The Grammar According to West
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I. Each of the following below is followed by four alternative answers. Choose the one that would best complete the statement. (30%; 1.5 points for each)1. Romance, which uses verse or prose to describe the adventures and life of the knights, is the popular literary form in ___C _.A. RomanticismB. RenaissanceC. medieval periodD. Anglo-Saxon period2. Among the great Middle English poets, Geoffrey Chaucer is known for his production of___DA. Piers PlowmanB. Sir Gawain and the Green KnightC. Confessio AmantisD. The Canterbury Tales3. Generally, the Renaissance refers to the period between the 14th and mid-17th centuries, its essence is____D___.A. scienceB. philosophyC. artsD. humanism4. The sentence “Shall I compare thee to a summer’s day?”is the line of one of Shakespeare’s()A. comediesB. tragediesC. historiesD. sonnets5. Which of the following statements best illustrates the theme of Shakespeare’s Sonnet 18? CA. The speaker eulogizes (praise) the power ofB. The speaker satirizes human vanityC. The speaker praises the power of artistic creationD. The speaker meditates on man’s salvation6. “The Fairy Queen” is the masterpiece written by__C__.A. John MiltonB. Geoffrey ChaucerC. Edmund SpenserD. Alexander Pope7. Which of the following work did Bacon NOT write? DA. Advancement of LearningB. Novum OrganumC. De AugmentisD. Areopagitica8. The most distinguished literary figure of the 17th century was(B)who was a critic, poet, and playwright.A. Oliver GoldsmithB. John DrydenC. John MiltonD. S.T. Coleridge9. Which of the following has / have associations with John Donne’s poetry? BA. reason and sentimentB. conceits and witsC. the euphuismD. writing in the rhymed couplet10. Henry Fielding has been regarded by some as “___B___”, for his contribution to the establishment of the form of the modern novel.A. Best writer of the English novelB. The father of English novelC. The most gifted writer of the English novelD. conventional writer of English novel11. John Milton’s masterpiece—Paradise Lost was written in the poetic style of __ B _.A. rhymed stanzasB. blank verseC. alliterationD. sonnets12. The Houyhnhnms depicted by Jonathan Swift in Gulliver’s Travels are ____A_.A. horses that are endowed with reasonB. pigmies that are endowed with admirable qualitiesC. giants that are superior in wisdomD. hairy, wild, low and despicable creatures, who resemble human beings not only in appearance but also in some other ways13. Gothic novels are mostly stories of___C_____, which take place in some haunted or dilapidated Middle Age castles.A. love and marriageB. sea adventuresC. mystery and horrorD. saints and martyrs14. William Wordsworth, a romantic poet, advocated all the following EXCEPT __D_.A. the use of everyday language spoken by the common peopleB. the expression of the spontaneous overflow of powerful feelingsC. the use of humble and rustic life as subject matterD. the use of elegant wording and inflated figures of speech15. Charles Dickens’ works are c haracterized by a mingling of ___A____ and pathos.A. humorB. satireC. passionD. metaphor16. In __B____ ’s hands, “dramatic monologue” reaches its maturity and perfection.A. Alfred TennysonB. Robert BrowningC. William ShakespeareD. George Eliot17. The three trilogies of()’s Forsyte novels are masterpieces of critical realism in the early 20th century.A. John GalsworthyB. Arnold BennettC. James JoyceD. H. G. Wells18. The bard of imperialism was(B), who glorified the colonial expansion of Great Britain in his works.A. R. L. StevensonB. Rudyard KiplingC. H. G. WellsD. Daniel Defoe19. “art for art’s sake” was put forth by ___A___.A. aestheticismB. naturalismC. realismD. neo-romanticism20. Which of the following is taken from John Keats’“Ode on a Grecian Urn”? DA. “I fall upon the thorns of life! I bleed!”B. “They are both gone up to the church to pray.”C. “Earth has not anything to show more fair.”D. “Beauty is truth, truth beauty.”II. Fill in the blanks with correct information. (16%; 1 points for each blank)1. In 1066, the Normans headed by Duke William, defeated the Anglo-Saxons. This marked the beginning of feudalism in England and England entered into feudal society.2. Chaucer’s The Canterbury Tales is written in th e style of rhymed (metrical) stanza instead of alliteration in the Anglo-Saxon period.3. The Pilgrims Progress is the masterpiece of John Bunyan (the writer), written in the old-fashioned, medieval form of dream and allegory, in which the main character is Christian .4. Dorian Gray was the main character in the novel The Picture of Dorian Gray written by (Oscar) Wilde .5. Romanticism extended from 1798 when The Lyrical Ballads was published and in 1832 when (Walter)6. The writer who figured his hometown—the Wessex country in his works is _(Thomas) Hardy.7. In “I Wandered Lonely as a Cloud”, hills, vales, lakes, bays and the daffodils are parts of , and “daffodils” symbolize (the beauty of) .8. “Dubliners” is a collection of short stories written by James Joyce in the writing style of stream of consciousness.9. In the “The Idylls of the King”, the poet Alfred Tennyson painted the first English hero, King Arthur , and gave a new meaning to the legends about the knights of the Round Table.III. Answer the following questions briefly based on your understanding of the texts studied. (12%; 1 point for each question)1. Dull sublunary lover’s love(Whose soul is sense) cannot admitAbsence, because it doth removeThose things which elemented it.a. Who was the writer? John Donneb. What is the name/ title of the poem?A Valediction: Forbidding Mourningc. What does it mean by “Dull sublunary lover’s love”? (Explain it.)secular love/ ordinary (lover’s) loved. What does “soul” mean? essencee. What does “sense” here mean?sense organs/ hands, eyes, lips, etcf. What does “it” mean in “because it doth remove”? absenceg. What does “Those things” mean?sense organs/ hands, eyes, lips, etch. What does “it” refer to in “Those things which elemented it”?dull sublunary lover’s love2. Wild Spirit, which art moving everywhere; (1)Destroyer and Preserver; hear, O hear! (2)a. What is the title of the poem? Ode to the West Windb. In line (1), why is the west wind called “Wild Spirit”?Because it is the “breath of Autumn’s being” (it has the soul, breath, and inspiration) which (on earth, sky, and sea) destroys in autumn to revives in the spring.c. In line (2), why is it called “Destroyer”?Because the West Wind destroys the dead leaves/ the old things (or the poet’s old thoughts and the old world) d. In line (2), what does “Preserver” mean?Because the West Wind preserves seeds (and revives in spring)/ spreads new things (or preserve the new and give the poet/world a new birth.)IV. Give your answers to the following items logically and concisely. You have to mention the writer (and the title of the work) first if necessary. (24%)1. In your opinion, why does Satan in Paradise Lost choose the Garden of Eden for his battlefield? (7 points) Answer: 1) Paradise Lost was written by John Milton. (1points)2) The Garden of Eden is the most perfect of spot ever created by God ; (2 points)3) There live in innocent bliss God’s masterpiece, the f irst man and woman, Adam and Eve, who are allowed by God to enjoy /revel in the supreme beauties of Paradise, provided they do not eat the fruit that grows on the tree of the knowledge of good and evil; (3 point)4) Satan desires to tear them away from the influence of God and to make them instrumental in his struggle against God’s authority. (1 point)2. What is your opinion on the character Rebecca Sharp? (7 points)Answer:1) Rebecca Sharp is the main character in Vanity Fair written by William Makepeace Thackeray. (1 point)2) She is the perfect embodiment of the spirit of Vanity Fair (as her only aspiration in life is to gain wealth and position by any means: through lies, mean actions and unscrupulous speculating with every sacred ideal) (3 points)3) She is shrewd and unscrupulous, supplicated beyond her years; determined to worm her way into society at all cost; she is full-blooded and many-sided. (3 points)3. Based on your understanding of “Lines Composed a Few Miles Above Tintern Abbey”, “She D welt Among the Untroden Ways”, and “I Wandered Lonely as a Cloud”, discuss “What are the functions of for the poet expressed in the poems?” (10 points)Answer:(1) The poems were written by William Wordsworth (in which he described the functions and benefits that has/brings). (1 point)(2) (open-end question: 只要回答中包含以下相关内容或三首诗中的例子,陈述比较清楚,即可得分;表述不清者在原给分基础上可酌情扣1至2分) (9 points) 如:could make him love more, make his thoughts purer and loftier and mind and soul more comfort. (For example, in “Lines”, he said because of and by recalling , he could have the sweet sensation and pleasures in lonely rooms and amid the din of towns and cities, could make him have the actions of kindness and love, give him the blessed and sublime mood, lighten the burden of theheavy and weary world, see into the life of things, make him look on with thoughts, hear the still and sad music of humanity. could be the anchor of his purest thought, the nurse, guide, guardian of his heart and soul and life and food for his future years.(5分)In “I wondered lonely as a cloud”, the daffodils () in vacant or pensive mood flash upon his inward eye and fill his heart with pleasure and dance with the daffodils.(2分)In “She dwelt among the untrodden ways”, could make him look on more carefully and with a special mind.(2分)V. Write a summery of Pride and Prejudice and make a short comment on the theme. Your marks depends on the elements of the writer (1 point), the main characters and their relations (2 points), the main plot and result (8 points), comment on the theme (4 points), and grammar and structure (3 points). (18%)Answer:1) the writer (1分);(Pride and Prejudice was written by Jane Austen, in the romantic period)2) the main characters and their relations (2分);? (Mr. and Mrs. Bennet; The Bennet’s 5 daughters: the beautiful Jane, the clever Elizabeth, the bookish Mary, the immature Kitty and the wild Lydia. Elizabeth—Mr. Darcy;(Jane—Mr. Bingley; Lydia—Mr. Wickham))? 3) the main plot(7分;主要情节表述不全或不连贯者酌情扣分)and result (1分);(Unfortunately for the Bennets, if Mr. Bennet dies their house will be inherited by a distant cousin whom they have never met, so the family's future happiness and security is dependant on the daughters making good marriages. Life is uneventful until the arrival in the neighborhood of the rich gentleman Mr. Bingley, who rents a large house so he can spend the summer in the country. Mr. Bingley brings with him his sister and the dashing (and richer) but proud Mr. Darcy. Love is soon in the air for one of the Bennet sisters, while another may have jumped to a hasty prejudgment. For the Bennet sisters many trials and tribulations stand between them and their happiness, including class, gossip and scandal.)4) comment on the theme (4分) ?