Comparison of the Thinking Patterns between Chines

一、填空Chapter 51. One difficulty in the study of Meaning is that the word “meaning” itself has different meanings. In their book The Meaning of Meaning written in 1923, C.K. Ogden and I.A. Richards presented a “representative list of the main definitions which reputable students of meaning have favoured”.2. G.Leechin a more moderate tone recognizes 7 types of meaning in his Semantics, first published in 1974.3. There are generally three kinds of sense relations recognized, namely, sameness relation, oppositeness relation and inclusiveness relation.Chomsky’ of Syntactic Structure(1957) helped to ignite the cognitive revolution.5. The exist three approaches to the study of language and cognition: the formal approach, the psychological approach and the conceptural approach.6. The most important research subjects are acquisition, comprehension and production.7.From a psychological point of view, we store a great deal of information about the properties of words in our mental lexicon心理词库, and retrieve this information when we understand language.8.Similarity and frequency both play important roles in processing and comprehending language, with the novel items being processed based on their similarity to the known ones.9.According to cohort model集群理论proposed by Marslen- wilson and Welsh in 1990.Chapter 7*四个代表人物10.Malinowski马林洛夫斯基claimed that” In its primitive uses, language functions as a link in concerted human activity…”11.Firth福斯,a leading figure in a linguistic tradition later known as the London School, tried to...In the end, he developed his own theory of Context of Situation. 12.M.A.K. Halliday韩礼德，whose contributions to sociolinguistics could be …. , and his linguistic model in the study of literature.13. Eugene Nida尤金奈达, a well-known linguist and traditional theorist, concerning the relationship between language and culture.14.Hypothesis has alternatively been referred to as linguistic determinism and linguistic relativity.15. Cross-cultural communication跨文化交际中，there are five types of sub-culture 五种次文化形态we should be fully aware of: (1)ecological culture (2)linguistic culture (3)religious culture (4)material culture (5)social culture.[Nida,1964]16.During the whole 20th century, a great deal of efforts has been taken to treat the inquiry of linguistics as a monistic一元观or autonomous pursuit自治性of an independent science.Chapter 817. This kind of meaning is sometimes referred to as speaker’s meaning, utterance meaning, or contextual meaning.18.Semantic VS Pragmatics, the difference iscontext.二、名词解释Chapter 51.Semantics语义学is the stutyof the meaning of linguistic units,words and sentences in particular.2.The referential theory指称论: The theory of meaning which relates the meaning of a word to the thing it refers to, or stands for, is known as the Referential theory.3.Concept概念：There is something behind the concrete thing we can see with our eyes. And that something is abstract, which has no existence in the material word and can be sensed in our minds. This abstract thing is usually called concept.4.The semantic triangle语义三角：The relation between a word and a thing it refers to is no direct. It is mediated by concept.5.Sense涵义:In contrast to reference, sense may be defined as t:he semantic relations between one word and another, or more generally between one linguistic unit and another. It is concerned with the intralinguistic relations.6.Reference指称: Reference is concerned with the relation between a word and the thing it refers to, or more generally between a linguistic unit and a non-linguistic entity it refers to.7.Synonymy同义关系:Synonymy is the technical name for one of the sense relations between linguistic units, namely the sameness relation.8.gradable antonymy等级反义关系：Gradable antonymy is the sense relation between two antonymyswhich differ in terms of degree. There is an intermediate ground between the two. The denial of one is not necessarily the assertion of the other. Something which is not “good” is not necessarily “bad”. If may Simply be “so-so” or “average”.positionality组合原则: Compositionality refers to the principles that the meaning of a sentence depends on the meanings of the constituent words and the way they are combined.10.Sentence meaning句子意义: This ia an area where word meaning and sentence structure come together.Chapter 611.Cognition认知：In psychology it is used to refer to the mental processes of an individual, with particular relation to a view that the mind has internal mental states such as beliefs, desires and intentions. Another definition of “cognition” is the mental process or faculty of knowing, including aspects such as awareness, perception, reasoning, and judgment.12.Cognitive linguistics认知语言学: is the scientific study of the relation between the way we communicate and the way we think.13.Psychological心理语言学：is the study of psychological aspects of language, it usually studies the psychological states and mental activity associated with the use of language.nguage acquisition语言习得：is one of the central topics in psycholinguistics.How does a child acquire the language skills (first language) and how are they extended to other languages (second/foreign language acquisition)?15.Connectionism in psychological连通主义: claims that readers use the same system of links between spelling units and sound units to generate the pronunciations of written words like tove and to access the pronunciations of familiar words like stove, or words that are exceptions to these patterns, like love.16.Construal识解: is the ability to conceive and portray the same situation in alternate ways through specificity, different mental scanning, directionality, vantage point, figure-ground segregation etc.17.Categorization范畴化: is the process of classifying our experiences into different categories based on commonalities and differences.18. Metaphor隐喻：involves the comparison of two concepts in that one is construed in terms of the other. It’s often described in terms of a target domain and a source domain. The target domain is the experience being described by the metaphor and the source domain is the means that we used in order to describe the experience.Chapter 719.Anthropological orientation人类学转向: in the study of language was developed both in England and in North America. What characterized this new tradition was its study of language in a sociocultural context.20.Anthropological study of Linguistics人类语言学:aims to look at the relationships between language and culture in a speech community. For this reason, it can alternatively be called anthropological linguistics. More