infrastructure is not ready for the influx of tou rists.2、A) The government plans to invest heavily in transportation.B) Local businesses are benefiting from the tourism boom.C) The city is experiencing traffic congestion and overcrowding.D) The city is working on expanding its hotel capacity.3、A) Th e city’s mayor has expressed concern about the impact on local culture.B) The tourism industry is collaborating with local communities to preserve traditions.C) There are concerns about the negative environmental effects of tourism.D) The city is implementing strict regulations to control tourist behavior.Answers:1.B) The city’s tourism revenue has increased significantly.2.C) The city is experiencing traffic congestion and overcrowding.3.B) The tourism industry is collaborating with local communities to preserve traditions.五、阅读理解-词汇理解（填空题，共5分）第一题Read the following passage and then complete the sentences by choosing the most suitable words or phrases from the list below. Each word or phrase may be used once, more than once, or not at all.Passage:In the past few decades, the internet has revolutionized the way we communicate and access information. With just a few clicks, we can now connect with people from all over the world, share our thoughts and experiences, and even conduct business transactions. This rapid advancement in technology has not only brought convenience to our lives but has also raised several challenges and concerns.1、_________ (1) the internet has made it easier for us to stay connected with friends and family, it has also led to a decrease in face-to-face interactions.2、The increasing reliance on digital devices has raised concerns about the impact on our physical and mental health.3、Despite the many benefits, there are also significant_________(2) associated with the internet, such as privacy breaches and cybersecuritythreats.4、To mitigate these risks, it is crucial for individuals and organizations to adopt robust security measures.5、In the future, we need to strike a balance between embracing technological advancements and maintaining a healthy lifestyle.List of Words and Phrases:a) convenienceb) challengesc) privacy breachesd) physicale) significantf) mentalg) privacyh) embracei) reliancej) face-to-face1、_________ (1)2、_________ (2)第二题Reading PassagesPassage OneMany people believe that a person’s personality is established at birthand remains unchanged throughout life. This view is supported by the idea that personality is determined by genetic factors. However, recent studies have shown that personality can be influenced by a variety of environmental factors as well.The word “personality” can be defined as the unique set of characteristics that distinguish one individual from another. It includes traits such as extroversion, neuroticism, and agreeableness. These traits are often measured using psychological tests.According to the passage, what is the main idea about personality?A. Personality is solely determined by genetic factors.B. Personality remains unchanged throughout life.C. Personality is influenced by both genetic and environmental factors.D. Personality is determined by a combination of psychological tests.Vocabulary Understanding1、The unique set of characteristics that distinguish one individual from another is referred to as ________.A. personalityB. genetic factorsC. environmental factorsD. psychological tests2、The view that personality is established at birth and remains unchanged throughout life is ________.A. supportedB. challengedC. irrelevantD. misunderstood3、According to the passage, traits such as extroversion, neuroticism, and agreeableness are part of ________.A. genetic factorsB. environmental factorsC. personalityD. psychological tests4、The passage suggests that personality can be influenced by ________.A. genetic factorsB. environmental factorsC. both genetic and environmental factorsD. neither genetic nor environmental factors5、The word “personality” is best defined as ________.A. the unique set of characteristics that distinguish one individual from anotherB. the genetic factors that determine personalityC. the environmental factors that influence personalityD. the psychological tests used to measure personalityAnswers:1、A2、A3、C4、C5、A六、阅读理解-长篇阅读（选择题，共10分）First QuestionPassage:In the digital age, technology has transformed almost every aspect of our lives, including education. One significant impact technology has had on learning is through online platforms that offer a wide variety of courses and educational materials to anyone with internet access. This democratization of knowledge means that individuals no longer need to rely solely on traditional educational institutions for learning. However, while online learning provides unprecedented access to information, it also poses challenges such as ensuring the quality of the content and maintaining student engagement without the structure of a classroom setting. As educators continue to adapt to these changes, it’s clear that technology will play an increasingly important role in s haping the future of education.1、According to the passage, what is one major advantage of online learning?A) It guarantees higher academic achievements.B) It makes educational resources more accessible.C) It eliminates the need for traditional learning methods entirely.D) It ensures that all students remain engaged with the material.2、What challenge does online learning present according to the text?A) It makes it difficult to assess the quality of educational content.B) It increases the reliance on traditional educational institutions.C) It decreases the amount of available educational material.D) It simplifies the process of student engagement.3、The term “democratization of knowledge” in this context refers to:A) The ability of people to vote on educational policies.B) The equal distribution of printed books among citizens.C) The process by which governments control online information.D) The widespread availability of educational resources via the internet.4、How do educators respond to the changes brought about by technology in education?A) By rejecting technological advancements in favor of conventional methods.B) By adapting their teaching practices to incorporate new technologies.C) By insisting that online learning should replace traditional classrooms.D) By ignoring the potential benefits of online learning platforms.5、Based on the passage, which statement best reflects the future outlook for education?A) Traditional educational institutions will become obsolete.B) Technology will have a diminishing role in the education sector.C) Online learning will complement but not completely replace traditional education.D) Students will no longer require any form of structured learning environment.Answers:1.B2.A3.D4.B5.CThis is a fictional example designed for illustrative purposes. In actual CET exams, the passages and questions would vary widely in topic and complexity.