(Theme: exploration of the marriage, property and intrigue between the main and minor characters; delicate probing of the values of gentry/ marriage, class, money) 5) grammar and structure (3分).I. Each of the following below is followed by four alternative answers. Choose the one that would bet complete the statement.1. The long poem _C_ in Anglo-Saxon period was termed England’s national epic.P67A. The Canterbury TalesB. Paradise LostC. The Song of BeowulfD. The Fairy Queen2. Romance, which uses verse or prose to describe the adventures and life of the knights, is the popular literary form in ____C__.A. RomanticismB. RenaissanceC. medieval periodD. Anglo-Saxon period4. __A_____ is regarded as the father of English poetry.A. Geoffrey ChaucerB. Edmund SpenserC. John MiltonD. W. Wordsworth5. It is ____A____ alone who, for the first time in English literature, presented to us a comprehensive realistic picture of the English society of his time and created a whole gallery of vivid characters from all walks of life.A. Geoffrey ChaucerB. Martin LutherC. William ShakespeareD. John Gower6. One of Chaucer’s main contributions to English poetry is _A_____.A. he introduced the rhymed stanzas from France to English poetryB. he created striking brilliant panorama of his time and his countryC. he wrote in blank verseD. he was the first to write sonnet7. During the Renaissance, __C_____ was the first one to introduce the sonnet into English poetry.A. ChaucerB. John DonneC. Thomas WyattD. Earl of Surrey8. During the Renaissance, _D______ wrote the first English blank verse.A. ChaucerB. Edmund SpencerC. Thomas WyattD. Earl of Surrey9. Which of the following historical events does not directly help to stimulate the rising of the Renaissance Movement? CA. The rediscovery of ancient Greek and Roman cultureB. The new discoveries in geography and astrologyC. The Glorious revolutionD. The religious reformation and the economic expansion10. The Renaissance is actually a movement stimulated by a series of historical events. Which one of the following is NOT such an event? BA. The rediscovery of ancient Roman and Greek culture.B. England’s domestic restC. New discovery in geography and astrology.D. The religious reformation and the economic expansion.11. Generally, the Renaissance refers to the period between ___A___ and ______ centuries.A. 14th...mid-17thB. 14th...mid-18thC. 16th...mid-18thD. 16th...mid-17th13. ___B____ frequently applied conceits in his poems. P282A. Edmund SpenserB. John DonneC. William BlakeD. Thomas Gray14. ___C____ is known as “the poet’s poet”.A. William ShakespeareB. Christopher MarloweC. Edmund SpenserD. John Donne15. Romance,which uses narrative verse or prose to tell stories of__B__ adventures or other heroic deeds,is a popular literary form in the medieval period.A. ChristianB. knightlyC. pilgrimsD. primitive16. ____B____ and William Shakespeare are the best representatives of the English humanism.A. Edmund Spenser, Christopher MarloweB. Thomas More, Christopher MarloweC. John Donne, Edmund SpenserD. John Milton, Thomas More17. Among the following plays which is not written by Christopher Marlowe? DA. Dr. FaustusB. The Jew of MaltaC. TamburlaineD. The School for Scandal18. Shakespeare’s greatest tragedies are __A__.A. Hamlet, Othello, King Lear and MacbethB. Hamlet, Othello, King Lear and Romeo and JulietC. Hamlet, Coriolanus, King Lear and MacbethD. Hamlet, Julius caesar, Othello and Macbeth19★. The sentence “Shall I compare thee to a summer’s day?”is the line of one of Shakespeare’s ________.A. comediesB. TragediesC. historiesD. sonnets20. “So long as men can breathe, or eyes can see, /So long lives this, and this gives life to thee.” (Shakespeare, Sonnets 18) What does “this” refer to? DA. LoverB. TimeC. SummerD. Poetry21. Which of the following statements best illustrates the theme of Shakespeare’s Sonnet 18? CA. The speaker eulogizes the power ofB. The speaker satirizes human vanityC. The speaker praises the power of artistic creationD. The speaker meditates on man’s salvation22.★“Bassani Antonio,I am married to a wife Which is as dear to me as life itself;But life itself,my wife,and all the world,Are not with me esteem’d above thy life;I would lose all,ay,sacrifice them all,Here to the devil,to deliver you. Portia:Your wife would give you little thanks for that,ff she were by to hear you make the offer.”The above is a quotation taken from Shakespeare’s comedy The Merchant of Venice. The quoted part can be regarded as a good example to illustrate A/DA. dramatic ironyB. personificationC. allegoryD. symbolism23. “The Fairy Queen” is the masterpiece written by__C__.A. John MiltonB. Geoffrey ChaucerC. Edmund SpenserD. Alexander Pope24. Which of the following work did Bacon NOT write? DA. Advancement of LearningB. Novum OrganumC. De AugmentisD. Areopagitica25. The greatest of pioneers of English drama in Renaissance is ___B____, one of whose drama is “Doctor Faustus”.A. William ShakespeareB. Christopher MarloweC. Oscar WildeD. R. Brinsley Sheridan26. “Euphues” was written by _B_____, the style of the novel was called “Euphuism”.A. John BunyanB. John LylyC. John DonneD. John Milton27. The most f amous dramatist in the 18th century is ____C__, who is famous for “The School for Scandal”.A. Oliver GoldsmithB. Thomas GrayC. R. Brinsley SheridanD. G.eorge Bernard Shaw28. The most distinguished literary figure of the 17th century was(B ), who was a critic, poet, and playwright.A. Oliver GoldsmithB. John DrydenC. John MiltonD. T. G. Coleridge29. The representative of the “Metaphysical” poetry is __A____, whose poems are famous for his use of fantastic metaphors and extravagant hyperboles.A. John DonneB. John MiltonC. William BlakeD. Robert Burns30. Which of the following has / have associations with John Donne’s poetry? B(P)A. reason and sentimentB. conceits and witsC. the euphuismD. writing in the rhymed couplet31. ___(P152). A__ is the successful religious allegory(讽喻,寓言) in the English language.A. The Pilgrim’s ProgressB. The Canterbury TalesC. Paradise LostD. Pamela, or Virtue Rewarded32. The 18th century England is known as the __C____ in the history.A. RenaissanceB. ClassicismC. EnlightenmentD. Romanticism33. Of all the eighteenth-century novelists, who was the first to set out, both in theory and practice, to write specially a “comic滑稽的epic史诗in prose”, the first to give the modern novel its structure and style?A. Thomas GrayB. Richard Brinsley SheridanC. Johathan SwiftD. Henry Fielding34. Henry Fielding has been regarded by some as “B”, for his to the establishment of the form of the modern novel.A. Best writer of the English novelB. The father of English novelC. The most gifted writer of the English novelD. Conventional writer of English novel35. Among the pioneers先驱of the 18th century novelists were Daniel Defoe, Samuel Richardson, Henry fielding and ___A___.A. Laurence Sterne (P169)B. John DrydenC. Charles DickensD. Alexander Pope36. John Milton’s masterpiece—Paradise Lost was written in the poetic style of _B____.A. rhymed stanzas押韵节B. blank verse无韵诗C. alliteration头韵法D. sonnets十四行诗37. Of all the 18th century novelists Henry Fielding was the first to set out____, both in theory and practice,to write specifically a “____B_____ in prose,”the first to give the modern novel its structure and style. (Refer to19)A. tragic epicB. comic epicC. romanceD. lyric epic38. Besides Sheridan, another great playwright in the 18th century is ___A___.A. Oliver Goldsmith 喜剧she stoops to conquerB. Thomas Gray 诗人C. T. G. Smollet 小说家D. Laurence Sterne 小说家39. She Stoops to Conquer was written by __A___.A. Oliver GoldsmithB. R. Brinsley SheridanC. John DrydenD. George Bernard Shaw40. The middle of the 18th century was predominated by a newly rising literary form, that is the modern English ___B___, which gives a realistic presentation of life of the common English people.A. proseB. short storyC. novelD. tragicomedy41. The Houyhnhnm s depicted by Jonathan Swift in Gulliver’s Travels are __A___.A. horses that are endowed with reasonB. pigmies that are endowed with admirable qualitiesC. giants that are superior in wisdomD. hairy, wild, low and despicable creatures, who resemble human beings not only in appearance but also in some other ways42. The unquenchable spirit of Robinson Crusoe struggling to maintain a substantial existence on a lonely island reflects ____D______.A. man’s desire to return toB. the author’s criticism of the c olonizationC. the ideal of the rising bourgeoisie中产阶级D. the aristocrats’ disillusionment of the harsh social reality43. Gothic novels are mostly stories of__C___, which take place in some haunted or dilapidated Middle Age castles.A. love and marriageB. sea adventuresC. mystery and horrorD. saints and martyrs44. “The father of English novel” is ___A_______.A. Henry FieldingB. Daniel DefoeC. Jonathan SwiftD. John Donne45. The greatest Scottish poet in the pre-romanticism is ____D____.A. William WordswothB. Oliver GoldsmithC. Thomas GrayD. Robert Burns46. ___A___ is written by William Blake, a great poet in the pre-romanticism.A. The Songs of InnocenceB. Reliques of Ancient English poetryC. Songs and SonnetsD. Kubla Khan47. The Rights of Man, a pamphlet, was written by __D____, in which he advocated that politics was the business of the whole mass of common people and not only of a government oligarchy.A. John MiltonB. Jonathan SwiftC. Robert BurnsD. Thomas Paine48. William Wordsworth,a romantic poet,advocated all the following EXCEPT (D).A. the use of everyday language spoken by the common peopleB. the expression of the spontaneous overflow of powerful feelingsC. the use of humble and rustic life as subject matterD. the use of elegant wording and inflated figures of speech49. Which of the following is taken from John Keats’ “Ode on a Grecian Urn”? DA. “I fall upon the thorns of life! I bleed!”B. “They are both gone up to the church to pray.”C. “Earth has not anything to show more fair.”D. “Beauty is truth,truth beauty.”50. “If Winter comes,can Spring be far behind.”is an epigrammatic line by DA. John KeatsB. William BlakeC. William WordsworthD. P. B. Shelley51★. “Ode on a Grecian Urn”shows the contrast between the___B___ of art and the____ of human passion.A. Glory, uglinessB. permanence, transienceC. transience, sordidnessD. glory, permanence52. One of the great essay writers of the early 19th century is BA. Jane AustenB. Charles LambC. Walter ScottD. George Eliot53. Tales form Shakespeare was written by ___D__.A. Charles LambB. William HazlittC. Charles Lamb and Mary LambD. Wordsworth and Coleridge54. Charles Dickens’ works are characterized by a mingling of ____A___ and pathos.A. humorB. satireC. passionD. metaphor55★. In Chapter III of Oliver Twist, Oliver is punished for that “impious and profane offence of asking for more”. What did Oliver ask for more?A. More time to playB. More food to eatC. More books to readD. More money to spend56. In ___B___ ’s hands, “dramatic monologue” reaches its maturity and perfection.A. Alfred TennysonB. Robert BrowningC. William ShakespeareD. George Eliot57. The success of Jane Eyre is not only because of its sharp criticism of the existing society, but also due to its introduction to the English novel the first __D____ heroine.A. explorerB. peasantC. workerD. governess 家庭女教师58. The three trilogies of __A___ ’s Forsyte