下载文档原格式
第22章习题22.1. 下列数据为汽车行驶的速度(英里／小时) 与停车所需的距离(英尺) 的50个测量结果，数据为1920年代测试的结果。
(1) 做速度和距离的散点图。
(2) 建立距离关于速度的线性回归模型，计算回归系数α与β的最小二乘估计，并将回归直线添加到对应的散点图当中。
(3) 计算回归模型的残差，做残差的直方图，将核密度估计的结果添加到直方图当中，并与对应的正态分布密度曲线进行对比。
(4) 对回归结果进行回归诊断。
speed dist1 4 22 4 103 7 44 7 225 8 166 9 107 10 188 10 269 10 3410 11 1711 11 2812 12 1413 12 2014 12 2415 12 2816 13 2617 13 3418 13 3419 13 4620 14 2621 14 3622 14 6023 14 8024 15 2025 15 2626 15 5427 16 3228 16 4029 17 3230 17 4031 17 5032 18 4233 18 5634 18 7635 18 8436 19 3637 19 4638 19 6839 20 3240 20 4841 20 5242 20 5643 20 6444 22 6645 23 5446 24 7047 24 9248 24 9349 24 12050 25 8522.2. 不同重量的除草机碾压一片草坪的不同部分，测量其碾压后草坪降低的高度，数据如下：(1) 做重量和碾压程度的散点图。
(2) 建立碾压程度关于除草机重量的线性回归模型，求回归的系数α与β的最小二乘估计，并将回归直线添加到对应的散点图当中。
(3) 计算回归模型的残差，做残差的直方图，将核密度估计的结果添加到直方图当中，并与对应的正态分布密度曲线进行对比。
(4) 对回归结果进行回归诊断。
(5) 用稳健回归(R中的rlm()函数) 处理上述模型，并将回归直线添加到对应的散点图当中。
Chapter 22 assimilate v 同化,贯通(as不断+simil+ate=不断相同=同化)ab-,ac-,ad-,af-,ag-,an-,ap-,ar-,as-, at-等加在同辅音字母的词根前,表示”一再”等加强意accelerate加速(ac+celer速度=一再增加速度)accentuate 强调(ac+cent唱歌=一再唱出=强调)accomplishaccumulate积累(ac+cumul堆积+ate=堆积起来=积累)accustom使习惯(ac+custom习俗=习惯习俗)addict上瘾,入迷(ad+dict说=一再说起=对……入迷)additive上瘾的(addict的形容词) adduce引证,举例(ad+duce引导=一再引导=举例说明)affable亲切的(af+fable说话=不断可以说话=亲切)afford买得起(af+ford拿出=一再拿出{钱}=买得起)affirm肯定(af+firm坚定=肯定) aggression侵略,进攻(ag+gress走+ion=一再往前走=进攻)aggrandize扩大(ag+grand大=一再大=扩大[权力]等)aggravate恶化(ag+grav重+ate病加重) announce通告(an+nounce通知=通告) appal使震惊(ap+pal白色=[脸]变白=受惊)applause鼓掌(ap+pease赞扬=一再赞扬=鼓掌)appreciate欣赏(ap+reci价值+ate=一再给价=欣赏)appoint指定,任命(ap+point指=指定) arrange安排(ar+range排列=安排) arrest逮捕,阻止(ar+rest休息=不让动=逮捕)arrive到达(ar+rive河=到达河边=达到目标)assault进攻(as+saul跳=跳起来=进攻)assiduous勤奋的(as+sid坐+uous=一再坐着[学习] =勤奋)assist帮助(as+sist站=站过来=帮助) associate联合,结合(as+soci社团+ate=结成团队=联合)assimilate吸收,同化(as+simil相同+ate=成为相同=同化)assure肯定,确信(as+sure确定=一不再确定=肯定)attach附上,依恋(at+tach接角=接触上=附上)attain达到,获得(at+tain拿住=获得) attend(at+tend关心=关心到了=出度) attract吸引(拉=拉过来=吸引)attest证实(at+test试验=一再试验=证实)simil, simul, sembl =alike,same,表示”相类似,一样”(参照Chapter 14 facsimile) similar a 同样的,相似的similarity n 类似(similar相似的+ity) simile n 直喻,明喻similitude a 类似,相像(simil+itude) assimilate v 同化,贯通(as不断+simil+ate=不断相同=同化) dissimilar a 不同的(dis不+similar相同的)dissimilation n 异化,分化作用(dis+simil+ation)facsimile n 誊写,摹写(fac事实+simile=实际一样=誊写)verisimilar a 貌似真实的,逼真的(veri[very]+similar=非常相像的) simulate v 假装,模仿(simul+ate=做得相像=模仿)simulation n 假装(wimulate+ion) simultaneous a 同时发生的(simult+相同+aneous=[时间]相同的) simultaneity n 同时性(simult+aneity) semblance n 类似,外观相像(sembl+ance=相同之处)assemble v 集合,装配(as不断+semble=不断使东西相同=组装[东西]) dissemble v 假装,掩饰(dis不+semble=不相同装做相同=掩饰)resemble v 类似, 像…一样(re 再+semble=再一样=类似)resemblan n 类似(resemble+ance) belligerent交战的,准备打架的(belli+ger带来=ent=带来战争=交战的)bell,bel=war, fight,表示”战争,打斗”rebellion反叛,反抗(re反+bell打+ion=反打=反叛)rebel反叛rebellious反抗的,难控制的belligerent交战的,准备打架的(belli+ger带来=ent=带来战争=交战的) bellicism好战性,好战倾向demeanorNOUN:Behavior through which one reveals one's personality:address, air, bearing, manner, mien, presence, style. Archaic :port.See BE, STYLE.demeanv 贬抑（通常用被动：在尊严或地位上受到贬低）＝degrade；谦逊（通常用主动＋oneself＝降低自己的身份）＝humble【记】mean（adj 低劣的；卑鄙的）" denunciationn 