第二题Reading PassagesPassage OneGlobal warming is one of the most pressing environmental issues facing the world today. It refers to the long-term increase in Earth’s average surface temperature, primarily due to human activities, particularly the emission of greenhouse gases. The consequences of global warming are far-reaching, affecting ecosystems, weather patterns, sea levels, and human health.The Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) has warned that if global warming continues at its current rate, we can expect more extreme weather events, such as hurricanes, droughts, and floods. Additionally, rising sealevels could displace millions of people, leading to social and economic instability.Several measures have been proposed to mitigate the effects of global warming. These include reducing greenhouse gas emissions, transitioning to renewable energy sources, and implementing sustainable agricultural practices. However, despite the urgency of the situation, progress has been slow, and many countries have failed to meet their commitments under the Paris Agreement.Questions:1、What is the primary cause of global warming according to the passage?A、Natural climate changesB、Human activitiesC、Ecosystem changesD、Increased carbon dioxide levels in the atmosphere2、Which of the following is NOT mentioned as a consequence of global warming?A、Extreme weather eventsB、Rising sea levelsC、Improved crop yieldsD、Increased global biodiversity3、What is the IPCC’s main concern regarding the current rate of global warming?A、It is causing a decrease in Earth’s average surface temperatu re.B、It is leading to more extreme weather events.C、It is causing the Earth’s magnetic field to weaken.D、It is causing the ozone layer to thin.4、What are some of the proposed measures to mitigate the effects of global warming?A、Reducing greenhouse gas emissions, transitioning to renewable energy sources, and implementing sustainable agricultural practices.B、Building more coal-fired power plants and expanding deforestation.C、Increasing the use of fossil fuels and reducing the number of trees.D、Ignoring the issue and hoping it will resolve itself.5、Why has progress in addressing global warming been slow, according to the passage?A、Because it is a complex issue that requires international cooperation.B、Because people are not concerned about the consequences of global warming.C、Because scientists do not have enough information about the issue.D、Because the Paris Agreement has not been effective.Answers:1、B2、C3、B4、A5、A七、阅读理解-仔细阅读（选择题，共20分）First QuestionPassage:In the age of rapid technological advancement, the role of universities has shifted beyond traditional academic pursuits to include fostering innovation and entrepreneurship among students. One such initiative taken by many institutions is the integration of technology incubators on campus. These incubators serve as platforms where students can turn their innovative ideas into tangible products, thereby bridging the gap between theory and practice. Moreover, universities are increasingly collaborating with industry leaders to provide practical training opportunities that prepare students for the challenges of the modern workforce. Critics argue, however, that this shift might come at the cost of undermining the foundational academic disciplines that have historically formed the core of higher education.Questions:1、What is one key purpose of integrating technology incubators in universities according to the passage?A) To reduce the cost of university education.B) To bridge the gap between theory and practice.C) To compete with other universities.D) To focus solely on theoretical knowledge.Answer: B) To bridge the gap between theory and practice.2、According to the text, how are universities preparing students for the modern workforce?A) By isolating them from industry professionals.B) By providing practical training through collaboration with industry leaders.C) By discouraging entrepreneurship.D) By focusing only on historical academic disciplines.Answer: B) By providing practical training through collaboration with industry leaders.3、What concern do critics raise about the new initiatives in universities?A) They believe it will enhance foundational academic disciplines.B) They fear it could undermine the core of higher education.C) They think it will make universities less competitive.D) They are worried about the overemphasis on practical skills.Answer: B) They fear it could undermine the core of higher education.4、Which of the following best describes the role of universities in the current era as depicted in the passage?A) Institutions that strictly adhere to traditional teaching methods.B) Centers that foster innovation and entrepreneurship among students.C) Organizations that discourage partnerships with industries.D) Places that prevent students from engaging with real-world challenges.Answer: B) Centers that foster innovation and entrepreneurship among students.5、How does the passage suggest that technology incubators benefit students?A) By ensuring they only focus on theoretical studies.B) By giving them a platform to turn ideas into products.C) By limiting their exposure to practical experiences.D) By encouraging them to avoid modern workforce challenges.Answer: B) By giving them a platform to turn ideas into products.This set of questions aims to test comprehension skills including inference, detail recognition, and understanding the main idea of the given passage. Remember, this is a mock example and should be used for illustrative purposes only.Second QuestionReading Passage:The Future of Renewable Energy SourcesIn recent years, there has been a growing interest in renewable energy sources due to their potential to reduce dependency on fossil fuels and mitigate the effects of climate change. Solar power, wind energy, and hydropower have all seen significant advancements in technology and cost-efficiency. However, challenges remain in terms of storage and distribution of these energy sources. For solar energy to become a viable primary energy source worldwide, it must overcome the limitations posed by weather conditions and geographical location. Wind energy faces similar challenges, particularly in areas with low wind speeds. Hydropower, while more consistent than both solar and wind energies, is limited。
上海交通大学硕士学位论文基于关键词的语义搜索姓名：周琦申请学位级别：硕士专业：计算机应用技术指导教师：俞勇20090101基于关键词的语义搜索摘要语义搜索虽然提出多年，但是为了能够运用精确的语义搜索技术, 用户必须熟知本体中的结构和相应的知识表示，并且具备写形式化查询语言的能力。
所以目前语义搜索的应用人群往往还停留在专家用户这个层面上，这已经成为阻碍语义搜索发展的严峻问题。
在另一方面，广大的互联网用户仍然习惯于传统基于关键词的搜索方式, 即使搜索引擎提供了简单的布尔表达式查询来增加查询的准确性，然而几乎所有的用户都不用这种最简单的逻辑表达式来进行日常的查询。
所以，如果能够将关键词查询这种方式无缝地衔接到语义搜索上，那么对于互联网搜索的广大用户来说，他们就可以凭借习惯的关键词作为手段而达到语义搜索的准确结果。
本文提出了一种将用户输入的关键字自动翻译，并且排序成语义搜索查询的方法，并且实现了系统原型SPARK来验证我们的方法。
这样通过输入关键词，用户就能获得语义搜索引擎所能接受的形式化语义查询。
但由于关键词和语义查询之间的巨大差异，有三个主要的难点需要克服：1) 关键词的歧义性:同一个关键词在不同的背景下有不同的含义, 如何区分用户想要表达的真正含义是一个重要的问题。
2)关系的缺失:在传统的关键词搜索中，词与词之间没有显式的修饰关系，如何区别查询的主要部分和修饰部分的关系非常困难。
3)翻译结果的多样性: 歧义性和属性缺失会造成大量可能的查询，如何挑选出符合用户信息需求的查询就显得非常重要。
为了解决以上的问题，我们针对性提出了将关键词翻译成为系统所能接受的语义查询的三阶段步骤：通过多种单词-本体资源匹配方法解决了多义问题，通过有效的查询图生成算法较好地解决了关系缺失的问题，最后通过查询排序的方法对生成的语义查询进行评价，向用户反馈相关的语义搜索查询。
在SPARK的实现中，用户可以输入任意表达信息需求的关键词，系统根据算法最后生成一系列符合用户信息需求并且可以被语义搜索接受的SPARQL查询语句反馈给用户，或用户可以直接将这些SPARQL查询提交给执行引擎以获得语义搜索的结果。