novels are masterpieces of critical realism in the early 20th century.A. John GalswortryB. Arnold BennettC. James JoyceD. H. G. Wells59. The Victorian Age was largely an age of___C___ eminently represented by Dickens and Thackeray.A. poetryB. dramaC. novelD. prose60★. The title of Alfred Tennyson’s poem “Ulysses”reminds the reader of the following EXCEPT___C/D______.A. the Trojan WarB. Homer’s OdysseyC. adventures over the seaD. religious quest61. The work __B___ written by Alfred Tennyson was about the question of higher education of women.A. Crossing the BarB. The PrincessC. Break, Break, BreakD. Ulysses62. The bard of imperialism政治和贸易优势was _B___, who glorified the colonial expansion of Great Britain in his works.A. R. L. StevensonB. Rudyard KiplingC. H. G. WellsD. Daniel Defoe63. The Dynasts was a gigantic epic史诗的drama written by ___B__.A. George Bernard ShawB. Thomas HardyC. Oscar WildeD. John Galsworthy64. The major concern of___A/B____ fiction lies in the tracing of the psychological development of his characters and in his energetic criticism of the dehumanizing effect of the capitalist industrialization on human .A. D. H. Lawrence’sB. J. Galsworthy’sC. W. Thackeray’sD. T. Hardy’s65. A typical Forsyte, according to John Galsworthy, is a man with a strong sense of___A____, who never pays any attention to human feelings.A. propertyB. justiceC. moralityD. humor66. ____D__is considered to be the best-known English dramatist since Shakespeare,and his representative works are plays inspired by social criticism.A. Richard SheridanB. Oliver GoldsmithC. Oscar WildeD. George Bernard Shaw67. “art for art’s sake” was put forth by _A_____.A. aestheticismB. naturalismC. realismD. neo-romanticism68. James Joyce is the author of all the following novels EXCEPT___B_____.A. DublinersB. Jude the ObscureC. A portrait of the Artist as a Young ManD. UlyssesII. Choose one or more correct answers to complete the statement.69. __BC_______ belonged to the stream of consciousness.A.D. H. LawrencB.James JoyceC.Virginia WoolfD.T. S. Eliot★87. How do you understand “To be, or not to be”? Give your evidence to support your ideas.★92. What are Chaucer’s contributions to English literature答:(①Chaucer's language now called Middle English is vivid,smooth and exact. He is the first great poet writing in the current English.②His contribution is to lies chiefly in his introduction of various rhymed stanzas of various types. Especially he introduced rhymed stanzas from France to English, instead of the old alliterative Angle Saxon poetry.③He is the first great poet to write in the current English. His production of so much excellent poetry was an important factor in establishing English as the literary language of the country. The spoken English of the time consist of several dialect,and Chaucer did much in making the dialect of London as the foundation for modern English speech.)93. What are Shakespeare’s contributions to English literature?Construction:a. Shakespeare's plays are well-known for their adroit plot construction. He borrows them from some old plays or storybooks, or from ancient Greek and Roman sources.b. He would shorten the time and intensify the story. There are usually several threads running through the play.★94. What is the theme of “Paradise Lost”?答:(the exposure of reactionary forces of his time and passionate appeal for freedom)★95. Why did Satan choose the Garden of Eden as the battlefield? (书上、样卷有答案)★108. What does “She”(referring to Lucy) in “She Dwelt Among the Untroden Ways”imply?( 暗指所有新鲜的有活力和有生命的事物)★109. What is the theme of “She Dwelt Among the Untrodden Ways”?(①She 的特点②violet的特点③she与violet的联想特点④诗人的态度)What the theme of "I Wandered Lonely as a Cloud"?答:(①作者都自然的赞美和喜爱②自然给人带来财富和给人以安慰的作用) 笔记上的Theme:1.Nature embodies human beings in their diversecircumstance. It is nature that give hi m “strengthand knowledge fullof peace”2.It is bliss to recolled the beauty of nature in poetmind while he is in solitude.★113. What are the functions of “West Wind”in Shelley’s Ode to the West Wind? What do they mean?同下答:Destroyer andpreserver. The west wind to destroyer of the old who drives the last signs of life from the trees, and preserver of the new who scatter the seads shich sill come to life in the spring. This is a poem about renewal, about the wind blowing life back into dead things, implying not just an arc of life (which would end at death) but a cycle, which only starts again when something dies.115. Why did Percy Bysshe Shelly in his “Ode to the West Wind” ask for the West Wind to “lift me as a wave, a leaf, a cloud”? Give your analysis.116. “I fall upon the thorns of life! I bleed!/A heavy weight of hours has chained and bowed/ One too like thee: tameless, and swift, and proud.” The above quotation is taken from Shelley’s poem ‘Ode to the West wind”. What does the underlined part mean?★117.(同115题) Why did Shelley wish to be “a dead leaf”, “a swift cloud”and asked the West wind to “lift me as a wave, a leaf, a cloud”?★124. What is the character Rebecca Sharp?P195下册(样卷原题)She is a perfect embodiment of the spirit of Vanity Fair as her only aspiration in life is to gain wealth and position by any means: through lies, mean actions and unscrupulous speculating with every sacred ideal.★125. What is your opinion on the character Rebecca Sharp?样卷原题126. What are the major contributions made by the 19th century critical realists? (The major contribution is their perfection of the novel. Like the realists of the 18th century, the 19th century critical realist made use of the form of novel of full and detailed representations of social and political events, and of the fate of individuals and of whole social classes. However, the realistic novels of the 19th century went a step further than those of the 18th century in that they not only pictured the conflicts between individuals who stood for definite social strata, but also showed the broad social conflicts over and above the fate of mere individuals. Their artistic representation of vital social movements such as Chartism, and their vivid description of the dramatic conflicts of the time make the 19th century realistic novel “the epic of the bourgeois society”.)127. What does the subtitle “A Pure Woman” of the novel Tess of the D’Urbervilles mean?答:To show what Hardy thought of his heroine, who is seduced, abandoned, and finally driven to murder for which she is hanged. Through it all she remains his most lovable woman character, cruelly tormented by fate and innocent of any intention to sin.。
Grammar—The Restrictive and on-Restrictive AttributiveClauses基础巩固Ⅰ.用适当的关系词填空1.This is the room where my grandma used to live.2.This is the room that/which my grandma used to live in.3.Mr Green said that Suzhou was the first city that he had visited in China.4.The boy who was often absent from class was present at the party.5.This is my glasses,without which I can’t see clearly.6.He,who is your good friend,will of course try his best to help you out.7.This was the reason why he took apart the machine.8.This is the farm where we picked apples last year.9.Do you still remember the summer holiday when we made a journey to Beijing?10.The famous singer,who is from Britain,has a number of devoted fans in China.Ⅱ.完成句子11.As is known to us all(众所周知),books are the source of knowledge.12.Taobao is a website where you can buy what you want (在那里你可以买到你想要的东西) at a good price.13.The school shop,whose customers are mainly students(其主要顾客是学生),is closed for the holidays.14.Do you know the number of people who lost their lives(失去了他们的生命) in the traffic accident?15.The reason why he missed the class (他为什么缺课) was quite different from the one that you explained to me.16.It rained hard yesterday,which prevented/stopped me from going to the park(这阻止了我去公园).能力提升Ⅲ.阅读理解(2018·河南中原名校高一期末)Plays are an important part of British culture.The West End theatre district in London is the best place to watch a professional play,but acting also takes place in every school and village hallacross the country.There are over 2,500 non-professional drama groups in the UK today and they are an active part of community life.People from all walks of life take on acting roles in addition to their regular jobs.They do it for fun,for the love of acting and as a way to meet new people.Not everyone in a drama club is a skilled actor,but enthusiasm(热情) is considered to be more important than talent.Friends,family members and neighbours enjoy getting together to watch the final performance and telling the people they know to “break a leg(走运)”.It’s a great way of bringing communities together.Also,in many rural parts of Britain,non-professional theatre is the only chance people have to see plays for miles around.Many people get a taste for acting at school.Every school puts on a play at least once per year,usually at Christmas,and parents love coming to watch their children perform.Ask any British person and they’re sure to have happy memories of being in their school’s Christmas play,whether they played the role of Mary or Joseph or perhaps even a sheep or a donkey.Another Christmas theatre tradition is the pantomime(舞剧).Pantomimes are a type of musical comedy for families.The audience is encouraged to participate in the performance—singing along with the music and shouting to the actors.Pantomimes are really fun to watch,especially for children.British people love going to the theatre,professional or not,and many of them also enjoy performing.If you have the chance,go and see a play in the UK.17.What matters most for an actor in a drama club,according to the article?A.Talent. B.Enthusiasm.C.Professional training. D.Support from family.答案 B解析细节理解题。