公开指责；指控【记】denunciate＝denounce公开指责【类】castigation:reproof＝denunciation:denial『glorification:merit』苛责是十分谴责＝驳斥是十分否定『赞颂:优点』execrate:denunciate 痛骂:指责【反】eulogy（n 赞词；颂词）；tribute （n 贡品；颂词）；accolade（n 赞美）；panegyric（n 颂词；推崇备至）" dissipatev （使）驱散（到消失的程度）＝scatter；挥霍浪费＝squander【记】dis向四面八方，sip（v 呷小口的喝）－到处吃喝－浪费【参】dissipated（adj 沉迷于酒色的；消散的）＝indulging【类】husbandry:dissipate＝alacrity:procrastinate节敛不浪费＝敏捷不拖延【反】accumulate（v 积累）；gather （v 聚集）；amass（v 收集）"indolent[18] Historically, indolent means …feeling no pain‟ – indeed, that is how it was used as a technical medical term in English in the 17th and 18th centuries. It comes from late Latin indolens, which was based on the Latin verb dolere …suffer pain‟ (source also of English dolour [13] and doleful [13]). English took the term directly fromLatin, but meanwhile in French indolent had broadened out in meaning via …insensitive‟ to …inactive, lethargic, lazy‟, and that is the basis of the current English use of the adjective, acquired in the early 18th century.indolentadj 习惯性懒惰的＝idle＝lazy【记】in不，dol悲痛，ent－不因为浪费时间而悲痛的－懒隋的in不，do作，lent借钱－整天不做事，光借钱－懒惰的【参】condolence（n 哀悼；吊唁）inherent a 天赋的,生来的(in里面+her+ent=天生[与身体内]连着=天赋的)her,hes=stick,表示”粘附”adhere v 粘着,依附(ad增加+here=粘上)adherence n 粘附,坚持(adhere+ence)adherent n 归依者,门徒(adhere+ent=粘着,坚持的人)adhesion nn 粘着,坚持(ad+hes+ion) adhesive a 发粘的n.胶带(ad+hes+ive) cohere v 粘着,连贯(co共同+here=共同粘=连贯)coherent a 连贯的, 有条理的(cohere+ent)cohesion n “结合,凝聚力(co+hes+ion,cohere的名词)”inherent a 天赋的,生来的(in里面+her+ent=天生[与身体内]连着=天赋的)hesitate v 踌躇,犹豫(hest+itate粘粘糊糊=犹豫)hereditary a 承袭的,世袭的,遗传的heritability n 可遗传性,遗传性hesitation n 踌躇,犹豫(hesitate+ion) nonchalant冷漠的(non+chalant关心的→不关心的)[non-表示"不,非"]nonchalant[18] To be nonchalant is etymologically …not to get hot under the collar‟. The word comes from French nonchalant, an adjective formed with the prefix non- …not‟ from the present participle of the verb chaloir …be concerned‟. This goes back ultimately to Latin calēre …be hot‟ (a relative of English calorie and cauldron).unassuming不摆架子的(un+assuming自以为是的) unassumingadj 谦逊的（不装腔作势的）【记】un不，assuming（adj 傲慢不逊的）：谦逊的【参】assume（v 假定；采取）"unilateral a 单边的(uni单个+later+al)later=side,表示”边”unilateral a 单边的(uni单个+later+al) dilateral a 双边的(bi双+later+al) equilateral a 等边的(equi相等+later+al)lateral a 旁边的,侧面的unilateral a 单方面的(uni+later边+al=单边的=单方面的)un,uni=one,表示”单一,一个”unity n 单一,一致(uni+ty) unitarianism n 一元论(unit+arian…的+ism论)unite v 团结,合并bisunite v 分离,分裂(dis分开+unite=团结的分开=分裂)unify v 统一(uni+fy)unification n 联合(uni+fic+ation) uniped a 独脚的(uni+ped叫) unique a 独特的(uni+que表形容词=单一的=独特的)unison n 和谐(uni+son声音) unanimity n 一致,同意(un[=uni]+anim 生命+ity=一个生命=一致) unanimous a 全体一致的(un+anim+ous)unifoliate a 单叶的(uni+foli树叶+ate=单个树叶的)uniform a 同样的,一致的(uni+form形状)uniformity n 一致性(uniform+ity) unilateral a 单方面的(uni+later边+al=单边的=单方面的)Chapter 23analogy n 类比,类似(ana一样+logy=说的一样=类比)log,logu=speak,表示”说话”logic n 逻辑(学)(说话的学问=逻辑学)logical a 符合逻辑的(logic+al) analogy n 类比,类似(ana一样+logy=说的一样=类比)apologue n 寓言(apo离开+logue=说得离开现实=寓言)apology n 道歉,认错(apo离开+logy=退后一步说=道歉)apologize v 道歉(apology+ize) catalogue n目录,一览表(cata下面+logue在下面要说的话=目录) dialogue n 对话(dia对着+logue=对着说)prologue n 开场白(pro在前+logue=在前面说)epilogue n 尾声,后记(epi后面+logue=在后面说)eulogy n 颂辞,称赞(eu好+logy=说好话)eulogize v 称赞(eulogy+ize) monologue