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东南大学题11、 Pause now for a moment,and consider how much more solicitous we are about our private interests than the Rhodians(洛迪安人)have been about their welfare.If any one of us foresees a possible injury to his private interests,he struggles might and main to avert it.Yet the Rhodians have patiently submitted to such a possible injury to their welfare^It certainly is not proper that a man should be held in esteem merely because he says he has had a disposition to do good when in fact he has not done so.Shall the Rhodians then be in a wrong position,not because they have actually done wrong,but because they are said to have the desire to do so? 2、 The fact this term finds its way into pop culture suggests how pervasive the mind-set of literary theory has become in our time.I have even heard a basketball coach say that his team had learned to deconstruct a zone defense.Literary theory has permeated our thinking to the point that it has defined for our times how discourse about literature,as well as about culture in general,shall proceed.Literary theory has arrived,and no student of literature can afford not to come to terms with it.参考译文1. 让我们停下来，思考一下，相比洛迪安人对福利的热情，我们队私利的热情要有多么高。
考研英语圣经——历年真题长难句900句翻译及语法详解There is just one path for a lawyer in most American states: a four-year undergraduate degree in some unrelated subject, then a three-year law degree at one of 200 law schools authorized by the American Bar Association and an expensive preparation for the bar exam.【翻译】在美国大部分州成为一名律师只有一条途径：学生要先获得其他专业的四年本科学历，再在由美国律师协会授权的 200 所法律学校中的一所学校中学习三年获得法律学位，而且准备律师资格考试也需要昂贵的费用。
【句子结构分析】There is just one path ①for a lawyer in most American states: ②a four-year undergraduate degree in some unrelated subject, then a three-year law degree at one of 200 law schools authorized by the American Bar Association and an expensive preparation for the bar exam.本句为简单句，句子主干 There is just one path 为 there be 句型。
①for a lawyer 为介词结构作状语，表示对象；其后的 in most American states为介词结构地点状语；②并列的名词结构 a four-year undergraduate degree...a three-year law degree...and an expensive preparation... 作同位语，解释说明 one path；其中 in some unrelated subject 为介词结构作后置定语，修饰 a four-year undergraduate degree；at one of 200 law schools 为介词结构作后置定语，修饰 a three-year law degree；authorized by the American Bar Association为过去分词结构作后置定语，修饰 200 law schools；In fact, allowing non-lawyers to own shares in law firms would reduce costs and improve services to customers, by encouraging law firms to use technology and to employ professional managers to focus on improving firms' efficiency.和雇用专业经理专门提高公司运营的效率，有助于减少成本，提高服务质量。
2001年考研英语翻译真题精练精讲一、全真试卷In less than30years time the Star Trek holodeck will be a reality. Direct links between the brains nervous system and a computer will also create full sensory virtual environments，allowing virtual vacations like those in the film Total Recall.（71）There will be television chat shows hosted by robots，and cars with pollution monitors that will disable them when they offend.（72）Children will play with dolls equipped with personality chips，computers with in-built personalities will be regarded as workmates rather than tools，relaxation will be in front of smell-television，and digital age will have arrived.According to BT s futurologist，Ian Pearson，these are among the developments scheduled for the first few decades of the new millennium（a period of 1000years），when supercomputers will dramatically accelerate progress in all areas of life.（73）Pearson has pieced together the work of hundreds of researchers around the world to produce a unique millennium technology calendar that gives the latest dates when we can expect hundreds or key breakthroughs and discoveries to take place. Some of the biggest developments will be in medicine，including an extended life expectancy and dozens of artificial organs coming into use between now and 2040.Pearson also predicts a breakthrough in computer-human links. “By linking directly to our nervous system，computers could pick up what we feel and，hopefully，simulate feeling too so that we can start to develop full sensory environments，rather like the holidays in Total Recall or the Star Trek holodeck,”, he says.（74）But that，Pearson points out，is only the start of man-machine integration:”It will be the beginning of the long process of integration that will ultimately lead to a fully electronic human befo re the end of the next century.”Through his research，Pearson is able to put dates to most of the breakthroughs that can be predicted. However，there are still no forecasts for when faster-that-light travel will be available，or when human cloning will be perfected，or when time travel will be possible. But he does expect social problems as a result of technological advances. A boom in neighborhood surveillance cameras will，for example，cause problems in2010，while the arrival of synthetic lifelike robots will mean people may not be able to distinguish between their human friends and the droids.