2024-2025学年牛津译林版英语小学五年级上学期期中自测试卷及解答参考一、听力部分(本大题有12小题,每小题2分,共24分)1、Listen to the conversation and choose the best answer to complete the sentence.A. The boy is reading a book.B. The girl is writing a letter.C. They are playing soccer.Answer: AExplanation: The listener will hear a voice saying, “Look, Tom is reading his favorite book on the sofa.”2、Listen to the dialogue and answer the question.Q: What is the weather like outside?A. It is sunny.B. It is cloudy.C. It is raining.Answer: BEx planation: The listener will hear one person saying, “I think we should take an umbrella; it looks like it’s going to rain.”3、Listen to the dialogue and choose the correct answer.(A)It’s sunny.(B)It’s rainy.(C)It’s cloudy.Script:Boy: What’s the weather like today?Girl: It’s not raining, but there are many clouds in the sky.Answer: CExplanation: The girl mentions that it’s not raining but there are many clouds in the sky, which means the weather is cloudy.4、Listen to the dialogue and choose the correct answer.(A)He likes playing basketball.(B)He likes playing football.(C)He likes swimming.Script:Teacher: What sport do you enjoy, Tom?Tom: I really enjoy playing football with my friends after school.Answer: BExplanation: Tom says he enjoys playing football with his friends, so the correct answer is that he likes playing football.This section would typically be accompanied by an audio recording of the scripts provided above, which students would listen to before answering the questions. In a real exam setting, the teacher would play the recordings, and students would have to select their answers based on what they hear.5、Listen to the dialogue between two students in the school library and answer the question.A. What is the time now?B. Who is borrowing the book?C. What is the book about?Answer: BExplanation: In the dialogue, one student asks the other if they need help finding a book. The second student responds by saying they want to borrow a book, which indicates that the first student is the one borrowing the book.6、Listen to the short passage about a famous landmark in Oxford and choose the correct answer.A. The landmark is located in the center of Oxford.B. The landmark is a historical building.C. The landmark is famous for its architecture.Answer: CExplanation: The passage describes the landmark as being famous for its unique and beautiful architecture, which makes option C the correct answer. Options A and B are not mentioned in the passage.7、Listen to the dialogue and choose the correct answer. (Listen once)Dialogue:Boy: “Hey, do you want to come over after schoo l today? We could work on our science project together.”Girl: “I’d love to, but I have piano lessons today right after school. Maybe we can meet tomorrow?”Question: What activity does the girl have planned after school today?A)She has a piano lesson.B)She will work on her science project.C)She is going to a friend’s house.Answer: A) She has a piano lesson.Explanation: The dialogue clearly shows that the girl mentions she has piano lessons scheduled for right after school, which is why she cannot meet up with her friend that day.8、Listen to the short passage and decide if the following statement is true or false. (Listen twice)Passage:“The Great Barrier Reef is the world’s largest coral reef system composed of over 2,900 individual reefs and 900 islands stretching for over 2,300 kilometers over an area of approximately 344,400 square kilometers. It is located off the coast of Queensland, Australia.”Statement: The Great Barrier Reef is the largest coral reef system in the world and it extends over more than 2,300 kilometers along the coast of Queensland, Australia.Answer: True.Explanation: The passage states that the Great Barrier Reef is the world’s largest coral reef system and it stretches for over 2,300 kilometers along thecoast of Queensland, Australia, making the given statement correct.9、Listen to the following dialogue and answer the question.A: Hi, Tom. How was your weekend?B: Oh, it was great! I went hiking with my family.A: That sounds fun! Did you see any animals?B: Yes, we saw a few deers and some birds.Question: What activity did Tom do with his family over the weekend?Answer: Tom went hiking with his family.Explanation: The answer is found in the second sentence of the dialogue where Tom says, “I went hiking with my family.”10、Listen to the following short passage and choose the correct answer.The sun rises in the east and sets in the west, a natural phenomenon that has been observed by people for thousands of years. It is caused by the rotation of the Earth on its axis. The Earth takes about 24 hours to complete one rotation, which is why we have day and night.Question: What causes the sun to rise in the east and set in the west?A)The rotation of the Earth on its axis.B)The movement of the moon around the Earth.C)The Earth’s tilt on its axis.D)The position of the stars in the sky.Answer: A) The rotation of the Earth on its axis.Explanation: The correct answer is found in the second sentence of the passage, which states, “It is caused by the rotation of the Earth on its axis.”This explains why the sun appears to rise in the east and set in the west.11.You will hear a short dialogue between two students, Alice and Bob. Listen carefully and choose the best answer to the following question.Question: What is Alice’s favorite subject?A. EnglishB. MathC. ScienceD. MusicAnswer: B. MathExplanation: In the dialogue, Alice says, “Math is my favorite subject because it’s really interesting.” This indicates that her favorite subject is Math.12.You will hear a conversation between a teacher and a student, Tom. Listen carefully and choose the best answer to the following question.Question: What does the teacher advise Tom to do after school?A. Study EnglishB. Practice playing the guitarC. Read a bookD. Do some sportsAnswer: D. Do some sportsExplanation: In the conversation, the teacher says, “Tom, you should take some time to do some sports after school to relax your mind.” This suggeststhat the teacher advises Tom to do some sports after school.二、选择题(本大题有12小题,每小题2分,共24分)1、Which of the following sentences is correct according to the rules of English grammar?A. The cat is sleeping on the mat.B. The cat sleeps on the mat.C. Is the cat sleeping on the mat?D. Sleeping the cat is on the mat.Answer: B. The cat sleeps on the mat.Explanation: Option B is the correct sentence as it follows the standard subject-verb-object (SVO) order in English. The other options are incorrect due to incorrect word order or the use of auxiliary verbs without the subject.2、Choose the word that best completes the sentence.The sun___________behind the clouds.A. is shiningB. was shiningC. has been shiningD. will shineAnswer: D. will shineExplanation: The correct answer is D because it indicates a future event. The sentence describes a situation that will happen in the future, hence “will”is used with the base form of the verb “shine.” Options A and B are in the present continuous and past continuous tenses, respectively, which are not suitable for describing a future event. Option C uses the present perfect continuous tense, which also does not fit the context of a future event.3、Choose the correct word to complete the sentence.The cat_______in the sun during the hot summer days.A. is sleepingB. sleepsC. will sleepD. had sleptAnswer: AExplanation: The sentence describes an action that is currently happening, which is “sleeping”. The correct form of the verb should be in the present continuous tense, hence “is sleeping” is the correct choice.4、Select the sentence that has correct punctuation.A. The weather is nice, isn’t it?B. The weather is nice, is it isn’t.C. The weather is nice, isn’t it?D. The weather is nice, is it?Answer: CExplanation: The correct use of punctuation in a question tag is to use a comma before the tag when it is a short sentence like “isn’t it?” Therefore, optionC is correctly punctuated. Options A andD are not punctuated correctly, and option B has an additional unnecessary comma and incorrect structure.5、Choose the correct word to complete the sentence.The cat is sleeping on the __________.A. chairB. floorC. tableD. bedAnswer: BExplanation: The correct answer is “floor” because it is a common place where cats sleep. The other options, such as chair, table, and bed, are less likely places for a cat to sleep during the day.6、Select the s entence that correctly uses the word “because.”A. She was late, she forgot to set her alarm.B. She was late, because she forgot to set her alarm.C. She forgot to set her alarm, she was late.D. Because she forgot to set her alarm, she was late.Answer: BExplanation: The correct answer is “because she forgot to set her alarm,” as it uses the word “because” to show the cause and effect relationship between forgetting to set the alarm and being late. The other options either lack the word “because” or do n ot correctly place it to indicate the cause.7、What is the capital city of France?A. LondonB. ParisC. BerlinD. RomeAnswer: B. ParisExplanation: Paris is the capital city of France. The other options listed are the capitals of other countries: London is the capital of the United Kingdom, Berlin is the capital of Germany, and Rome is the capital of Italy.8、Which of the following sentences is in the passive voice?A. The cat chased the mouse.B. The mouse was chased by the cat.C. The book is read by the student.D. The student reads the book.Answer: B. The mouse was chased by the cat.Explanation: The passive voice is used when the focus is on the action being done to the subject. In option B, “The mouse was chased” indicates that the action (chasing) was done to the mouse, which is the subject of the sentence. The other options are in the active voice, where the subject (the cat, the book, the student) performs the action.9.Choose the correct word to complete the sentence:The cat is sleeping in a cozy __________.A. blanketB. pillowC. bedD. basketAnswer: A. blanketExplanation: The correct answer is “blanket” because it is commonly used to describe something cozy in which a cat might sleep. “Pillow” is too small for a cat to sleep in, “bed” is usually for humans, and “basket” is not typically associated with a cozy sleeping place for a cat.10.Select the sentence that correctly uses the past tense.A. She is singing in the park yesterday.B. They were watching TV when the bell rang.C. He has finished his homework.D. We went to the movies last night.Answer: B. They were watching TV when the bell rang.Explanation: The correct answer is “They were watching TV when the bell rang” because it uses the pa st continuous tense to describe an action that was happening at a specific point in the past. The other options are incorrect because “yesterday” should be “yesterday” without “the,” “has” should be “had” for past perfect tense, and “went” is the correct p ast tense form of “go,” but it should be in a different context or with more detail to complete the sentence properly.11.The following sentence contains a mistake. Which one is it?A. The cat sat on the mat.B. She sings very good.C. He has two cats and one dog.D. They are playing football in the park.Answer: BExplanation: The correct form of the sentence should be “She sings very well.” The word “good” is not used in the context of describing how someone sings.12.Choose the correct word to complete the sentence.The boy was very excited because he_______a new toy yesterday.A. has boughtB. boughtC. had boughtD. will buyAnswer: CExplanation: The sentence talks about an action that happened in the past (the boy was excited because he bought a new toy). Therefore, the correct past perfect tense is “had bought.”三、完型填空(10分)Oxford Treehouse English Grade 5A Mid-term Exam PaperPart Three: Cloze TestRead the passage and choose the best word for each blank from the options given below.The 1. of the school day was the morning assembly. All the students would gather in the school hall and listen to the headmaster give a speech. The headmaster would often 2. about the importance of learning and how it could change their lives. One day, he decided to do something different.He brought a big, shiny apple to the assembly. The students were very curious and began to whisper among themselves. The headmaster asked, “Who thinks they can answer my question and win this apple?”A little girl named Lucy raised her hand. “I can!” she said confidently.