2019高考英语必备：定语从句的翻译技巧

秘笈06 定语从句定语从句的用法较为复杂，高考除了单独考查定语从句知识外，还常常结合句式结构、时态等来综合考查.纵观近几年各地高考试题，不难发现其考点主要包括：1. 考查关系代词和关系副词的区分.如： that, which和where, when的区分; that, which和why的区分等.2. 考查whose的使用.whose可以指代人或物, 在定语从句中作定语, 后跟名词.指物时, whose＋名词＝名词＋ of which ＝ of which＋名词.如：The classroom whose door/the door of which/of which the door is broken is on the second floor.3. 考查as/which引导的非限制性定语从句.尤其要重视which，as引导的非限制性定语从句和it，what 引导的主语从句的区分.4. 考查定语从句中的主谓一致现象.如：I, who am your close friend, will try my best to help you whenever you are in trouble. 5. 考查“介词＋关系代词”引导的定语从句.“介词＋关系代词”引导的定语从句，关系代词指人时用whom，指物时用which，不能用that.关系代词作定语时也可用whose.如：The teacher in front of whose house stands a tall tree is very patient with his students.6. 考查一些特殊的先行词.如：当situation, point, case, activity, scene及period, festival, occasion等出现时, 要注意具体情况具体分析; 作主语、宾语和表语时, 用关系代词that/which; 作状语时, 用关系副词where/when或“介词＋which”, 表示在某种特定的情形下.7. 考查定语从句、强调句、时间状语从句等的区别.考点1 关系代词1. 定语从句中的引导词及其在从句中的作用☞Is he the man who/that wants to see you?他是那个想见你的男人吗？(who/that在从句中作主语) ☞He is the man whom/that I saw yesterday.他就是我昨天见的那个人.(whom/that在从句中作宾语) ☞The man whom you spoke to just now is our English teacher.刚才和你说话的那个男人是我们的英语老师.☞The package(which/that)you are carrying is about to come unwrapped.你拿的那个包裹快要散开了.(which/that在从句中作宾语)☞A child whose parents are dead is called an orphan.双亲都死了的孩子叫作孤儿.(whose表示那个孩子的双亲)☞He lives in a room whose window faces south.他住在那个窗户朝南的房子里.(whose表示那个房子的窗户)2. 关系代词that和which的用法区别☞It is the best film(that)I have seen.这是我看过的最棒的电影.☞He is the very man that they are looking for.他正是他们在寻找的人.☞They talked of things and persons that they remembered in the school.他们谈到他们记得的学校的那些人和事.3. 关系代词as引导限制性定语从句的用法（1）as既可指人又可指物，在定语从句中充当主语、宾语等，引导限制性定语从句时的固定搭配：thesame ...as ...；such ...as ...；so/as ...as ...☞She is such a nice girl as we all like.她是一个我们大家都喜欢的好女孩.【注意】 ①This is such a beautiful park that everyone wants to visit it. 这是一个如此漂亮的公园以至于每个人都想去参观.②This is such a beautiful park as everyone wants to visit.这是一个如此漂亮的每个人都想去参观的公园. 句①由于从句中不缺少任何语法成分，故从句在这个结构中为结果状语从句.句②从句中动词visit 缺少宾语，故应用关系代词as 引导定语从句.（2）the same ...as 与the same ...that 的区别：⎩⎪⎨⎪⎧与原物同类，即同类异物和原物是同一个，即同类同物☞This is the same pen as I bought yesterday. 这和我昨天买的那支钢笔一样.☞This is the same pen that I bought yesterday.这就是我昨天买的那支钢笔.1. (2017·新课标卷III ·短文改错)Around me in picture are the things they were very important in my life at that time ： car magazines and musical instruments. 【参考答案】 they →that/which2.(2017·北京卷·单项填空）The little problems ________ we meet in our daily lives may be inspirations for great inventions. A. that B. as C. where D. when【参考答案】A【答案解析】考查定语从句.先行词是 the little problems, 在从句中作 meet 的宾语，故选关系代词that.句意：我们在日常生活中遇到的那些小问题有可能会成为伟大发明的灵感.3.Among the many dangers__________ sailors have to face, probably the greatest of all is fog. A. which B. what C. where D. when【参考答案】A【答案解析】分析句子结构可知，________sailors have to face 是定语从句，修饰先行词the many dangers ，且从句缺少宾语，要用关系代词. 因此A选项正确.句意为＂在水手不得不面对的许多危险中，可能最大的是雾霾.＂考点2介词+关系代词一、有时从句中的介词可以提前到关系代词之前，形成＂介词＋关系代词＂结构，关系代词可以用which， whose，whom，不可以用that.＂介词＋关系代词＂引导定语从句常见的有以下几种结构：（1）介词＋关系代词☞Mandela was the black lawyer to whom I went for advice.＝Mandela was the black lawyer whom I went to for advice.曼德拉是我寻求帮助的一位黑人律师. （2）名词/代词/数词＋介词＋关系代词☞He wrote a book, the name of which I’ve completely forgotten.他写了一本书，书名我完全给忘记了.☞The old man has two daughters, both of whom are doctors.那位老人有两个女儿，她们都是医生.（3）形容词最高级＋介词＋关系代词☞China has thousands of islands，the largest of which is Taiwan.中国有成千上万的岛屿，其中最大的是台湾.（4）介词＋关系代词＋名词☞I called him by the wrong name，for which mistake I apologized.我叫错了他的名字，为此我向他表示了歉意.(不能使用whose)二、＂介词＋关系代词＂结构中介词的选用1.一般来说，确定关系代词前的介词，可以从以下三方面入手：①先行词的意义；②从句中的动词或形容词与先行词的固定搭配；③句子的意思.☞I’ll never forget the time during which I spent my childhood in the country.我永远不会忘记孩童时代我在乡村度过的时光.2. 表示＂整体和部分关系＂，介词常用of.在some，any，few，none，all，both，neither，most，each 等代词或数词的前、后可以用of which/whom.