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哥本哈根协议哥本哈根协议是联合国气候变化框架公约的一个重要组成部分，于2009年12月在丹麦首都哥本哈根达成。
该协议旨在制定全球性的气候变化应对措施，以减缓和适应气候变化的影响。
协议的达成标志着全球各国对气候变化问题的共识和努力，也为未来的气候变化治理奠定了基础。
首先，哥本哈根协议的重要性在于其全球性的影响。
作为一个全球性的协议，哥本哈根协议涉及到各个国家和地区，要求各国共同承担责任，采取行动减缓气候变化的影响。
这种全球性的合作意味着各国需要共同努力，共同承担责任，共同寻求解决气候变化问题的方法和途径。
这种共同努力的精神是哥本哈根协议的核心所在，也是其具有历史意义的原因之一。
其次，哥本哈根协议的重要性还在于其对减缓气候变化的影响起到了积极的作用。
协议要求各国制定和实施国家自主贡献（NDCs），并定期报告有关减排行动的进展。
这种要求意味着各国需要采取具体的行动来减缓气候变化的影响，推动低碳经济的发展，促进可持续发展的实现。
同时，协议还提出了资金、技术和能力建设的支持，以帮助发展中国家应对气候变化的挑战。
这些举措为全球气候变化治理提供了重要的支持和保障，有助于推动全球气候变化治理事业向前发展。
最后，哥本哈根协议的重要性还在于其对适应气候变化的影响起到了积极的作用。
协议要求各国制定和实施适应计划，以应对气候变化的影响。
这种要求意味着各国需要采取具体的措施来适应气候变化的影响，保护生态环境，维护人类健康和社会稳定。
同时，协议还提出了适应资金和技术支持的机制，以帮助发展中国家应对气候变化的挑战。
这些举措为全球气候变化治理提供了重要的支持和保障，有助于推动全球气候变化治理事业向前发展。
综上所述，哥本哈根协议作为全球气候变化治理的重要成果，对全球气候变化问题的解决起到了积极的作用。
作为一个全球性的协议，哥本哈根协议要求各国共同承担责任，采取行动减缓和适应气候变化的影响。
这种全球性的合作意味着各国需要共同努力，共同寻求解决气候变化问题的方法和途径。
哥本哈根协议哥本哈根协议是联合国气候变化框架公约的一项重要协议，旨在应对全球变暖和气候变化的挑战。
该协议于2009年12月在丹麦哥本哈根召开的联合国气候变化大会上通过，并于2012年正式生效。
本文将介绍哥本哈根协议的背景、目标、原则和主要内容，并评估其成果和挑战。
背景气候变化是全球面临的重大挑战之一，由于人类活动导致的温室气体排放，地球温度不断升高，引发了极端天气事件和生态系统的破坏。
为应对这一挑战，国际社会于1992年通过联合国气候变化框架公约，旨在减缓温室气体的排放和适应不可避免的气候变化。
然而，随着公约的实施，各国间在减排目标和行动上存在重大分歧，因此需要进一步的协商和具体措施。
目标哥本哈根协议的主要目标是控制全球气候变暖，在本世纪末将全球平均气温上升控制在2摄氏度以下，并努力将目标下调至1.5摄氏度，以减少极端天气事件和生态系统的破坏。
为实现这一目标，各国同意采取行动，包括减少温室气体排放、增强适应能力和提供财务支持。
原则哥本哈根协议倡导共同但有区别的责任原则，根据各国的发展水平和历史排放量，将减排目标分配给发达国家和发展中国家。
协议还强调“公平”原则，即国际社会应维护发展中国家的利益，帮助其实现可持续发展和适应气候变化。
主要内容哥本哈根协议要求各国提交自愿的减排目标，即各国根据自身国情和发展需求，制定和实施减排措施。
各国提交的减排目标被称为“国家自主贡献”（Nationally Determined Contributions，简称NDCs），并在联合国气候变化大会上予以公开和监测。
协议还设立了国际气候资金，用于支持发展中国家应对气候变化的适应和减排措施。
发达国家承诺逐步增加对发展中国家的资金和技术转让，以帮助其应对气候变化并实现可持续发展。
成果和挑战哥本哈根协议的通过标志着国际社会在应对气候变化方面取得了重要进展。
然而，协议存在一些挑战。
首先，协议的减排目标是自愿性的，缺乏法律约束力。
哥本哈根协议》是国际社会共同应对气候变化迈出的具有重大意义的一步，这个协议至少有以下几个特点：首先，维护了《联合国气候变化框架公约》和《京都议定书》确立的“共同但有区别的责任”原则，坚持了“巴厘路线图”的授权，坚持并维护了《公约》和《议定书》“双轨制”的谈判进程。
其次，在“共同但有区别的责任”原则下，最大范围地将各国纳入了应对气候变化的合作行动，在发达国家实行强制减排和发展中国家采取自主减缓行动方面迈出了新的步伐。
第三，在发达国家提供应对气候变化的资金和技术支持方面取得了积极的进展。
第四，在减缓行动的测量、报告和核实方面，维护了发展中国家的权益。
第五，根据政府间气候变化专门委员会（IPCC）第四次评估报告的科学观点，提出了将全球平均温升控制在工业革命以前2℃的长期行动目标。
12月19日下午，联合国气候变化大会在丹麦哥本哈根落下帷幕。
全世界119个国家的领导人和联合国及其专门机构和组织的负责人出席了会议。
会议的规模及各方面对会议的关注足以体现出国际社会对应对气候变化问题的高度重视，以及加强气候变化国际合作，共同应对挑战的强烈政治意愿，并向世界传递了合作应对气候变化的希望和信心。
经过各方的艰苦磋商，大会分别以《联合国气候变化框架公约》（下称《公约》）及《京都议定书》（下称《议定书》）缔约方大会决定的形式通过了有关的成果文件，决定延续“巴厘路线图”的谈判进程，授权《公约》和《议定书》两个工作组继续进行谈判，并在2010年底完成工作。
会议发表的《哥本哈根协议》是国际社会共同应对气候变化迈出的具有重大意义的一步。
我认为，这个协议至少有以下几个特点。
首先，维护了《公约》和《议定书》确立的“共同但有区别的责任”原则，坚持了“巴厘路线图”的授权，坚持并维护了《公约》和《议定书》“双轨制”的谈判进程，反映了各方自“巴厘路线图”谈判进程启动以来取得的共识，包含了包括中国在内的各方的积极努力。
其次，在“共同但有区别的责任”原则下，最大范围地将各国纳入了应对气候变化的合作行动，在发达国家实行强制减排和发展中国家采取自主减缓行动方面迈出了新的步伐。
哥本哈根协议介绍哥本哈根协议（Copenhagen Accord）是一个国际气候变化文件，于2009年12月在哥本哈根举行的第15届联合国气候变化大会上通过。
该协议的目的是为了限制全球温室气体排放并减缓气候变化的进程。
本文将详细介绍哥本哈根协议的背景、目标、重点项目以及实施情况。
背景全球气候变化是当前世界面临的一大挑战，气候变暖、海平面上升、极端天气事件等影响已经日益显现。
为了应对这一全球性的问题，联合国气候变化大会于1992年通过了《联合国气候变化框架公约》（UNFCCC），旨在统一国际社会对气候变化问题的认识和行动。
然而，在多年的谈判和努力之后，各国之间在减排目标和行动方案上存在很大分歧。
为了推动国际气候谈判进程，联合国气候变化大会决定在哥本哈根举行一次特殊会议，这就是哥本哈根大会。
目标哥本哈根协议的目标是通过限制全球温室气体排放，将全球平均温度升温控制在不超过2摄氏度的目标范围内。
具体来说，协议提出了以下几个主要目标：1.提高发达国家在2020年对温室气体排放的减少目标。
2.为发展中国家提供财务、技术和能力建设援助，以支持其应对气候变化的努力。
3.建立透明、可验证的制度来监测和报告各国减排行动的进展情况。
4.建立一个新的气候基金，用于支持发展中国家应对气候变化的项目和措施。
重点项目为实现哥本哈根协议的目标，各国提出了一系列减排和适应气候变化的重点项目。
以下是其中的一些项目：1.清洁能源转型：各国承诺加强在可再生能源领域的投资和发展，减少对化石燃料的依赖。
2.能效改善：通过技术进步和政策手段，提高能源利用效率，降低能源消耗和碳排放。
3.重新造林和森林保护：通过大规模森林保护和重新造林计划，增加森林碳储量，吸收更多的温室气体。
4.气候变化适应措施：加强城市规划、水资源管理和农业方面的适应措施，应对气候变化带来的灾害和风险。
实施情况自哥本哈根协议通过以来，各国在减排和适应气候变化方面都取得了一些成果。