“Excellent!” the headmaster replied. “Here’s the question: What is the most important thing we learn at school?”Lucy thought for a moment and then said, “The most important thing we learn at school is to be kind to others.”The headmaster smiled and said, “That’s right, Lucy. Being kind is very important, but there’s one more thing. What else can you think of?”Lucy hesitated for a moment and then answered, “To be 3. and to work hard.”The headmaster nodded and said, “That’s correct, Lucy. You’ve learned two very important lessons today. The most important thing we learn at school is to be kind, to be 4. and to work hard.”The students clapped and cheered as they realized the value of the lessonsthey were learning.1.A. start B. end C. middle D. afternoon2.A. speak B. write C. sing D. dance3.A. brave B. quiet C. funny D. smart4.A. careful B. lazy C. selfish D. helpfulAnswers:1.A. start2.A. speak3.A. brave4.A. careful四、阅读理解(26分)Reading ComprehensionPassage:The Great Wall of China is one of the most famous landmarks in the world. It is an ancient wall that was built to protect the Chinese empire from invasions. The wall runs for over 13,000 miles, and it is said to have been built over several centuries. It is made up of large stone bricks, and it is one of the greatest architectural wonders of the world.The wall was built by thousands of workers, both soldiers and civilians. Many of these workers came from different parts of the country, and they faced many challenges while working on the wall. The wall passes through diverselandscapes, including mountains, deserts, and plains. The workers had to carry heavy stones and bricks over long distances, often under harsh conditions.The Great Wall is not only a symbol of strength and resilience but also a testament to the hard work and dedication of the people who built it. It is a source of pride for the Chinese people and a place of interest for tourists from around the world. Today, the wall is a UNESCO World Heritage site and is visited by millions of people each year.Questions:1.What is the Great Wall of China known for?a) It is a place for tourists to shop.b) It is a symbol of strength and resilience.c) It is a historical document.d) It is a place to learn about Chinese history.2.Who built the Great Wall of China?a) Only soldiers.b) Only civilians.c) Both soldiers and civilians.d) Foreigners.3.What is the wall made of?a)Wood.b)Paper.c)Large stone bricks.d)Metal.Answers:1.b) It is a symbol of strength and resilience.2.c) Both soldiers and civilians.3.c) Large stone bricks.五、写作题(16分)Writing TaskImagine you are a student in a primary school. Your teacher has asked you to write a short story about a special day you had. The story should include the following elements:1.The date of the special day.2.Where you were and who you were with.3.What you did during the day.4.Why the day was special to you.Example:Title: The Day I Met My HeroOn November 5th, 2022, I experienced the most unforgettable day of my life. It was a sunny Saturday, and I was at the Science Museum with my family. My parents, my little sister, and I were exploring the exhibits when we came across a special event called “Meet the Scientists.”As we entered the room, I saw a group of people gathered around a stage. To my amazement, the guest speaker was Dr. Emily Carter, a renowned astronomerand the person I had always admired! I couldn’t believe my eyes.Dr. Carter began her presentation by explaining the mysteries of space and the importance of exploring it. She shared fascinating stories about her adventures and the challenges she had faced. I was captivated by her passion and determination.After the presentation, I gathered up the courage to approach Dr. Carter.I introduced myself and told her how much her work inspired me. She was incredibly kind and encouraged me to pursue my dreams. We even took a photo together, which I still cherish.That day, I learned that heroes come in many forms, and sometimes they are closer than we think. Meeting Dr. Carter was a once-in-a-lifetime experience, and it has motivated me to work hard and follow my dreams.Explanation:This example follows the given instructions by including the following elements:1.The date of the special day (November 5th, 2022).2.The location (the Science Museum) and the people involved (the speaker, the student, and their family).3.The activities (exploring the exhibits, attending the presentation, and meeting Dr. Carter).4.The reason why the day was special (the inspiration and motivation received from meeting a hero).。
2024北京高三西城一模英语大作文范文全文共6篇示例,供读者参考篇1Hello everyone! Today I'm going to talk about the Beijing high school seniors' first mock exam in 2024. We had our English exam in the West City district and it was a pretty tough one!The essay topic was about the importance of protecting the environment. I think it's super important to take care of our planet because we only have one Earth, right? We need to recycle, use less plastic, and plant more trees to make sure our planet stays healthy.The reading section was about a famous scientist who invented a new kind of energy source. It was really cool to learn about how science can help us make the world a better place. The questions were a bit tricky though, I had to read the passages carefully to make sure I understood everything.The grammar section was a bit tricky too, I had to remember all the rules for using different tenses and verb forms. But I think I did pretty well on that part, I've been practicing a lot lately so I felt more confident.Overall, I think the exam was a good challenge for us. It made me realize that I still have a lot to learn, but I'm also improving every day. I can't wait to see how I did on the test, and I'm excited to keep working hard to achieve my goals.That's all for now, bye everyone!篇2Hello everyone! Today I'm going to talk about the 2024 Beijing High School West City First Model English Essay. It was super long and hard, but I tried my best!The topic of the essay was about the importance of learning a second language. I think it's really cool to learn a new language because it can help us communicate with people from different countries and understand their cultures. I talked about how I learned English and how it has helped me make friends from all over the world.In the essay, I also mentioned that learning a second language can open up more opportunities for us in the future. We can travel to different countries, work in international companies, and even study abroad. It's so exciting to think about all the things we can do if we know more than one language!I also included some tips on how to improve our language skills, like watching English movies, listening to English songs, and practicing speaking with native speakers. It's important to keep practicing and never give up, even when it's difficult.Overall, I had a lot of fun writing the essay and sharing my thoughts on the importance of learning a second language. I hope my teacher likes it too! Thank you for listening, and I can't wait to see the results of the essay competition. Bye for now!篇3Title: My Experience in the 2024 Beijing High School Senior Year English TestHi guys! Today I want to share with you all about my experience taking the 2024 Beijing High School Senior Year English Test. It was so nerve-wracking, but also exciting at the same time!First of all, let me tell you about the essay question. We were asked to write about our favorite book and why we love it. I chose to write about Harry Potter because it's my all-time favorite series. I talked about how the characters were sowell-developed, the plot was so exciting, and how it taught meabout friendship and bravery. I even included some quotes from the book to support my points.Then there was the listening section. We had to listen to a recording and answer questions about it. It was a bit challenging because the speaker had a strong accent, but I managed to catch most of the important information. I made sure to take notes so I could refer back to them when answering the questions.Next was the reading comprehension part. We had to read a passage and answer questions about it. The passage was about climate change and its effects on the environment. It was really eye-opening to learn about how our actions impact the world around us. I made sure to read carefully and underline the key points so I could answer the questions accurately.Lastly, there was the grammar and vocabulary section. We had to fill in the blanks with the correct words and choose the best option to complete the sentence. I relied on the grammar rules and vocabulary words that I had studied in class to help me answer the questions. It was a bit tricky, but I tried my best to use context clues to figure out the answers.Overall, the test was tough, but I did my best and felt proud of myself for trying. I know that no matter what my score is, I gave it my all and that's all that matters. I hope that my hardwork pays off and that I can improve my English skills even more in the future.Thanks for listening to my story, guys! I hope you enjoyed hearing about my experience taking the 2024 Beijing High School Senior Year English Test. Remember to always try your best and never give up, no matter how hard things may seem. Good luck to all of us on our English journey!篇4Oh my goodness, guys! I just took the 2024 Beijing Senior High School Xicheng District First Mock Exam for English and let me tell you, it was wild! The big question for the essay was "How to be a good citizen in today's society?" and I totally nailed it with my amazing essay. Let me share it with you, it's over 2000 words long!Being a good citizen nowadays is super important, you know. We have to follow the rules, respect others, and help out our community. First off, we should always obey the laws and regulations set by the government. That means no running red lights, no stealing, and definitely no littering! We gotta keep our city clean and safe for everyone.Next, we need to show respect to all the people around us. That means treating our teachers, parents, and classmates with kindness and courtesy. We should listen when others are talking, say "please" and "thank you", and always lend a helping hand when someone is in need. Being polite and considerate goes a long way in earning the respect of others.Lastly, we should volunteer and give back to our community. Whether it's cleaning up a park, helping at a charity event, or donating clothes to those in need, every little bit counts. By being active and engaged citizens, we can make a real difference in the world around us.So there you have it, folks! Being a good citizen is all about following the rules, showing respect, and giving back to your community. Let's all work together to make the world a better place for everyone. Peace out!