双语理论力学常用词汇表汇编

Sc-Te Words and Expressions used in TheoreticalMechanicsⅠAlphabet IndexAacceleration-due-to-gravity重力加速度acceleration加速度accommodate调和,调整addition合成aerodynamics空气动力学aerodynamic空气阻力algebra代数学align成一行amplitude振幅analytically解析法angular-impulse角冲量angular-momentum角动量angular-velocity角速度application应用apply施加,使用approach途径,趋近,方法arc-coordinates弧坐标axis轴Bbearing轴承,支撑面bit钻头bolt螺栓Ccam 凸轮cancel抵消,中和cantilever悬臂Cartesian-coordinate笛卡儿坐标系cast-iron铸铁center-of-gravity重心center-of-mass质心central-force向心力centroid形心chain-rule-of-differentiation链导法则circular-frequency圆频率clockwise(CW)顺时针clutch离合器coefficient系数collar套筒collect提取（公因式）collinear共线combine motion复合运动combine合并同类项,联立complementary-solution通解component分量,构成元件composite-body组合体composite-motion复合运动concept概念concurrent汇交的cone圆锥conic-section圆锥曲线conservation-of-momentum动量守恒conservation守恒conservative-force保守力consistent with….及…保持一致constants（const.）常数contour等高线,参照线constraint 约束conventional惯例的convention约定,惯例的convert- conversion转化coplanar共面的Coriolis-accelera tion科氏加速度corresponding相应的Coulomb's-law-of-friction库仑摩擦定律counterclockwise( CCW)逆时针couple(s)力偶crank曲柄cross-product叉乘法curvature曲率curved-surface曲面cycloid摆线cylinder圆柱,汽缸Dd'Alembert's-prin ciple达朗贝尔原理damped-vibration 衰减振动damp潮湿的,阻尼,衰减的dashed虚线的deduce推演，证明deformation形变degrees-of-freedom自由度density密度derivate求导derivative导数determinant行列式detrimental有害的diagonal对角线differential-differentiation微分dimension量纲,度量单位,维direction-cosine方向余弦direction方向displacement位移distributed-load分布载荷dot-product点乘法dynamics动力学Eeccentricity 偏心距,离心率ellipse椭圆elongation（弹簧等）伸长量equal-sign等号equation-of-motion运动方程equilibrium平衡equipotential-surfaces等势面equivalence等价equivalent等同的expand（多项式）展开exponent指数Ffinite限定的，有限的finite elementmethod 有限元方法formula公式Fourier-series傅立叶级数frequency频率friction摩擦Ggradient梯度graphically图解法gravitation引力gravity重力Hhard-steel高碳钢harmonic-motion谐运动helix-helical螺旋hinge门绞,铰链homogeneous均匀的,齐次的horizontal水平的hub轮毂humidity湿度hyperbola双曲线Iidentity恒等式illustrate举例说明impact碰撞impending临界的impulse冲量incline倾斜indicate=locate标明Inertial-Referenc e-Frame惯性系inertia惯性，惯量infinitesimal无穷小infinite无穷的initial-initially 初始的initial-condition 初始条件instant瞬时integral-integrat ion积分interchangeabilit y可交换的interval间隔inverse倒数invert反解investigate研究invoke调用Jjack千斤顶joint=node结合,节joule焦耳Kkey键，键槽kinematics运动学kinetic-energy动能kinetics=dynamics动力学LLaw-of-cosine余弦定理Law-of-sine正弦定理linear-vibration线振动line-segment线段load-intensity载荷强度load载荷lubricate润滑Mmagnitude量值大小mass质量matrix矩阵mean-radius中径mechanical-energy机械能mechanics力学mild-steel低碳钢misalignment未对准moment-arm矩臂moment-of-momentum(angular momentum)动量矩momentum(linear momentum)动量moment矩multiply乘法mutually相互的Nnatural-frequency固有频率negative负的negotiate=pass通过,越过non-collinear不共线的non-coplanar不共面的non-homogeneous非齐次non-inertial-reference-frame非惯性系normal法向的numerical数值的nut螺母Oobtain解得omitting忽略operator计算符,算子ordinary-differentiation常微分orthogonal-component正交分量outcome（最终）结果Pparabolic抛物线parallel-axis-theorem平行轴定理parallelogram-law 平四法则parallel平行parameter参数partial-different iation偏微分particle质点particular-soluti on特解path-coordinate自然坐标系pedal踏板pendulum摆period周期perpendicular垂直的phase相位pitch螺距plane平面plank铺板plot图像plus加上,正的polar-coordinate 