（75）And home appliances will also become so smart that controlling and operating them will result in the breakout of a new psychological disorder—kitchen rage.二、翻译题解（71）Therewill betelevision chat shows hosted by robots, and cars with pollution monitorsthatwill disablethem when they offend.句子拆分：拆分点参考：分词,标点符号，连词There will be television chat shows// hosted by robots//, and cars with pollution monitors// that will disable them// when they offend.解读：1）主干结构是带双主语的存在句：There will be television chat shows..., and cars...2）两个主语都带有定语：第一个主语television chat shows的定语是过去分词短语hosted by robots，第二个主语cars的定语是介词短语with pollution monitors。
考研英语历年真题例句详解含译文翻译Science1.scientific [,saiən'tifik]a. 科学上的【同义词】systematic【真题例句】The scientific community was so powerful that it could afford to ignore its critics.（1998阅读3）参考译文：科学界如此强大以至于可以对批评者置之不理。
2.scientist ['saiəntist]n. 科学家【同义词】【真题例句】Scientists who know exactly where they are going and how they will get there should not be distracted.（1999阅读5）参考译文：确切知道自己的目标和怎么实现这一目标的科学家们根本没必要分心。
3.conscience ['kɔnʃəns]n. 良心，良知［真题例句］Mental health has commonly been called conscience, instinct, wisdom, common sense, or the inner voice.参考译文：心理健康普遍被称作良知、本能、智慧、常识或者内心的声音。
（2016考研英语翻译）4.conscientious[,kɔnʃi'enʃəs]a. 审慎正直的，认真的，本着良心的5.conscious ['kɔnʃəs]a. (of)意识到的，自觉的；神志清醒的【同义词】aware［真题例句］Freud formulated his revolutionary theory that dreams were the disguised shadows of our unconscious desires and fears.参考译文：一个世纪前，弗洛伊德提出了革命性的理论，即梦是我们潜意识中的欲望和恐惧经过伪装后的反映。
《357英语翻译基础》考研真题详解357 English Translation Basics: In-Depth Analysis of Postgraduate Entrance Exam QuestionsIntroductionThe field of English translation has gained significant importance in recent years, with many individuals opting to pursue it as a career. In this article, we will delve into the detailed analysis of the English translation basics, focusing specifically on the 357 English Translation Basics exam questions for postgraduate entrance exams. This examination is widely regarded as a benchmark for evaluating the translation skills of aspiring translators. Let us now explore the various aspects of this exam and gain valuable insights into the world of English translation.Part 1: Multiple Choice QuestionsThe 357 English Translation Basics exam includes a section of multiple-choice questions. These questions range from vocabulary and sentence structure to contextual understanding and idiomatic expressions. Each question requires candidates to choose the most appropriate translation or interpretation among the given options. This section aims to assess the candidates' comprehension abilities and their knowledge of the fundamental principles of English translation.Part 2: Sentence TransformationThe second part of the exam tests candidates' skills in sentence transformation. Here, candidates are presented with sentences in English andare required to translate them into Chinese accurately. This section evaluates candidates' ability to transform sentences while retaining the original meaning and effectively conveying it in the target language.Part 3: Passage TranslationPassage translation is a crucial aspect of the 357 English Translation Basics exam. Candidates are tasked with translating a given English passage into Chinese. The chosen passages cover a wide range of topics, such as literature, politics, science, and humanities, allowing candidates to showcase their proficiency in different subject areas. This section demands not only strong linguistic skills but also the ability to comprehend and interpret complex ideas accurately.Part 4: Essay TranslationThe essay translation section is designed to test candidates' ability to translate essays from Chinese into English. This part requires a comprehensive understanding of both languages and the ability to convey the intended meaning in a coherent and natural manner. Candidates are judged on their skill in accurately translating concepts, maintaining the appropriate style, and capturing the essence of the original text.Part 5: Cultural KnowledgeApart from translation skills, the 357 English Translation Basics exam also incorporates questions related to cultural knowledge. Candidates are expected to demonstrate an understanding of cultural differences, including idioms, expressions, and social customs specific