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中华人民共和国合同法全文6篇篇1第一章总则第一条（立法目的）为了保护合同当事人的合法权益，维护社会经济秩序，促进社会主义现代化建设，制定本法。
第二条（合同定义）本法所称合同是平等主体的自然人、法人、其他组织之间设立、变更、终止民事权利义务关系的协议。
第三条（合同基本原则）合同当事人的法律地位平等，一方不得将自己的意志强加给另一方。
合同应当遵循公平原则、诚实信用原则，履行自己的义务。
第二章合同的订立第四条（要约与承诺）当事人订立合同，应当遵循合法、公平、诚实信用的原则。
要约和承诺是合同订立的基本环节。
第五条（合同形式）当事人订立合同，有书面形式、口头形式和其他形式。
法律、行政法规规定应当采用书面形式的，应当采用书面形式。
第三章合同的效力第六条（有效合同）具备下列条件的民事法律行为有效：（一）行为人具有相应的民事行为能力；（二）意思表示真实；（三）不违反法律、行政法规的强制性规定，不违背公序良俗。
第七条（无效合同）下列民事法律行为无效：（一）无民事行为能力人独立实施的；（二）一方以欺诈手段，使对方在违背真实意思的情况下实施的；（三）违反法律、行政法规的强制性规定的。
无效的合同自始没有法律约束力。
第四章合同的履行第八条（合同履行原则）依法成立的合同，对当事人具有法律约束力。
当事人应当按照约定履行自己的义务，不得擅自变更或者解除合同。
篇2合同编号：[具体编号]甲方：[甲方名称]乙方：[乙方名称]根据《中华人民共和国合同法》及相关法律法规的规定，甲乙双方本着平等、自愿、公平、诚信的原则，就[具体事项名称]事宜达成如下协议，以资共同遵守。
第一章合同基本原则第一条：本合同是甲乙双方依法签订的，确立双方合同关系的法律文书。
双方应严格遵守国家法律法规及本合同约定的各项条款，维护合同双方的合法权益。
第二条：合同双方应遵循诚实信用原则，履行各自的义务，确保合同的顺利执行。
任何一方不得擅自变更或解除合同内容。
第二章合同双方主体第三条：甲方为[甲方身份说明]，具备签订本合同的合法资格和条件。
《合同法》全文解释【原创实用版】目录1.《合同法》的概述2.《合同法》的主要内容3.《合同法》的解释及应用正文《合同法》是一部关于合同法律规范的重要法律，它规定了合同的订立、履行、变更、解除和终止等各方面的内容，对于保护合同当事人的合法权益，维护社会经济秩序具有重要的作用。
一、《合同法》的概述《合同法》是我国的一部基础性法律，它的主要目的是为了规范合同行为，保护合同当事人的合法权益，维护社会经济秩序。
该法于 1999 年3 月 15 日通过，自同年 10 月 1 日起实施，是我国市场经济法律体系的重要组成部分。
二、《合同法》的主要内容《合同法》共分为八章，主要内容包括：合同的订立、合同的效力、合同的履行、合同的变更和转让、合同的解除和终止、违约责任、合同争议的解决等。
1.合同的订立：规定了合同的订立程序，包括要约和承诺两个阶段。
2.合同的效力：规定了合同的生效条件和无效、可撤销合同的处理原则。
3.合同的履行：规定了当事人应当按照约定履行合同，以及如何履行合同。
4.合同的变更和转让：规定了合同变更和转让的条件和程序。
5.合同的解除和终止：规定了合同解除和终止的条件和程序。
6.违约责任：规定了当事人违约时应承担的责任。
7.合同争议的解决：规定了合同争议的解决方式，包括和解、调解、仲裁和诉讼等。
三、《合同法》的解释及应用《合同法》的解释主要参照最高人民法院关于适用《中华人民共和国合同法》若干问题的解释（一）、（二）等司法解释进行。
在实际应用中，应当根据合同的具体情况，结合《合同法》的规定，公正、公平地处理合同纠纷，保护当事人的合法权益，维护社会经济秩序。
中华人民共和国合同法全文6篇篇1中华人民共和国合同法全文第一章总则第一条为了规范市场经济关系，保护当事人的合法权益，根据宪法，制定本法。
第二条本法适用于中华人民共和国境内从事经济活动的组织和个人订立的合同关系。
第三条合同是当事人之间设立、变更、终止民事关系的协议。
合同的设立应当遵循自愿、公平、等价有偿和诚实信用的原则。
第四条当事人订立合同，应当遵守法律、行政法规的规定，不得违背社会公共利益或者公共道德。
第五条合同应当遵循公平原则。
第六条在合同中当事人可以约定与法律相一致的事项，也可以约定法律未规定而属于当事人自由决定的事项。
合同中约定的事项应当按照当事人的意思产生效力，但是不得违反法律规定、公共利益或者公共道德。
第七条当事人订立合同，有下列情形之一的，合同无效：(一)以违背法律强制性规定的方式排除或者限制自己的法定权利;(二)实施欺诈、胁迫等不正当手段;(三)损害社会公共利益。
第八条当事人订立的合同违反强制性法律规定的，该合同无效。
第九条合同无效，其效力自始没有发生。
第十条当事人订立合同应当遵守诚实信用的原则。
第十一条当事人应当依法履行合同义务，不得擅自变更或者解除合同。
第十二条支持商事信用。
第二章合同的订立第十三条在合同中，当事人可以约定合同的形式。
法律规定必须为书面形式的合同以书面形式订立。
第十四条当事人可以通过书面形式订立合同，也可以采用口头或者其他形式的方式订立合同。
第十五条定金是买卖合同一方先行支付给对方的一定金额。
支付方违约不能履行约定合同时，无过错的一方无条件退还已交的定金。
第十六条投标商要求投标人对未投标成功的工程承揽合同提供定金，一方违约给对方无过错的一方无条件退还已交的定金。
第十七条关于买卖合同的约定买卖合同项下的需供品应当具有按照约定要求的质量。
第十八条消费者合同部分无效第十九条关于消费合同履行第二十条关于租赁合同履行第二十一条学术论著合作交流合同的约定第二十二条关于技术合作合同的约定第二十三条关于建筑工程合同的约定第二十四条关于服务合同的约定第三十五条关于借款合同的约定第三十六条关于担保合同的约定第三十七条关于保险合同的约定第三十八条关于租赁合同的约定第三十九条关于承揽合同的约定第四十条关于追偿合同的约定第四十一条关于补充通知的约定第四十二条关于媒体合同的约定第四十三条当事人发生争议，可以协商解决争议，也可以请求仲裁机构进行仲裁。
第二章合同法的概述第一节合同法的概念与特征一、合同法的概念1、合同法：是调整特定平等主体的自然人、法人、其他组织之间因合同的订立、履行、变更、转让、终止等行为所发生的财产性民事权利义务关系的法律规范的总和。
2、合同法含义:（1）合同法是调整自然人、法人、其他组织之间权利义务关系的法律（2）合同法是调整平等主体之间权利义务关系的法律。
1）当事人地位不平等的权利义务关系(如行政法律关系),不属于合同法调整2）合同法不调整行政合同关系（3）合同法是调整财产性权利义务关系的法律1）依据我国《合同法》第2条第2款关于婚姻、收养、监护等身份关系的协议不适用《合同法》而适用其他法律的规定,作为民法组成部分的合同法,仅仅调整财产关系,而不调整人身关系（4）合同法是调整特定当事人之间的民事权利义务关系的法律。
（5）合同法是调整因合同行为所生债权债务关系的法律。
合同法规定了合同订立过程中合同当事人的权利义务、合同成立和生效条件、合同成立和生效后当事人的权利义务、合同的无效及撤销规则、合同的履行规则、合同的变更和转让规则、合同的违约责任、合同的终止等,所有这一切都是在调整因合同行为所生的法律关系3、合同法只调整债权债务关系,不调整物权关系、知识产权关系的原因：民事权利是否具有对世性作为划分标准,民事权利义务关系可以分成两大类:一类是绝对权(又称“对世权”)关系,另一类是相对权(又称“对人权”)关系。
前者,义务主体表现为不特定的任何人,彼此并非特定当事人之间的关系(例如物权关系、人身权关系、知识产权关系),其权利内容为独占支配特定对象(支配特定物、支配自己人身、支配特定智力成果),排除任何人干涉;后者,义务主体表现为特定人,属于特定当事人之间的关系(例如债权债务关系),其权利内容为受领、请求特定人为特定给付4、债的发生原因：包括单方允诺、遗赠、不当得利、合同、无因管理等事由5、合用法调整的债务债权的关系包括：因合同的订立、履行、变更、转让、终止等行为所产生的债权债务关系。
中华人民共和国合同法解释二中华人民共和国合同法解释二《最高人民法院关于适用〈中华人民共和国合同法〉若干问题的解释(二)》已于2009年2月9日由最高人民法院审判委员会第1462次会议通过，现予公布，自2009年5月13日起施行。
二○○九年四月二十四日为了正确审理合同纠纷案件，根据《中华人民共和国合同法》的规定，对人民法院适用合同法的有关问题作出如下解释：一、合同的订立第一条当事人对合同是否成立存在争议，人民法院能够确定当事人名称或者姓名、标的和数量的，一般应当认定合同成立。
但法律另有规定或者当事人另有约定的除外。
对合同欠缺的前款规定以外的其他内容，当事人达不成协议的，人民法院依照合同法第六十一条、第六十二条、第一百二十五条等有关规定予以确定。
第二条当事人未以书面形式或者口头形式订立合同，但从双方从事的民事行为能够推定双方有订立合同意愿的，人民法院可以认定是以合同法第十条第一款中的其他形式订立的合同。
但法律另有规定的除外。
第三条悬赏人以公开方式声明对完成一定行为的人支付报酬，完成特定行为的人请求悬赏人支付报酬的，人民法院依法予以支持。
但悬赏有合同法第五十二条规定情形的除外。
第四条采用书面形式订立合同，合同约定的签订地与实际签字或者盖章地点不符的，人民法院应当认定约定的签订地为合同签订地;合同没有约定签订地，双方当事人签字或者盖章不在同一地点的，人民法院应当认定最后签字或者盖章的地点为合同签订地。
第五条当事人采用合同书形式订立合同的，应当签字或者盖章。
当事人在合同书上摁手印的，人民法院应当认定其具有与签字或者盖章同等的法律效力。
第六条提供格式条款的一方对格式条款中免除或者限制其责任的内容，在合同订立时采用足以引起对方注意的文字、符号、字体等特别标识，并按照对方的要求对该格式条款予以说明的，人民法院应当认定符合合同法第三十九条所称采取合理的方式。