极坐标position-vector位矢positive正的postulate=assume 假设potential-energy 势能preceding先前的preclude=exclude 排除preliminary 预备的principle-of-change-of-momentum动量定理principle-of-work-and-energy动能定理principle原理procedure=step步骤projectile抛体projection投影property性质proportional成比例的pulley滑轮Rradian弧度制radii= radius半径radius-of-gyration回转半径rate-of-change变化率rectangular-component正交分量rectangular矩形rectilinear直线运动reduce-reduction化简repel排斥resistance阻力resolve-resolution分解resonance共振resonance共振respectively=separately各自的restoring-force回复力restrict-restriction约束resultant合力resultant moment合力矩right-angle直角rigid body 刚体rim 轮缘,沿轮缘(滚动)rotate-rotation旋转Ssample示例scalar标量scale天平,磅秤screwdriver螺丝刀screw螺丝second-order-differentiation二阶微分section部件,截面sector扇形self lock自锁shaft连杆,轴simple-pendulum单摆simultaneously同时地solve theequationssimultaneously联立求解方程式skid=brake制动slack松弛,缝隙slope斜度,斜率slot滑槽socket插槽,嵌槽speed速率(s) spool线框,线轴stability稳定性statics静力学steer=drive操纵,驾驶stiffness劲度系数subscript下标substantially充分的substitute-substi tuting取代subtract=subtract ion减法sufficient-and-ne cessary-condition 充要条件summation求和superposition叠加survey测量,调查suspend悬挂symmetry对称Ttangent-tangential切向(的)Taylor-series泰勒级数tendency倾向term术语theorem定理法则thread螺纹thrust插入tip尖端,翻倒tire=tyre轮胎torque扭矩traction牵引trajectory=path轨迹transfer-couple附加力偶translate平动transport牵连的triangle三角triple矢量混合积tripod三脚架truss桁架Uuniform=homogeneous均匀的universal-joint万向节unwind绷紧的,伸直的Vvalidate验证(有效)vector矢量velocity速度(v)versus对,比vertex-angle顶角vertical垂直virtual-work虚功vise虎钳Wwarrant=guarantee保证watt瓦特wear磨损wedge楔weld焊接winch绞盘wrench扳手,力螺旋Yyield服从（定律）ⅡClassified Index▉AlgebraAlgebra代数学approach途径,趋近，方法equal-sign等号equivalence等价equivalent等同的formula公式identity恒等式operator计算符,算子positive正的negative负的plus加上,正的minus减去,负的coefficient系数constants常数parameter参数exponent指数inverse倒数multiply=time乘法subtract=subtract ion减法arc-coordinates弧坐标Cartesian-coordin ate笛卡儿坐标系polar-coordinate 极坐标path-coordinate自然坐标系cross-product叉乘法dot-product点乘法triple矢量混合积matrix矩阵determinant行列式dimension维,量纲,度量单位rate-of-change变化率derivative导数derivate求导chain-rule-of-differentiation链导法则integral-integration积分differential-differentiation微分ordinary-differentiation常微分partial-differentiation偏微分second-order-differentiation二阶微分differential-equation微分方程homogeneous齐次的non-homogeneous非齐次的complementary-solution通解particular-solution特解initial-condition初始条件Fourier-series傅立叶级数Taylor-series泰勒级数gradient梯度direction-cosine方向余弦infinitesimal无穷小numerical数值的plot图像proportional成比例的slope斜度,斜率▉Geometrycone圆锥cylinder圆柱rectangular矩形triangle三角sector扇形conic-section圆锥曲线ellipse椭圆hyperbola双曲线parabolic抛物线cycloid摆线eccentricity 偏心距,离心率helix-helical螺旋line-segment线段projection投影radii= radius半径right-angle直角vertex-angle顶角plane平面section截面diagonal对角线centroid形心symmetry对称curvature曲率curved-surface曲面Law-of-cosine余弦定理Law-of-sine正弦定理▉Basic Concepts & Termsconcept概念aerodynamics空气动力学mechanics力学statics静力学kinematics运动学kinetics=dynamics 动力学Inertial-Referenc e-Frame惯性系non-inertial-refe rence-frame非惯性系inertia惯性，惯量mass质量particle质点rigid刚体center-of-gravity 