人力资源管理英文词汇人力资源管理师专业英语词汇1 Acceptability可接受性2 Achievement tests成就测试3 Action plan行动计划4 Action steps行动步骤5 Adventure learning探险学习法6 Adverse impact负面影响7 Agency shop工会代理制建设性争议解决方法 8 Alternative dispute resolution (ADR)9 Analytic approach分析法10 Appraisal politics评价政治学 11 Apprenticeship学徒制12 Arbitrary仲裁13 Assessment评价14 Assessment center评价中心 15 Attitude awareness and change program态度认知与改变计划16 Attitudinal structuring态度构建 17 Audiovisual instruction视听教学 18 Audit approach审计法19 Balanced scorecard综合评价卡 20 Basic skills基本技能21 Behavior-based program行为改变计划 22 Behavior modeling行为模拟23 Benchmarks基准24 Benchmarking评判25 Benefits收益26 Bonus奖金27 Boycott联合抵制28 Career职业29 Career counseling职业咨询30 Career curves (maturity curves) 职业曲线(成熟曲线)31 Career management system职业管理系统 32 Career support职业支持33 Centralization集权化34 Coach教练35 Cognitive ability认知能力36 Cognitive outcomes认知性结果 37 Collective bargaining process劳资谈判过程38 Community of practice演练小组 39 Compa-ratio比较比率40 Compensable factors报酬要素 41 Competency assessment能力评估 42 Competitive advantage竞争优势 43 Concentration strategy集中战略 44 Concurrent validation同时效度 45 Consumer price index, CPI消费者价格指数 46 Content validation内容效度47 Continuous learning持续学习48 Contributory plan投入计划49 Coordination training合作培训 50 Core competencies核心竞争力51 Criterion-related validity效标关联效度 52 Critical incident关键事件53 Critical incident method关键事件法 54 Cross-cultural preparation 跨文化准备 55 Cross-training交叉培训56 Cultural environment文化环境 57 Cultural shock文化冲击58 Customer appraisal顾客评估59 Data flow diagram数据流程图60 Database数据库61 Decentralization分散化62 Decision support systems决策支持系统 63 Defined-benefit plan养老金福利计划 64 Defined-contribution plan资方养老金投入计划 65 Delayering 扁平化66 Depression沮丧67 Development planning system开发规划系统 68 Differential piece rate差额计件工资 69 Direct costs直接成本70 Discipline纪律71 Disparate impact差别性影响72 Disparate treatment差别性对待73 Diversity training多元化培训74 Downsizing精简75 Downward move降级76 Efficiency wage theory效率工资理论 77 Electronic performance support system (EPSS) 电子绩效支持系统78 Employee empowerment员工授权79 Employee leasing员工租借80 Employee survey research雇员调查与研究 81 Employee wellness programs (EWPs) 雇员健康修炼计划 82 Entrepreneur企业家83 Equal employment opportunity (EEO) 公平就业机会 84 Essay method书面方式85 Ethics道德86 Expatriate外派雇员87 Expert systems专家系统88 External analysis外部分析89 External growth strategy外边成长战略 90 External labor market外部劳动力市场 91 Factor comparison system因素比较法 92 Feedback反馈93 Flexible benefits plans (cafeteria plans) 灵活的福利计划(自助福利方案)94 Flextime灵活的时间95 Forecasting (劳动力供求)预测96 Formal education programs正规教育计划 97 Frame of reference参照系98 Functional job analysis, FJA职能工作分析 99 Gain sharing plans收益分享计划100 Globalization全球化101 Goals目标102 Goals and timetables目标和时间表 103 Graphic rating-scale method 图式评估法 104 Group-building methods团队建设法 105 Group mentoring program群体指导计划 106 Hay profile method海氏剖析法107 High-leverage training高层次培训 108 High-performance work systems高绩效工作系统 109 Hourly work计时工资制110 Human capital人力资本111 Human resource information system (HRIS) 人力资源信息系统112 Human resource management人力资源管理 113 Human resources planning, HRP人力资源计划 114 Indirect costs间接成本115 Individualism/collectivism个人主义/集体主义 116 Input投入117 Instructional design process指导性设计过程118 Internal analysis内部分析119 Internal growth strategy内部成长战略 120 Internal labor force内部劳动力 121 Internet互联网122 Internship programs实习计划123 Interview面试124 Intraorganizational bargaining组织内谈判 125 Job analysis工作分析126 Job classification system工作分类法 127 Job description工作描述128 Job design工作设计129 Job enlargement工作扩大化130 Job enrichment工作丰富化131 Job evaluation工作评价132 Job experiences工作经验133 Job involvement工作认同134 Job posting and bidding工作张贴和申请 135 Job progressions工作提升136 Job ranking system工作重要性排序法 137 Job rotation工作轮换138 Job satisfaction工作满意度139 Job specification工作规范140 Job structure工作结构141 Key jobs关键工作142 Labor market劳动力市场143 Labor relations process劳动关系进程 144 Leaderless group discussion无领导小组讨论法 145 Learning organization学习型组织 146 Long-term-short-term orientation长期-短期导向 147 Maintenance of membership会员资格维持 148 Management by objectives, MBO目标管理 149 Management forecasts管理预测 150 Management prerogatives管理特权 151 Manager and / or supervisor appraisal经理和/或上司评估152 Managing diversity管理多元化 153 Markov analysis马克夫分析法154 Mediation调解155 Mentor导师156 Merit guideline绩效指南157 Minimum wage最低工资158 Motivation to learn学习的动机 159 Needs assessment (培训)需要评价160 Negligence疏忽161 Nepotism裙带关系162 Ombudsman调查专员163 On-the-job training, OJT在职培训 164 Opportunity to perform实践的机会 165 Organizational analysis组织分析 166 Organizational capability组织能力 167 Orientation导向培训168 Outplacement counseling重新谋职咨询 169 Output产出170 Outsourcing外包171 Panel interview小组面试172 Pay-for-performance standard按绩效的报酬标准173 Pay grade工资等级174 Pay level工资水平175 Pay-policy line工资政策线 176 Pay structure工资结构177 Peer appraisal同事评估178 Performance appraisal绩效评价 179 Performance feedback绩效反馈180 Performance management绩效管理 181 Performance planning and evaluation (PPE) 绩效规划与评价系统182 Perquisites津贴183 Person analysis个人分析184 Person characteristics个人特征 185 Personnel selection人员甄选186 Point system积分法187 Position analysis questionnaire, PAQ职位分析问卷调查188 Power distance权力差距189 Predictive validation预测效度 190 Profit sharing利润分享191 Promotion晋升192 Protean career多变的职业 193 Psychological contract心理契约 194 Psychological support心理支持 195 Range spread工资范围跨度 196 Readability易读性197 Readiness for training培训准备 198 Reasoning ability推理能力199 Recruitment招募200 Reengineering流程再造201 Relational database关联数据库 202 Reliability信度203 Repatriation归国准备204 Replacement charts替换表205 Request for proposal (REP) (培训)招标书 206 Return on investment (ROI) 投资回报 207 Role ambiguity角色模糊208 Role analysis technique角色分析技术 209 Role play角色扮演210 School-to-work从学校到工作211 Selection甄选212 Self-appraisal自我评估213 Self-efficacy自信心214 Situational interview情景面试 215 Skill-based pay技能工资216 Skill inventories技能量表217 Specificity明确性218 Spot bonus即时奖金219 Staffing tables人员配置表220 Strategic choice战略选择221 Strategic congruence战略一致性 222 Strategic human resource management (SHRM) 战略性人力资源管理223 Strategy formulation战略形成 224 Strategy implementation战略执行 225 Task analysis任务分析226 Team leader training团队领导培训 227 360-degree feedback process 360度反馈过程 228 Total quality management (TQM) 全面质量管理229 Training培训230 Training administration培训管理 231 Training outcomes培训结果232 Transaction processing事务处理 233 Trend analysis趋势分析234 Utility效用235 Utility analysis效用分析236 Validity效度237 Verbal comprehension语言理解能力 238 Vesting既得利益239 Virtual reality现实虚拟240 Voicing发言241 Wage and salary survey薪资调查 242 Wage-rate compression工资压缩 243 Web-based training网上培训 244 Work permit/ work certificate就业许可证 245 World Wide Web万维网246 Yield ratio成功率。
2025年高考（新高考）模拟试题卷英语听力音频 双击收听.mp3本试卷共12页，考试用时150分钟，满分150分；广东省考生无需答听力部分，考试用时120分钟，满分120分。
注意事项：1．答卷前，考生务必将自己的姓名、准考证号填写在答题卡上。
2．回答选择题时，选出每小题答案后，用铅笔把答题卡上对应题目的答案标号涂黑。
如需改动，用橡皮擦干净后，再选涂其他答案标号。
回答非选择题时，将答案写在答题卡上，写在本试卷上无效。
3．考试结束后，将本试卷和答题卡一并交回。
第一部分听力（共两节，满分30分）做题时，先将答案标在试卷上。
录音内容结束后，你将有两分钟的时间将试卷上的答案转涂到答题卡上。
第一节（共5小题；每小题1.5分，满分7.5分）听下面5段对话。
每段对话后有一个小题，从题中所给的A、B、C三个选项中选出最佳选项。
听完每段对话后，你都有10秒钟的时间来回答有关小题和阅读下一小题。
每段对话仅读一遍。
例：How much is the shirt?A. £19.15.B. £9.18.C. £9.15.答案是C。
1．What does the woman think of the movie?A．It’s amusing B．It’s exciting C．It’s disappointing 2．How will Susan spend most of her time in France?A．Traveling around B．Studying at a school C．Looking after her aunt 3．What are the speakers talking about?A．Going out B．Ordering drinks C．Preparing for a party 4．Where are the speakers?A．In a classroom B．In a library C．In a bookstore 5．What is the man going to do?A．Go on the Internet B．Make a phone call C．Take a train trip第二节（共15小题；每小题1.5分，满分22.5分）听下面5段对话或独白。