n 独白(mono一个人+logue说=独白)philology n 语言学(phil爱+logy说=爱说的学科=语言学)annihilate v 消灭(an使+nihil+ate=使[东西]不存在=消灭) nihil=nothing,表示”无,不存在” nihil n 虚无,毫无价值之物annihilate v 消灭(an使+nihil+ate=使[东西]不存在=消灭)annihiation n 消灭,歼灭nihilism n 虚无主义(nihil+ism主义) criterion n 标准,准绳(作出判断的依据)crit,cris = judge,discern,表示”判断,分辨”critical a 批评的,危险的(crit+ical) criticism n 批评crisis n 危机(cris+is=需要作出判断的时刻=危机时刻)criterion n 标准,准绳(作出判断的依据) hypocrite n 伪君子(hypo在下面+crit+e评判=在背后评判别人=伪君子) hypocrisy n 伪善(hypo+crisy)emanate['emәneit]vi.散发, 发出, 发源;vt.[罕]发散, 放射【根】ex-=out of,Latin m a n a re [to flow]holisticho.lis.ticAHD: [h½-l¹s“t¹k]D.J. [h*&6l!st!k]K.K. [ho6l!st!k]adj.（形容词）1. Of or relating to holism.属于或有关整体论的2. Emphasizing the importance of the whole and the interdependence of its parts.强调整体的重要性及其不可分割性的3. Concerned with wholes rather than analysis or separation into parts:强调整体分析而忽略部分分析的：holistic medicine; holistic ecology.整体治疗医学；注重整体的生态学placebo n 安慰药(plac+ebo药品=平静的药=安慰药)plac=to please,表示”取悦,使满意,使平静”placate v 安慰,抚慰(plac+ate=使…平静)placid a 平静的(plac+id) implacable a 不平静的,难以安慰的(im 不+placable能平静的)complacent a 自满的,自得的(com加强语气+plac+ent=被取悦=自满的) placebo n 安慰药(plac+ebo药品=平静的药=安慰药)complaisant a 讨好的(com加强语气+plais[=plac]+ant=让[别人]满意=讨好的)proficient a 精通的,熟练的(pro前+fic做+ient=以前做过=熟练的) pro-①表示”向前,在前”progressprojectprologuepromotepropelprospectprovoke②表示”很多…”proliferate 繁殖,增殖profit①表示”赞同,亲…”pro-americanproslaveryproabortionistfac,fact,fect,fic,fig=make,do,表示”做,制作”(参考Chapter14 facsimile, Chapter 21 facilitate)staunch1adj firm, loyal and dependable in opinion and attitude 坚定而忠实可靠的:subvert (sub（在下）+ vert（转）→转到下面→推翻)vt. 颠覆，推翻（to overturn or overthrow from the foundation:ruin）ver,ert=turn,表示”转”verse n 诗歌,韵文(转着反复说的话=诗歌)versed a 熟练的(会写诗歌,表示对语言运用的熟练)version n 翻译,译文(vers+ion=从原文转出来=译文)versatile a 多功能的,多才的(玩的转=有才能的)versatility n 多才多艺vertical a 垂直(vert+ical[下垂的东西]) avert v 避开(a离开+vert=转开=避开) adertise v 做广告(at一再+vert+ise=转来转去做广告)advertisement n 广告convert v 转化,改造(con共同+vert=共同转=转化)conversion n 转化,(宗教的)改变incconvertible a 不能转化的(in不+convert转化+ible)unconverted a 不变的,不悔改的(un不+convert转化+ed)controvert v 反驳,攻击(contro相反+vert=相反转=反驳)controversy n 争论,议论incontrovertible a 不容争论的(in不+controvervtt反驳+ible=不容反驳的) sivert v 转向,消遣(di偏离+vert转偏离=转向)diversion n 转向,娱乐invert v 翻过来,倒转(in进+vert=转进去=倒转=倒置)pervert v 颠倒,曲解(per全部+vert=全部转=颠倒)revert v 恢复原状(re回+ert=转回来=恢复)reversion n 恢复原状averse a 反感的(a坏+vers+e=往坏转=反感的)aversion n 反感adverse a 逆反,不辛adversary n 敌手,对手(ad+ers逆反+ary人=逆反之人=对手) anniversary n 周年纪念日(fanni年+vers+ary=一年转一次=纪念日) converse v 谈话,交际(con共同+vers+e=[两个齿轮对着]一起转=相反) conversation n 谈话conversant a亲近的(con共同+vers+ant=在一起转的=亲近的) diverse a 不同的(di分开+vers+e=转开了=不同的)diiversify v 多样化(di分开+vers+ify) diversity n 多样性inverse a 翻转的(in进+vers+e=转进去=翻转的)malversation n 贪污,渎职(mal坏vers+ation=转坏了=做官做坏=贪污) peverse a 性情乖张的(per全部+vers+e=和大家[反着]转=乖张的) perversity n 性情乖张的reverse v 颠倒,逆转a.