提供格式条款一方对已尽合理提示及说明义务承担举证责任。
第七条下列情形，不违反法律、行政法规强制性规定的，人民法院可以认定为合同法所称交易习惯：(一)在交易行为当地或者某一领域、某一行业通常采用并为交易对方订立合同时所知道或者应当知道的做法;(二)当事人双方经常使用的习惯做法。
关于合同与合同法概述合同与合同法概述（一）合同的概念和特征合同又称为契约，根据其适用范围的不同，合同有广义和狭义之分。
广义上的合同泛指当事人之间设立、变更、终止权利务义关系的协议，它包括所有法律部门中的合同关系，如民事合同、行政合同、国家合同、劳动合同与集体合同等。
狭义的合同是指一切民事合同，不包括民事关系以外的其他合同。
根据《中华人民共和国合同法》第2条的规定，合同是平等主体的自然人、法人，其他组织之间设立、变更、终止民事权利义务关系的协议。
据此可见，合同具有以下法律特征：1、合同是两个或两个以上当事人的民事行为。
这是合同区别于单方民事行为的重要标志。
2、合同是以设立、变更和终止民事权利义务关系为目的的协议。
3、合同是当事人在平等自愿的根底上所达成的协议。
（二）合同的分类按照不同的标准，合同可以作以下分类：1、双务合同和单务合同这是根据合同当事人双方权利义务的分担方式来划分的。
双务合同是指双方当事人都享有权利和承担义务的合同。
这类合同的特点是，当事人的债权债务关系呈对应状态，一方当事人享有的权利和承担的义务，正是对方当事人应尽的义务和享有的权利，双方当事人的权利义务关系具有相互依赖性，但是在经济价值上不一定完全相等。
《合同法》规定的买卖合同、租赁合同、承揽合同等大多数有名合同均属双务合同。
所谓单务合同，是指合同当事人一方只享有权利而不承担义务，另一方那么只承担义务而不享受有权利的合间，如赠与合同等。
对合同的这种分类，其主要法律意义在于对合同履行的完善。
2、诺成合同与实践合同这是根据合同的订立是否以交付标的物为要件而划分的。
所谓诺成合同，是指不依赖标的物的交付，只需当事人意思表示一致即可成立的合同，如买卖合同、承揽合同、委托合同、借贷合同等大多数有名合同均为诺成合同。
所谓实践合同，是指当事人双方意思表示一致以外，尚须交付标的物才能成立的合同，如动产质押合同、自然人订立的借贷合同等均为实践合同。
区分诺成合同与实践合同的法律意义在于二者成立的时间是不相同的。
中华人民共和国合同法释义一、合同法概述合同法是中华人民共和国立法机关制定的一部法律，旨在规范合同的订立、履行和解除等相关事宜，保护合同当事人的合法权益，维护社会经济秩序的稳定发展。
合同法释义是对合同法中一些条款的具体解释和说明，以便更好地理解和适用法律。
二、合同的定义和要素1. 合同的定义：合同是自愿达成的、具有法律约束力的协议，即当事人通过意思表示达成协议，产生相互权利和义务关系的行为。
2. 合同的要素：a. 当事人：合同由至少两个当事人订立，可以是自然人、法人或其他组织。
b. 合意：当事人之间要有真实、完整、自愿、平等的意思表示。
c. 客体：合同的客体可以是财产、权益或者其他合法的物品或者服务。
d. 合法目的和合法形式：合同的目的和形式必须符合法律规定。
三、合同的订立和效力1. 合同的订立：合同的订立应当遵循自愿、平等、公平和诚实信用的原则，可以通过书面形式、口头形式或者其他形式达成。
2. 合同的效力：a. 即时生效：当事人一致达成合同意思表示后，合同即时生效。
b. 有条件生效：合同的生效可以根据当事人约定的条件来确定。
c. 期限约定：当事人可以约定合同的有效期限，超过十年的合同应当以书面形式订立。
d. 不得违反法律规定：合同的内容和形式不得违反法律规定，否则将被视为无效。
四、合同的履行和变更1. 合同的履行：a. 履行义务：当事人应当按照合同约定的方式和期限履行各自的义务。
b. 诚实信用原则：当事人在履行合同过程中应当遵守诚实信用原则，不得恶意拖延、违背约定等。
c. 不可抗力：当合同履行受到不可抗力因素影响时，可以根据法律规定或者合同约定进行相应的处理。
2. 合同的变更：当事人可以根据协商一致的原则对合同进行变更，变更后的合同应当符合法律规定。
五、合同的解除和终止1. 合同的解除：a. 合同解除的原因：合同解除可以因违约、协商一致、法定解除事由等原因发生。
b. 违约责任：当事人违约时，应当承担相应的违约责任。
资料范本本资料为word版本，可以直接编辑和打印，感谢您的下载中华人民共和国合同法概述2地点：__________________时间：__________________说明：本资料适用于约定双方经过谈判，协商而共同承认，共同遵守的责任与义务，仅供参考，文档可直接下载或修改，不需要的部分可直接删除，使用时请详细阅读内容合同法(英文版)2007-11-25合同法（英文版）中华人民共和国合同法（英文版）【标题】 CONTRACT LAW OF THE PEOPLE'S REPUBLIC OF CHINA【时效性】有效【颁布时间】1999.03.15【实施时间】1999.10.01【发布部门】National People’s Congress CONTRACT LAW OF THE PEOPLE'S REPUBLIC OF CHINACONTRACT LAW OF THE PEOPLE'S REPUBLIC OF CHINA(Adopted and Promulgated by the Second Session of the Ninth National People's Congress March 15, 1999)GENERAL PROVISIONSCHAPTER 1 GENERAL PROVISIONSCHAPTER 2 CONCLUSION OF CONTRACTSCHAPTER 3 EFFECTIVENESS OF CONTRACTSCHAPTER 4 PERFORMANCE OF CONTRACTSCHAPTER 5 MODIFICATION AND ASSIGNMENT OF CONTRACTSCHAPTER 6 TERMINATION OF THE RIGHTS AND OBLIGATIONS OF CONTRACTS CHAPTER 7 LIABILITY FOR BREACH OF CONTRACTSCHAPTER 8 MISCELLANEOUS PROVISIONSSPECIFIC PROVISIONSCHAPTER 9 CONTRACTS FOR SALESCHAPTER 10 CONTRACTS FOR SUPPLY AND USE OF ELECTRICITY, WATER, GAS OR HEATINGCHAPTER 11 CONTRACTS FOR DONATIONCHAPTER 12 CONTRACTS FOR LOANSCHAPTER 13 CONTRACTS FOR LEASECHAPTER 14 CONTRACTS FOR FINANCIAL LEASECHAPTER 15 CONTRACTS FOR WORKCHAPTER 16 CONTRACTS FOR CONSTRUCTION PROJECTSCHAPTER 17 CONTRACTS FOR TRANSPORTATIONSECTION 1 GENERAL RULESSECTION 2 CONTRACTS FOR PASSENGER TRANSPORTATIONSECTION 3 CONTRACTS FOR GOODS TRANSPORTATIONSECTION 4 CONTRACTS FOR MULTI-MODAL TRANSPORTATIONCHAPTER 18 CONTRACTS FOR TECHNOLOGYSECTION 1 GENERAL RULESSECTION 2 CONTRACTS FOR TECHNOLOGY DEVELOPMENTSECTION 3 CONTRACTS FOR TECHNOLOGY TRANSFERSECTION 4 CONTRACTS FOR TECHNICAL CONSULTANCY AND TECHNICAL SERVICECHAPTER 19 CONTRACTS FOR STORAGECHAPTER 20 CONTRACTS FOR WAREHOUSINGCHAPTER 21 CONTRACTS FOR COMMISSIONCHAPTER 22 CONTRACTS FOR BROKERAGECHAPTER 23 CONTRACTS FOR INTERMEDIATIONGENERAL PRINCIPLESChapter One General ProvisionsArticle 1 PurposeThis Law is formulated in order to protect the lawful rights and interests of contract parties, to safeguard social and economic order, and to promote socialist modernization.Article 2 Definition of Contract; ExclusionsFor purposes of this Law, a contract is an agreement between natural persons, legal persons or other organizations with equal standing, for the purpose of establishing, altering, or discharging a relationship of civil rights and obligations.An agreement concerning