Declaration of the European Ministers of Vocational Education and Training,and the European Commission,convened in Copenhagen on 29 and 30 November 2002, on enhanced European cooperation in vocational education and training“The Copenhagen Declaration”Over the years co-operation at European level within education and training has come to play a decisive role in creating the future European society.Economic and social developments in Europe over the last decade have increasingly underlined the need for a European dimension to education and training. Furthermore, the transition towards a knowledge based economy capable of sustainable economic growth with more and better jobs and greater social cohesion brings new chal-lenges to the development of human resources.The enlargement of the European Union adds a new dimension and a number of challenges, opportunities and requirements to the work in the field of education and training. It is particularly important that acceding member states should be integrated as partners in future cooperation on education and training initiatives at European level from the very beginning.The successive development of the European education and training programmes has been a key factor for im-proving cooperation at European level.The Bologna declaration on higher education in June 1999 marked the introduction of a new enhanced Euro-pean cooperation in this area.The Lisbon European Council in March 2000 recognised the important role of education as an integral part of economic and social policies, as an instrument for strengthening Europe's competitive power worldwide, and as a guarantee for ensuring the cohesion of our societies and the full development of its citizens. The European Council set the strategic objective for the European Union to become the world’s most dynamic knowledge-based economy. The development of high quality vocational education and training is a crucial and integral part of this strategy, notably in terms of promoting social inclusion, cohesion, mobility, employability and competi-tiveness.The report on the 'Concrete Future Objectives of Education and Training Systems', endorsed by the Stockholm European Council in March 2001, identified new areas for joint actions at European level in order to achieve the goals set at the Lisbon European Council. These areas are based on the three strategic objectives of the report;i.e. improving the quality and effectiveness of education and training systems in the European Union, facilitating access for all to education and training systems, and opening up education and training systems to the wider world.In Barcelona, in March 2002 the European Council endorsed the Work Programme on the follow-up of the Objectives Report calling for European education and training to become a world quality reference by 2010. Furthermore, it called for further action to introduce instruments to ensure the transparency of diplomas and qualifications, including promoting action similar to the Bologna-process, but adapted to the field of vocational education and training.In response to the Barcelona mandate, the Council of the European Union (Education, Youth and Culture) adopted on 12 November 2002 a Resolution on enhanced cooperation in vocational education and training. This resolution invites the Member States, and the Commission, within the framework of their responsibilities, to involve the candidate countries and the EFTA-EEA countries, as well as the social partners, in promoting an increased cooperation in vocational education and training.Strategies for lifelong learning and mobility are essential to promote employability, active citizenship, social in-clusion and personal development1. Developing a knowledge based Europe and ensuring that the European labour market is open to all is a major challenge to the vocational educational and training systems in Europe and to all actors involved. The same is true of the need for these systems to continuously adapt to new developments and changing demands of society. An enhanced cooperation in vocational education and training