相反的(re反+verse=反着转=颠倒)irreversible a 不能改变的(ir不+re+vers+ible=不能颠倒的) transversal a 横断的(taans横+vers+al=横着转=横断的) universe n 宇宙(uni一个+vers+e=统一旋转=宇宙)university n 大学(uni+vers+ity=由宇宙引申为知识,知识之地=大学) vertigo n 眩晕(vert+igo=go around转着走=眩晕)vindicate v 辩护,拥护(vin力量+dic 说+ate=用力量说=拥护)(chp 13, jurisdiction)dict,dic=say,assert, 表示”说话,断言”dictate v 口授,命令,听写(dict+ate说话=口授,命令)dictator n 发命令者,独裁者(dictate+or=发命令者)diction n 措词,词语的选择(dict+ion=说话状态=措词)dictionary n 字典(diction+ary=措词的书=字典)dictum n 格言,断言(dict+um=说[出]的话=格言)benediction n 祝福(bene好+dict说+ion =说好话)malediction n 恶言,诅咒(male坏+dict+ion=说坏话)contradict n 反驳,否认(contra反+dict=反说=反驳)contradictory a 矛盾的,对立的(contradict反驳+ory)edict n 法令,布告(e 出+dict说=说出=布告法令)jurisdiction n 司法权(juris 司法+dict+ion=说法律的=司法权) predict v 预言,预告(pre预先+dict) prdeiction n 预言,预告(predict+ion) indict v 起诉,控诉(in进去+dict=进去说=起诉)indictment n 起诉,控诉(indict+ment) abdicate v 放弃,退位(ab离开+dic 说,命令+ ate=不再命令=退位) dedicate v 献身于,致力于(de加强+dic 说+ate=再说=努力献身)indicate v 指示,表示(in进入+dicate=说进去=指示,指明)vindicate v 辩护,拥护(vin力量+dic说+ate=用力量说=拥护)vindictive a 有报复心的(vin力量+dict 说+ive)addict v 耽溺,上瘾(ad一再+dict说=说了还说=耽溺)addicttion n 耽溺,嗜好(addict+ion) interdict v 禁止n. 禁令(inter在中间+ dict=在中间说,不让做=禁止) valediction n 告别赠言(vale再见+dict +ion =说再见)verdict n 裁判,判决(ver真实+dict=说真实话=裁决)predicate v 断定,认定(pre+dic+ate=预先说=断定)prdedication n 认定,断定(predicate+ion)predicament n 困境,险境(pre预先+dica命令+ment=预先命令做=进入危境)indite v 撰写,写作(in进入dite[=dict]=说进去=写进,写作)。
Chapter 22 Auto Flight22 Auto FlightTHE SYMBOL >----O----< ON THE PFD REPRESENTS:The Flight Path Director.The Flight Path Vector.The pitch bar.A22 自动飞行在主飞行显示器上显示的标记>----O----<表示飞行轨迹指引仪飞行轨迹矢量俯仰操纵杆22 Auto FlightTHE FLIGHT PATH DIRECTOR:Replaces the bars in case of Flight Director failure.Is the only possible display for a Flight Director.Is displayed when TRK/FPA has been selected on the FCU.C22 自动飞行飞行轨迹指引仪如果飞行指引仪失效，替换指引杆是飞行指引仪唯一可能的显示会显示，如果航迹/飞行轨迹角已经在飞行操纵组件（FCU）上选择了22 Auto FlightWITH AN AP ENGAGED, PRESSING THE "PRIORITY P/B" ON A SIDE STICK: Disengages the AP.Overrides the AP without disengagement.There is no effect.A22 Auto FlightTHE CONSEQUENCE OF AN ALPHA FLOOR DETECTION IS:TOGA (full) thrust on the engines.A nose down order to reduce the aircraft AOA.An autothrust disengagement.A22 Auto FlightAT ANY TIME, TO DISENGAGE THE A/THR SYSTEM:Push the priority pushbutton on either side stick.Push the Instinctive Disconnect switch on either thrust lever.Set the thrust lever to the TO/GA gate.B按下推力杆任一边的自动解脱电门按钮22 Auto FlightBOTH FLIGHT DIRECTORS ARE ENGAGED:By pressing either FD P/B on the FCU.Automatically at system power rise.By selecting a mode on the FCU.B22 Auto FlightTHE FLIGHT PATH DIRECTOR (FPD) SYMBOL POSITION IS COMPUTED BY THE: Flight Augmentation Computers (FACs).Air Data and Inertial Reference System (ADIRS).Flight Management and Guidance Computers (FMGCs).B22 Auto FlightTHE BASIC FUNCTIONS OF THE FAC ARE:Flight management and rudder trim.Flight envelope and rudder control.Flight envelope and flight management.B22 Auto FlightTHE MULTIPURPOSE CONTROL AND DISPLAY UNIT (MCDU) DISPLAYS:Airports or waypoints around the aircraft position.All data related to the flight management functions.The status of guidance functions and their modes.B22 Auto FlightTHE THRUST TARGET IS COMPUTED BY THE:Flight Management and Guidance Computer (FMGC).Flight Augmentation Computer (FAC).Engine Interface Unit (EIU).A22 Auto FlightTHE BRAKING/STEERING CONTROL UNIT (BSCU):Allows control of the Nose Wheel Steering during automatic landing with orders from the FMGC.Automatically