any personal relationship such as marriage, adoption, guardianship, etc. shall be governed by other applicable laws.Article 3 Equal Standing of PartiesContract parties enjoy equal legal standing and neither party may impose its will on the other party.Article 4 Right to Enter into Contract VoluntarilyA party is entitled to enter into a contract voluntarily underthe law, and no entity or individual may unlawfully interfere with such right.Article 5 FairnessThe parties shall abide by the principle of fairness inprescribing their respective rights and obligations.Article 6 Good FaithThe parties shall abide by the principle of good faith in exercising their rights and performing their obligations.Article 7 LegalityIn concluding or performing a contract, the parties shall abide by the relevant laws and administrative regulations, as well as observe social ethics, and may not disrupt social and economic order or harm the public interests.Article 8 Binding Effect; Legal ProtectionA lawfully formed contract is legally binding on the parties. The parties shall perform their respective obligations in accordance with the contract, and neither party may arbitrarily amend or terminate the contract.A lawfully formed contract is protected by law.Chapter Two Formation of ContractsArticle 9 Capacity; Contract through AgentIn entering into a contract, the parties shall have the appropriate capacities for civil rights and civil acts.A party may appoint an agent to enter into a contract on its behalf under the law.Article 10 Forms of Contract; Writing RequirementA contract may be made in a writing, in an oral conversation, as well as in any other form.A contract shall be in writing if a relevant law oradministrative regulation so requires. A contract shall be in writing if the parties have so agreed.Article 11 Definition of WritingA writing means a memorandum of contract, letter or electronic message (including telegram, telex, facsimile, electronic data exchange and electronic mail), etc. which is capable of expressingits contents in a tangible form.Article 12 Terms of ContractThe terms of a contract shall be prescribed by the parties, and generally include the following:(i) names of the parties and the domiciles thereof;(ii) subject matter;(iii) quantity;(iv) quality;(v) price or remuneration;(vi) time, place and method of performance;(vii) liabilities for breach of contract;(viii) method of dispute resolution.The parties may enter into a contract by referencing a model contract for the relevant contract category.Article 13 Offer-AcceptanceA contract is concluded by the exchange of an offer and an acceptance.Article 14 Definition of OfferAn offer is a party's manifestation of intention to enter into a contract with the other party, which shall comply with the following:(i) Its terms are specific and definite;(ii) It indicates that upon acceptance by the offeree, theofferor will be boundthereby.Article 15 Invitation to OfferAn invitation to offer is a party's manifestation of intention to invite the other party to make an offer thereto. A delivered pricelist, announcement of auction, call for tender, prospectus, or commercial advertisement, etc. is an invitation to offer.A commercial advertisement is deemed an offer if its contentsmeet the requirements of an offer.Article 16 Effectiveness of Offer, Offer through Electronic MessageAn offer becomes effective when it reaches the offeree.When a contract is concluded by the exchange of electronic messages, if the recipient of an electronic message has designated a specific system to receive it, the time when the electronic message enters into such specific system is deemed its time of arrival; if no specific system has been designated, the time when the electronic message first enters into any of the recipient's systems is deemedits time of arrival.Article 17 Withdrawal of OfferAn offer may be withdrawn. The notice of withdrawal shall reach the offeree before or at the same time as the offer.Article 18 Revocation of OfferAn offer may be revoked. The notice of revocation shall reach the offeree before it has dispatched a notice of acceptance.Article 19 Irrevocable OfferAn offer may not be revoked:(i) if it expressly