to English-speakingcountries. This component emphasizes the importance of cultural sensitivity in producing accurate translations.ConclusionThe 357 English Translation Basics exam serves as a significant evaluation tool for individuals aspiring to pursue a career in English translation. Through its comprehensive coverage of various translation aspects, including multiple-choice questions, sentence transformation, passage translation, essay translation, and cultural knowledge, this exam rigorously assesses candidates' linguistic abilities, cultural understanding, and translation competence. By successfully preparing for and excelling in this exam, aspiring translators can strengthen their skills and enhance their prospects in the field.。
湖北大学题1，translate the passage below into Chinese.（湖北大学2004研，考试科目：翻译与写作）Even if the word “pop”disappears from the English vocabulary, the influence of pop will remain. Pop has become part of Britain and American history.There has always been a close culture link, or tie, between British and English-speaking America, not only in literature but also in the popular arts, especially music. Before the Second World War the Americans exported jazz and the blues. During the 1950s they exported rock n‘roll, and star singers like Elvis Presley were idolized by young Britons and Americans alike.The people responsible for the pop revolution were 4 Liverpool boys who joined together in a group called themselves the Beatles. They played in small clubs in the back streets of the city. Unlike the famous solo stars who had their songs written for them, the Beatles wrote their own words and music. They had a close personal relationship with their audience, and they expected them to join in and dance to the “beat”of the music. Audience participation is an essential characteristic of pop culture.参考译文即便“流行”这个单词渐渐地从英语词汇中消失，“流行”的影响力依然存在，它已经成为英国和美国历史的一部分。
考研英语历年真题例句详解含译文翻译Surge1.surgeon ['sə:dʒən]n. 外科医生【同义词】sawbones chirurgeon【真题例句】Supreme Court Justice Sandra Day O’Connor is in her 70s, and former surgeon general C. Everett Koop chairs an Internet start-up in his 80s.（2003阅读4）参考译文：最高法院法官桑德拉·欧康奈70有余，前卫生局医务主任C. Everett Koop 80多岁还出任了一家互联网创业公司的CEO。
2.surgery ['sə:dʒəri]n. 外科，外科学；手术室，诊疗室【同义词】theater surgical department【真题例句】A robot that can fulfill delicate tasks like performing brain surgery.（2002阅读2选项）参考译文：机器人可以完成很多细致的任务，如做脑部手术。
3.suicide ['sjuisaid]n. 自杀；自杀行为；自杀者a. 自杀的vt. 自杀vi. 自杀【同义词】dutch act self-destruction【真题例句】There is another way to commit evolutionary suicide.（2000阅读2）参考译文：另一种进行进化性自杀的方法。
Sure1.assure [ə'ʃuə]vt. 使确信，使放心；（of）向…保证/担保【同义词】ensure［真题例句]When assured that they do, she replied, “Then I would have to say yes.”（2003考研英语阅读Text 2）参考译文：当被告知的确如此，她回答道：“那么我不得不说，是的，我反对接种。
46. It is alsothe reason why when we try to describe music with words, all we can do is articulate our reactions to it, and not grasp music itself.【句型分析】本句主句主干为it is the reason，why引导定语从句，修饰thereason。
定语从句的主干是all we can do is articulateourreactions and not grasp music itself，其表语是不定式短语，由于主语中含有do，不定式符号to省略：articulateour reactions and not grasp music itself。
our reactions之后toit为其定语，it指代music。
定语从句中还包含when引导的时间状语从句。
【翻译要点】①本句主干的主句是主系表结构，reason后why引导的定语从句较长，翻译时可以与主干部分结合，调整表达为：这也就是为什么….。
②定语从句中，when引导时间状语从句，其中withwords做状语，翻译时需调整语序到其修饰的to describe之前，可以表达为“当我们尝试用语言来描述音乐时”。
定语从句的主干顺译即可，其中reaction根据语境，可以翻译为“感受”，其定语toit在表达时前置，it指代还原为“音乐”，则可以翻译为“所有我们能做的，就是明确表达我们对于音乐的感受”，或者调整表达为“我们只能明确表达我们对于音乐的感受”。
and之后，grasp依据语境，需要翻译为“理解”。
【译文总结】这也是为什么当我们试图用语言来描述音乐时，我们只能明确表达我们对于音乐的感受，而不能完全理解音乐本身。
47. By all accounts hewas a freethinking person, and a courageous one, and I find courage an essential quality for the understanding,let alone the performance, of his works。
翻译精炼第 1题：翻译题(本题1分)Globalization places us in increasingly more situations where we may need to host international business associates for meals. With so many cultural differences in dining preferences, even among those ofthe same nationality and culture, the safest and most considerate thing we can do when treating a guest is to simply ask. Avoid making too many assumptions about what your guests would like and inquire about their preferences.China's dish names are infused with its culinary culture, and expressing them in English is not always so easy. Zhao Huimin, director of Beijing Foreign Affairs Office, said, "As Beijing is striving to become a 'World City', we need a better language environment. And Chinese food has become more popular around the world in recent years, so it's essential to standardize the translation. The newly published book contains easy-to-understand English names of almost all mainstream dishes of China's eight major cuisines. It is for reference only, and is not compulsory."【答案解析】：全球化可能使我们需要款待国际商业伙伴的情况日益增加。