disengages the AP at 60 kts.Automatically disengages the A/THR at 60kts.A22 Auto FlightTHE FMGC FUNCTIONS ARE:Flight Management and Flight Envelope Protection.Flight Management and Flight Guidance.Flight Envelope Protection and Yaw axis control.B22 Auto FlightTHE TRIM FUNCTION OF THE FAC IS:Pitch trim.Rudder trim.Aileron trim.B22 Auto FlightTHE FLIGHT GUIDANCE FUNCTIONS ARE:Autopilot, Flight Plan and Autothrust.Autopilot, Flight Director and Autothrust.Flight Management, Autopilot and Autothrust.B22 Auto FlightTHE FLIGHT CONTROL UNIT (FCU) IS NORMALLY USED:For a long-term order selection.For a short-term order selection.For order selection, if the guidance is managed.B22 Auto FlightYOU CAN ACCESS THE AUTOFLIGHT SYSTEM (AFS) TESTS FROM THE:Flight Control Unit (FCU).MCDU.Flight Augmentation Computer 1 (FAC 1).B22 Auto FlightTHE INTERFACE BETWEEN THE AUTO FLIGHT SYSTEM (AFS) COMPUTERS AND THE CENTRALIZED FAULT DISPLAY SYSTEM (CFDS) IS:The Flight Augmentation Computer 1 (FAC 1).The MCDU.The Flight Management and Guidance Computer (FMGC) 2.A22 Auto FlightTHE AUTOMATIC FLIGHT SYSTEM (AFS) COMPUTERS ARE THE FLIGHT MANAGEMENT AND GUIDANCE COMPUTERS (FMGC) AND:ELevator Aileron Computers (ELACs).Spoiler Elevator Computers (SECs).Flight Augmentation Computers (FACs).C22 Auto FlightON THE FLIGHT CONTROL UNIT (FCU) THE SPEED/MACH SWITCHING:Is automatic.Must be performed by the crew for the climb phase only.Must be performed by the crew both for the climb and descent phases.A22 Auto FlightPRESSING THE HEADING-VERTICAL SPEED/TRACK-FLIGHT PATH ANGLE (HDG-V/S / TRK-FPA) P/B ON THE FLIGHT CONTROL UNIT (FCU):Changes the TRK-V/S into TRK-FPA on the PFD.Changes the Flight Director (FD) symbols into Flight Path Vector (FPV) and Flight Path Director (FPD) and vice versa on the PFD.Has no effect on the indications.B按下飞行控制组件(FCU)上的HEADING-VERTICAL SPEED/TRACK-FLIGHT PATH ANGLE (HDG-V/S / TRK-FPA) P/B按钮在主飞行显示器上变TRK-V/S为TRK-FPA改变飞行导向仪信号 (FD)为飞行轨迹矢量(FPV)和飞行轨迹导向仪，在主飞行显示器上反之亦然在显示上没有效果22 Auto FlightTHE THRUST LIMIT IS COMPUTED BY:The FMGC according to the AP/FD mode.The ECU (CFM) / EEC (V2500) according to the Thrust lever position.The ECU (CFM) / EEC (V2500) according to AP/FD mode.B推力限制由飞行管理导向计算机据自动飞行/飞行指引仪模式计算ECU (CFM) / EEC (V2500)据推力杆位置计算The ECU (CFM) / EEC (V2500)据自动飞行/飞行指引仪模式计算22 Auto FlightWITH THE A/C IN FLIGHT, THE AP ENGAGED AND THE A/THR ACTIVE, THE A/THR MODE: Can be chosen directly by the pilot on the MCDU.Depends on the AP/FD lateral (ROLL) mode.Depends on the AP/FD vertical (PITCH) mode.C飞机在飞行中，实施了自动飞行，飞机推力活跃，飞机推力模式飞行员可以直接在多功能控制显示组件上选择取决于AP/FD 横轴（横滚）模式取决于AP/FD 纵轴（俯仰）模式22 Auto FlightWHEN THE FD TAKE-OFF MODE ENGAGES, THE A/THR:Automatically engages and is active.Automatically engages and is not active.Does not automatically engage and the engines are controlled by the thrust levers.B22 Auto FlightWITH THE A/C IN FLIGHT, THE A/THR NOT ENGAGED, THE THRUST LEVERS IN CLB GATE, AN ALPHA FLOOR IS DETECTED:The A/THR will not engage because the engines are already in CLB thrust.The A/THR automatically engages but is not active.The A/THR automatically engages and controls the engines with a TOGA thrust target.C22 Auto