作甲骨文作业时的感受和体验英语作文全文共3篇示例，供读者参考篇1Working on the Oracle Bone Script AssignmentIt was another Monday morning, which meant the start of a new week of classes and assignments at university. As I shuffled into the classroom for my Ancient Chinese Writing Systems course, I couldn't help but feel a mixture of excitement and trepidation. Professor Wang was known for being extremely knowledgeable but also quite demanding when it came to our coursework.As I took my usual seat near the front, I noticed a new handout on each of our desks. Scanning the title, my heart skipped a beat - "Oracle Bone Script Transcription and Analysis Assignment." I had been both eagerly anticipating and low-key dreading this project all semester. The oracle bone inscriptions were some of the earliest known examples of Chinese writing, dating back over 3,000 years. Deciphering and analyzing them would be an immense challenge, yet also an incredibleopportunity to delve into a pivotal piece of China's rich cultural heritage.Professor Wang launched right into his lecture, his booming voice filling the room as he provided crucial historical context about the oracle bones. We learned that they were animal bone or turtle plastron pieces used in pyromantic divination during the late Shang dynasty. High-ranking members of the royal court would etch questions and prognostications onto the bones, applying heat from a poker that would cause them to crack in certain patterns. These "crack poems" were then interpreted by specialized shamans.My head was swimming as I furiously tried to scribble down all the key details Professor Wang was imparting. The different naming conventions, the arduous archaeological expeditions that first uncovered the bones, the complex rituals surrounding the divination process - it was utterly fascinating but also quite dense material to absorb. By the time class ended, I felt both enlightened and overwhelmed in equal measure.Returning to my dorm room, I spread out the hefty assignment packet, my eyes going a bit cross-eyed looking at the numerous supplementary resources and sample inscriptions included. In a way, I was almost relieved to be tasked withanalyzing actual transcriptions of the real oracle bone writings rather than having to decipher them from scratch. That seemed like an impossible burden reserved only for the most elite scholars. But on the other hand, making sense of the cryptic etchings based solely on the materials provided was still going to be an immense undertaking.I decided to start by thoroughly reading through all the background information and instructions one more time with a fresh mind. Already certain phrases and concepts seemed to be clicking into place more clearly. I could begin to imagine the scene of ancient Shang diviners presiding over the sacred pyromantic rituals, carving their queries onto the bones and carefully interpreting the resulting cracks by flickering torchlight. It was like being transported back thousands of years, bearing witness to the dawn of Chinese writing and civilization itself.With a slight shake of my head, I returned to the present moment and the task at hand. Scanning the sample inscriptions, I felt my pulse start to quicken as I noticed familiar characters and linguistic components beginning to take shape amidst the scratchy etchings. Of course, a huge part of successfully analyzing these oracle bones hinged on having a strong grasp ofclassical Chinese - luckily a subject I had devoted many hours to studying already.My analytical gears began turning as I theorized about what types of questions and predictions might have originally been recorded based on the time period and socio-political landscape of the late Shang dynasty. The prospect of attempting to glimpse into the minds and spiritual beliefs of those long-gone diviners was both exhilarating and humbling. I had to keep reminding myself that, no matter how skilled I became at interpretation, there would always be gaps in understanding simply because I could never fully inhabit their ancient worldview.As the days passed and I steadily chipped away at transcribing, translating, and dissecting each sample inscription, an interesting pattern began to emerge for me. What initially seemed like jumbled etchings gradually revealed themselves to be following certain repeating linguistic structures and thematic categorizations - ranging from inquiries about crops, rainfall, and harvests to questions about military campaigns, political alliances, and dynastic succession.Many of the divinatory predictions clearly reflected the paramount importance of agriculture and maintaining celestial harmony in that ancient civilization. There were frequentmentions of deities like the Dragon Lord who controlled the rains and rivers, or seeking auspicious astronomical signs like solar eclipses that were believed to foretell a change in dynastic power.I was entranced by how interconnected their spiritual belief system seemed to be with both agricultural cycles and affairs of state.With each breakthrough in contextual understanding came a small burst of pride and sense of accomplishment. I almost felt like a linguistic archaeologist myself, carefully brushing away the dirt and detritus of centuries to uncover fragments of a written language that hadn't been actively used in over three millennia. There was something deeply gratifying about temporarily resurrecting the long-dormant voices and concerns of the ancient Shang diviners through my analysis.Of course, the assignment was not without its immense frustrations and tedious lulls where I found myself hopelessly stuck, second-guessing my translations and interpretations. More than once I had to take a break and walk away, my eyes straining from staring too long at the gnarly brush strokes and etchings. In those moments of fatigue and self-doubt, I tried to remind myself about the bigger picture - how extraordinarilyprivileged I was to even have the opportunity to study something so ancestrally remote yet profoundly meaningful.Finally, after several long weeks of immersive research, reading, transcribing, and writing, I was putting the final touches on my analysis paper. As I did one last read-through, I felt an incredible sense of accomplishment wash over me. Yes, there were still elements of ambiguity and areas where I had to acknowledge the limitations of my modern perspective. But overall, I felt like I had successfully breathed new life into those ancient oracle bone writings and enabled theirlong-extinguished voices to be heard once again, even if only faintly.In that moment, the tribulations of long hours spent hunched over inscriptions, struggling to decipher meaning from archaic etchings, seemed immensely worthwhile. This assignment had fostered a much deeper appreciation for the remarkable origins of the Chinese writing system and the pioneering Shang diviners who etched its earliest foundations onto those oracle bones. Their rituals and cosmological beliefs may have faded from practice, but their linguistic heritage had a profound and enduring legacy that still resonated powerfully today.As a student, completing this assignment was almost like receiving a sort of esoteric initiation into an elite linguistic fraternity. I had been granted temporary access into the cryptic realm of the ancient oracle bone diviners, striving to analyze and understand their symbolically encoded worldviews. While I would never fully achieve the same metaphysical mindset, I at least caught a tantalizing glimpse of that distant province of thought and had traced the primordial footprints that marked the dawn of written Chinese language and culture.More than just an academic exercise, this oracle bone script assignment fostered a much deeper transcendent connection - to China's rich ancestral past, to the indomitable perseverance of human civilization, and to the eternally unbroken thread of linguistic and cultural heritage that still binds us to our ancient forebears, the trailblazers who etched the world's first written words.