will be an im-portant contribution towards ensuring a successful enlargement of the European Union and fulfilling the objec-tives identified by the European Council in Lisbon. Cedefop and the European Training Foundation are impor-tant bodies for supporting this cooperation.The vital role of the social partners in the socio-economic development is reflected both in the context of the European social dialogue and the European Social Partners framework of actions for the lifelong development of competences and qualifications, agreed in March 2002. The social partners play an indispensable role in the development, validation and recognition of vocational competences and qualifications at all levels and are part-ners in the promotion of an enhanced cooperation in this area.The following main priorities will be pursued through enhanced cooperation in vocational education and training: 2On the basis of these priorities we aim to increase voluntary cooperation in vocational education and training, in order to promote mutual trust, transparency and recognition of competences and qualifications, and thereby establishing a basis for increasing mobility and facilitating access to lifelong learning.European dimension•Strengthening the European dimension in vocational education and training with the aim of improving closer cooperation in order to facilitate and promote mobility and the development of inter-institutional cooperation, partnerships and other transnational initiatives, all in order to raise the profile of the Euro-pean education and training area in an international context so that Europe will be recognised as aworld-wide reference for learners.Transparency, information and guidance•Increasing transparency in vocational education and training through the implementation and rationali-zation of information tools and networks, including the integration of existing instruments such as the European CV, certificate and diploma supplements, the Common European framework of reference for languages and the EUROPASS into one single framework.•Strengthening policies, systems and practices that support information, guidance and counselling in the Member States, at all levels of education, training and employment, particularly on issues concerning ac-cess to learning, vocational education and training, and the transferability and recognition of compe-tences and qualifications, in order to support occupational and geographical mobility of citizens inEurope.Recognition of competences and qualifications•Investigating how transparency, comparability, transferability and recognition of competences and/or qualifications, between different countries and at different levels, could be promoted by developing ref-erence levels, common principles for certification, and common measures, including a credit transfersystem for vocational education and training•Increasing support to the development of competences and qualifications at sectoral level, by reinforc-ing cooperation and co-ordination especially involving the social partners. Several initiatives on a Com-munity, bilateral and multilateral basis, including those already identified in various sectors aiming atmutually recognised qualifications, illustrate this approach.1Priorities identified in the Resolution on lifelong learning adopted by the Council of the European Union (Education and Youth) on 27 June 20022Priorities identified in the Resolution on the promotion of enhanced European co-operation on vocational education and training approved by the Council of the European Union (Education, Youth and Culture) on 12 November 2002•Developing a set of common principles regarding validation of non-formal and informal learning with the aim of ensuring greater compatibility between approaches in different countries and at different lev-els.Quality assurance•Promoting cooperation in quality assurance with particular focus on exchange of models and methods, as well as common criteria and principles for quality in vocational education and training.