重心center-of-mass质心restriction约束couple(s)力偶transfer-couple附加力偶wrench力螺旋aerodynamic空气阻力central-force向心力friction摩擦力resistance阻力gravitation引力gravity重力resultant合力conservative-force保守力moment矩moment-arm矩臂orthogonal-component正交分量rectangular-component正交分量stiffness劲度系数elongation（弹簧等）伸长量torque扭矩scalar标量vector矢量position-vector位矢direction方向displacement位移acceleration加速度acceleration-due-to-gravity重力加速度Coriolis-acceleration科氏加速度combine motion复合运动composite-motion复合运动degrees-of-freedom自由度equation-of-motion运动方程rectilinear直线运动translate平动rotate-rotation转动trajectory=path轨迹composite-body组合体projectile抛体deformation形变density密度equilibrium平衡load载荷distributed-load分布载荷load-intensity载荷强度stability稳定性self lock自锁velocity速度(v)angular-impulse角冲量angular-momentum角动量angular-velocity角速度circular-frequency圆频率impulse冲量momentum动量moment-of-momentum动量矩kinetic-energy动能potential-energy 势能mechanical-energy 机械能parallel-axis-the orem平行轴定理parallelogram-law 平四法则principle-of-chan ge-of-momentum动量定理principle-of-work -and-energy动能定理conservation守恒conservation-of-momentum动量守恒equipotential-surfaces等势面radius-of-gyration回转半径virtual-work虚功amplitude振幅damped-vibration衰减振动damp潮湿的,阻尼,衰减的frequency频率harmonic-motion谐运动linear-vibration线振动natural-frequency固有频率pendulum摆period周期phase相位restoring-force回复力resonance共振▉Common Mechanism & Structureaxis轴bearing轴承,支撑面bit钻头bolt螺栓cam 凸轮cantilever悬臂clutch离合器collar套筒crank曲柄cylinder汽缸，液压柱hinge门绞,铰链hub轮毂jack千斤顶joint=node结合,节key键，键槽mean-radius中径nut螺母pedal踏板pitch螺距plank铺板pulley滑轮rim 轮缘scale天平,磅秤screwdriver螺丝刀screw螺丝shaft连杆,轴simple-pendulum单摆slack松弛,缝隙slot滑槽socket插槽,嵌槽spool线框,线轴thread螺纹tip尖端tire=tyre轮胎tripod三脚架truss桁架universal-joint万向节vise虎钳wedge楔winch绞盘wrench扳手▉Keywords in Solutionsaccommodate调和,调整according to依据（定理）analytically解析法的graphically图解法的application应用sample示例apply施加,使用invoke调用postulate=assume 假设preclude=exclude 排除approach途径principle原理theorem定理法则property性质procedure=step步骤deduce推演，证明illustrate举例说明indicate=locate标明validate验证(有效)warrant=guarantee 保证yield服从（定律）reduce-reduction 化简resolve-resolution分解addition合成superposition叠加projection投影cancel抵消,中和collect提取（公因式）combine合并同类项,联立expand（多项式）展开summation求和invert反解substitute-substituting取代convert-conversion转化obtain解得outcome（最终）结果initial=initially初始的conventional惯例的convention约定,惯例的corresponding相应的finite限定的infinite无穷的respectively=separately各自的，分别的preliminary 预备的simultaneously同时地，联立substantially充分的interchangeability可交换的sufficient-and-necessary-condition充要条件omitting忽略subscript下标▉State Descriptionalign成一行misalignment未对准clockwise(CW)顺时针counterclockwise( CCW)逆时针collinear共线coplanar共面的noncollinear不共线的noncoplanar不共面的component分量,构成元件resultant合力，合成量horizontal水平的incline倾斜vertical铅垂的perpendicular垂直的parallel平行normal法向的tangent-tangential切向(的)concurrent汇交的initial=initially初始的final末态的instant瞬时impending临界的interval间隔magnitude量值大小direction方向sense 方向mutually相互的uniform=homogeneo us均匀的unwind绷紧的,伸直的contour等高线,参照线negotiate=pass通过,越过repel排斥skid=brake制动suspend悬挂tendency倾向thrust插入wear磨损weld焊接▉Interchangeable Wordsapply =invoke调用，使用indicate=locate标明joint=node结合,节kinetics=dynamics 动力学negotiate=pass通过,越过postulate=assume 假设preclude=exclude排除procedure=step步骤radii= radius半径rectangular-component=orthogonal-component正交分量respectively=separately各自地steer=drive操纵,驾驶tire=tyre轮胎uniform=homogeneous均匀的warrant=guarantee保证▉AbbreviationCCW=counterclockw ise逆时针CW=clockwise顺时针FBD=Free-body-dia gramMAD=Force-acceler ation-diagram const=constant常数，恒量rev=revolution 转数deg=degree度数A.M.