indicates, whether by stating a fixed timefor acceptance or otherwise, that it is irrevocable;(ii) if the offeree has reason to regard the offer as irrevocable, and has undertaken preparation for performance.Article 20 Extinguishment of OfferAn offer is extinguished in any of the following circumstances:(i) The notice of rejection reaches the offeror;(ii) The offeror lawfully revokes the offer;(iii) The offeree fails to dispatch its acceptance at the end of the period for acceptance;(iv) The offeree makes a material change to the terms of the offer.Article 21 Definition of AcceptanceAn acceptance is the offeree's manifestation of intention to assent to an offer.Article 22 Mode of Acceptance; Acceptance by ConductAn acceptance shall be manifested by notification, except whereit may be manifested by conduct in accordance with the relevant usage or as indicated in the offer.Article 23 Timely Dispatch of AcceptanceAn acceptance shall reach the offeror within the period prescribed in the offer.Where the offer does not prescribe a period for acceptance, the acceptance shall reach the offeror as follows:(i) Where the offer is made orally, the acceptance shall be dispatched immediately, unless otherwise agreed by the parties;(ii) Where the offer is made in a non-oral manner, the acceptance shall reach the offeror within a reasonable time.Article 24 Commencement of the Period for AcceptanceWhere an offer is made by a letter or a telegram, the period for acceptance commences on the date shown on the letter or the date on which the telegram is handed in for dispatch. If the letter does notspecify a date, the period commences on the posting date stamped on the envelop. Where the offer is made through an instantaneous communication device such as telephone or facsimile,etc., the period for acceptance commences once the offer reaches the offeree.Article 25 Contract Formed upon Effectiveness of AcceptanceA contract is formed once the acceptance becomes effective.Article 26 Effectiveness of AcceptanceA notice of acceptance becomes effective once it reaches the offeror. Where the acceptance does not require notification, it becomes effective once an act of acceptance is performed in accordance with the relevant usage or as required by the offer.Where a contract is concluded by the exchange of electronic messages, the time of arrival of the acceptance shall be governed by Paragraph 2 of Article 16 hereof.Article 27 Withdrawal of AcceptanceAn acceptance may be withdrawn. The notice of withdrawal shall reach the offeror before or at the same time as the acceptance.Article 28 Late AcceptanceAn acceptance dispatched by the offeree after expiration of the period for acceptance constitutes a new offer, unless the offeror timely advises the offeree that the acceptance is valid.Article 29 Delayed Transmission of AcceptanceIf the offeree dispatched its acceptance within the period for acceptance, and the acceptance, which would otherwise have reached the offeror in due time under normal circumstances, reaches the offeror after expiration of the period for acceptance due to anyother reason, the acceptance is valid, unless the offeror timely advises the offeree that the acceptance has been rejected on grounds of the delay.Article 30 Acceptance Containing Material ChangeThe terms of the acceptance shall be identical to those of the offer. A purported acceptance dispatched by the offeree which materially alters the terms of the offer constitutes a new offer. A change in the subject matter, quantity, quality, price or remuneration, time, place and method of performance, liabilities for breach of contract or method of dispute resolution is a material change to the terms of the offer.Article 31 Acceptance Containing Non-material ChangesAn acceptance containing nonmaterial changes to the terms of the offer is nevertheless valid and the terms thereof prevail as the terms of the contract, unless the offeror timely objects to such changes or the offer indicated that acceptance may not contain any change to the terms thereof.Article 32 Time of Formation in Case of Memorandum of Contract Where the parties enter into a contract by a memorandum of contract, the contract is formed when