篇2My Experience Writing an Assignment on Oracle Bone ScriptAs I sat down at my desk to start my latest Chinese history assignment, I couldn't help but feel a mix of excitement and trepidation. The topic was oracle bone script, one of the earliestknown forms of Chinese writing, dating back over 3,000 years. On one hand, I was intrigued by the chance to delve into such an ancient and culturally significant subject. But on the other hand, I knew this would be no easy task.I gathered my notes and resources, taking a deep breath before diving in. The first hurdle was simply wrapping my head around the complex history and context surrounding oracle bone script. It emerged during the late Shang dynasty as a tool for divination, with questions carved onto animal bones or turtle shells which were then heated until cracks appeared. These cracks were interpreted as responses from ancestral spirits or deities.As I read through the background information, I found myself in awe of how sophisticated this system was for its time. The Shang people didn't just randomly scratch symbols – there was an intricate process and belief system attached to the practice. I tried to imagine what it would have been like as a member of the royal clan, seeking guidance from spiritual forces through the arduous heating and interpreting of the oracle bones.With the historical context fresh in my mind, I moved on to examining the script itself. Each character was composed of afew brush strokes, appearing almost like abstract drawings or petroglyphs to my untrained eye at first. But as Icross-referenced examples across my notes and textbook diagrams, patterns began to emerge. My dim cramped dorm room faded away as I became absorbed in cataloging the different radicals that formed the basis of the characters.Some radicals represented humans or deities, while others symbolized animals, plants, or natural elements. It was like unlocking a code, piecing together how the characters conveyed not just words but entire concepts and questions through combined radicals. I found myself respecting the ingenuity of these ancient writers more and more with each example I studied.Of course, fully comprehending oracle bone script required mastering the cultural context and divination practices in addition to the written characters themselves. I spent hours cross-analyzing character meanings and examples of divinatory questions and responses recorded on the bones and shells. The gravity of being consulted on everything from military conflicts to agricultural matters showed just how central this tradition was to all aspects of Shang society.As the night wore on, I alternated between feeling stumped by this cryptic ancient script and energized by small breakthroughs in recognizing radicals or piecing together the logic behind certain character combinations. More than once I caught myself hunched over my desk, squinting at a particularly complex specimen and muttering out loud as if that would somehow help ingrain the characters into my memory.I don't know how many cups of stale coffee I drank or futile glances I stole at the clock on the wall, but I persisted in my efforts to understand and analyze oracle bone script. I knew this wasn't just another homework assignment to rush through – it was a rare opportunity to connect with a civilization and culture from thousands of years ago. Each stroke of those ancient characters contained centuries of stories, beliefs, and the very foundations of written Chinese language.When I finally emerged from my oracle bone script research tunnel in the wee hours of the morning, I felt a profound sense of accomplishment. Not only had I absorbed a wealth of information about this pivotal development in early Chinese history, but I'd gained a deeper appreciation for how writing systems evolve over time and the powerful role they play in shaping civilizations.As I assembled my analysis and reflections into a final paper, I realized this assignment had pushed me to think more critically about how we interpret the past based on ancient artifacts and written records. The Shang people may have seen the cracks in oracle bones as messages from the spirit world, while I viewed the script through an academic, historical lens. Yet both perspectives link the present day to humanity's ancient roots and enduring quest for knowledge.Setting down my pen, I let out a deep, satisfied sigh. Oracle bone script was no longer just an obscure, long-dead writing system, but a bridge connecting me to our shared ancestry and the origins of Chinese written language. I knew the long hours poring over those rudimentary characters would stick with me far beyond this single assignment. From that experience, I carry a profound respect for the innovators of the past who laid the foundations for where we are today – stroke by painstaking stroke.篇3An Immersive Journey into the Ancient Art of Oracle Bone ScriptAs a student of Chinese history and culture, one of the most captivating assignments I've had the privilege of undertaking was delving into the intricate world of oracle bone script writing. This ancient form of inscribing characters onto bones and tortoise shells was a pivotal development in the evolution of Chinese writing, and the opportunity to recreate it firsthand was an experience that left an indelible mark on my academic journey.When I first learned about the prospect of crafting my own oracle bone inscriptions, a sense of trepidation mingled with excitement coursed through me. I had studied the origins and significance of this practice extensively in textbooks and lectures, but the thought of physically replicating the methods employed by diviners and scribes from centuries past seemed like an insurmountable challenge.Undeterred, I immersed myself in researching the materials and techniques required for this endeavor. Procuring genuine ox bones or tortoise shells proved to be a daunting task, but I was determined to maintain authenticity. After scouring various sources, I finally secured a suitable substitution: dense, flat pieces of wood that would serve as my canvas.Next, I delved into the intricate world of oracle bone script calligraphy tools. The traditional implements included a sharpened stylus made of bronze or bone, as well as an ink solution derived from a mixture of lacquer and pigments. Recreating these ancient tools was a meticulous process, but one that instilled in me a newfound appreciation for the ingenuity and resourcefulness of our ancestors.As I began practicing the art of inscribing characters onto the wooden surfaces, I found myself transported back in time. Each stroke, each deliberate carving, was a connection to the diviners and scribes who had etched their inquiries and recordings onto bones and shells centuries ago. The process was painstakingly slow, demanding immense focus and dexterity, but the reward was an unparalleled sense of accomplishment and reverence for the legacy I was honoring.One of the greatest challenges I encountered was deciphering the intricate oracle bone script characters themselves. These archaic forms of Chinese writing were vastly different from the standardized characters we use today, and their interpretation required a deep understanding of the cultural and historical context in which they were created. I spent countless hours poring over reference materials, cross-checkinginscriptions, and consulting with experts to ensure the accuracy and authenticity of my work.As my skills gradually improved, I found myself becoming increasingly invested in the process, both intellectually and emotionally. Each character I carved held a story, a glimpse into the lives and beliefs of those who came before us. I marveled at the intricacies of the inscriptions, which ranged from divinations and oracles to historical records and rituals, painting a vivid picture of the rich tapestry that was ancient Chinese civilization.Beyond the