篇5Hey guys, today I'm going to tell you about the English essay I wrote in the 2024 Beijing high school senior first simulation test.The topic was really interesting, it was about how technology has changed our lives. I wrote about how smartphones have made it easier for us to communicate with each other, but alsohow they can be a distraction. I also talked about how technology has made learning more fun and interactive, with online resources and educational games.I gave examples of how technology has helped in different areas of our lives, like healthcare, transportation, and entertainment. I also mentioned the importance of using technology responsibly and being aware of the negative impacts it can have on our mental and physical health.In my conclusion, I suggested that we should embrace technology but also be mindful of how we use it. I believe that technology can bring us many benefits, but it's important to find a balance and not let it control our lives.I hope my essay will inspire others to think about how technology is shaping our world and consider both the positive and negative aspects of it. Let's make sure we use technology wisely and make the most of all the amazing opportunities it brings!That's all for now, see you next time! Bye!篇6Oh my goodness, the Beijing high school seniors in West City just took their first mock exam in 2024 and let me tell you, it was an absolute rollercoaster of emotions!The topic for the English big essay was all about the importance of creativity in today's world. We had to write about how important it is to have creative thinking in solving problems and coming up with new ideas. It was a super interesting topic, but boy was it hard to come up with enough things to say for 2000 words!I started off my essay by talking about how creativity helps us think outside the box and come up with unique solutions to problems. I used examples like how creative thinkers like Steve Jobs and Albert Einstein changed the world with their innovative ideas. I even threw in some personal anecdotes about how I've used my own creativity to solve problems in school and at home.But then I hit a wall and didn't know what else to write! I was starting to panic because I definitely didn't want to get a bad grade on this important exam. So I took a deep breath, tried to think creatively, and came up with some more ideas to fill up the rest of the essay.I talked about how creativity can help us in our future careers, how it can make our lives more fun and interesting, and how itcan even help us make new friends and connections. I threw in some quotes from famous creative thinkers to make my essay sound more academic, and I even made a list of tips for how to be more creative in everyday life.By the time I finished, I was exhausted but also super proud of myself for coming up with so many ideas and writing such a long essay. I just hope my teacher thinks it's good enough to get a good grade!Overall, the mock exam was a crazy experience but also a great learning opportunity. I definitely learned a lot about the importance of creativity and how to keep thinking outside the box. I can't wait to see how I did on the exam and keep improving my English writing skills in the future!。
2015年10月高等教育自学考试全国通用命题考试高级英语试题答案及评分参考(课程代码00600)I.Each of the following sentences is given four choices of words or expressions.Choose the right one to complete the sentence.(15points,1point for each)1.A2.B3.C4.B5.A6.A7.A8.D9.A10.D11.A12.D13.C14.A15.DII.In this section,there are ten incomplete statements or questions,followed by four choices marked A,B,C and D.Choose the best answer and blacken the corresponding letter on your Answer Sheet.(20points,2points for each) 16.A17.B18.C19.A20.D21.C22.B23.D24.A25.CIII.Translate the following sentences into Chinese and write the translation on your Answer Sheet.(10points,2points for each)26.人类所说的文化是指一个民族整体的生活方式,即个体从群体中获得的社会遗产。
27.对于“为什么”这个人类一直追问的问题,人类学提出的最为令人振奋的解释就是文化的概念。
28.就“血统”而言他是美国人,因为他的父母是从印第安纳到中国去的传教士29.一位很聪明,有经验又成功的芝加哥公立学校教师即将结束她在一所印第安学校第一年的课程。
30.这位老师大怒而去,但实际上这两件事情在理论上具有很大的可比性。
必修4 Module 3 课下作业(一、二)课下作业(一)单元语基扎根练Ⅰ.单词拼写1.We are very puzzled about the reason why he refused our invitation (邀请).2.Teachers apparently expect a certain amount of aggressive (攻击的) behaviour from boys.3.There was a blank (茫然的) look on his face because he did not know the answer.4.They're slightly (稍微) more expensive than the normal products, but it's worth it to make a green campus.5.I can't tolerate you speaking to your mother in such a rude (粗鲁的) manner.6.There is going to be a live (现场的) football match on television this evening.7.They greeted each other with a hug (拥抱) and said “Merry Christmas!”8.In England, turkey is traditionally (传统地) eaten on Christmas.9.I spread (张开) my palm to hit the fly on the table but failed.10.Finally, after weeks of preparation, I would show off all my hard work in a dance performance (表演).Ⅱ.语境语法填空1.Yesterday I met Tom in the park ❶by accident, where he was walking ❷up and down, apparently anxious about something.I went up and said hello ❸to him.Then I shook ❹hands (hand) with him and asked him what was the matter.He said his hometown was struck by a heavy flood.We finally made a deal that we would give ❺away some money to his hometown to help the victims.2.Last week I ❶was_held (hold) up in bad weather and to make matters worse, my car broke down.I lifted ❷up my hand to the passing drivers for help, but they seemed to be ❸on guard against me.Finally an old driver helped me out.3.As we all know, ❶communication (communicate) is of great importance.It ❷involves (involve) a variety of interactions, which contributes to improving people's relationship.When ❸dealing (deal) with others, we use more than spoken and written words, we use body language as well.As body language varies from culture to culture, you are requested ❹to_know (know) more about it when in a foreign country in order to communicate better.Ⅲ.语境改错文中共有5处错误,每句中最多有两处,请找出并改正。
教材教法(山香版)第一章中学英语课程基础知识第一节中学英语课程标准理念1. The basic characteristics of English curriculum is ()A. instrumentality and humanityB. humanity and technologyC. humanityand subjectD. instrumentality and education2. Students’ is the motivation and goal of theEnglish curriculum.3. ( )包含了基础教育阶段中语言知识部分所要求掌握的内容,即语音、词汇、语法、话题、功能。
A 能力目标B 情感目标C 认知目标D 知识目标4. High school will set to take the combination mode of selective and course in order to reflect the guiding ideology of the new curriculum reform.A. taskB. compulsoryC. practicalD. activity5. 英语课程目标设计为九个级别,级目标为高中毕业时应达到的基本要求。
A 三B 五C 七D 九第二节中学英语课程目标和内容标准1. 中学英语课程的总体目标是()A 增强学生对英语的兴趣B 培养学生的英语交际能力C 培养学生的综合语言运用能力 D 加深学生对英语国家文化的了解2. 中小学英语课程目标是由学习策略、语言技能、语言知识、文化意识和()五个方面构成的。
A 概念认知B 学习习惯C 综合语言运用能力D 情感态度3. The New National English Curriculum is designed to promote the students’overall languageability, which is composed of five interrelated components, namelylanguage skills, language knowledge, affects, learning strategies and ( ) A cultural understanding B motivation C confidence D intelligence 4. ( )是综合语音运用能力的基础。
more carefully. In addition, mathematical concepts are abstract, without context from everyday experience, so the writing must be more consistent to make the meaning clear. Outside mathematics, imprecise writing of English can still be understood because the objects and concepts discussed are familiar.Some mathematicians object to some of my recommendations. Many time-honored practices in the writing ofmathematics are grammatically incorrect. These mistakes in writing cause no difficulty for readers with sufficient mathematical sophistication or familiarity with the subject, but it is unnecessary to restrict the audience to suchreaders. A bit of care leads to clearer writing that makes mathematics more easily accessible and readable to a wider and less specialized audience.Various languages other than English have conventions of usage or grammar that lead to typical errors in English mathematical writing by their native speakers. I have put discussion of these special items in a separate section atthe end. My explanations use terms for English parts of speech and punctuation, giving technical reasons for some recommendations. I hope that readers who are unfamiliar with these terms will still benefit from seeing what thechoices are.Before I start, several disclaimers are in order. I apologize in advance for my own grammatical errors. Habits diehard, and it is easy to err in applying principles of writing. Note in particular that there are inconsistencies between what I propose here and what I wrote in my earlier books. Those books were written in the previous millennium,and I have learned many things about clear writing since then. Also, I am a speaker of American English, and some points are consistently different in British English (such as the treatment of "which" vs. "that" and the aversion toserial commas).Some of my conclusions conflict with manuals of English style. The conclusions I have drawn are intended toproduce clear mathematical writing that is more logically consistent than publishers' conventions. This appliesespecially to punctuation and to words that serve as logical connectives.I welcome corrections, suggestions/inquiries and "pet peeves" that may lead to inclusion of further items in laterversions of this guide.Mathematical style1. Abstract, Introduction, and Conclusion. We begin with the overall structure of a research article inmathematics. The abstract states the results as fully as possible in a brief presentation. Crucial terms without which the typical reader won't know what is being said should be defined. The abstract must stand on its own, especially in the age of electronic communication where it may be seen separately from the rest of the paper, and hence it must contain no numbered reference to the bibliography.The first section of the paper is an "Introduction" that should motivate the problem, discuss the related results, state more completely what the results are, and perhaps summarize the techniques or the structure of thepaper. In addition, the introduction should contain the concluding remarks or key conjectures.There is generally little or no value in a separate section of concluding remarks. Such remarks either areredundant or contain information that readers will look to the introduction to find. Readers who study the full details of the proofs are well aware of the statements that summarize what has been done. Readers who do not read the full details have no reason to go on to the concluding remarks. A mathematical research article is not read like a novel or even like an essay that seeks to "persuade" the reader; it does not need an epilogue.2. Definitions. Words being defined should be distinguished by italics (or perhaps boldface in a textbookcontext). When italics are used to indicate a word being defined, it is unnecessary to use "called" or "said to be"; the use of italics announces that this is the term being defined and replaces these words.Many definitions are phrased as "An object has property italicized term if condition holds." We use just "if"even though subsequently it is understood that an object has the property if and only if the defining condition holds. The italicization alerts the reader to this situation. The convention can be justified by saying that the property or object does not actually exist until the definition is complete, so one does not yet in the definition say that the named property implies the condition.universal quantification and helps avoid ambiguity. Nevertheless, there may still be confusion: consider the sentence "Form G' from G by adding an edge joining any two vertices with distance 2 in G." Some readers will think that only one edge is added, so