•Giving attention to the learning needs of teachers and trainers within all forms of vocational education and training.The following principles will underpin enhanced cooperation in vocational education and training:•Cooperation should be based on the target of 2010, set by the European Council in accordance with the detailed work programme and the follow-up of the Objectives report in order to ensure coherence with the objectives set by the Council of the European Union (Education, Youth and Culture).•Measures should be voluntary and principally developed through bottom-up cooperation.•Initiatives must be focused on the needs of citizens and user organisations.•Cooperation should be inclusive and involve Member States, the Commission, candidate countries, EFTA-EEA countries and the social partners.The follow-up of this declaration should be pursued as follows to ensure an effective and successful implementation of an enhanced European cooperation in vocational education and training:1.Implementation of the enhanced cooperation in vocational education and training shall be a graduallyintegrated part of the follow-up of the objectives report. The Commission will reflect this integrated ap-proach in its reporting to the Council of the European Union (Education, Youth and Culture) within the timetable already decided for the work of the objectives report. The ambition is to fully integrate thefollow-up work of the enhanced co-operation in vocational education and training in the follow-up ofthe objectives report.2.The existing Commission working group, which will be given a similar status to that of the workinggroups within the follow-up of the objectives report, in future including Member States, EFTA-EEAcountries, candidate countries and the European social partners, will continue to work in order to ensure effective implementation and coordination of the enhanced cooperation in vocational education andtraining. The informal meetings of the Directors General for Vocational Training, which contributed to launching this initiative in Bruges 2001, will play an important role in focusing and animating the follow-up work.3.Within this framework the initial focus between now and 2004 will be on concrete areas where work isalready in progress, i.e. development of a single transparency framework, credit transfer in vocationaleducation and training and development of quality tools. Other areas, which will be immediately in-cluded as a fully integrated part of the work of the follow-up of the objectives report organised in eight working groups and an indicator group, will be lifelong guidance, non-formal learning and training ofteachers and trainers in vocational education and training. The Commission will include progress onthese actions in its report mentioned in paragraph 1.The ministers responsible for vocational education and training and the European Commission have con-firmed the necessity to undertake the objectives and priorities for actions set out in this declaration and to participate in the framework for an enhanced cooperation in vocational education and training, including the social partners. A meeting in two years time will be held to review progress and give advice on priorities and strategies.。
哥本哈根协议全球气候变化的新起点哥本哈根协议：全球气候变化的新起点全球气候变化已经成为当今世界面临的重大挑战之一。
随着温室气体排放不断增加，地球温度持续上升，带来了许多严重的环境和经济问题。
为了应对这一全球性的威胁，联合国于2009年举行了哥本哈根气候变化峰会，并达成了一项具有历史意义的协议，即哥本哈根协议。
哥本哈根协议是联合国气候变化框架公约的一部分，旨在通过国际合作来减缓气候变化的进程，并适应已经发生的变化。
协议的目标是将全球平均温度上升控制在2摄氏度以内，并努力将温度上升幅度限制在1.5摄氏度以内。