FlightTHE FCU ALLOWS:Selection of FG modes (functions).Selection of radio-nav frequencies.IRS alignment.A22 Auto FlightWHEN FAC 1 P/B "FAULT" LIGHT IS "ON":The FAC 1 rudder control functions have failed.The speed limit computation has been lost.FAC 1 has failed.C22 Auto FlightTHE COMPUTERS CHECKED DURING AUTO FLIGHT SYSTEM (AFS) TEST, ARE THE: Flight Management and Guidance Computers (FMGCs) only.AFS Linear replaceable Units (LRUs).FMGCs and Flight Control Data Concentrators (FCDCs).BWITH AP1 AND AP2 NOT ENGAGED, FD1 AND FD2 ENGAGED AND A/THR ACTIVE: FMGC 1 controls engine 1 and FMGC 2 controls engine 2.FMGC 1 controls both engines.FMGC 2 controls both engines.B22 Auto FlightIN NORMAL OPERATION, WITH BOTH MCDUS SHOWING THE SAME PAGE, A MODIFICATION MADE BY THE PILOT ON MCDU 1 IS SENT TO MCDU 2:Directly.From FMGC 1 through FMGC 2.From FMGC 1, FMGC 2 and RMP 2.B22 Auto FlightIN CASE OF FMGC 1 FAILURE, FMGC 2 AUTOTUNES:Side 2 Nav Receivers through RMP 2 and side 1 Nav Receivers through RMP 1.Side 2 Nav Receivers through RMP 2 and side 1 Nav Receivers directly.Side 1 and side 2 Nav Receivers directly.B22 Auto FlightWITH AP ENGAGED, THE FLIGHT AUGMENTATION COMPUTER (FAC) COMPUTES THE TURN COORDINATION ORDER FROM THE:A/C lateral acceleration.Flight Management and Guidance Computer (FMGC) roll order.FMGC yaw order.B22 Auto FlightIN FLIGHT, IN CASE OF A TEMPORARY LOSS OF ELECTRICAL POWER TO FAC 2, FAC 2 P/B "FAULT" LIGHT COMES ON AND:FAC 2 can be manually reset using FAC 1 P/B.FAC 2 can be manually reset using FAC 2 P/B.There is no way to reset FAC 2.B22 Auto FlightTHE POSITION OF THE AIRCRAFT, USED IN THE FLIGHT PLAN, IS COMPUTED BY: The FG part of the FMGC.The FM part of the FMGC.The DMC.BTHE FLIGHT PLANNING IS:The function that integrates the routes the aircraft must follow and the constraints to construct a flight plan.The function that gives the aircraft position and the follow-up of the flight plan.The ratio of the cost of time to the cost of fuel.22 自动飞行A飞行计划其功能结合了飞机必须遵循的航路和制定飞行计划的约束它的作用就是为飞机提供位置及此飞行计划的后续工作是花费的时间与消耗的燃油之间的比率22 Auto FlightON THE NAVIGATION DISPLAY (ND), THE AIRCRAFT MODEL IS REPRESENTED FIXED: Whatever ROSE-NAV, ARC, or PLAN modes are selected on the Flight Control Unit (FCU).In PLAN mode only.All the time except in PLAN mode.C22 Auto FlightTHE YAM DAMPER ACTUATOR SENDS A MECHANICAL FEEDBACK TO THE PEDALS: For dutch roll damping.For engine fail recovery.Never.C偏航阻尼器作动筒发送一个机械的反馈到踏板上为了阻尼荷兰横滚为了恢复发生故障的发动机从不发送反馈22 Auto FlightWHEN THE AP IS NOT ENGAGED, THE YAW DAMPER ORDERS ARE NORMALLY COMPUTED BY THE: Elevator Aileron Computer (ELAC).Flight Management and Guidance Computer (FMGC).Spoiler Elevator Computer (SEC).A未使用自动驾驶时，偏航阻尼器指令正常情况下是由什么来计算的？升降舵副翼计算机(ELAC)飞行管理和导向计算机(FMGC)扰流板升降舵计算机(SEC)22 Auto FlightTHE MANDATORY PARAMETER USED BY THE ALPHA FLOOR DETECTION IS:A/C selected speed.A/C weight and selected speed.A/C Angle Of Attack and slat / flap configuration.C迎角基线探测所使用的强制性参数是飞机选择的速度飞机重量和选择的速度飞机迎角和襟缝翼构型22 Auto FlightON THE PFD, THE PREDICTED VFE (MAXIMUM FLAP EXTENDED SPEED) IS:Only displayed when aircraft altitude is below 15000 ft.Shown by an amber strip along the speed scale.The speed corresponding to the best lift to drag ratio.A在主飞行显示器上（PFD），可预测的VFE（副翼最大可延展速度）是只有当飞机高度低于15000英尺才显示沿着速度标尺显示的琥珀色线条对应于最大升力与阻力比率的速度22 Auto FlightTHE TARGET AIRSPEED SYMBOL IS DISPLAYED ON THE PFD:In magenta when it is manually entered on the Flight Control Unit (FCU).Either in magenta or cyan or in numeric form when out of the speed scale.As a cyan double bar.B目标空速标记显示在主飞行显示（PFD）上当它被人工录入飞行控制组件(FCU)时，是红紫色的。
