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鳞茎球根植物的遗传转化英文回答：Genetic transformation of bulbous plants is a technique that allows for the introduction of foreign genes into the genome of these plants. This process involves the transfer of desired genes into the cells of the plant, which are then integrated into the plant's DNA. This genetic modification can result in a variety of traits, such as enhanced disease resistance, improved yield, or altered flower color.One example of genetic transformation in bulbous plants is the introduction of a gene for insect resistance in lilies. By inserting a gene from the bacteria Bacillus thuringiensis (Bt), which produces a toxin lethal tocertain insects, lilies can become resistant to pests such as aphids or thrips. This transformation can significantly reduce the need for chemical pesticides, making the plant more environmentally friendly.Another example is the modification of flower color in tulips. Through genetic transformation, scientists havebeen able to introduce genes responsible for the production of pigments such as anthocyanins or carotenoids. This has allowed for the creation of tulips with unique and vibrant colors that are not naturally found in these plants. These genetically modified tulips have become popular in the horticultural industry due to their aesthetic appeal.Genetic transformation in bulbous plants can beachieved through various methods, including Agrobacterium-mediated transformation and biolistic (gene gun) transformation. Agrobacterium-mediated transformation involves the use of a soil bacterium called Agrobacterium tumefaciens, which naturally transfers DNA into plant cells. This bacterium is genetically engineered to carry the desired gene and then introduced to the plant tissue. The bacterium transfers the gene into the plant cells,resulting in genetic transformation.Biolistic transformation, on the other hand, involvesthe use of a gene gun to deliver DNA-coated particles into the plant cells. The gene gun shoots tiny gold or tungsten particles coated with the desired gene into the plant tissue. The particles penetrate the cell walls and deliver the foreign DNA into the plant cells, leading to genetic transformation.In both methods, the transformed plant cells are then cultured in a laboratory to encourage their growth into whole plants. Once the plants have grown, they are screened for the presence of the desired trait, such as insect resistance or altered flower color. This screening process involves various molecular techniques, such as PCR or gene expression analysis, to confirm the successful integration of the foreign gene into the plant's genome.Overall, genetic transformation of bulbous plantsoffers a powerful tool for improving their traits and characteristics. It allows for the introduction of desired genes that can confer benefits such as pest resistance, enhanced color, or increased yield. This technology has the potential to revolutionize the horticultural industry bycreating novel and improved varieties of bulbous plants.中文回答：鳞茎球根植物的遗传转化是一种将外源基因引入这些植物基因组的技术。
《植物生物技术》教学大纲一、课堂教学大纲1、教学目的该课程系统地论述了植物生物技术的理论和方法，既介绍了基本知识，也反映了该领域的最新研究进展。
全课程共分三大部分：植物组织培养、植物基因工程和植物分子标记及应用。
要求学生全面系统地了解植物生物技术的发展过程和发展趋势；理解各部分的基本理论、原理和概念；融会贯通三大部分的内容，并能运用所学技术解决生产中的实际问题。
通过学习，使学生学习掌握现代生物技术知识的技能和方法，尤其要求学生具有将植物生物技术与传统方法相结合改良植物、培育新品种、设计高新技术产业的能力，提高学生综合分析问题，系统利用专业知识的综合素质。
2、教学内容第一章绪论（2学时）•生物技术的产生与发展•植物生物技术与农业革命•植物生物技术在未来农业生产中所起的作用第二章植物细胞培养实验室建设与操作技术（2学时）本章重点、难点：植物组织培养所涉及的基本概念；培养基的组成、特点和用途；植物组织培养实验室建设；无菌操作的原理与技术等。
•植物组织培养实验室建设•实验室的设置•主要仪器设备、用途和使用方法•无菌操作器械•培养基及其制备•培养基的成分组成•常用培养基及其特点•培养基的改良与效应分析•培养基的制备•植物组织培养离体操作技术•培养用品的清洗与洗涤液的使用•灭菌与消毒•无菌操作技术•无菌操作中应注意的事项第三章胚胎培养（2学时）本章重点、难点：胚培养、胚珠培养和胚乳培养的意义，在育种工作中的实用价值。
•胚培养•胚培养的意义和用途•胚培养的方法•影响胚培养效果的因素•培养条件下的胚发育•胚珠培养•胚珠培养的意义•胚珠培养操作技术•胚乳培养•胚乳培养的意义•影响胚乳培养效果的因素•植株再生•离体授精第四章植物愈伤组织的诱导与分化培养（2学时）本章重点、难点：愈伤组织诱导、继代、培养与分化的基本术语和概念；器官发生；体细胞胚胎发生与植株再生；促进细胞分化的方法手段。
•愈伤组织的诱导与继代培养•脱分化、再分化的概念•愈伤组织的诱导、时期划分，各时期愈伤组织的特征特性•继代培养及继代培养的意义•悬浮培养及其用途•愈伤组织分化与植株再生•器官发生与植株再生•体细胞胚胎发生与植株再生•体细胞胚胎发生过程•体细胞胚的概念与内涵•体细胞胚胎发生与器官发生的区别•影响体细胞胚胎发生的外部因素•影响体细胞胚胎发生的外部因素•影响体细胞胚胎发生的内在因素•试管苗的移栽与护理•试管苗与自然苗的生理区别•试管苗移栽时应注意的事项第五章体细胞无性系变异与植物改良（2学时）本章重点、难点：体细胞克隆变异产生的遗传基础；体细胞克隆变异的育种应用。