this exception must be used with care.Avoiding "any" is not imperative. Evaluate its use in context, making sure to prevent misinterpretation. "Any"is a good substitute for "an arbitrary", and the meaning of "not any" is fairly clear.Using an indefinite article ("a" or "an") as a universal quantifier can be dangerous, as in "Prove that a bipartite graph has no odd cycle." Some readers may interpret "a" as "one" or "some", turning universality intoexistence. Using "every" is clearer. Putting "must" before the conclusion can suggest universality but is usually unnecessary.20. Position of universal quantifiers. Although logical formulas specify the universe over which a formula holdsbefore stating the formula, when there is a single universal quantification the sentence may read better with the quantifier at the end. This order has the added benefit of emphasizing the conclusion when the context is easily understood. For example, one might prefer to write "For every graph G that is bipartite, χ(G)≤2" as "Always χ(G)≤2 when G is bipartite". Similarly, "a i∈S for 1≤i≤n" improves on "for 1≤i≤n, a i∈S".21. "Less" vs. "fewer". Use "less" when comparing numbers, and use "fewer" when referring to a set of objects.For example, "the number of edges is less than k" is correct, as is "the graph has fewer than k edges" or "G' has fewer edges than G".22. A set differs from its size. Comparing incomparable quantities is often called "comparing apples and oranges".One cannot compare a set with an integer; it is incorrect to write "Sperner proved that no antichain of subsets of an n-set is larger than C(n,n/2)". One must distinguish between a set and its size. Here one can write "no antichain has size greater than C(n,n/2)" or "no antichain has more than C(n,n/2) elements". (Due to the inadequacy of html, we use the notation C(n,k) for the binomial coefficient "n choose k".)23. "Estimate". Many mathematicians, particularly analysts, use the English word "estimate" as if it had the samemeaning as the English word "bound" (both as a noun and as a verb). They write "now we estimate this quantity" when they mean "now we prove an upper bound on this quantity". In English, "estimate" means "approximate"; both upper and lower bounds are needed to give an estimate. This common usage by analysts is incorrect English and does not say what is meant, even if they are assuming an unstated implicit lower bound of 0.24. Possessives on notation. Do not write "Let x and y be v's neighbors"; always use "of" ("the neighbors of v")instead. Similarly, do not pluralize notation by referring to indexed elements or sets together as "the a i's".Usually "each a i>" or "a1,…a n" or some other notation is preferable. Possessives and plurals of this sort should be reserved for informal oral communication.25. Nested proofs. Do not nest proof environments. No new proof label should occur before the end-of-proofmarker for the current proof.26. "Best possible". "Best possible" is an adjective used as a single term; it indicates sharpness. We write "Thisresult is best possible", just as we would write "This result is sharp". "This result is the best possible"indicates that this result is better or more valuable aesthetically than all other results in the world, which is not what is meant. The definite article should not be used here. Think of "best possible" as a technical term that is already a specific predicate adjective, so no definite article is needed.The informal phrase "is most likely" is similar to "is best possible"; there is no article because "most likely" is used as a single term. Another example is "best practice", which is a single technical term in areas ofmanagement science, etc. It is used as a single term, without "the".Although "This result is best possible" is a complete sentence, it is somewhat vague, since it does not specify the sense in which the result cannot be improved. Often it is more informative to say something like "the constant in the upper bound cannot be improved". For this reason, some writers suggest avoiding the term "best possible" in written mathematics.Although html does not have a standard character for line-centered dots, the ellipsis in an indexed list with relations should be vertically centered on the line ("\cdots" in tex), while the ellipsis in an indexed listseparated by commas should be on the baseline ("\ldots" in tex).33. Variable equal to list. Many mathematicians write "for m=1,2,…,n" (with or without the "2") to mean "form∈{1,…,n}" or "for 1≤ m≤ n". The expression "for m=1,…,n" is mathematically incorrect; it sets the value of m to be a list of numbers. The same principle applies to writing "i=1,2" to name two cases; this should be i∈{1,2}.34. "Big Oh" Common usage of "Big Oh" notation is another instance of setting expressions equal when theycannot be equal. The expression "f(n)=O(n²)" does not mean that the value f(n) equals the set represented by the notation O(n²). What is meant is "f(n)∈ O(n²)"; Knuth has written at length on this subject. An alternative that is roughly correct is to be more informal, writing "f(n)is O(n²)", in which "is O(" can be read as "is on the order of". Since it is convenient to do arithmetic with these classes of functions, this problem will not go away. An unsatisfying compromise is to use the membership symbol where the grammar of computation permits, in order to ensure that the meaning of the concept is understood.35. Operators vs. constants. We never use f to denote the value of a function f at a point x. The same principleapplies to graph parameters and other operators. For example, the maximum degree of a graph G is denoted Δ(G). Here Δ is a function, not a number, and hence Δ should not be used to denote the value of the function Δ on a particular graph.It is tempting for mnemonic reasons to write "We write V=V(G) and Δ=Δ(G)". Admittedly, this usage is not confusing when discussing only one graph at a time; the difference between a graph invariant and a real-valued function is that we rarely focus on the value of a real-valued function at just one point. Nevertheless, it is rare that a paper discusses only one graph, and hence it is better to use V(G) and Δ(G) for objects associated with G. The problem is particularly bad with Δ, since this character also occurs in mathematics as a difference operator. One often sees "Δn" meaning the change in the value of n, so one should not use "Δn" to mean the maximum degree times the number of vertices in a graph. (In my textbook I violated this principle by using n(G) and e(G) for the numbers of vertices and edges in a graph G while using n for the number of vertices ofa particular graph and e as a particular edge; the error will be corrected in the third edition.)36. Hyphenation. A k-edge connected graph is a connected graph with k edges (compare with "n-vertex connectedgraph"); the meaning is different from "k-edge-connected graph". When the hyphen is missing, "k-edge"modifies "connected graph" because adjectives modify only nouns, not other adjectives. (Similarly, a non-specialist reader would think that a k-edge coloring is a coloring of k-edges, not a coloring of edges using k colors.)Two-word terms used as single concepts to modify nouns must be hyphenated when so located (without the hyphen in this sentence, we would be discussing two "word terms"). This principle applies in the correct sentence "A well-known theorem is a theorem that is well known." The same principle applies to parameters in adjectives: "k connected graphs" would be k graphs that are connected, in contrast to "k-connected graphs".Adverbs behave differently, since they can modify adjectives; for example, we may write "upper chromatic number" without hyphens.Another hyphenation issue arises in graph theory with analogous concepts for vertices and edges. Often a concept for edges is an analogue of a fundamental concept using vertices. In this setting, we do not need "vertex" as an adjective to specify "connectivity" or "chromatic number", but we add "edge" for the analogous edge concept. We then hyphenate "edge-connectivity" and "edge-chromatic number". This makes sense because in both cases the problem for edges is a special case (for line graphs) of the general coloring or connectivity problem. When comparing "edge-coloring" and "list coloring", the difference is then that we are not coloring the lists, so the format of the term is different from that for edge-coloring.When an expression involving addition or subtraction is used as a parameter modifying a noun, it should be enclosed in parentheses. For example, write "(k+1)-connected graph", not "k+1-connected graph".37. "a-b path". In "a-b path", "a-b" is not a word and has no notational meaning by itself. Even worse, often a-b istreated as a mathematical expression in tex and is typeset using a long minus sign with extra space around it.The intent is to specify a path with endpoints a and b. Thus a and b are parameters designating a certain type of path. Under the principles of hyphenation above, there must be a hyphen between "b" and "path".Furthermore, the endpoints are independently expressed parameters, with no operation being performed on them. Hence the correct notation is "a,b-path".38. Graphs are not sets. When h is a vertex in a graph G, it makes no sense to write h∈ G, since h could just aseasily be an edge. A graph consists of a vertex set and an edge set; one should write v∈ V(G) and e∈ E(G).This is also the reason why the convenient notations |G| and ||G|| are mathematically inconsistent for the order and size of a graph.The term "order" for the number of vertices of a graph is not as popular as it once was. Some readers find it confusing and prefer "number of vertices". On the other hand, it is very convenient, while overuse of "number of vertices" becomes quite awkward.39. Directed graphs and hypergraphs. These models are variations or generalizations of graphs. In a digraph, theedge set consists of ordered pairs. The redundancy of saying "directed edge" or "directed path" or "directed cycle" is not helpful, as it suggests that the digraph contains such objects that are not directed (the term "weak path" is available for a path in the underlying undirected graph). Using these terms also eliminates thepossibility of making statements that hold for both graphs and digraphs, like Menger's Theorem.Similarly, one should not use "hyperedges" to refer to the edges of a hypergraph. Hypergraphs generalize graphs by allowing edges to have arbitrary size. Calling them "hyperedges" eliminates the possibility of saying that graphs arise as a special case, since graphs have edges, not hyperedges.40. "Connected components". Unnecessary redundancy has similar disadvantages. We should not speak of the"connected components" of a graph, because there are no disconnected components of a graph. Writing "connected components" suggests that there are components that are not connected.41. "Maximal" vs. "maximum". Many mathematicians use these words interchangeably. One can make a usefuldistinction by using "maximum" to compare numbers or sizes and "maximal" to compare sets or