it is signed or sealed by the parties.Article 33 Time of Formation in Case of Letters or Electronic Messages;Confirmation LetterWhere the parties enter into a contract by the exchange of letters or electronic messages, one party may require execution of a confirmation letter before the contract is formed. The contract is formed upon execution of the confirmation letter.Article 34 Place of Formation; Electronic MessagesThe place where the acceptance becomes effective is the place of formation of a contract.Where a contract is concluded by the exchange of electronic messages, the recipient's main place of business is the place of formation of the contract; if the recipient does not have a main place of business, its habitual residence is the place of formation of the contract. If the parties have agreed otherwise, such agreement prevails.Article 35 Place of Formation in Case of Memorandum of Contract Where a contract is concluded by a memorandum of contract, its place of formation is the place where the parties sign or seal the contract.Article 36 Effect of Failure to Conclude Contract in WritingWhere a contract is to be concluded by a writing as required by the relevant law or administrative regulation or as agreed by the parties, if the parties failed to conclude the contract in writing but one party has performed its main obligation and the other party has accepted the performance, the contract is formed.Article 37 Effect of Failure to Sign in Case of Memorandum of ContractWhere a contract is to be concluded by a memorandum of contract, if prior to signing or sealing of the contract, one party has performed its main obligation and the other party has accepted the performance, the contract is formed.Article 38 Contract under State Mandatory PlanWhere the state has, in light of its requirements, issued a mandatory plan or state purchase order, the relevant legal personsand other organizations shall enter into a contract based on therights and obligations of the parties prescribed by the relevant laws and administrative regulations.Article 39 Standard Terms; Duty to Call AttentionWhere a contract is concluded by way of standard terms, the party supplying the standard terms shall abide by the principle of fairness in prescribing the rights and obligations of the parties and shall,in a reasonable manner, call the other party's attention to the provision(s) whereby such party's liabilities are excluded or limited, and shall explain such provision(s) upon request by the other party.Standard terms are contract provisions which were prepared in advance by a party for repeated use, and which are not negotiatedwith the other party in the course of concluding the contract.Article 40 Invalidity of Certain Standard TermsA standard term is invalid if it falls into any of the circumstances set forth in Article 52 and Article 53 hereof, or if it excludes the liabilities of the party supplying such term, increases the liabilities of the other party, or deprives the other party ofany of its material rights.Article 41 Dispute Concerning Construction of Standard TermIn case of any dispute concerning the construction of a standard term, such term shall be interpreted in accordance with common sense. If the standard term is subject to two or more interpretations, it shall be interpreted against the party supplying it. If a discrepancy exists between the standard term and a non-standard term, the non-standard term prevails.Article 42 Pre-contract LiabilitiesWhere in the course of concluding a contract, a party engaged in any of the following conducts, thereby causing loss to the other party, it shall be liable for damages:(i) negotiating in bad faith under the pretext of concluding a contract;(ii) intentionally concealing a material fact relating to the conclusion of thecontract or supplying false information;(iii) any other conduct which violates the principle of good faith.Article 43 Trade Secrets; Liability for Disclosure or Improper UseA party may not disclose or improperly use any trade secret which it became aware of in the course of negotiating a contract, regardless of whether a contract is formed. If the party disclosed or improperly used such trade secret, thereby