☞John invited about 40 people to his wedding，most of whom are family members.约翰邀请了大约40人参加他的婚礼，他们当中绝大部分是家庭成员.3.有时＂介词＋where＂可以引导定语从句，此时要和＂介词＋which＂引导的定语从句从意思上加以区别.☞His head soon appeared out of the window，from where he saw nothing but trees.他的头很快从窗口探了出来，从那里除了树木他什么也看不到.(from where相当于from out of the window，而不是from the window)三、 of whom, of which与whose的用法解析.1. whose的用法①whose引导定语从句, 后应紧跟名词, 构成名词短语.☞The boy, whose father is an engineer, studies very hard.那位小男孩学习很努力, 他的父亲是位工程师.②whose引导定语从句时, 先行词既可指人, 也可指物.☞The bicycle, whose brake was damaged, has now been repaired.那辆自行车的闸坏了, 现在已修好了.③whose在定语从句中与它所修饰的名词一起可作介词宾语, 可以与介词一起放在先行词与从句之间.在whose引导的定语从句中, 可用of which代替whose, 但词序不同, 即“whose＋名词＝the＋名词＋of＋which”；而用of whom代替时只能指人, 有时可以与whose互换.☞The boss, in whose factory Mary's father once worked, is kind to her.老板对玛丽很好, 玛丽的父亲曾经在他的工厂工作过.☞He lives in the room whose window (the window of which) faces south.他住在窗户朝南的房间里.2. 下列情况只用of which或of whom, 而不用whose引导定语从句.①定语从句的主语是some, many, few, little, much, most等词时, 用of which/whom, 不用whose.☞Here are the questions, some of which I thought difficult for you.就是这些问题, 我认为其中一些对你来说有难度.☞Present at the meeting were almost experts on DNA, most of whom came from the USA.出席会议的大多是DNA专家, 其中大部分来自美国.②定语从句的主语是all, both, neither, each, none等词时, 用of which/whom, 不用whose.☞He has two sons, both of whom are doctors.他有两个儿子, 都是医生.☞I bought him two pieces of clothing, neither of which he likes.我给他买了两件衣服, 他一件也不喜欢.③定语从句的主语是表示数量的词时, 用of which/ whom, 不用whose.☞Here are many books, two of which he borrowed.这儿有许多书, 他借走了两本.1.(2017·江苏卷) In 1963 the UN set up the World Food Programme, one of ________ purposes is torelieve worldwide starvation.A. whichB. itsC. whoseD. whom【参考答案】C2.（2016 • 江苏卷）Many young people, most _________were well-educated, headed for remote regions to chase their dreams.A. of whichB. of themC. of whomD. of those【参考答案】C【答案解析】考查定语从句.本题定语从句的先行词是Many young people，关系代词whom指代先行词，在定语从句中作介词of的宾语.句意：很多年轻人都前往偏远地区追求它们的梦想，其中大部分人都受过良好教育.故C项正确.考点3 关系副词1. 常用的关系副词：when，why，where(在从句中只作状语)2. 意义及作用☞I’ll never forget the day(that/which)we spent together last week.我将永远不会忘记上周我们一起度过的那一天.☞I’ll never forget the day when I got to know you.我将永远不会忘记我认识你的那天.☞I don’t like the way(that/in which)he talks.我不喜欢他谈话的方式.☞Do you know the reason why(for which)he was so sorry?你知道他那么难过的原因吗？【注意】①在口语和非正式场合, when, where和why或相当于关系副词的“介词＋which”结构可用that来代替并可省略.☞Do you know anywhere (that) I can get a drink?你知道在哪儿我能喝杯酒吗？②why或that引导的定语从句, 先行词是reason, 且reason又作主句主语时, 表语从句不能用because引导, 而要用that引导.其句型为：The reason why...is that...或The reason that...is that....☞The reason why he was late for school was that he was injured in thetraffic accident on his way to school.他上学迟到的原因是他在上学路上的交通事故中受伤了.☞The reason that he explained at the meeting was that he hadto look after his mother in hospital.他在会上解释的原因是他不得不去照顾他住院的母亲.③“地点模糊”的先行词后跟where引导的定语从句.当先行词为point, situation, conditions, case, position, stage, scene,spot, activity, family, job等表示某人/物所处的情况、发展的阶段或表达某事的某个方面时, 用where引导定语从句, where相当于from which, under which等, 表示“在这种情况下”,“从……中”等.☞We’re just trying to reach a point where both si des will sit downtogether and talk.我们只是尽力想能达到双方共同坐下来商谈的地步.3. 关系代词与关系副词的选择依据①考虑代替先行词的关系词在从句中充当的语法成分, 如果关系词在从句中作主语、表语、宾语和定语,就用关系代词；如果关系词在从句中作状语, 就用关系副词.☞The house where he lives needs repairing.which/that he lives in他住的房子需要修理.☞Have you asked her for the reason that/which my explain her absence?why she was absent?你是否问过她缺席的原因？②辨别先行词表示的是人、物、时间、地点还是原因.☞I don’t like the man who always speak s ill of others.我不喜欢总是说他人坏话的人.☞I will never forget the days when we worked together.我永远也忘不了我们在一起工作的日子.③判断从句是限制性还是非限制性定语从句.☞A dictionary is a book that gives the meanings of words.词典是解释词语意思的书.☞A dictionary is a book, which gives the meanings of words.词典是一本书, 它给出词语的意思.④判断关系词在从句中作宾语还是作状语, 取决于定语从句中的谓语动词.☞This is the point where I disagree.这就是我不同意的地方.(disagree为不及物动词, 故关系词用where.)