2016考研英语：1999翻译真题精练精讲一、全真试题（71）While there are almost as many definitions of history as there are historians，modern practice most closely conforms to one that sees history as the attempt to recreate and explain the significant events of the past. Caught in the web of its own time and place，each generation of historians determines anew what is significant for it in the past. In this search the evidence found is always incomplete and scattered; it is also frequently partial or partisan. The irony of the historians craft is that its practitioners always know that their efforts are but contributions to an unending process.（72）Interest in historical methods has arisen less through external challenge to the validity of history as an intellectual discipline and more from internal quarrels among historians themselves. While history once revered its affinity to literature and philosophy，the emerging social sciences seemed to afford greater opportunities for asking new questions and providingrewarding approaches to an understanding of the past. Social science methodologies had to be adapted to a discipline governed by the primacy of historical sources rather than the imperatives of the contemporary world.（73）During this transfer，traditional historical methods were augmented by additional methodologies designed to interpret the new forms of evidence in the historical study.Methodology is a term that remains inherently ambiguous in the historical profession.（74）There is no agreement whether methodology refers to the concepts peculiar to historical work in general or to the research techniques appropriate to the various branches of historical inquiry. Historians，especially those so blinded by their research interests that they have been accused of “tunnel method，”frequently fall victim to the “technicist fallacy.” Also common in the natural sciences，the technicist fallacy mistakenly identifies the discipline as a whole with certain parts of its technical implementation.（75）It applies equally to traditional historians who view history as only the external and internal criticism of sources. Andto social science historians who equate their activity with specific techniques.二、翻译题解（71）Whiletherearealmost as many definitions of historyastherearehistorians, modern practice most closelyconformsto onethatseeshistory as the attempt to recreate and explain the significant events of the past.句子拆分：拆分点参考：从属连词，标点符号，While there are almost as many definitions of history 解析：（1）主句中one是宾语，后面的that从句是它的定语从句。
（2）see... as...把……看作是，介词短语as the attempt做see 的状语，不定式短语to recreate and explain...作名词the attempt的定语。
词的处理：while虽然，尽管definitions定义，界定modern practice现代（补词：史学家的)实践conforms to符合于，趋向于认为attempt试图，尝试技巧点拨：（1）主干结构是While there are almost as... as there are... +主句，While引导让步状语从句，从句中as...as结构是比较级，这句话直译“为有多少历史学家，就有多少关于历史的定义”但是这个汉语译文不符合汉语的习惯。
因为在英语句子中，比较的两者是“历史学定义的数量”和“历史学家”的数量，两个数量是一致的是可以比较的。
但若翻译为“有多少个历史学家，就有多少个关于历史的定义”，就感觉是“历史学的定义”和“历史学家”在做比较。
所以可以进一步调整为“几乎每个历史学家对史学都有自己的界定”。
（2）modern practice most closely conforms to one：modern practice 可以直接翻译为“现代实践”。
但是，汉语里“实践”这个词常常不用“现代”等形容词修饰，可通过适当的增词，把这个“实践”进一步指明。
联系上下文可知，这里的“实践”是指“历史学家的实践”。
另外，one是不定代词，（3）to recreate再现，重现（不能说“重新创造历史”），events “事件”，结合上下文引申为“史实”。
完整译文：几乎每个历史学家对史学都有自己的界定，但现代史学家的实践最趋向于认为历史学是试图重现过去的重大史实并对其作出解释。
（72）Interest in historical methodshas arisenless through external challenge to the validity of history as an intellectual discipline and more from internal quarrels among historians themselves.句子拆分：拆分点参考：连词，介词Interest in historical methods has arisen 解析：（1）主干结构是一个简单句：Interest... has arisen less through ...and more from...（2）并列状语less through ...and more from的翻译是关键，through 和from意思完全相同，表示原因，直译“比较少的是因为……，更多的原因是……”（3）challenge后面的不定式短语to the validity of history as an intellectual discipline是它的定语，直译“对历史作为一门学科的正确性提出异议”，internal quarrels后面的介词短语among historians themselves作quarrels的定语。
词的处理：interest in historical methods对历史方法的关注（兴趣）arisen来自于，产生于challenge质疑，挑战validity真实性，正确性as an intellectual discipline作为一门学问（一个学科领域）internal quarrels内部意见不统一，内部分歧技巧点拨：less …and more…：在此直译的话是“少数是因为……多数是因为……”根据汉语的习惯，可以翻译为“主要是因为......，其次是因为......”,“与其说是因为……,不如说是因为……”。
完整译文：人们之所以关注历史研究的方法论，主要是因为史学界内部意见不一，其次是因为外界并不认为历史是一门学问。
（73）During this transfer, traditional historical methodswere augmentedby additional methodologies designed to interpret the new forms of evidence in the historical study.句子拆分：拆分点参考：标点符号，介词短语，过去分词During this transfer, 解析：（1）主干结构是一个被动语态的简单句：...methods were augmented by...（2）介词短语by additional methodologies做状语修饰augmented （3）过去分词短语designed to...作methodologies的定语。