causing loss to the other party, it shall be liable for damages.Chapter Three Validity of ContractsArticle 44 Effectiveness of ContractA lawfully formed contract becomes effective upon its formation.Where effectiveness of a contract is subject to any procedure such as approval or registration, etc. as required by a relevant law or administrative regulation, such provision applies.Article 45 Conditions Precedent; Conditions Subsequent; Improper Impairment orFacilitationThe parties may prescribe that effectiveness of a contract be subject to certain conditions. A contract subject to a condition precedent becomes effective once such condition is satisfied. A contract subject to a condition subsequent is extinguished once such condition is satisfied.Where in order to further its own interests, a party improperly impaired the satisfaction of a condition, the condition is deemed to have been satisfied; where a party improperly facilitated the satisfaction of a condition, the condition is deemed not to have been satisfied.Article 46 Contract TermThe parties may prescribe a term for a contract. A contractsubject to a time of commencement becomes effective at such time. A contract subject to a time of expiration is extinguished at such time.Article 47 Contract by Person with Limited CapacityA contract concluded by a person with limited capacity for civil act is valid upon ratification by the legal agent thereof, provided that a contract from which such person accrues benefits only or the conclusion of which is appropriate for his age, intelligence ormental health does not require ratification by his legal agent.The other party may demand that the legal agent ratify thecontract within one month. If the legal agent fails to manifest his intention, he is deemed to have declined to ratify the contract.Prior to ratification of the contract, the other party in good faithis entitled to cancel the contract. Cancellation shall be effected by notification.Article 48 Contract by Unauthorized AgentAbsent ratification by the principal, a contract concluded on his behalf by a person who lacked agency authority, who acted beyond his agency authority or whose agency authority was extinguished is not binding upon the principal unless ratified by him, and the person performing such act is liable.The other party may demand that the principal ratify the contract within one month. Where the principal fails to manifest his intention, he is deemed to have declined to ratify the contract. Prior to ratification of the contract, the other party in good faith isentitled to cancel the contract. Cancellation shall be effected by notification.Article 49 Contract by Person with Apparent Agency AuthorityWhere the person lacking agency authority, acting beyond his agency authority, or whose agency authority was extinguished concluded a contract in the name of the principal, if it was reasonable for the other party to believe that the person performing the act had agency authority, such act of agency is valid.Article 50 Contract Executed by Legal RepresentativeWhere the legal representative or the person-in-charge of a legal person or an organization of any other nature entered into a contract acting beyond his scope of authority, unless the other party knew or should have known that he was acting beyond his scope of authority, such act of representation is valid.Article 51 Unauthorized Disposal of Property through ContractWhere a piece of property belonging to another person wasdisposed of by a person without the power to do so, such contract is nevertheless valid once the person with the power to its disposal has ratified the contract, or if the person lacking the power to disposeof it when the contract was concluded has subsequently acquired such power.Article 52 Invalidating CircumstancesA contract is invalid in any of the following circumstances:(i) One party induced conclusion of the contract through fraud or duress, thereby harming the interests of the state;(ii) The parties colluded in bad faith, thereby harming the interests of the state, the collective or any third party;(iii) The parties intended to conceal an illegal purpose under the guise of a legitimate transaction;(iv) The