☞This is the point (which/that) I disagree with.这就是我不同意的地方.(从句缺少介词with的宾语, 用that/which引导, 也可以省略)1.（2016·天津卷）We will put off the picnic in the park until next week, the weather may be better.A. thatB. whereC. whichD. when【参考答案】D【易错提醒】当先行词是时间名词时，既可以用when引导定语从句，也可以用that或which引导定语从句，关键要看关系词在从句中作何种成分.若关系词在定语从句中充当状语，用when引导；若关系词在从句中充当主语或宾语，则用that或which引导.如：☛Do you remember the days when we chatted with each other all night?你还记得我们整夜聊天的那些日子吗？（when在从句中作状语）☛Do you remember the days that/which we spent together on the farm?你还记得我们在农场一起度过的那些日子吗？（that或which作spent的宾语）2. Experiments with domestic dogs, one animal was given a treat and another denied, have shownthat they possess a sense of fairness as they shared their treats.A. whatB. whereC. thatD. which【参考答案】B【答案解析】考查非限定性定语从句.句意：用家犬做试验，试验中一只给了食物，而另一只没有，这表明了它们有一种分享食物的公平感.分析句子结构可知，先行词是Experiments，where在非限制性定语从句中作地点状语，表示抽象地点，where相当于in which.故选B.考点4限制性定语从句与非限制性定语从句一、可以引导非限制性定语从句的引导词大部分可以引导限制性定语从句的关系词也可以引导非限制性定语从句，但是关系代词that和关系副词why通常除外.1. 关系代词which先行词通常是指物的名词或代词，其中先行词还可以是短语或整个句子.☞The villa, which we saw yesterday, is very beautiful.我们昨天看的别墅很漂亮.（which指代the villa）☞Tom was always late for school, which made his teacher angry.汤姆上学总是迟到，这一点令他的老师很生气.（which指代整个主句的内容）2. 关系代词who,whom与whose先行词指人时，who在引导的非限制性定语从句中作主语，whom作宾语，whose作定语.☞Bob’s father, who worked on the project, spent four years in Egypt.鲍勃的父亲从事这项工程，在埃及度过了四年.（who作主语）☞A young man had a new girlfriend, whom he wanted to impress.一个年轻的小伙子新交了一个女朋友，他想给她留下深刻的印象.（whom作宾语）☞I decided to write about Chaplin, one of whose films I had seen several years before.我决定写有关卓别林的文章，他的一部电影我几年前就看过了.（whose作定语）3. 关系副词when与where关系副词在所引导的非限制性定语从句中作状语，where表示地点，when表示时间.☞Next month, when you’ll spend your summer holidays in your hometown, is approaching.下个月即将来临，届时你们将在家乡度暑假.（when指代表示时间的名词短语next month，并作从句的状语.）☞She is going to live in Macao, where she has some close friends.她要到澳门去居住，在那里她有几个密友.（where指代表示地点的名词Macao，并在从句中作状语.）4. asas可以引导非限制性定语从句，常有＂正如……＂的意思，所引导的从句既可置于主句之前，也可置于主句之后.as多用于固定搭配中：as is known to all众所周知as has been said before如前所说as is often the case情况常常如此as may be imagined这可以想象得出as has been pointed out正如已经指出的那样as often happens这种情况常常发生as is mentioned above 正如上面所提到的☞As you know, David is a photographer.=David, as you know, is a photographer.= David is a photographer, as you know.戴维是名摄影师，你是知道的.（as引导非限制定语从句，指代整个主句的内容.）【易混辨析】as与which引导非限制性定语从句时的区别☞As we know, smoking is harmful to one’s health.众所周知，吸烟有害健康.（as引导定语从句，位于句首，指代整个主句内容）☞Allen has made much progress in English, which delighted us.艾伦英语取得了很大进步，这使我们很高兴.（which引导定语从句，相当于and this，表示因果关系）二、限制性定语从句与非限制性定语从句的区别☞The house, which we bought last month, lies in the center of the city.那套房子位于市中心，是我们上个月买的.（非限制性定语从句，不表明有多少套房子）☞The house (which/that) we bought last month lies in the center of the city.我们上个月买的那套房子位于市中心.（限制性定语从句，暗含＂可能有若干套房子＂之意）1.（2017·新课标卷I·语法填空）Like anything, it is possible to have too much of both, 70 is not good for the health.【参考答案】 which2.（2017·新课标卷II·短文改错）In their spare time, they are interesting（改为interested） in planting vegetables in their garden, that is on the rooftop of their house.【参考答案】 which【答案解析】非限制性定语从句需要用which引导，故将that改为which.3. （2017·新课标卷III·语法填空）But Sarah, 64 has taken part in shows along with top models, wants to prove (prove) that she has brains as well as beauty.【参考答案】 who【答案解析】考查定语从句.分析句子结构可知， 64 has taken part in shows along with top models 是非限制性定语从句，非限制性定语从句中缺少主语，且先行词为Sarah，指人，要用who.4.（2016·全国新课标卷I·语法填空）But my connection with pandas goes back 64（to） my dayson a TV show in the mid-1980s, 65 I was the first Western TV reporter 66（permitted）(permit) to film a special unit caring for pandas rescued from starvation in the wild. 【参考答案】when【答案解析】考查定语从句.后面是非限制性定语从句，从句中缺少状语，又因先行词是时间，故填when.一、定语从句中需注意的问题1. 当先行词为表示方式的the way时，从句不能用how来引导，应用that或in which，或将它们全部省略.2. as引导限制性定语从句时，常用于下列句式中：such＋名词＋as ...＂像……一样的＂；the same＋名词＋as ...