=absolute-motionR.M.=relative-motionT.M.=transport-motionDOF=degree-of-freedom自由度数IRF=Inertial-Reference-Frame惯性系▉Othersaxiom 公理theorem 定理law 定律principle 原理sequence, inference, deduction推论definition 定义conclusion 结论convention 约定hypothesis 假设equation 方程equality 等式inequality不等式formula, formulas/ formulae公式formulation （集合名词）公式assumption 假设 significant digit 有效数字integral 整数 fraction 分数 decimal 小数 cast-iron 铸铁hard-steel 高碳钢 mild-steel 低碳钢 aluminum 铝 humidity 湿度 joule 焦耳 watt 瓦特Newton ’s law 牛顿运动定律D'Alembert's-prin ciple 达朗贝尔原理 Cartesian-coordin ate 笛卡儿坐标系Coriolis-accelera tion 科氏加速度 Coulomb's-law-of-friction 库仑摩擦定律Taylor-series 泰勒级数Fourier-series 傅立叶级数Ⅲ read the expression correctly21a half /(one)half 31a third 41a quarter/ one(a) fourth 43 three fourth /three overfour125five twelfth 212 two and a half 1.0point one 35.2 two point three five9.4 four point ninerecurring+ plus /positive / and－ minus /negative/subtract()⋅⨯ times / (be ) multipliedby() (be) divided by = is equal to /equals≈ is approximately equal to≡ is identically equal ton x the nth power of x / x tothe power n2x x square 3x x cube nx1the nth root of xx the square root of xb a > a is greater than bb a < a is less than bb a >> a is much (far)greaterthan b()x f x x lim 1→ the limitation of ()x fwhen x approaches (tends) to x sub oney ' y primey '' y double prime y ''' y triple primexx dot xx double dots / x two dots ∆ delta()xx f bad ⎰ integral betweenlimits a and b∞ infinityxyd d the first derivative of y with respect to xxy22∂∂ the second derivative of y with respect to xxu ∂∂the partial derivative of uwith respective to x。

力学常用中英文词汇对照结构力学structural mechanics结构分析structural analysis结构动力学structural dynamics拱arch三铰拱three-hinged arch抛物线拱parabolic arch圆拱circular arch 穹顶dome空间结构space structure空间桁架space truss雪载[荷] snow load风载[荷] wind load土压力earth pressure地震载荷earthquake loading弹簧支座spring support支座位移support displacement支座沉降support settlement超静定次数degree of indeterminacy机动分析kinematic analysis结点法method of joints截面法method of sections结点力joint forces 共轭位移conjugate displacement影响线influence line三弯矩方程three-moment equation单位虚力unit virtual force刚度系数stiffness coefficient柔度系数flexibility coefficient力矩分配moment distribution力矩分配法moment distribution method力矩再分配moment redistribution分配系数distribution factor矩阵位移法matrix displacement method单元刚度矩阵element stiffness matrix单元应变矩阵element strain matrix总体坐标global coordinates贝蒂定理Betti theorem高斯--若尔当消去法Gauss-Jordan elimination Method 屈曲模态buckling mode复合材料力学mechanics of composites复合材料composite material纤维复合材料fibrous composite单向复合材料unidirectional composite泡沫复合材料foamed composite颗粒复合材料particulate composite层板laminate夹层板sandwich panel正交层板cross-ply laminate斜交层板angle-ply laminate层片ply多胞固体cellular solid膨胀expansion压实debulk劣化degradation脱层delamination脱粘debond纤维应力fiber stress层应力ply stress层应变ply