contract harms public interests;(v) The contract violates a mandatory provision of any law or administrative regulation.Article 53 Invalidity of Certain Exculpatory ProvisionsThe following exculpatory provisions in a contract are invalid(i) excluding one party's liability for personal injury caused to the other party;(ii) excluding one party's liability for property loss caused to the other party by its intentional misconduct or gross negligence.Article 54 Contract Subject to Amendment or CancellationEither of the parties may petition the People's Court or an arbitration institution for amendment or cancellation of a contract if:(i) the contract was concluded due to a material mistake;(ii) the contract was grossly unconscionable at the time of its conclusion.If a party induced the other party to enter into a contract against its true intention by fraud or duress, or by taking advantage of the other party's hardship, the aggrieved party is entitled to petition the People's Court or an arbitration institution for amendment or cancellation of the contract.Where a party petitions for amendment of the contract, the People's Court or arbitration institution may not cancel the contract instead.Article 55 Extinguishment of Cancellation RightA party's cancellation right is extinguished in any of the following circumstances:(i) It fails to exercise the cancellation right within one year, commencing on the date when the party knew or should have known the cause for the cancellation;(ii) Upon becoming aware of the cause for cancellation, it waives the cancellation right by express statement or by conduct.Article 56 Effect of Invalidation or Cancellation; Partial Invalidation orCancellationAn invalid or canceled contract is not legally binding ab initio. Where a contract is partially invalid, and the validity of the remaining provisions thereof is not affected as a result, the remaining provisions are nevertheless valid.Article 57 Independence of Dispute Resolution ProvisionThe invalidation, cancellation or discharge of a contract does not impair the validity of the contract provision concerning the method of dispute resolution, which exists independently in the contract.Article 58 Remedies in Case of Invalidation or CancellationAfter a contract was invalidated or canceled, the parties shall make restitution of any property acquired thereunder; whererestitution in kind is not possible or necessary, allowance shall be made in money based on the value of the property. The party at fault shall indemnify the other party for its loss sustained as a result. Where both parties were at fault, the parties shall bear their respective liabilities accordingly.Article 59 Remedies in Case of Collusion in Bad FaithWhere the parties colluded in bad faith, thereby harming the interests of the state, the collective or a third person, any property acquired as a result shall be turned over to the state or be returned to the collective or the third person.Chapter Four Performance of ContractsArticle 60 Full Performance; Performance in Good FaithThe parties shall fully perform their respective obligations in accordance with the contract.The parties shall abide by the principle of good faith, and perform obligations such as notification, assistance, and confidentiality, etc. in light of the nature and purpose of the contract and in accordance with the relevant usage.Article 61 Indeterminate Terms; Supplementary AgreementIf a term such as quality, price or remuneration, or place of performance etc. was not prescribed or clearly prescribed, after the contract has taken effect, the parties may supplement it through agreement; if the parties fail to reach a supplementary agreement, such term shall be determined in accordance with the relevant provisions of the contract or in accordance with the relevant usage.Article 62 Gap FillingWhere a relevant term of the contract was not clearly prescribed, and cannot be determined in accordance with Article 61 hereof, one of the following provisions applies:(i) If quality requirement was not clearly prescribed, performance shall be in accordance with the state standard orindustry standard; absent any state or industry standard, performance