＂和……同样的＂.3. 当先行词是time时，若time表示＂次数＂，应用that引导定语从句，并且that可以省略；若time表示＂一段时间＂讲，应用when或＂at/during＋which＂引导定语从句.☞This is the second time(that)the president has visited the country.这是这位总统第二次访问这个国家.☞This is at a time when/during which there were no radios，no telephones or no TV sets.这是在一个没有收音机，没有电话，也没有电视的时代.4. 定语从句中的主谓一致当关系代词在从句中作主语时，从句中谓语动词的数原则上要与先行词保持一致，但要注意以下几点：先行词是＂one of＋复数名词＂结构时，关系代词引导的定语从句中的谓语动词一般用复数形式；但如有the very，the only，the first，the last，the right等修饰one时，谓语动词用单数.☞This is one of the most interesting questions that have been asked.这是被问过的最有意思的问题之一.☞She is the only one of the girls who studies hard.她是这些女孩中唯一一个刻苦学习的. 二、定语从句与地点状语从句的区别当定语从句的引导词与地点状语从句的连接词都是where时，定语从句修饰、限制、说明地点名词；而状语从句则说明动作发生的地点，where没有对应的地点名词或代词.☞This is the place where we used to live a few years ago.这就是几年前我们常居住的地方.（定语从句）☞Let’s go where we can find a better job.我们到我们能找到更好工作的地方去吧.（地点状语从句）三、定语从句与强调句型的区别定语从句对名词或代词的修饰和限制，关系词可能是that, which, as, who, but, 另一方面，句子中的It有所指；而强调句型是对某部分加强语气，强调语气的连接词只能是that, who，并且句子中的It 没有任何意义；一般比较明显，而有时就难以区别，还需要根据上下文的语境来判断.It is a book that he wants.它究竟是强调句型还是定语从句，就要从语境上来考察.如果它是用来回答What is this / that? 这样的问题，意思是：它是一本他想要的书.句子显然是定语从句.如果是用来回答What does he want? 这样的问题，那么意思是：他想要的是一本书.显然，句子是强调句型.I.单项填空1.He isn’t such a man _______ he used to be.A. whoB. whomC. thatD.as【答案】D【解析】考查连词.such… as是固定用法，as引导定语从句时，可以作主语，宾语或表语.在本题中as作表语.句意：他不再是以前的那样了.故选D.2.We must be in a place of peace and faith, so internal conflict and disbelief do not hold back _______ it is possible for us to achieve.A. howB. whatC. whyD. where【答案】B3.Actually, there are grammatical mistakes many students make _______ keep them from writing the good compositions.A. whatB. thatC. whoD. whether【答案】B【解析】考查定语从句连词.先行词为“grammatical mistakes”，关系代词that引导定语从句，并在从句中作主语.grammatical mistakes后面还跟了一个定语从句that/ which many students make.从句中引导词that或which作make的宾语，省去了.句意：事实上，许多学生所犯的语法错误使他们写不出好的作文来.故选B.4.The total number of shared bikes, _______ are easy to rent through smartphone apps, is increasing rapidly.A. whichB. whyC. thatD. who【答案】A5.The death of the closest relatives, _______ almost every one of us has experienced, always makes people feel bitter and unbearable.A. whichB. whoC.asD. the one【答案】C【解析】考查非限定性定语从句.句意：最亲近的亲人的离世，正如几乎每个人都经历过的，总是让人感到痛苦不堪.此处为非限定性定语从句，故C项正确.6.The WFP has launched a new app called Share The Meal, _______ the potential, people believe, is enormous as it allows smart-phone users to make donations with a simple tap on their phone.A. whoseB. thatC. whichD. of which【答案】D【解析】考查定语从句.句意：世界粮食计划署已经推出一个新的应用软件叫做Share The Meal，人们相信它的潜力是巨大的，因为它允许智能手机的用户用手机简单的点击就可以捐赠.使用定语从句，先行词是a new app，定语从句中完整表达是the potential of the app，用which引导定语从句，将of提到which 前面.或者是the potential of which.如果用whose，就去掉potential前面的the.故选D.II.语法填空阅读下面材料，在空白处填入1个适当的单词或括号内单词的正确形式.My local supermarket is always busy. The first parking space I found was convenient, b ut I’d noticed a woman in a blue car circling for a while. Since I was in 1 good mood, I let her have it. So I backed into the next available spot — it was a tight fit.Soon I’d made my way through the supermarket and was back in the fresh air. 2 (feel) good, I emptied my change purse into the hands of a homeless man and helped a struggling woman reverseher car(倒车).Just as I approached my car, I saw the woman who I’d let have my car spot 3 (early). She was giving me an odd look —half puzzled, half enthusiastic. I smiled and wished her a pleasant day. As I squeezed back into my car, I 4 (spot) the same lady looking in at me. "Hello," she said, hesitantly. "This may sound crazy, 5 I was on my way to drop some of my mother’s things off at the charity bins. You are just so much 6 her. You helped those people, I noticed, and you seemed so happy." She looked at me 7 (mean), and passed a box in through the window. "I think she would like you to have it." 8 (shock), I took it from her automatically. She smiled and walked away.After a pause, I opened the box. Inside was a beautiful gold necklace with a large grey pearl. It was the 9 (nice) gift I’d ever received, and it was from a complete stranger. The necklace was around my neck, a warm 10 (remind) of human kindness.