为了实现这一目标，协议鼓励各国制定和实施国家适应和减缓气候变化的政策措施，并提供财政和技术支持给发展中国家。
协议的核心是确立了新的减排目标。
发达国家承诺在2020年前将自身温室气体排放量减少至1990年水平的25%-40%。
发展中国家则承诺采取适当的减排行动，但没有具体的减排量要求。
此外，协议还设立了绿色气候基金，为发展中国家提供资金支持，帮助其应对气候变化。
哥本哈根协议的签署标志着全球气候治理进程的新起点。
然而，协议也面临着一系列挑战和争议。
首先，一些发达国家对减排目标的具体落实步骤存在分歧，导致协议落实进展缓慢。
其次，协议缺乏具有约束力的法律机制，无法确保各国履行自己的承诺。
此外，协议的财政支持不足，也限制了发展中国家应对气候变化的能力。
为了克服这些挑战，各国应加强合作，共同努力推动协议的具体落实。
发达国家应当发挥先导作用，加大减排力度，并提供更多的财政和技术支持给发展中国家。
同时，发展中国家也需要加强国内能力建设，制定更具体的减排计划，并加强监测和报告机制。
此外，哥本哈根协议的成功还需要全球范围内的广泛参与。
非政府组织、企业和个人应当积极参与到气候变化行动中，共同降低温室气体排放，并采取适应措施应对气候变化的影响。
只有全球合作和共同努力，我们才能真正应对气候变化这一共同面临的挑战。
总而言之，哥本哈根协议是全球气候变化治理的新起点。
The Heads of State, Heads of Government, Ministers, and other heads of dele gation present at the United Nations Climate Change Conference 2009 in Copenha gen,In pursuit of the ultimate objective of the Convention as stated in its Article 2, Being guided by the principles and provisions of the Convention,Noting the results of work done by the two Ad hoc Working Groups,Endorsing decision x/CP.15 on the Ad hoc Working Group on Long-term Coop erative Action and decision x/CMP.5 that requests the Ad hoc Working Group on F urther Commitments of Annex I Parties under the Kyoto Protocol to continue its wo rk,Have agreed on this Copenhagen Accord which is operational immediately.1. We underline that climate change is one of the greatest challenges of our t ime. We emphasize our strong political will to urgently combat climate change in a ccordance with the principle of common but differentiated responsibilities and respe ctive capabilities. To achieve the ultimate objective of the Convention to stabilize gr eenhouse gas concentration in the atmosphere at a level that would prevent dange rous anthropogenic interference with the climate system, we shall, recognizing the s cientific view that the increase in global temperature should be below 2 degrees C elsius, on the basis of equity and in the context of sustainable development, enhan ce our long-term cooperative action to combat climate change. We recognize the cr itical impacts of climate change and the potential impacts of response measures oncountries particularly vulnerable to its adverse effects and stress the need to esta blish a comprehensive adaptation programmer including international support.2. We agree that deep cuts in global emissions are required according to scie nce, and as documented by the IPCC Fourth Assessment Report with a view to re duce global emissions so as to hold the increase in global temperature below 2 de grees Celsius, and take action to meet this objective consistent with science and o n the basis of equity. We should cooperate in achieving the peaking of global and national emissions as soon as possible, recognizing that the time frame for peaking will be longer in developing countries and bearing in mind that social and econom ic development and poverty eradication are the first and overriding priorities of dev eloping countries and that a low-emission development strategy is indispensable to sustainable development.3. Adaptation to the adverse effects of climate change and the potential impac ts of response measures is a challenge faced by all countries. Enhanced action an d international cooperation on adaptation is urgently required to ensure the impleme ntation of the Convention by enabling and supporting the implementation of adaptati on actions aimed at reducing vulnerability and building resilience in developing cou ntries, especially in those that are particularly vulnerable, especially least developed countries, small island developing States and Africa. We agree that developed cou ntries shall provide adequate, predictable and sustainable financial resources, techn ology and capacity-building to support the implementation of adaptation action in de