shall be in accordance with the customary standard or any particular standard consistent with the purpose of the contract;(ii) If price or remuneration was not clearly prescribed, performance shall be in accordance with the prevailing market price at the place of performance at the time the contract was concluded, and if adoption of a price mandated by the government or based on government issued pricing guidelines is required by law, such requirement applies;(iii) Where the place of performance was not clearly prescribed, if the obligation is payment of money, performance shall be at the place where the payee is located; if the obligation is delivery of immovable property, performance shall be at the place where the immovable property is located; for any other subject matter, performance shall be at the place where the obligor is located;(iv) If the time of performance was not clearly prescribed, the obligor may perform, and the obligee may require performance, at any time, provided that the other party shall be given the time required for preparation;(v) If the method of performance was not clearly prescribed, performance shall be rendered in a manner which is conducive to realizing the purpose of the contract;(vi) If the party responsible for the expenses of performance was not clearly prescribed, the obligor shall bear the expenses.Article 63 Performance at Government Mandated PriceWhere a contract is to be implemented at a price mandated by the government or based on government issued pricing guidelines, if the government adjusts the price during the prescribed period of delivery, the contract price shall be the price at the time of delivery. Wherea party delays in delivering the subject matter, the original price applies if the price has increased, and the new price applies if the price has decreased. Where a party delays in taking delivery or making payment, the new price applies if the price has increased, and the original price applies if the price has decreased.Article 64 Performance toward a Third PersonWhere the parties prescribed that the obligor render performanceto a third person, if the obligor fails to render its performance to the third person, or rendered non-conforming performance, it shall be liable to the obligee for breach of contract.Article 65 Performance by a Third PersonWhere the parties prescribed that a third person render performance to the obligee, if the third person fails to perform or rendered non-conforming performance, the obligor shall be liable to the obligee for breach of contract.Article 66 Simultaneous PerformanceWhere the parties owe performance toward each other and there is no order of performance, the parties shall perform simultaneously. Prior to performance by the other party, one party is entitled to reject its requirement for performance. If the other party renderednon-conforming performance, one party is entitled to reject its corresponding requirement for performance.Article 67 Consecutive PerformanceWhere the parties owe performance toward each other and there is an order of performance, prior to performance by the party required to perform first, the party who is to perform subsequently isentitled to reject its requirement for performance. If the party required to perform first rendered non-conforming performance, the party who is to perform subsequently is entitled to reject its corresponding requirement for performance.Article 68 Right to Suspend PerformanceThe party required to perform first may suspend its performanceif it has conclusive evidence establishing that the other party is in any of the following circumstances:(i) Its business has seriously deteriorated;(ii) It has engaged in transfer of assets or withdrawal of funds for the purpose of evading debts;(iii) It has lost its business creditworthiness;(iv) It is in any other circumstance which will or may cause it to lose its ability to perform.Where a party suspends performance without conclusive evidence, it shall be liable for breach of contract.Article 69 Notification upon Suspension of Performance; TerminationIf a party suspends its performance in accordance with Article 68 hereof, it shall timely notify the other party.。