Intermediate+Microeconomics英文讲义Chapter22Chapter 22Firm SupplyA. Firms face two sorts of constraints1. technological constraints — summarized in cost function2. market constraints — how will consumers and other firms react toa given firm’s choice?B. Pure competition3. formally —takes market price as given, outside of any particularfirm’s controlIf each firm assumes that the market price is independent of its own level of output, this market is purely competitive. Thus in a competitive market, each firm only has to worry about how much output it wants to produce.4. example: All the firms in a industry produce identical product.They are very small relative to the market. Many small price takers, such as wheat market.5. demand curve facing a competitive firmWe have a demand curve facing a competitive firm. See Figure 22.1.C. Supply decision of competitive firm1. the condition for profit maximizationThe F.O.C:That is, marginal revenue equals marginal cost. Since , . Therefore the profit maximization condition is:marginal revenue = marginal cost = p (market price)2. Proof:a) If price is greater than marginal cost:b) If price is less than marginal cost:c) Firms’ supp ly curvethe supply curve is part of the marginal cost curve.3. only upward-sloping part of marginal cost curve matterswe can rule out levels of output where the marginal cost curve slopes down.So price equals marginal cost is a necessary condition for profit maximization, not a sufficient condition.4. is it profitable to operate at all?Is the upward-sloping part of the marginal cost curve the firms’ supply curve?d) compare with –FThe bottom line for a firm is producing nothing. So we have to compare this firm’s output with zero output.For zero output, this firm has to pay its fixed costs, F, hence its profit is –F.For a level of output y, firm’s profit is .e) Shutdown conditionIf , the firm is better off going out of business.Fromwe haveThat is to say, if the price cannot even cover the average variable cost, let alone cover some fixed cost, it is better for the firm to leave this industry. If not, the firm produces more, it will lose more.f) operate when price covers average variable costs5. So supply curve is the upward-sloping part of MC curve that liesabove the AVC curve. See Figure 22.3.D. Inverse supply curve1. measures the marginal cost curve directlyInverse supply curve, gives price as a function of output. Therefore market price must be a measure of marginal cost for every firm operating in the industry. The total cost of production of each firm can be very different, but the marginal cost of production must be the same.2. draw 2 or 3 firms with their average cost curves and marginal costcurves, then a going market price to show the meaning of as a