academic and historical significance, this experience fostered a profound sense of connection and continuity with my cultural heritage. As my fingers traced the intricate strokes and curves of the oracle bone script, I could almost feel the echoes of the past reverberating through the centuries, a testament to the enduring legacy of Chinese writing and the indomitable spirit of those who shaped it.Moreover, this project instilled in me a renewed appreciation for the art of calligraphy and the immense dedication required to master it. Each stroke, each character, demanded precision, patience, and an unwavering commitment to perfecting the craft. It was a humbling experience that reminded me of the vast depths of knowledge and skill that our ancestors possessed, andthe importance of preserving and honoring these ancient traditions.As I neared the completion of my oracle bone script assignment, a bittersweet feeling washed over me. I had poured countless hours into this endeavor, meticulously crafting each character with reverence and devotion. Yet, the prospect of concluding this journey filled me with a sense of melancholy, for I had grown deeply attached to the process and the connection it had fostered with my cultural roots.In the end, this experience transcended mere academic pursuit; it became a transformative journey that enriched my understanding of Chinese history, culture, and the enduring legacy of the written word. As I presented my final pieces, adorned with the intricate oracle bone script inscriptions, I felt an overwhelming sense of pride and accomplishment. This assignment had challenged me, humbled me, and ultimately reinforced my profound respect for the ingenuity and resilience of those who came before us.The art of oracle bone script writing may be ancient, but its impact and relevance endure. Through this immersive experience, I gained a deeper appreciation for the rich tapestry of Chinese civilization and the unwavering spirit of those whodedicated their lives to preserving and advancing its cultural heritage. It was a journey that not only expanded my academic knowledge but also forged an indelible connection with my cultural roots, reminding me of the enduring power of the written word and the universal human desire to leave an indelible mark on history.。
2023年12月大学英语四级考试试题Part Ⅰ Writing (30 minutes)注意：此部分试题在答题卡1上。
Directions: For this part, you are allowed 30 minutes to write a short essay on the topic of Creating a Green Campus. You should write at least 120 words following the outline given below:1. 建设绿色校园很重要2. 绿色校园不仅指绿色旳环境……3. 为了建设绿色校园，我们应当……Creating a Green CampusPart Ⅱ Reading Comprehension (Skimming and Scanning) (15 minutes)Directions: In this part, you will have 15 minutes to go over the passage quickly and answer the questions on Answer Sheet 1. For questions 1-7, choose the best answer from the four choices marked A), B), C) and D). For question 8-10, complete the sentences with the information given in the passage.Colleges taking another look at value of merit-based aidGood grades and high tests scores still matter—a lot—to many colleges as they award financial aid.But with low-income students projected to make up an ever-larger share of the college-bound population in coming years, some schools are re-examining whether that aid, typically known as“merit aid”, is the most effective use of precious institutional dollars.George Washington University in Washington, D.C., for example, said last week that it would cut the value of its average merit scholarships by about one-third and reduce the number of recipients(接受者), pouring the savings, about $2.5 million, into need-based aid. Allegheny College in Meadville, Pa., made a similar decision three years ago.Now, Hamilton College in Clinton, N.Y., says it will phase out merit scholarships altogether. No current merit-aid recipients will lose their scholarships, but need-based aid alone will be awarded beginning with students entering in fall 2023.Not all colleges offer merit aid; generally, the more selective a school, the less likely it is to do so. Harvard and Princeton, for example, offer generous need-based packages, but many families who don’t meet need eligibility(资格)have been willing to pay whatever they must for a big-name school.For small regional colleges that struggle just to fill seats, merit aid can be an important revenue-builder because many recipients still pay enough tuition dollars over and above the scholarship amount to keep the institution running.But for rankings-conscious schools in between, merit aid has served primarily as a tool to recruit top students and to improve their academic profits. “They’re trying to buy students,”says Skidmore College economist Sandy Baum.Studies show merit aid also tends to benefit disproportionately s tudents who could afford to enroll without it.“As we look to the future, we see a more pressing need to invest in need-based aid,” says Monica Inzer, dean of admission and financial aid at Hamilton, which has offered merit scholarships for 10 years. During that time, it rose in US News & World Repor t’s ranking of the best liberal arts colleges, from 25 to 17.Merit aid, which benefited about 75 students a year, or about 4% of its student body, at a cost of about $ 1 million a year, “served us well,” Inzer says, but “to be discounting the price for families that don’t need financial aid doesn’t feel right any more.”Need-based aid remains by far the largest share of all student aid, which includes state, federal and institutional grants. But merit aid, offered primarily by schools and states, is growing faster, both overall and at the institutional level.Between 1995-96 and 2023-04, institutional merit aid alone increased 212%, compared with 47% for need-based grants. At least 15 states also offer merit aid, typically in a bid to enroll top students in the state’s public institutions.But in recent years, a growing chorus(异口同声)of critics has begun pressuring schools to drop the practice. Recent decisions by Hamilton and others may be “a sign that people are starting to realize that there’s this destructive competition going on,” says Baum, co-author of a recent College Report that raises concerns about the role of institutional aid not based on need.David Laird, president of the Minnesota Private College Council, says many of his schools would like to reduce their merit aid but fear that in doing so, they would lose top students to their competitors.“No one can take one-sided action,”says Laird, who is exploring whether to seek an exemption(豁免)from federal anti-trust laws so member colleges can discuss how they could jointly reduce merit aid, “This is a merry-go-round that’s going very fast, and none of the institutions believe they can sustain the risks of trying to break away by themselves.”A complicating factor is that merit aid has become so popular with middle-income families, who don’t qualify for need-based aid, that many have come to depend on it. And, as tuitions continue to increase, the line between merit and need blurs.That’s one reason Allegheny College doesn’t plan to drop merit aid entirely.“We still believe in rewarding superior achievements and know that these top students truly value the scholarship,” says Scott Friedhoff, Allegheny’s vice president for enrollment.Emory University in Atlanta, which boasts a $4.7 billion endowment(捐赠), meanwhile, is taking another approach. This year, it announced it would eliminate loans for needy students and cap them for middle-income families. At the same time, it would expand its 28-year-old merit program.