strain层间应力interlaminar stress比强度specific strength强度折减系数strength reduction factor强度应力比strength -stress ratio横向剪切模量transverse shear modulus横观各向同性transverse isotropy正交各向异orthotropy剪滞分析shear lag analysis短纤维chopped fiber长纤维continuous fiber纤维方向fiber direction纤维断裂fiber break纤维拔脱fiber pull-out纤维增强fiber reinforcement致密化densification最小重量设计optimum weight design网格分析法netting analysis混合律rule of mixture失效准则failure criterion蔡--吴失效准则Tsai-Wufailure criterion达格代尔模型Dugdale model断裂力学fracture mechanics概率断裂力学probabilistic fracture Mechanics格里菲思理论Griffith theory线弹性断裂力学linear elastic fracturemechanics, LEFM弹塑性断裂力学elastic-plastic fracture mechanics,EPFM断裂fracture脆性断裂brittle fracture解理断裂cleavage fracture蠕变断裂creepfracture延性断裂ductile fracture晶间断裂inter-granular fracture准解理断裂quasi-cleavage fracture穿晶断裂trans-granular fracture裂纹crack裂缝flaw缺陷defect割缝slit微裂纹microcrack折裂kink椭圆裂纹elliptical crack深埋裂纹embedded crack[钱]币状裂纹penny-shape crack预制裂纹precrack短裂纹short crack表面裂纹surface crack裂纹钝化crack blunting裂纹分叉crack branching裂纹闭合crack closure裂纹前缘crack front裂纹嘴crack mouth裂纹张开角crack opening angle, COA裂纹张开位移crack opening displacement, COD裂纹阻力crack resistance裂纹面crack surface裂纹尖端crack tip裂尖张角crack tip opening angle, CTOA裂尖张开位移crack tip opening displacement,CTOD裂尖奇异场crack tip singularity Field裂纹扩展速率crack growth rate稳定裂纹扩展stable crack growth定常裂纹扩展steady crack growth亚临界裂纹扩展subcritical crack growth裂纹[扩展]减速crack retardation止裂crack arrest止裂韧度arrest toughness断裂类型fracture mode 滑开型sliding mode张开型opening mode撕开型tearing mode复合型mixed mode撕裂tearing撕裂模量tearing modulus断裂准则fracture criterionJ积分J-integralJ阻力曲线J-resistance curve断裂韧度fracture toughness应力强度因子stress intensity factorHRR场Hutchinson-Rice-RosengrenField守恒积分conservation integral有效应力张量effective stress tensor应变能密度strain energy density能量释放率energy release rate内聚区cohesive zone塑性区plastic zone 张拉区stretched zone热影响区heat affected zone, HAZ延脆转变温度brittle-ductile transitiontemperature固体力学solid mechanics弹性力学elasticity弹性理论theory of elasticity均匀应力状态homogeneous state of stress应力不变量stress invariant应变不变量strain invariant应变椭球strain ellipsoid 均匀应变状态homogeneous state of strain应变协调方程equation of strain compatibility拉梅常量Lame constants各向同性弹性isotropic elasticity旋转圆盘rotating circular disk楔wedge开尔文问题Kelvin problem布西内斯克问题Boussinesq problem艾里应力函数Airy stress function克罗索夫--穆斯赫利什维利法Kolosoff-Muskhelishvili method基尔霍夫假设Kirchhoff hypothesis板plate矩形板rectangular plate圆板circular plate环板annular plate波纹板corrugated plate加劲板stiffened plate,reinforced plate中厚板plate of moderate thickness弯[曲]应力函数stress function of bending 壳shell扁壳shallow shell旋转壳revolutionary shell球壳spherical shell[圆]柱壳cylindricalshell锥壳conical shell环壳toroidal shell封闭壳closed shell波纹壳corrugated shell扭[转]应力函数stress function of torsion翘曲函数warpingfunction半逆解法semi-inverse method瑞利--里茨法Rayleigh-Ritz method松弛法relaxation method莱维法Levy method松弛relaxation量纲分析dimensional analysis自相似[性]self-similarity影响面influence surface接触应力contact stress赫兹理论Hertz theory协调接触conforming contact滑动接触sliding contact滚动接触rolling contact压入indentation各向异性弹性anisotropic elasticity颗粒材料granular material散体力学mechanics of granular