veloping countries.4. Annex I Parties commit to implement individually or jointly the quantified ec onomywide emissions targets for 2020, to be submitted in the format given in Appendix I by Annex I Parties to the secretariat by 31 January 2010 for compilation in an INF document. Annex I Parties that are Party to the Kyoto Protocol will thereby further strengthen the emissions reductions initiated by the Kyoto Protocol. Deliver y of reductions and financing by developed countries will be measured, reported an d verified in accordance with existing and any further guidelines adopted by the Co nference of the Parties, and will ensure that accounting of such targets and finance is rigorous, robust and transparent.5. Non-Annex I Parties to the Convention will implement mitigation actions, incl uding those to be submitted to the secretariat by non-Annex I Parties in the format given in Appendix II by 31 January 2010, for compilation in an INF document, co nsistent with Article 4.1 and Article 4.7 and in the context of sustainable developm ent. Least developed countries and small island developing States may undertake a ctions voluntarily and on the basis of support. Mitigation actions subsequently taken and envisaged by Non-Annex I Parties, including national inventory reports, shall b e communicated through national communications consistent with Article 12.1(b) eve ry two years on the basis of guidelines to be adopted by the Conference of the P arties. Those mitigation actions in national communications or otherwise communicat ed to the Secretariat will be added to the list in appendix II. Mitigation actions take n by Non-Annex I Parties will be subject to their domestic measurement, reporting and verification the result of which will be reported through their national communic ations every two years. Non-Annex I Parties will communicate information on the i mplementation of their actions through National Communications, with provisions for international consultations and analysis under clearly defined guidelines that will en sure that national sovereignty is respected. Nationally appropriate mitigation actionsseeking international support will be recorded in a registry along with relevant techn ology, finance and capacity building support. Those actions supported will be added to the list in appendix II. These supported nationally appropriate mitigation actions will be subject to international measurement, reporting and verification in accordan ce with guidelines adopted by the Conference of the Parties.6. We recognize the crucial role of reducing emission from deforestation and f orest degradation and the need to enhance removals of greenhouse gas emission by forests and agree on the need to provide positive incentives to such actions thr ough the immediate establishment of a mechanism including REDD-plus, to enable the mobilization of financial resources from developed countries.7. We decide to pursue various approaches, including opportunities to use mar kets, to enhance the cost-effectiveness of, and to promote mitigation actions. Devel oping countries, especially those with low emitting economies should be provided in centives to continue to develop on a low emission pathway.8. Scaled up, new and additional, predictable and adequate funding as well as improved access shall be provided to developing countries, in accordance with the relevant provisions of the Convention, to enable and support enhanced action on mitigation, including substantial finance to reduce emissions from deforestation and forest degradation (REDD-plus), adaptation, technology development and transfer an d capacity-building, for enhanced implementation of the Convention. The collective c ommitment by developed countries is to provide new and additional resources, inclu ding forestry and investments through international institutions, approaching USD 30 billion for the period 2010. 