specifically, practitioners of the field want to know more about a given community by examining the correlation between the tradition of the community, beliefs, and social behavior of community members and their language used in different contextsof communication.21.Sapir-Whorf Hypothesis萨丕尔—沃尔夫假说: is a theoretic assumption which suggests that our language helps mould our way of thinking and consequently, different languages may probably express speakers’ unique ways of understanding the word. In a loose sense, this termcan be interchangeably used with linguistic relativity and linguistic determinism.22.Linguistic determinism语言决定论：is a theory which believes that our language will influence or decide our way of looking at the world. In a loose sense, linguistic determinism, linguistic relativity, and the Sapir-Whorf hypothesis can be regarded as synonyms.23.The strong version强势说of the theory refers to the claim the original hypothesis makes, emphasizing the decisive role of language as the shaper of our thinking patterns.24.The weak version弱势说of this hypothesis, is a modified type of its original theory, suggesting that there is a correlation between language,culture,and thought, but the cross-cultural differences thus produced in our ways of thinking are relative, rather than categorical.25.Socilinguistics社会语言学: as an interdisciplinary study of language use, attempts to show the relationships between language and social. It examines issuesrelated to the subject from a more linguistic perspective and hence, is complementary with the Sociolinguistics of Society in terms of its coverage and concerns. Also it is a study of sociolinguistic issues at a macro level of discussion. Chapter 826.Pragmatics语用学: is the study of language in use or context.(对语境中语言运用的研究)27.conversational implicature会话含义：This is a type of implied meaning, which is deduced on basis of the conventional meaning of words together with the context, under the guidance of the CP and its maxims. In this sense, implicature is comparable to illocutionary force in speech act theory in that they are both concerned with the contextual side of meaning, or言外之意in Chinese.28.Performatives施为句: is a sentence like ” I name this ship the Queen Elizabeth”, which does not describe thing and cannot be said to be true or false. The uttering of these sentences is, or is a part of, the doing of an action. So they are called performatives. And verbs like name are called performative verbs.29.Constative s表述句：In contrast to performative, sentences like “I pour some liquid into the tube”is a description of what the speaker is doing at the time of speaking. The speaker cannot pour any liquid into a tube by simply uttering these words. He must accompany his words with the actual pouring. Otherwise one can accuse him of making a false statement. Sentence of this type are known as constatives.30.Relevance theory关联理论：the theory was formally proposed by Dan Sperber and Deirdre Wilson in their book Relevance: Communication and Cognition in 1986. They argue that all Griceanmaxims, including the CP itself, should be reduced to a single principle of relevance, which is defined as:Every act of ostensive communication communicates the presumption of its own optimal relevance.31.locutionary act 发话行为: is the ordinary act we perform when we speak, i.e. we move our vocal organs and produce a number of sounds, organized in a certain way and with a certain meaning. For example, when somebody says “morning!”, we could say he produced a sound, word, or sentence—“morning!”32.Perlocutionary act取效行为,言后行为: it concerns the consequential effects of a locution upon the hearer. By telling somebody something the speaker may change the opinion of the header on something, or mislead him, or surprise him, or induce him to do something, etc. Whether or not these effects are intended by the speaker, they can be regarded as part of the act that the speaker has performed.三、问答题Chapter 51.G.Leech- 7 types of meaning:①Conceptual meaning概念意义: Logical, cognitive or denotative content.②Connotative meaning内涵意义: what is communicated by virtue of what language refers to.③Social meaning社会意义: what is communicated of the social circumstances of language use.④Affective meaning感情意义: what is communicated of the feelings andattitudes of the speaker/writer.⑤Reflective meaning反映意义: what is communicated through association with another sense of the same expression.⑥Collocative meaning搭配意义: what is communicated through association with words which tend to occur in the environment of other word.⑦Thematic meaning主题意义: what is communicated bu the way in which the message is organized in terms of order and emphasis.2. Sense和Reference的区别：①The distinction between “sense” and “reference” is comparable to that between “connotation” and “denotation”. The former refers to the abstract properties of an entity, while the latter refers to the concrete entities having these properties.②To some extent, we can say every word has a sense, but not every word has a reference.3.Gradable antonymy等级反义关系:(1).First, as the name suggests, they are Gradable.(2)Second,antonymy of this kind are graded against different norms. There is no absolute criterion by which we may say something is good or bad, long or short, big or small. The criterion varies with the object described.(3)Third, one number of a pair, usually the term for the higher degree, serves as the cover term.Chapter 64.Psychological in vestigates the six following subjects心理语言学被分为六个方向：(1)language acquisition(2)language comprehension(3)language production (4)language disorders(5)language and thought(6)and cognitive architecture of language.The most important research subjects are acquisition, comprehension and production.Chapter 85.utterance 和sentence的区别：(1).utterance meaning: it is context-dependent. It is the product of sentence meaning and context. Therefore, it is richer than the meaning of the sentence.(2)sentence meaning: it is the abstract context-dependent entity called semantic proposition.6.Characteristics of Implicature会话含义的特征：(1)calculability (2)cancelability(3)non-detachability (4)non-conventionality6.The cooperative principle合作原则的四准则:(1)quantity:A. make your contribution as informative as is requiredB.do not make your contribution more informative than is required.(2)quality: try to make your contribution one that is true.A. do not say what you believe to be false.B.do not day that for which you lack adequate evidence.(3)relation: be relevant(4)manner: be perspicuousA. avoid obscurity of expressionB. avoid ambiguityC. be brief( avoid prolixity)D. be orderly。