【文章大意】我在超市停车时，主动把停车位让给一个女士.出乎意外的是，她赠送给我一条她母亲戴过的金项链.这份意外的礼物时刻提醒我多做善事.1.a【解析】考查习惯搭配中的冠词.此处存在习惯搭配in a good mood，意为"心情好"，故本空填不定冠词a.2.Feeling3.earlier【解析】考查副词的比较级.此处表示我看见我早些时候让给她车位的那位女士，故填early的比较级earlier，意为"早些时候，先前".4.spotted【解析】考查时态.句中的时间状语从句"As I squeezed back into my car"表明本空应用一般过去时. 5.but【解析】考查连词.空格前后两句话之间为转折关系，故填表示转折关系的连词but.6.like【解析】考查介词.此处表示你和她做事风格非常像，因此本空填like.7.meaningfully【解析】考查词性转换.分析句子结构可知，此处应用副词修饰动词，故填副词meaningfully"意味深长地".8.Shocked【解析】考查非谓语动词.分析句子结构可知，此处应用过去分词作状语，表示主语的状态.此外，根据语境"我感到意外，不由自主地从她手中接过这条金项链"也可推断出，此处应填shocked，注意首字母大写.9.nicest【解析】考查形容词最高级.此处表示这是我收到过的最好的礼物.根据前面的the并结合语境可知，此处应用nice的最高级nicest.10.reminder【解析】考查词性转换.分析句子结构可知，此处形容词warm修饰名词，故填名词reminder.I.单项填空1. She is looking forward to the day her daughter wins the gold medal in the Olympics.A.howB.whichC.whenD.where【答案】C2. Some citizens will attend a meeting to be held by our city government, the opinions can be voicedfreely there.A.of whichB.of whomC.in whichD.in whom【答案】B【解析】考查定语从句.句意：一些市民将参加我们市政府举行的一个会议，在那里他们可以自由地发表他们的见解.空处引导非限制性定语从句，先行词为citizens.在此the opinions of whom相当于whose opinions.3. He is commonly regarded as a funny man rather than as a reformer , at bottom, he is.A.whenB.whereC.thatD.which【答案】C【解析】考查定语从句.句意：他通常被认为是个滑稽的人而非一个改革者，但他实际上就是一个改革者.分析句子结构可知，空处引导定语从句，指代先行词a reformer，并在定语从句中充当表语，故用that.4. It was funny that he should have told such a funny story made everyone present burst into laughter.A.asB.thatC.whichD.what【答案】A【解析】考查定语从句.句意：真怪，他竟然讲了那样一个让在场的每一个人都放声大笑的滑稽故事.分析句子结构可知，空处引导定语从句，若先行词被the same， such等词修饰或其前有so+形容词+不定冠词，其后的定语从句需用as引导.此题考生易错选that.such...that...中，that引导的是结果状语从句，且在句中只起连接作用，不充当句子成分；而分析该题的句子结构可知，空处在此引导定语从句，且在从句中作主语，故应用as.试比较：It is such a difficult problem that none of us can work it out. 这个问题如此难以至于我们中没有一个人能解出它.(that引导结果状语从句，在从句中不作成分)It is such a difficult problem as none of us can work out. 这是一个我们所有人都解不出的难题.(as引导定语从句，且在从句中作宾语)5. I will go to Paris to attend an exhibition many world-famous companies will present their latestproducts.A.whenB.whichC.whereD.whose【答案】C6. _________is generally believed, it is human activities that have contributed to the global warming.A.AsB.ThatC.WhatD.It【答案】A【解析】考查定语从句.句意：人们普遍认为，正是人类活动导致了全球变暖.As在此引导非限制性定语从句，指代主句的内容,并在定语从句中充当主语.II.语法填空阅读下面材料，在空白处填入1个适当的单词或括号内单词的正确形式.Today I went in the melting snow to visit my 82-year-old friend. She needed help with her computer, so I went in for a computer repair and a chat. 1 I only managed to fix half of the problem, we had a lovely chat, and she presented me with some 2 (tradition) Portuguese cakes, called Queijadas de Sintra. She said a friend had posted 3 to her.Then we went to town to do some shopping. On the way back, I noticed a newly-opened coffee shop 4 (name) “Anglo-Milanese”, appealing to me. Being a fan of Italy and 5 (stay) in Milan a couple of years. I couldn’t help going to investigate. Once inside I noticed that people running the place were, in fact, Italian, so I placed my order 6 Italian and from then on we just started as if we 7 (know) each other for a lifetime.It was wonderful. 8 coffee shop is owned by four friends, two English people and two Italians. I ended up sharing my Queijadas Sintra with them 9 they loved the cakes very much. The lovely lady 10 sent those delicious cakes from Portugal could never have imagined that her gift would reach so far and make so many people smile.【语篇解读】本文主要介绍了作者偶遇意大利人开的咖啡店，并且为此而开心的故事.1. Although/Though2. traditional【解析】考查形容词.形容词traditional（传统的）作定语，修饰名词cake，意思是“传统的葡萄牙蛋糕”，故填traditional.3. them【解析】考查代词.此处的them指代上文的traditional Portuguese cakes，作动词posted的宾语，故填them.4. named。