media热弹性thermoelasticity超弹性hyperelasticity粘弹性viscoelasticity对应原理correspondence principle褶皱wrinkle塑性全量理论total theory of plasticity滑动sliding微滑microslip粗糙度roughness非线性弹性nonlinear elasticity大挠度large deflection突弹跳变snap-through有限变形finite deformation格林应变Green strain阿尔曼西应变Almansi strain弹性动力学dynamic elasticity运动方程equation of motion准静态的quasi-static气动弹性aeroelasticity水弹性hydroelasticity颤振flutter弹性波elastic wave简单波simple wave柱面波cylindrical wave水平剪切波horizontal shear wave竖直剪切波vertical shear wave 体波body wave无旋波irrotational wave畸变波distortion wave膨胀波dilatation wave瑞利波Rayleigh wave等容波equivoluminal wave勒夫波Love wave界面波interfacialwave边缘效应edge effect塑性力学plasticity可成形性formability金属成形metal forming耐撞性crashworthiness 结构抗撞毁性structural crashworthiness拉拔drawing破坏机构collapse mechanism回弹springback挤压extrusion冲压stamping穿透perforation层裂spalling塑性理论theory of plasticity安定[性]理论shake-down theory运动安定定理kinematic shake-down theorem静力安定定理staticshake-down theorem率相关理论rate dependent theorem载荷因子load factor加载准则loading criterion加载函数loading function加载面loading surface塑性加载plastic loading塑性加载波plastic loading wave简单加载simple loading比例加载proportional loading卸载unloading卸载波unloading wave冲击载荷impulsive load阶跃载荷step load脉冲载荷pulse load极限载荷limit load中性变载neutral loading拉抻失稳instability in tension加速度波acceleration wave本构方程constitutive equation完全解complete solution名义应力nominal stress过应力over-stress真应力true stress等效应力equivalent stress流动应力flow stress应力间断stress discontinuity应力空间stress space主应力空间principal stress space静水应力状态hydrostatic state of stress对数应变logarithmic strain工程应变engineering strain等效应变equivalent strain应变局部化strain localization应变率strainrate应变率敏感性strain rate sensitivity应变空间strain space 有限应变finite strain塑性应变增量plastic strain increment 累积塑性应变accumulated plastic strain永久变形permanent deformation内变量internal variable应变软化strain-softening 理想刚塑性材料rigid-perfectly plastic Material刚塑性材料rigid-plastic material理想塑性材料perfect plastic material材料稳定性stability of material应变偏张量deviatoric tensor of strain应力偏张量deviatoric tensor of stress应变球张量spherical tensor of strain应力球张量spherical tensor of stress 路径相关性path-dependency线性强化linearstrain-hardening应变强化strain-hardening随动强化kinematic hardening各向同性强化isotropic hardening强化模量strain-hardening modulus幂强化power hardening塑性极限弯矩plastic limit bending Moment塑性极限扭矩plastic limit torque弹塑性弯曲elastic-plastic bending弹塑性交界面elastic-plastic interface弹塑性扭转elastic-plastic torsion粘塑性viscoplasticity非弹性inelasticity理想弹塑性材料elastic-perfectly plasticMaterial极限分析limit analysis极限设计limit design极限面limit surface上限定理upper bound theorem上屈服点upper yield point下限定理lower bound theorem下屈服点lower yield point界限定理bound theorem 初始屈服面initial yield surface后继屈服面subsequent yieldsurface屈服面[的]外凸性convexity of yield surface截面形状因子shape factor of cross-section沙堆比拟sand heap analogy 屈服yield屈服条件yield condition屈服准则yield criterion 屈服函数yield function屈服面yield surface塑性势plastic potential能量吸收装置energy absorbing device能量耗散率energy absorbing device塑性动力学dynamic plasticity塑性动力屈曲dynamic plastic buckling塑性动力响应dynamic plastic response塑性波plastic wave运动容许场kinematically admissible Field静力容许场statically admissible Field流动法则flow rule速度间断velocity discontinuity滑移线slip-lines滑移线场slip-lines