“Yeah, we’re playing the merit game,” acknowledges Tom Lancaster, associate dean for undergraduate education. But it has its strong point, too, he says. “The fact of the matter is, it’s not just about the lowest-income people. It’s the average American middle-class family who’s being priced out of the market.”*A few words about merit-based aid:Merit-based aid is aid offered to students who achieve excellence in a given area, and isgenerally known as academic, athletic and artistic merit scholarships.Academic merit scholarships are based on students’grades, GPA and overall academic performance during high school. They are typically meant for students going straight to college right after high school. However, there are scholarships for current college students with exceptional grades as well. These merit scholarships usually help students pay tuition bills, and they can be renewed each year as long as the recipients continue to qualify. In some cases, students may need to be recommended by their school or a teacher as part of the qualification process.Athletic merit scholarships are meant for students that excel(突出)in sports of any kind, from football to track and field events. Recommendation for these scholarships is required, since exceptional athletic performance has to be recognized by a coach or a referee(裁判). Applicants need to send in a tape containing their best performance.Artistic merit scholarships require that applicants excel in a given artistic area. This generally includes any creative field such as art, design, fashion, music, dance or writing. Applying for artistic merit scholarships usually requires that students submit a portfolio(选辑)of some sort, whether that includes a collection of artwork, a recording of a musical performance or a video of them dancing.1. With more and more low-income students pursuing higher education, a number of colleges are ________.A) offering students more merit-based aid B) revising their financial aid policiesC) increasing the amount of financial aid D) changing their admission processes2. What did Allegheny College in Meadville do three years ago?A) It tried to implement a novel financial aid program.B) It added $ 2.5 million to its need-based aid program.C) It phased out its merit-based scholarships altogether.D) It cuts its merit-based aid to help the needy students.3. The chief purpose of rankings-conscious colleges in offering merit aid is to ______.A) improve teaching quality B) boost their enrollmentsC) attract good students D) increase their revenues4. Monica Inzer, dean of admission and financial aid at Hamilton, believes ______.A) it doesn’t pay to spend $ 1 million a year to raise its rankingB) it gives students motivation to award academic achievementsC) it’s illogical to use so much money on only 4% of its studentsD) it’s not right to give aid to those who can afford the tuition5. In recent years, merit-based aid has increased much faster than need-based aid due to ______.A) more government funding to colleges B) fierce competition among institutionsC) the increasing number of top students D) schools’ improved financial situations6. What is the attitude of many private colleges toward merit aid, according to David Laird?A) They would like to see it reduced.B) They regard it as a necessary evil.C) They think it does more harm than good.D) They consider it unfair to middle-class families.7. Why doesn’t Allegheny College plan to drop merit aid entirely?A) Raising tuitions have made college unaffordable for middle-class families.B) With rising incomes, fewer students are applying for need-based aid.C) Many students from middle-income families have come to rely on it.D) Rising incomes have disqualified many students for need-based aid.8. Annual renewal of academic merit scholarships depends on whether the recipients remain ______.9. Applicants for athletic merit scholarships need a recommendation from a coach or a referee who ______ their exceptional athletic performance.10. Applicants for artistic merit scholarships must produce evidence to show their ______ ina particular artistic fieldPart Ⅲ Listening Comprehension (35 minutes)Section ADirections: In this section, you will hear 8 short conversations and 2 long conversations. At the end of each conversation, one or more questions will be asked about what was said. Both the conversation and the questions will be spoken only once. After each question there will be a pause.During the pause, you must read the four choices marked A), B), C) and D), and decide which the best answer is. Then mark the corresponding letter on Answer sheet 2 with a single line through the centre.Questions 11 to 18 are based on the conversation you have just heard.11. A) Get some small change. B) Find a shopping center.C) Cash a check at a bank. D) Find a parking meter.12. A) Shopping with his son. B) Buying a gift for a child.C) Promoting a new product. D) Bargaining with a salesgirl.13. A) Taking photographs. B) Enhancing images.C) Mending cameras. D) Painting pictures.14. A) He moved to Baltimore when he was young.B) He can provide little useful information.C) He will show the woman around Baltimore.D) He will ask someone else to help the woman.15. A) He is rather disappointed. B) He is highly ambitious.C) He can’t face up to the situation D) He knows his own limitation.16. A) She must have paid a lot B) She is known to have a terrific figure.C) Her gym exercise has yielded good results.D) Her effort to keep fit is really praiseworthy.17. A) Female students are unfit for studying physics.B) He can serve as the woman’s tutor.C) Physics is an important course at school.D) The professor’s suggestion is constructive.18. A) Indifferent. B) Doubtful. C) Pleased. D) Surprised.Questions 19 to 22 are based on the conversation you have just heard.19. A) He prefers the smaller evening classes. B) He has signed up for a day course.C) He has to work during the day. D) He finds the evening course cheaper.20. A) Learn a computer language. B) Learn data processing.C) Buy some computer software. D) Buy a few coursebooks.21. A) Thursday evening, from 7:00 to 9:45. B) From September 1 to New Year’s eve.C) Every Monday, lasting for 12 weeks. D) Three hours a week, 45 hours in total.22. A) What to bring for registration. B) Where to attend the class.C) How he can get to Frost Hall. D) Whether he can use a check.Questions 23 to 25 are based on the conversation you have just heard.23. A) A training coach. B) A trading adviser.C) A professional manager. D) A financial trader.24. A) He can save on living expenses. B) He considers cooking creative.C) He can enjoy healthier food. D) He thinks take-away is tasteless.25. A) It is something inevitable. B) It is frustrating sometimes.C) It takes patience to manage. D) It can be a good thing.Section BDirections: In this section, you will hear 3 short passages. At the end of each passage, you will hear some questions. Both the passage and the questions will be spoken only once. After you hear a question, you must choose the best answer from the four choices marked A), B), C) and D). Then mark the corresponding letter on Answer Sheet 2 with a single line through the centre.Passage OneQuestions 26 to 28 are based on the passage you have just heard.26. A) There were no planets without moons. B) There was no air or water on Jupiter.C) Life was not possible in outer space. D) The mystery of life could not be resolved.27. A) It has a number of