A Brief Comparison of Chinese and Western Thinking Patterns： Synthesis， Analysis，and Antithesis作者：谭笑来源：《神州·中旬刊》2013年第04期Abstract： A brief comparison of Chinese and Western thinking patterns reflects in synthesis and analysis， which including tortuous thinking pattern and straightforward thinking pattern. These two different thinking patterns influence our social life everywhere.Key words： comparison， Chinese， Western， thinking patterns“The differences of thinking patterns betwe en cultures have been one of the topics that attract the attention of intercultural communication scholars.” （Argyle， 1998：35） Thinking patterns are different from person to person with different cultural backgrounds. As world’s communication more frequently， it is dispensable that common thinking patterns shared in the world. It is essential for us to study the differences of thinking patterns among persons with different cultures. Thus， differences between Chinese and Western thinking patterns will be elaborated.The differences can be approached and considered from various viewpoints. Here are but a few instances for illustration. The Chinese are more accustomed to the harmony and unity of the world and adopt both sides of a matter， therefore establishing a tortuous thinking mode. While in the western countries， people pursue the reason of a matter， therefore establishing a straightforward thinking mode. It is reflected in the act of presenting gifts. In China，“礼尚往来”is an important aspect in the cultural conventions. Generally speaking， the more expensive gifts， the more respect， the higher social status， the more valuable gifts. Otherwise，it is called “拿不出手”. While， Americans presenting a gift to commemorative the birthday， anniversary and Christmas in these fixed occasions without personal feelings. “They put a limited meaning to the gifts which is presenting gifts has nothing to do with personal connections，just for festivals” （Edward& Milton， 1991：59）.The Chinese have a preference for synthesis while the Western prefer analysis， which leads to the characteristics of a Chinese priority on a holistic thinking pattern and a Western priority on partial. The synthesis thinking pattern emphasizes the overall understanding of nature and human society，that is， the whole concept and universality. Thus， the feature of obscurity and indistinctness is formed. The Western prefer analysis rather than synthesis. In Western philosophy， people pursue alternate constrast in its reasoning， they emphasize on individualism， stick to point out every reason of the thing to revelant details and accompanying situations， with the assistance of conjunctions and prepositions， which are more flexible.As reflected in their speech， Westerns prefer to stick to the point at the beginning of the speech， offering a straight and frank theme of the speech before proceeding on to present the details and a long， heavy ending with emphasis at the front part of the sentences. However， the Chinese sentences， due to the speakers’ thinking patterns， will present the relative information in great detail before hitting upon the theme， are bound in expressions with a short ending. Furthermore，“it is not clinging with the criterion of the language structure. Chinese is a kind of language that shows the character of “femininity”，and the charming of it lies in its loose structure.” （胡文仲，1999：352） The Western use many conjunctions， prepositions and other connective means to make links between phrases and words， because of which the language is more logical and better organized. So，“ the Western is a kind of language that is full of viril qualities， for the character of linear logic， organization and ration，which has led it to be “masculinity”.（ Larry A.，2000：148-152）Since the Chinese tend to regard things as a unity and do not divide subject from object as strictly as the Westerns do， their opinions come into being synthesis. Reasonal recognition of the world to a conclusion about everything according to the Western standards， their opinion come into being analysis. However， the antithesis become more important in the field of peace between human beings develops Chinese cultures as peaceful and loving. With frequent communication between Chinese and Western， thinking patterns shared more than before. Because of diversely cultural backgrounds， different thinking patterns between Chinese and Western are compared more than one aspect in our colourful world.Bibliography：[1]Edward Stewart and Milton Bennet. （1991） American Cultural Patterns： A Cross-Cultural Perspective. Intercultural Press. p. 95.[2]Michael Argyle. （1998） Intercultural communication. In Samovar and Porter （eds.）Interculatural Communication ： A Reader . 5th edition. Wadsworth Publishing Co. p. 35.[3]胡文仲. 跨文化交际面面观. 外语教学与研究出版社， 1999.11 p.352.Larry A. Samovar， Richard E. Porter and Lisa A. Stefani. （2000） Communication between Cultures. 3rd edition. Foreign Language Teaching and Research Press p.148-p.152.作者简介：谭笑，女，1989年5月3日出生，辽宁省朝阳市人，硕士生在读，汉语国际教育专业，邮编：121000。