2012 with balanced allocation between adaptation and mitigation. Funding for adaptation will be prioritized for the most vulnerable developing countries, such as the least developed countries, small island developing States and Africa. In the context of meaningful mitigation actions and transparency on im plementation, developed countries commit to a goal of mobilizing jointly USD 100 b illion dollars a year by 2020 to address the needs of developing countries. This fun ding will come from a wide variety of sources, public and private, bilateral and mult ilateral, including alternative sources of finance. New multilateral funding for adaptati on will be delivered through effective and efficient fund arrangements, with a gover nance structure providing for equal representation of developed and developing cou ntries. A significant portion of such funding should flow through the Copenhagen Gr een Climate Fund.9. To this end, a High Level Panel will be established under the guidance of and accountable to the Conference of the Parties to study the contribution of the p otential sources of revenue, including alternative sources of finance, towards meeting this goal.10. We decide that the Copenhagen Green Climate Fund shall be established as an operating entity of the financial mechanism of the Convention to support pr ojects, programmer, policies and other activities in developing countries related to mitigation including REDD-plus, adaptation, capacity building, technology developme nt and transfer.11. In order to enhance action on development and transfer of technology we decide to establish a Technology Mechanism to accelerate technology development and transfer in support of action on adaptation and mitigation that will be guided by a country-driven approach and be based on national circumstances and prioritie s.12. We call for an assessment of the implementation of this Accord to be co mpleted by 2015, including in light of the Convention’s ultimate objective. This woul d include consideration of strengthening the long-term goal referencing various matt ers presented by the science, including in relation to temperature rises of 1.5 degr ees Celsius.。
哥本哈根会议协议书甲方：[甲方全称]地址：[甲方地址]法定代表人：[甲方法定代表人姓名]乙方：[乙方全称]地址：[乙方地址]法定代表人：[乙方法定代表人姓名]鉴于甲方与乙方共同参与了在哥本哈根举行的[具体会议名称]，并且双方就[会议讨论的具体议题或合作内容]进行了深入的讨论与协商，现双方达成如下协议：第一条会议目的与成果1.1 本次会议旨在[具体目的或目标]。
1.2 双方在会议上就[议题或合作内容]达成了共识，并同意采取以下行动：a. [具体行动或措施1]b. [具体行动或措施2]c. [具体行动或措施3]...第二条合作范围与方式2.1 双方同意在[合作领域或范围]进行合作。
2.2 合作方式包括但不限于：a. 技术交流与共享b. 市场开发与推广c. 项目合作与投资...第三条责任与义务3.1 甲方责任：a. 负责[具体责任1]b. 负责[具体责任2]...3.2 乙方责任：a. 负责[具体责任1]b. 负责[具体责任2]...第四条保密条款4.1 双方应对在会议期间以及合作过程中知悉的商业秘密和技术秘密予以保密。
4.2 未经对方书面同意，任何一方不得向第三方披露或使用上述保密信息。
第五条知识产权5.1 双方应尊重并保护对方的知识产权。
5.2 所有因合作产生的知识产权，其归属和使用权应由双方另行协商确定。
第六条争议解决6.1 双方在履行本协议过程中发生的任何争议，应首先通过友好协商解决。
6.2 如果协商不成，双方同意提交至[具体仲裁机构名称]，按照其仲裁规则进行仲裁。
第七条协议的修改与终止7.1 本协议的任何修改和补充，必须以书面形式进行，并经双方授权代表签字确认。
7.2 本协议在[终止条件]时自动终止。
第八条其他8.1 本协议未尽事宜，双方可另行协商解决。
8.2 本协议一式两份，甲乙双方各执一份，具有同等法律效力。
甲方代表：[甲方代表签字]日期：[签署日期]乙方代表：[乙方代表签字]日期：[签署日期]。
“巴厘岛路线图”共有13项内容和1个附录，其中亮点如下：1、强调了国际合作。
与会各方同意长期合作共同行动，包括一个关于减排温室气体的全球长期目标，以实现《公约》的最终目标。
2、把美国纳入进来。
由于拒绝签署《京都议定书》，美国如何履行发达国家应尽义务一直存在疑问。
“巴厘岛路线图”明确规定，《公约》的所有发达国家缔约方都要履行可测量、可报告、可核实的温室气体减排责任，这把美国纳入其中。
3、强调了三个在以前国际谈判中曾不同程度受到忽视的问题：适应气候变化问题、技术开发和转让问题以及资金问题。
这三个问题是广大发展中国家在应对气候变化过程中极为关心的问题。
4、为下一步落实《公约》设定了时间表。
规定2009年前就应对气候变化问题新安排举行谈判。
5、中国制定并公布了《中国应对气候变化国家方案》，所作出的一系列努力受到好评，为绘成“巴厘岛路线图”作出了自己的贡献。
《哥本哈根协议》具体内容：气温升幅限制全球气温升幅应限制在摄氏2度以内法律约束力文本无明确列明对《京都议定书》存续问题无明确表示全球减排目标全球温室气体排放量应尽快封顶，但无定下年限。
各国在2010年2月1日前，向联合国提出2020年减排目标。
未提及2050年减排目标。
减排监察所有新兴经济体必须自我监察减排进度，并每两年向联合国汇报。
国际人员可以视察，前提是不损害国家主权。
资金发达国家将在2020年起，向发展中国家及小岛国等提供1,000亿美元(约7,757亿港元)援助。