定语从句翻译技巧在英语中，定语从句很常见，翻译时如不进行仔细分析就会出现误译。

通过实例对定语从句的翻译技巧做一探讨，并将这些翻译技巧赋予理论概念，即定语从句定语化,定语从句谓语化,定语从句状语化。

在把汉语翻译成带有定语从句的英语时，中国学生常常会受到母语的影响会出现误译。

因此我们要对比英汉两种语言，以便避免汉语的负迁移。

一英译汉时定语从句翻译中的易错点英语中的定语从句是在句中起形容词作用的结构，通常分为限制性定语从句和非限制性定语从句两大类。

进行英译汉翻译时如不进行仔细分析，就会造成误译。

比如，下面两个句子仅有一个逗号之差，含义却不同：His brother who is a soldier is eightee n years old now.His brother，who is a soldier，is eighteen years old now.第一句应译为：他那个当兵的哥哥今年十八岁了。

(含义为：他不止一个哥哥。

句中的限制性定语从句起到限定的作用。

)第二句应译为：他的哥哥今年十八岁了，他在当兵。

(含义为：他只有一个哥哥。

句中的非限制性定语从句起到补充说明的作用。

)定语从句在英语中大量出现，它有长有短，结构有简有繁，对先行词的限制有强有弱定语从句有时起着补充说明和分层叙述的作用，或在逻辑上表示原因、目的、条件，让步和结果等意义。