otherobjects. Thus a maximal object of type A is an object of type A that is not contained in any other object of type A. A maximum object of type A is a largest object of type A; here "maximum" is an abbreviation for "maximum-sized". For example, in a graph we may speak of "maximal independent sets" and "maximum independent sets"; these are convenient terms for distinct concepts that are both important.Although this distinction is sensible and has become established in many settings (such as "maximumantichain" and "maximum independent set"), potential confusion can be reduced by using "largest" and "smallest" instead of "maximum" and "minimum". For example, it is harder to misinterpret "a largestmatching" than to misinterpret "a maximum matching".For consistency, then, one should not write "a vertex of maximal degree" or "the maximal number of edges";that is, "maximal" should not be applied to numerical values. This is consistent with usage in continuous mathematics, where we write that a continuous function "attains its maximum" on a closed and bounded set.42. Multicharacter operators. A string of letters in notation denotes the product of individual quantities.Therefore, any operator whose notation is more than one character should be in a different font, generally roman. This convention is well understood for trigonometric, exponential, and logarithmic functions, and it applies equally well to such operators as dimension (dim), crossing number (cr), choice number (ch),Maximum average degree (Mad), etc.43. "Induct on" and "By induction". The phrase "We induct on n" is convenient but not correct. From givenhypotheses, we deduce a conclusion; we don't "deduct" it. When we announce the method of induction, we must instead say "We use induction on n." The verb "to induct" is used when a person is inducted into an honorary society, for example.A different problem arises in the induction step. When we cite the induction hypothesis, we must write "Bythe induction hypothesis", not "By induction". To obtain the conclusion for the smaller instance, we are invoking the hypothesis that the claim holds for smaller values; we are not invoking the principle ofmathematical induction.44. Cliques vs. complete subgraphs. These terms traditionally were used interchangeably in graph theory, but it isuseful to distinguish them. There is a difference between a set of pairwise adjacent vertices in a graph (dual to an independent set of vertices) and a subgraph isomorphic to a complete graph. Both concepts are needed, and the appropriate terms for them are "clique" and "complete subgraph". Thus "clique" should be reserved for a set of vertices, and then the meanings of "clique of size 5" and "5-clique" (the same) are clear. In previous centuries, also "clique" was sometimes used to mean "maximal clique", which should not be done.45. Isomorphism classes vs. subgraphs. A graph is a pair consisting of a vertex set and an edge set. Paths, cycles,and complete graphs are graphs whose edge sets are described in specific ways. The notations P n, C n, and K n do not specify a vertex set, and hence in specifying paths cycles, and complete graphs they must refer to the isomorphism classes.Hence we should never write "a P n" for a member of that class. We can write that a graph "contains a path with n vertices", because that is a structural description of the subgraph, but we cannot write "contains a P n"or "consider a P n in G". We can say "contains ten copies of P n" to refer to subgraphs that are n-vertex paths;each such subgraph is a member of the isomorphism class denoted by P n.Nevertheless, complete strictness about this notation produces very awkward writing. Thus when $H$ is the notation for an isomorphism class, we still write "H G" to mean that some subgraph of G belongs to the isomorphism class or is "isomorphic to H", even though we are not specifying particular subsets of thevertices and edges of G. graph with n vertices. The reason we accept this slight abuse of the notation "H G"and not the expression "a P n" is that "a" is an English word whose meaning and grammatical usage cannot be changed, which emphasizes the difficulty that P n is not a singular object.46. Proper coloring. A k-coloring (or k-edge-coloring) of a graph is a partition of the vertices (or edges,respectively) into k classes. In combinatorics generally, a k-coloring of a set partitions it into k classes,arbitrarily. This general concept appears in many areas of mathematics, including Ramsey theory, graph decomposition, and chromatic numbers. In the latter context, a proper [edge-]coloring is one in whichadjacent [or incident] elements do not receive the same color.Some authors who write extensively about chromatic number and edge-chromatic number drop the word "proper" and use k-[edge-]coloring for the restricted concept. The minor convenience gained by dropping this word is overwhelmed by the negative influence of introducing inconsistency of terminology in combinatorics.Use "proper k-coloring" when that is what is meant. For other variations, such as "acyclic k-coloring" or "dynamic k-coloring", the adjectives replace "proper" by imposing other restrictions on the k-coloring, so the word "proper" is then no longer needed.47. Partitions vs. parts A partition consists of blocks or "parts". Do not use "partition" to refer to the members of apartition. (Students often make this mistake.)48. "Pairwise" and "mutually". Old-fashioned mathematics took the old-fashioned word "mutually" to describe abinary relation satisfied by all pairs in a set, as in "a set of mutually orthogonal Latin squares". In English usage, "mutual" indicates symmetry. Hence modern mathematics should avoid using "mutually" in this way.Instead, the word "pairwise" states exactly what is meant. The change becomes even more important in light of modern terms like "mutual independence" in which "mutual" explicitly does not mean pairwise. (Thus "mutually orthogonal Latin squares" is now ambiguous, but we cannot escape the notation "MOLS(n,k)" in design theory.)49. Disjoint sets. Disjointness is a binary relation. Hence "Consider disjoint sets A1,…A k" is technically incorrect;we should instead say "pairwise disjoint sets". However, this is a universally understood abuse ofterminology, and including the word "pairwise" each time would be ponderous. This principle can beextended to other commonly used binary relations do not make non-binary sense, such as "isomorphic".50. Disjoint union vs. join. In most of graph theory, it is common to use the notation of multiplication to denote agraph consisting many disjoint copies of a single component. Thus rK2 is the graph consisting of r disjointSome American style manuals don't care, but in mathematics there are two distinct meanings to be expressed.57. Immediacy of antecedents. When using "which", "that", "where", or other words to introduce explanatory ordescriptive phrases, the subsequent phrase modifies the most recent item. For example, "an embedding of G on a surface which has no crossings" indicates that the surface has no crossings, not that the embedding has no crossings. Making the comment on crossings apply to the embedding requires rewriting: "On a specified surface, consider an embedding of G, which has no crossings". Here "which" is proper because everyembedding has no crossings; an embedding is a drawing that has no crossings.58. The naked "This". When "This" is used as the subject of a sentence, its antecedent is the most recent noun. Ifthe desired antecedent is the preceding paragraph or some other object, then a noun should be inserted, as in "This discussion implies" or "This inequality implies" instead of merely "This implies". One way tounderstand this issue is to view "this" only as an adjective, not as a pronoun.59. "Every", "distinct", and "unique". The word "every" is singular; it means "each one". Because of this, wewrite "all values" or "every value"; not "all value" or "every values".The word "distinct" has the same meaning as "different". Two things can be distinct, but one thing cannot be distinct. Thus the sentence "Every value is distinct" is incorrect; it has no meaning. Many beginning students think it means that each value is different from every other value, but it does not.The word "unique" indicates that there is only one of the items being described. It does not mean that this item is different from other items. Some students think that "The function f maps the points in A to unique points in B" is a statement that f is injective, but it is not. Every function from A to B maps each point in A to a unique point in B.The distinction between the words "distinct" and "unique" is made clear by a typical boast on the World Wide Web. The sentence "Our website has one million unique visitors" makes no sense. The intent is to say that among millions of hits there are one million distinct visitors; if there is a unique visitor, then there is no other visitor.60. Contractions. Because mathematical writing is formal, contractions ("can't", "won't", etc.) should usually beavoided. They introduce a sudden informality that is inconsistent with the tone of proof.61. "I.e." vs. "e.g.". "I.e." and "e.g." are abbreviations for Latin phrases. "I.e." means "that is" and is used tointroduce an explanation or restatement of what came before. "E.g." means "for example" and introduces an example. In formal mathematical writing, abbreviations (except as notation) are like contractions; it is better to avoid "i.e." and "e.g." altogether.62. "Different than". It is not correct to write "A differs than B", and for the same reason it is not correct to write"A is different than B". The correct wording is "A is different from B". The incorrect wording is modern American laziness.63. Abstract nouns and articles. Nouns that specify abstract concepts rather than objects need no articles. Forexample, "graph colorability" is an indefinite concept, so we do not say "Next we discuss the graphcolorability". In contrast, "chromatic number" may be abstract or specific. We may say "Next we discuss chromatic number", referring to the general concept, or "Next we discuss the chromatic number of thisgraph", since this graph has only one value as its chromatic number.Functions or parameters assign a number to each domain object. The resulting value is specific for the object;there is only one choice for it. Hence we do not say "the graph has a chromatic number 3" or "the vertex has a degree 3". These sentences suggest that the object may have more than one value of the parameter. The answer to the question "What is the degree of this vertex?" may be "This vertex has degree 3", but it cannot be "This vertex has a degree 3".We also do not say "This vertex has the degree 3", although "The degree of this vertex is 3" is correct. Several instances occur in the sentence "Every graph has an even number of vertices with odd degree, which means that the list of vertex degrees has even sum." The term "even number" takes the article "an" because we are saying which type of number is being used (it is one of the even numbers). The later "odd degree" and "even。