Part One Introduction (1)Part Two A Comparison of Thought Patterns between Chinese and Westerners (2)Part Three A Comparison between Chinese and English Languages (4)Part Four Translation Strategies (10)Part One Introduction1. General Translation Principles“信、达、雅” “化境” “传神” “直译”Vs“意译”――impressionist.遵循译语句法和惯用法规范，采取适当的变通和补偿手段，以保证特定上下文中最重要 意义的优先传译为前提，尽可能多和正确地传递原语信息地多重意义，以争取原文和译文最 大限度地等值。

(柯平)1) 译语句法和惯用法规范 扫盲班 literacy class. 冒冷汗 #sweat cold sweat, break out in coldsweat. 我和她在公园分手了。

2) 适当地变通和补偿手段，即“翻译技巧” 。

包括：加注(annotation)、增益(contextualamplification) 、 视点转换 (shift of perspective) 、 具体化 (specification) 、 概略化 (generalization)、释义(paraphrase)、归化(adaptation)和回译(bask translation)。

3)上下文中最重要意义的优先传译:争取运动成绩与精神文明双丰收For better (athletic) records and sportsmanship (程镇球译)4) 多重意义，最大限度的等值小的扣紧，大的放松，池子里捕鱼，太湖里放生。

（夏衍：《考验》）Fussy about trifles, careless about big things. Penny wise, pound foolish. (Ying Yu 译)如蒙早日寄来样品或产品册，不胜感激。

四川师范大学硕士学位论文翻译中思维模式的转换姓名：***申请学位级别：硕士专业：英语语言文学指导教师：***20050501翻译中思维模式的转换英语语言文学专业研究生杨琴指导教师龚雪萍思维和语言关系密切。