active volcanoes. B) It has an atmosphere like the earth’s.C) It has a large ocean under its surface. D) It has deep caves several miles long.28. A) Light is not an essential element to it. B) Life can form in very hot temperatures.C) Every form of life undergoes evolution. D) Oxygen is not needed for some life forms. Passage TwoQuestions 29 to 31 are based on the passage you have just heard.29. A) Whether they should take the child home.B) What Dr. Mayer’s instructions exactly were.C) Who should take care of the child at home.D) When the child would completely recover.30. A) She encourages them to ask questions when in doubt.B) She makes them write down all her instructions.C) She has them act out what they are to do at home.D) She asks them to repeat what they are supposed to do.31. A) It lacks the stability of the printed word. B) It contains many grammatical errors.C) It is heavily dependent on the context. D) It facilitates interpersonal communication.Passage ThreeQuestions 33 to 35 are based on the passage you have just heard.32. A) Job security. B) Good labour relations.C) Challenging work. D) Attractive wages and benefits.33. A) Many tedious jobs continue to be done manually.B) More and more unskilled workers will lose jobs.C) Computers will change the nature of many jobs.D) Boring jobs will gradually be made enjoyable.34. A) Offer them chances of promotion.B) Improve their working conditions.C) Encourage them to compete with each other.D) Give them responsibilities as part of a team.35. A) They will not bring real benefits to the staff.B) They concern a small number of people only.C) They are arbitrarily set by the administrators.D) They are beyond the control of ordinary workers.Section CDirections: In this section, you will hear a passage three times. When the passage is read for the first time, you should listen carefully for its general idea. When the passage is read for the second time, you are required to fill in the blanks numbered from 36 to 43 with the exact words you have just heard. For blanks numbered from 44 to 46 you are required to fill in the missing information. For these blanks, you can either use the exact words you have just heard or write down the main points in your own words. Finally, when the passage is read for the third time, you should check what you have written.注意：此部分试题在答题卡2上。
美国卓越绩效评价准则（中英文对照版）-1 领导评论:0 条查看:86 次jackiefeng 发表于2008-12-23 10:131 Leadership (120 pts.)1 领导( 120 分)The Leadership Category examines HOW your organizations SENIOR LEADERS guideand sustain your organization. Also examined are your organizations GOVERNANCaEn d HOWyo ur organization addresses its ethical, legal, and community responsibilities.领导类目检查组织的高层领导者如何引领组织并保持组织可持续发展。
也检查组织的治理以及组织如何确立它的道德的、法律的和社会的责任。
Leadership: How do your senior leaders lead(70pts.) Process高层领导：高层领导者是如何领导的 (70分) 过程Describe HOWS ENIORL EADERSg uide and sustain your organization. Describe HOWS ENIOR LEADERS communicate with your WORKFORCE and encourage HIGH PERFORMANCE. 说明高层领导者如何引领组织并保持组织可持续发展。
说明高层领导者如何与员工沟通并鼓励高绩效。
Within your response, include answers to the following questions: 在报告中，要答复以下问题：a. VISION and VALUESa. 愿景和价值观(1) HOWd o SENIORL EADERSs et organizational VISION and VALUESH OWd o SENIORL EADERS DEPLOY your organization VISION and VALUES through your LEADERSHIP SYSTEM, to the WORKFORCEto, KEY suppliers and PARTNERS,a nd to CUSTOMERaSn d other STAKEHOLDERS, as appropriate HOW do SENIOR LEADERS personal actions reflect a commitment to the organizations VALUES(1) 高层领导者如何确立组织的愿景和价值观高层领导者如何通过组织的领导系统将组织的愿景和价值观展开到全体员工、关键供应商和合作伙伴、顾客和其它利益相关者 (适用时回答)他们的个人行为如何反映出其对组织价值观的承诺(2) HOW do SENIOR LEADERS personally promote an organizational environment that fosters, requires, and results in legal and ETHICAL BEHAVIOR(2) 高层领导者如何身体力行地推动一种培育、要求和实现守法行为和道德行为的环境(3) HOW do SENIOR LEADERS create a SUSTAINABLE organization HOW do SENIOR LEADERS create an environment for organizational PERFORMANCE improvement, the accomplishment of your MISSION and STRATEGIC OBJECTIVES,INNOVATION, competitive or role model PERFORMANCleEa dership, and organizational agility HOWd o they create an environment for organizational and WORKFORCE LEARNING HOW do they personally participate in succession planning and the development of future organizational leaders(3) 高层领导者如何创建一个具有可持续性的组织高层领导者如何创建一种促进绩效改进、使命和战略目标实现、创新、具有竞争力或领军地位，以及保持敏捷性的环境如何创建一种组织和员工学习的环境他们如何亲自参与组织继任计划和培养未来的领导者and Organizational PERFORMANCEb. 沟通和组织绩效(1) HOWd o SENIORL EADERSc ommunicate with and engage the entire WORKFORCHEO W do SENIOR LEADERS encourage frank, two-way communication throughout the organization HOWd o SENIORL EADERSc ommunicate KEY decisions HOWd o SENIORL EADERS take an active role in reward and recognition programs to reinforce HIGH PERFORMANCE and a CUSTOMER and business focus(1) 高层领导者如何与组织的全体员工沟通并激发他们高层领导如何鼓励在整个组织内进行坦诚的、双向的沟通高层领导是如何就关键决策进行沟通高层领导者如何在员工奖励和认可方面担当积极的角色以促进高绩效和强化以顾客和业务为中心(2) HOW do SENIOR LEADERS create a focus on action to accomplish the organizations objectives, improve PERFORMANCE, and attain its VISION What PERFORMANCE MEASURES do SENIOR LEADERS regularly review to inform them on needed actions HOW do SENIOR LEADERS include a focus on creating and balancing VALUE for CUSTOMERaSn d other STAKEHOLDERinS their organizational PERFORMANCeExp ectations(2) 高层领导者如何确立对行动的重视以完成组织的目标、改进绩效和达成愿景高层领导定期评审哪些绩效指标以便采取必要的行动高层领导者在组织的绩效期望中如何顾及均衡地为顾客及其他利益相关者创造价值Notes:注解：N1. Organizational vision [1]) should set the context for strategic objectives and action plans, which are described in Items and .N1. 组织的愿景[(1)] 应为在条目和中阐述的战略目标和行动计划设定前提。
2023北京英语高考阅读第一部分知识运用(共两节，30分)第一节(共15分)阅读下面短文，掌握其大意，从每题所给的A、B、C、D四个选项中，选出最佳选项，并在答题卡上将该项涂黑。
I was always timid(羞怯的). Being new to the school made me even ____1____ , so it was surprising I’d ____2____ to anyone around me. Now I was paying the price﹣to write a five﹣page essay on “Why I Should Not Talk in Class”. That would take all night!After I got home, though. I took my time petting the cat﹣postponing the pain.When I finally sat down to ____3____, I began with the reasons Ms Black would want to hear.Talking kept me and my neighbours from ____4____. One paragraph down; now what? I chewed on my pencil. Aha! What if talking were the first step towards life as a criminal? Without the education I was throwing away, I’d turn to theft and go to prison. Whe n I got out, people would say, “She used to talk in class.” The pages began ____5____.But when mum got home from work, I was still ____6____, “Five pages! That’s impossible!”“Well, you’d better get back to work,” she said. “and I want to read it when you’re through.”Soon after dinner, I handed the essay to mum. I half expected a____7____﹣at least an “I hope you’ve learned your lesson”. ____8____, mum laughed and laughed as she read.The next day, when Ms Black read the essay to the class, everyone laughed. I could ____9____ they weren’t making fun of me: they laughed because I had the power to tell a funny story. My____10____ still needed some nudging(激发), but I did learn I wasn’t shy in print.1. A. freer B. shyer C. calmer D. happier2. A. nod B. point C. listen D. chat3. A. weep B. rest C. write D. read4. A. learning B. playing C. planning D. laughing5. A. standing out B. flying by C. breaking up D. checking in6. A. celebrating B. longing C. complaining D. warning7. A. lecture B. reason C. reward D. solution8. A. Therefore B. Moreover C. Meanwhile D. Instead9. A. hope B. imagine C. tell D. predict10.A. patience B. confidence C. tolerance D. independence【答案】1. B2. D3. C4. A5. B6. C7. A8. D9. C10. B【解析】【1题详解】考查形容词比较级词义辨析。