未提及资金来源及使用方向。
未来3年内发达国将提供300亿美元(约2,327亿港元)，当中欧盟、日本及美国将联合出资252亿美元(约1,955亿港元)。
其它提供足够资金限制森林砍伐考虑透过碳市场达致减排目标哥本哈根大会最后形成了《哥本哈根协议》，它虽然不是法律性公约，但为今后的谈判打下了基础。
但会议中的五大关键问题尚未解决：一是谈判的基础文件，二是减排目标，三是“三可”问题（可测量、可报告和可核实），四是长期目标，五是资金问题。
2009年12月19日，哥本哈根气候大会落下帷幕。
全球气候谈判的列车将在哥本哈根站之后继续前行，希望能在未来两年内达成协议。
回顾20年来的漫漫谈判征程，可以发现虽然全球气候谈判从未一帆风顺，但总在坚定地前行。
如今，全球多数人对气候变化都有了一定了解，关于气候谈判的新闻传播功不可没。
与几年前很多人把气候问题等同于气象预报相比，情况已经有了翻天覆地的变化。
坎昆气候大会期间，有报告显示，2010年前9个月，已有21000人死于和气候变化相关的灾难，这个数字超过2009年全年的2倍。
《坎昆协议》主要内容：1.第二承诺期：同意《京都议定书》工作小组应“尽早”完成第二承诺期的谈判工作，以“确保在第一承诺期和第二承诺期之间不出现空当”。
2.减排：巩固了各国在哥本哈根承诺的减排目标。
3.透明度：规定发达国家改善其排放量和减排行动的报告（包括每年提交排放清单，报告援助发展中国家减排的资金情况等），同时也规定发展中国家每两年进行一次排放和减排报告。
4.资金：关注到发达国家集体承诺提供新的和额外的资金，在2010年至2012年间启动300亿美元的快速启动资金，该资金将优先用于生态最脆弱的发展中国家。
在长期资金问题上，决定“按比例增加、新的额外的、可预期的，以及足够的资金应该提供给发展中国家”，并承认发达国家应在2020年联合募集1000亿美元用于发展中国家。
中国代表团在坎昆会议结束后的第一时间对坎昆会议做出积极评价，认为会议取得了两项成果：一是坚持了《公约》、《议定书》和巴厘路线图，坚持了共同但有区别的责任原则，确保了2011年的谈判继续按照巴厘路线图确定的双轨方式进行；二是就适应、技术转让、资金和能力建设等发展中国家关心问题的谈判取得了不同程度的进展，谈判进程继续向前，向国际社会发出了比较积极的信号。
《坎昆协议》未指明《京都议定书》谈判的未来，没有给出完成第二承诺期的时间表。
对备受关注的“快速启动资金”、“气候基金”，《坎昆协议》有了原则性共识，但依然存在多种“选项”，这些分歧被留给南非德班气候大会。
这也将意味着，南非德班的气候谈判任务仍将十分艰巨。
《德班协议》四大重点：1、全球气候协议德班研讨会的主要收获是各国通过一份减碳“路线图”，所有排碳大国將首次共同接受具法律约束力的碳排协议。
目前碳排居首位和第3位的分別是中国及印度，而发展中国家不受约束；第2位的美国则退出了《京都议定书》。
新协议谈判将于2015年前结束，2020年开始实施。
2、绿色气候基金在2009年哥本哈根峰会上，各发达国同意成立绿色气候基金，在2020年前每年提供高達1,000亿美元（约7,782亿港元）协助发展中国家对抗气候变迁。
目前尽管基金规划已完成，但资金来源仍然未有定论。
3、京都议定书为争取发展中国家支持2015年的全球气候协议，欧盟表示或将单独签署《京都议定书》的新承诺。
挪威和瑞士亦表示支持。
4、排放标准去年的《坎昆决议》要求所有缔约国出台一种可测量、可报告、可查证（简称MRV）的原则机制来公告进度，但最終未取得进展。
这份覆盖所有发达国家、并最终涵盖新兴经济体的核算框架，被视为解决气候变化的关键。
唇枪舌剑、合纵连横，气候谈判的场面长期以来未有变化。
（1）气候谈判的各国立场：伞形国家集团以美国为首组成的“伞形”国家集团，包含日本、加拿大、澳大利亚、新西兰、俄罗斯等多个国家，在国际气候谈判中享有举足轻重的地位。
在构建后京都气候机制的谈判中，伞形集团国家表现出了一定的协调性，但是在一些具体谈判议程上仍存在一定的分歧。
总体看，伞形集团在气候谈判中的立场与承诺同其应该承担的气候变化责任相去甚远。
欧盟欧盟作为气候谈判的发起者，一直是推动气候变化谈判最重要的政治力量。
但欧盟各成员国之间发展水平的差异增大，使内部政策协调的难度加大。
欧盟将自己视为应对气候变化的领导者，在节能减排立法、政策、行动和技术方面一直处于领先地位。
《联合国气候变化框架公约》及其《京都议定书》的制定通过，与欧盟的积极推动有密切关系。
基础四国基础四国是由中国、印度、巴西和南非四个主要发展中国家组成的气候谈判集团，鉴于其成员在发展中国家和世界上的影响力，该集团在国际气候谈判中备受关注。
总体而言，基础四国的出现和协调行动推动了国际气候谈判在公约框架下展开，有利于后京都气候安排的达成，但也可能促使国际气候谈判集团，特别是“G77加中国”的分化和重新组合。
小岛屿国家联盟小岛屿国家联盟，是受全球变暖威胁最大的几十个小岛屿及低海拔沿海国家组成的国家联盟，主要职责是在联合国的协商框架内，作为一个整体发出声音，争取权利。
小岛屿国家联盟早在1994年《京都议定书》谈判中推出第一份草案之后便已相当活跃，是全球气候谈判中的重要参与者。
由于独特地理状况和经济发展结构，该联盟在气候谈判中一直坚持其自身特殊的利益诉求。
伞形集团是一个区别于传统西方发达国家的阵营划分，用以特指在当前全球气候变暖议题上不同立场的国家利益集团，具体是指除欧盟以外的其他发达国家，包括美国、日本、加拿大、澳大利亚、新西兰。
因为从地图上看，这些国家的分布很像一把“伞”，也象征地球环境“保护伞”，故得此名。
当前的气候变化国际谈判分成三股力量——欧盟、伞形集团、发展中国家（77国集团+中国）77国集团是发展中国家在反对超级大国的控制、剥削、掠夺的斗争中，逐渐形成和发展起来的一个国际集团。
“基础四国”具体是指：中国、印度、巴西、南非四国。
其称呼来源于各国英文的首字母缩写（巴西：Brazil 南非：South Africa 印度：India 中国：China）取各国首字母刚好组成英文单词：BASIC（基础），基础之意也喻指中国、印度、巴西、南非为当今世界最重要的发展中国家。
出于不同的原因，欧盟和包括美国在内的“伞形国家”纷纷提出，《京都议定书》到期之后，将发达国家和发展中国家的气候问题绑在一起谈。
目前的谈判形式是两轨并行制：一方面，签署《京都议定书》的发达国家要履行《京都议定书》的规定，就2012年以后的大幅度量化减排指标承诺进行谈判；另一方面，发展中国家和未签署《京都议定书》的发达国家（主要是指美国）则要在《公约》下就长期的、更广泛的减排行动进行谈判。
美国作为最大的发达国家，出于其国内利益需要和国际战略考虑，没有欧盟积极主动高调，但也不愿意放弃在气候变化问题上的话语权。
奥巴马新政府上台之后，美国展示出积极姿态，但其中期减排目标甚至远低于其京都议定书所规定的减排幅度，且以发展中大国参与作为自身行动的先决条件。
其它如日本、加拿大、澳大利亚、俄罗斯等在政治立场上追随美国，形成“伞形集团”。
（2）气候谈判的未来之路新能源相对于传统能源，新能源普遍具有污染少、储量大的特点，对于解决当今世界严重的环境污染问题和资源（特别是化石能源）枯竭问题具有重要意义。
新能源的各种形式都是直接或者间接地来自于太阳或地球内部深处所产生的热能。
包括了太阳能、风能、生物质能、地热能、核聚变能、水能和海洋能以及由可再生能源衍生出来的生物燃料和氢所产生的能量。
新政策化石燃料资源的疯狂开采和二氧化碳的过度排放，导致地球上的环境恶化、气候异常、资源枯竭，人类的生存面临严重的威胁。
既要满足不断增加能源的需求，又要解决日益严重的二氧化碳危害，人类面临着两难的境地。
在“征服”二氧化碳的攻坚战中，最具前瞻性的研究是集“制服”与“驯化”为一体，模拟自然界光合作用原理，将二氧化碳直接转化成能源。
新协议南非德班会议需要谈判磋商的时间非常有限，对会议的成果的期待不要太高。
现有预测德班会议成果的三种情景。
第一种情景是达成有法律约束力的和有强制力的条约。
第二种情景是达到像坎昆那样的决议，把悬而未决的问题留到明年继续讨论。
第三种情景是达到哥本哈根协议那样无约束力的文本。
这种情景几率较大，但大家都不希望有这种结果。
新生活二氧化碳给全球带来的危机，扣动了人们忧患意识的扳机，纵然世界各国仍就减排问题进行着艰苦的角力，但低碳这个概念几乎得到了广泛认同。
低碳，是指较低或更低的温室气体(二氧化碳为主)排放。
对我们来说，生活方式描绘了每个人的“碳足迹”，低碳生活就是简约的生活方式，从衣、食、住、用、行都可体现低碳生活。
部分发达国家将中国“负责任大国”的形象和气候变化挂钩，强迫中国承担超出自己能力的责任，这让中国在短期内都将面临“绿色压力”。
中国一方面要在气候谈判中注意维护自己的正当权益，另一方面也可抓住绿色机遇，推动清洁能源技术转让，促进国民经济健康均衡发展。
所以对中国来说，这场坎昆博弈，挑战与机遇并存。