measure of marginal cost.E. Example: a non-profit organization: “blood donation”, draw itssupply curve.F. Producer’s profit and surplus1. producer’s profit in diagram. See Figure 22.42. producer’s surplus is defined to be : revenue minus variable cost,or equivalently, profits plus the fixed cost:profits=producer’s surplus=so producer’s surplus eq uals profits plus fixed cost.3. From definition: revenue minus variable costs, as shown in Figure22.5A.4. since = area under marginal cost curve, producer’s surplus is alsothe area above the marginal cost curve, as shown in Figure22.5B.Recall why = area under marginal cost curve, because5. we can also use the “rectangle” for part of PS and the “areaabove MC” for the restAs shown in Figure 22.5, the surplus is composed of two parts: R and T. For R, surplus equals revenue minus variable costs; for T, surplus is the area above the marginal cost curve.This firm’s surplus is just the area to the left of supply curve, the producer’s surplus definition given in Chapter 14.6. Change in producer’s surplus equals change in producer’s profit Proof:Profit for ,Profit for ,Change in profit:Thus we can measure the impact of output change on profits from the information contained in the marginal cost curve, without having to refer to the average cost curve. See Figure 22.6.G. Example:1. p = 2y gives the (inverse) supply curve2. is p ≥ AVC?g) yes, since 2y ≥ y for all y ≥ 03. see Figure 22.7.H. Long-run supply—use long-run MC. In long run, price must begreater than AC1. The long-run supply function measures how much the firmwould optimally produce when it is allowed to adjust plant size.The long-run supply curve:.The short-run supply curve is given by price equals marginal cost at some fixed level of k:The short-run and long-run marginal costs coincide at the level of output where the fixed factor choice associated with the short-run marginal cost is the optimal choice, . Thus the short-run and long-run supply curves coincide at , as shown in Figure 22.8.2. When the price of output changes, the firm has more choices toadjust in the long run than in the short run. This suggests that the long-run supply curve will be more responsive to price —more elastic —than the short-run supply curve, as illustrated in Figure22.8.3. Long run is defined to be that time period in which the firm is freeto adjust all of its business. No variable costs.Since in the long run, the firm can always get zero profits by going out of business, the profit that the firm makes in long-run equilibrium has to be at least zero:which means thatso the long-run supply curve is the upward-sloping part of the marginal cost curve that lies above the long-run average cost curve. See Figure22.9.I. Special case —constant average cost (CRS): .at supply curve1. Constant average cost implies that the marginal cost curve is a flatline.2. the supply curve is composed of intersection points of price andthe marginal costs. So the supply curve is a flat line.If , the firm is willing to supply any amount of output;If , the firm is willing to supply an arbitrarily large amount of output; If , the supply is zero.See Figure 22.10.。