在语序上，英文定语从句置于先行词之后.。

所以汉译时必须正确体会原文的逻辑概念，合理安排译文的语序。

二英译汉时定语从句的翻译方法英语定语从句虽然种类繁多，变化复杂，但一般均可以用以下三种方法翻译。

1定语从句定语化限制性定语从句往往要译成前置定语结构，翻译成带“的”的定语词组，这是因为它与所修饰的词关系甚密，若分开译会影响主句意思的完整。

也有一些非限制性定语从句，或因结构短小，或因与被修饰词关系较密切，或因拆译后会造成译文结构松散，在这种情况下可以译成前置定语结构。

限制性定语从句定语化式汉译处理(1) Lily is not a person who is ready to give in .李利不是一个轻易放弃的人。

定语从句怎么翻译定语从句是指在句子中修饰一个名词或代词的从句。

翻译定语从句时需要注意保持原句的结构和语法正确性，并将定语从句与先行词之间的关系清晰地表达出来。

以下是关于定语从句的翻译方法与技巧。

1. 基本型定语从句的基本型翻译方法是将从句直接放在先行词之后，并根据句子的语序和语法结构进行对应调整。

例句1：I like the book that you recommended.翻译：我喜欢你推荐的那本书。

2. 删除关系词在某些情况下，定语从句中的关系词可以被省略，但在翻译时需要补全，以确保句子的完整性和准确性。

例句2：He's the boy I saw yesterday.翻译：他是我昨天看到的那个男孩。

3. 变换关系词定语从句中的关系词可以根据语境和需要进行变换，使翻译更符合目标语言的表达习惯。

例句3：This is the city where I was born.翻译：这是我出生的那个城市。

4. 递变关系词的位置定语从句的关系词在翻译时可以根据需要进行位置的变换，以便更好地表达出从句与先行词之间的关系。

例句4：She is the woman whose car broke down.翻译：她是那辆车坏了的那个女士。

5. 使用介词短语有时候，为了更准确地表达从句与先行词之间的关系，可以使用介词短语来翻译定语从句。

例句5：I have a friend from Japan whose father is a famous musician.翻译：我有一个来自日本的朋友，他的父亲是一位著名的音乐家。

6. 倒装句有时候，定语从句的翻译可以采用倒装句的形式，以改变语序和强调从句的内容。

例句6：There is a book on the table which I need.翻译：桌子上有一本书，我需要它。

综上所述，翻译定语从句需要根据原句的语法结构和语义关系，灵活运用各种翻译方法和技巧，以确保翻译的准确性和流畅性。

英语定语从句翻译技巧英语定语从句翻译技巧定语从句是由一些关系代词或者关系副词引导的从句组成，用来修饰名词中心词。

英语定语从句翻译技巧有哪些？以下是店铺整理的相关技巧，欢迎阅读。

从定语从句的性质和功能分析，翻译方法：A．表原因The manager was giving a dinner for a few people whom he wished especially to talk to or to hear from.经理只宴请了几个人，因为他特别想和这些人谈谈，听听他们的意见。

No one in the company likes their boss, who is stingy and bad-tempered. 公司里没人喜欢他们的老板，因为他脾气暴躁、人又小气。

B．表结果The two countries established formal diplomatic relation, which paved the way for the further communication.两国正式建立了外交关系，从而为双方进一步的交流铺平了道路。

They quarreled with each other everyday, which led to their divorce. 他们夫妻二人天天吵架，最终导致离婚。

C．表让步He insisted on buying another car, which he actually didn’t need.. 他坚持要再买一辆车，尽管他并不需要。

My father, who thought it might not work, supported me.尽管父亲认为这个办法可能不会起作用，但还是支持我。

D．表目的This company, which wants to get their new product sold well in the market, is trying hard to perfect its packing and workmanship.为了使新产品在市场热销，这个公司正在全力改进工艺和外包装。

英语定语从句的翻译技巧定语从句与先行词分隔及其翻译通常，定语从句紧跟在先行词之后，但在具体的运用中，往往也出现有定语从句与先行词被分隔的现象。

本文就定语从句与先行词分隔的种种情况、分隔的原因及其汉译进行探讨。

一、定语从句与先行词分隔的形式1 被谓语分隔，例如：Many forms of apparatus have been devised by which a more ac- curate knowledge of blood pressure can be obtained．人们已经设计出许多医疗器械，通过这些医疗器械，可以对血压有一个更为精确的了解。

Hardly a man came to the exhibition but was deeply impressed by the originality of his works．来参观的人几乎无一不对他的作品的创造性留下深刻印象。

2 被非从句定语分隔，例如：Singapore is at the start of a long road，already well trodden in the west，that leads to such solutions as shelter and rest homes．新加坡眼下正踏上一条西方国家早已走了很远的漫长道路，即最终建立收容所和休养院来解决问题。

Does this mean that in time fish might learn to leave alone all food on hooks that they have seen before？这难道不就意味着，鱼儿很快就可能学会避开那些它们常见的鱼钩上的食物吗？3 被状语分隔，例如：Never say anything behind a person's back that you wouldn't say to his face．当面不愿说的话，千万不要在背后说。