语言是思维的物质外壳。

思维的内容和方式影响和决定着语言的表达形式。

而翻译活动始自语言，终以语言。

语言，思维，翻译相互联系。

虽然思维的内容和方式的共性是翻译的基础，但是不同民族的思维模式还是有差异的。

思维模式的差异导致了语言表达上的明显差异，这就是我们在翻译中经常遇到的问题的根源。

本文试图探讨英汉思维方式的差异，并提出译者在翻译过程中应该不断地转换思维方式，排除思维模式对翻译的负面影响，以便正确理解原文，为读者奉献高质量的译文。

第一章作者首先简要地分析了思维模式的定义、特点及其分类。

然后重点分析了形成思维模式的重要原因：地理环境、气候特点、历史积淀、社会经济、哲学观点以及宗教信仰。

在这几个因素中，哲学观点和哲学方法对思维模式的形成起着非常重要的作用。

第二章作者分析了思维、语言和翻译的关系。

首先阐述了思维与语言的辩证关系。

思维从某种程度决定和影响了语言的产生和发展；语言的发展又反过来推动思维的发展。

从这个关系中，我们可以得出，思维模式从某种程度上讲决定了语言的表达方式。

众所周知，翻译是一种语言活动。

既然语言与思维关系如此紧密，那么翻译也和思维关系密切。

所以说，翻译不仅是一种语言活动，而且从本质上讲是一种思维活动。

第三章是本论文的核心部分。

作者首先阐明了思维模式与语言表达方式的ｉｉｉ关系，接着对中英思维模式迸行了详尽的对比，主要表现在以下几个方面：整体思维与个体思维、具象思维与抽象思维、主体思维与客体思维、直觉思维与理性思维、以及螺旋型思维与直线型思维。

然后作者细致地分析了各个思维模式对语言的影响，以及由于思维模式的不同给翻译造成的障碍，从而提出解决问题的方法，即转换思维模式，尽可能使译文更自然，更地道。

从英译汉的实例分析看英汉思维方式差异[Abstract] Due to different cultures, English and Chinese people have formed their own modes of t hought, which influence their living ways greatly, especially their own languages. Mode of thoug ht is a very complicated abstract conception connected closely to philosophy. In this paper I will mainly concern on English individualism and Chinese entirety, because their difference is the most distinct one existing in modes of thought. English people prefer individualism, which leads them to subordinate the recognized objects into small parts. While Chinese people like entirety, they pr efer to take the world as a whole. Thinking patterns have been clearly reflected on languages, as a result of which English is hypotactic and Chinese is paratactic. This paper centers on the differen ces of hypotactic and paratactic characteristics in languages and their forming reasons—modes of thought. English people prefers to make good use of the hypotactic markers to link the sentence c omponents, while Chinese usually try to understand the world by their own intuition. In this paper the differences are explained through English-Chinese translation and the statistics are also given to prove them.[Key Words] comparison; mode of thought; languages; English; Chinese[摘要] 根源于不同的文化渊源,英汉两族人民形成了他们各自的思维模式。

1．interact v i.相互作用, 相互影响→interaction n．交流；相互影响2．compare v t.比较；对照→comparison n．比较；对比3．rely v i.依赖；依靠→reliable adj.可靠的；可信赖的4．anger n．愤怒；怒气v t.使生气；激怒→angry adj.生气的；恼火的5．vary v i.(根据情况)变化；改变→various adj.不同的；各种各样的→variety n．变化；品种；种类6．approve v i.赞成；同意v t.批准；通过→approval n．赞成；认可→disapprove v．不赞成7．differ v i.相异；不同于→different adj.不同的；与众不同的→difference n．差异；区别→differently ad v.不同地1．contrast n．差异；对照物v i.& v t.形成对照；形成对比①Today's work is quite a contrast to what you did yesterday.n.对照物②He contrasted the two different economic systems in his speech.v t. 对照；对比③This white peak contrasts finely with the blue sky.v i.形成对照；形成对比2．witness v t.当场看到；目击；见证n. 目击者；证人①She was a witness of the incident. n.目击者；证人②No one could witness that he was present. v t.见证③A carpenter was giving evidence about an accident he had witnessed.v t.当场看到；目击3．favour v t.较喜欢；选择；有利于n．帮助；恩惠；赞同①I hate asking favours of people. n.帮助；恩惠②The teacher favours serious students. v t.较喜欢③Hot climate and plentiful rainfall favour the growth of plants.v t.有利于4．anger n．怒气；愤怒v t.使生气；激怒①His impolite words angered his teacher. v t.使生气；激怒②Though he felt his anger mounting, he kept perfect control of himself.n.怒气；愤怒Words And Phrases知识要点1vary vi.(根据情况)变化；改变(教材P38)Just like spoken language, body language varies from culture to culture.就像口语一样，身体语言也因文化而异。