定语从句的翻译方法
定语从句是用来修饰名词或代词的从句，常常用来给出额外的信息来
进一步说明该名词或代词。

翻译定语从句时，一般可以采用以下方法：
1.将定语从句翻译为一个完整的句子，放在被修饰的名词或代词后面。

例如：
- The girl who is sitting next to me is my best friend.
-坐在我旁边的那个女孩是我最好的朋友。

2.将定语从句翻译为一个介词短语，并用该介词短语修饰被修饰的名
词或代词。

例如：
- The book that I am reading is very interesting.
-我正在看的那本书非常有趣。

3.将定语从句翻译为一个形容词短语，并用该形容词短语修饰被修饰
的名词或代词。

例如：
- The man who is wearing a hat is my father.
-戴着帽子的那个男人是我爸爸。

注意：翻译定语从句时要注意上下文的语境，并使得翻译后的句子通顺、流畅。

专题八定语从句Each graduate standing on the playground, who was accompanied by a parent, would be awarded a diploma by the headmaster.每个毕业生都由父亲或母亲陪伴着站在操场上，等待校长给他们颁发毕业文凭。

My daughter, whose job requires her to do a lot of travelling, is always away from home.我的女儿总不在家，她的工作需要经常出差。

1．关系代词that与which的用法(1)限制性定语从句中只用that不用which的情况：①先行词是不定代词或者先行词被不定代词所修饰时，关系代词通常只用that。

Do you have anything that you want to say for yourself?你有什么要为自己说的吗？②先行词被序数词，形容词最高级，the only, the very, the last等修饰时，关系代词通常只用that，不用which。

This is one of the most exciting football games that I have ever seen.这是我见过的最激动人心的足球比赛之一。

This is the only thing that we can do now.这是我们现在唯一能做的事情。

③先行词既有人又有物时，关系代词只用that，不用which。

The scientist and his achievements that you told me about are admired by us all.我们所有人都钦佩你告诉我的那位科学家和他所取得的成就。

④定语从句出现在which或who的特殊疑问句中时用that。

Which is the bike that you lost?哪辆是你丢的自行车？Who is the boy that won the gold medal?赢得金牌的那个男孩是谁？⑤有两个定语从句时，其中一个关系代词宜用which，另外一个宜用that。

定语从句翻译方式定语从句翻译方式定语从句（也称关系从句、形容词性从句），是指一类由关系词（英语：relative word）引导的从句，因为这类从句的句法功能多是做定语，所以曾被称为定语从句（英语：attributive clause），这类从句除了可以做定语之外，还可以充当状语等其他成分，所以现代语言学多使用“关系从句”这一术语。

下面是店铺收集整理的定语从句翻译方式，仅供参考，希望能够帮助到大家。

第一、前置翻译法：把定语从句翻译到所修饰的先行词前面，可以用“的”来连接。

但前置翻译法往往适用于较短的定语。

如：Yao Ming is a basketball player who is ver great.姚明是一名非常伟大的运动员。

He who has never tasted what is bitter does not know what is sweet.没有吃过苦的人不知道什么是甜。

Space and oceans are the new world which scientists are trying to explore.太空和海洋是科学家们努力探索的新领域。

His laughter，which was infectious，broke the silence.他那富有感染力的笑声打破了沉寂。

第二、后置翻译法：把定语从句翻译在所修饰的先行词后面，翻译为并列分句。

其中对于先行词的处理有两种：1. 重复先行词。

如：I told the story to John，who told it to his brother.他把这件事告诉了约翰，约翰又告诉了他的弟弟。

We wish to express our satisfaction at this to the Special Committee，whose activities deserve to be encouraged.在我们对特别委员会表示满意，特别委员会的工作应该受到鼓励。

英文翻译的论文：定语从句的翻译方法1. That 只能用在限定性定语从句中，而who, whom, which, which 既可用于限定性定语从句中，也可用于非限定性定语从句。

I know that he is a man who/that means what he says.【我知道他是一个守信用的人。

】The gentleman (whom /that)she met addressed her with courtesy.【她遇到的那位先生很有礼貌地向她打了招呼。

】The watch which/that was lost has been found.【丢了的表找到了。

】You are the only one whose advice he might listen to. 他也就是听你的话吧。

2. 关系副词的选用相对来说比较简单，如果先行词是表示时间的名词，如time, day 等，则用when, 如先行词为表示地点的名词，如place, house, area 等等，则选用where。

如果先行词为reason 则选用whyI will never forget the mountain village where/( in which ) I spent my childhood.我永远也不会忘记我度过童年的那个小山村。

I don’t know the reason why/( for which ) he did that.【我不知道他为什么这么做。

】3. 当先行词是all, something, nothing 等不定代词时，或者先行词的前面有first, last, only, few, much, some, any, no 等词修饰时，或者先行词的前面有最高级修饰时，一般只用that 而不用which 来引导定语从句：I have explained everything (that) I can to you.【我已经尽一切可能把事情向你解释得一清二楚。