field移行塑性铰travelling plastic hinge塑性增量理论incremental theory of Plasticity米泽斯屈服准则Mises yield criterion普朗特--罗伊斯关系prandtl- Reuss relation特雷斯卡屈服准则Tresca yield criterion洛德应力参数Lode stress parameter莱维--米泽斯关系Levy-Mises relation亨基应力方程Hencky stress equation赫艾--韦斯特加德应力空间Haigh-Westergaard stress space洛德应变参数Lode strain parameter德鲁克公设Drucker postulate盖林格速度方程Geiringer velocity Equation 连续过程continuous process碰撞截面collision cross section 通用气体常数conventional gas constant燃烧不稳定性combustion instability稀释度dilution完全离解completedissociation火焰传播flame propagation组份constituent碰撞反应速率collision reaction rate燃烧理论combustion theory 浓度梯度concentration gradient阴极腐蚀cathodic corrosion 火焰速度flame speed火焰驻定flame stabilization火焰结构flame structure着火ignition湍流火焰turbulent flame层流火焰laminar flame燃烧带burning zone渗流flow in porous media, seepage达西定律Darcy law赫尔-肖流Hele-Shawflow毛[细]管流capillary flow过滤filtration爪进fingering不互溶驱替immiscible displacement不互溶流体immiscible fluid互溶驱替miscible displacement互溶流体miscible fluid迁移率mobility流度比mobility ratio渗透率permeability孔隙度porosity多孔介质porous medium比面specific surface迂曲度tortuosity空隙void空隙分数void fraction注水water flooding可湿性wettability地球物理流体动力学geophysical fluid dynamics物理海洋学physical oceanography大气环流atmospheric circulation海洋环流ocean circulation海洋流ocean current旋转流rotating flow平流advection埃克曼流Ekman flow埃克曼边界层Ekman boundary layer大气边界层atmospheric boundary layer大气-海洋相互作用atmosphere-ocean interaction埃克曼数Ekman number罗斯贝数Rossby number罗斯贝波Rossby wave斜压性baroclinicity正压性barotropy内磨擦internal friction海洋波ocean wave盐度salinity环境流体力学environmental fluid mechanics斯托克斯流Stokes flow羽流plume理查森数Richardson number污染源pollutant source 污染物扩散pollutant diffusion噪声noise噪声级noise level 噪声污染noise pollution排放物effulent工业流体力学industrial fluid mechanics流控技术fluidics轴向流axial flow 并向流co-current flow对向流counter current flow横向流cross flow螺旋流spiral flow旋拧流swirling flow滞后流after flow混合层mixing layer抖振buffeting风压wind pressure附壁效应wall attachment effect, Coandaeffect简约频率reduced frequency爆炸力学mechanics of explosion终点弹道学terminal ballistics动态超高压技术dynamic ultrahigh pressure technique流体弹塑性体hydro-elastoplastic medium 热塑不稳定性thermoplastic instability空中爆炸explosion in air地下爆炸underground explosion水下爆炸underwater explosion电爆炸discharge-induced explosion激光爆炸laser-induced explosion核爆炸nuclear explosion点爆炸point-source explosion殉爆sympathatic detonation强爆炸intense explosion粒子束爆炸explosion by beam radiation聚爆implosion起爆initiation of explosion爆破blasting霍普金森杆Hopkinson bar电炮electric gun电磁炮electromagnetic gun爆炸洞explosion chamber轻气炮light gas gun马赫反射Mach reflection基浪base surge成坑cratering能量沉积energy deposition爆心explosion center爆炸当量explosion equivalent火球fire ball爆高height of burst蘑菇云mushroom侵彻penetration规则反射regular reflection崩落spallation应变率史strain rate history流变学rheology聚合物减阻drag reduction by polymers挤出[物]胀大extrusion swell, die swell无管虹吸tubeless siphon剪胀效应dilatancy effect 孔压[误差]效应hole-pressure[error]effect剪切致稠shear thickening剪切致稀shear thinning触变性thixotropy反触变性anti-thixotropy超塑性superplasticity粘弹塑性材料viscoelastoplastic material滞弹性材料anelastic material本构关系constitutive relation麦克斯韦模型Maxwell model沃伊特-开尔文模型Voigt-Kelvin model宾厄姆模型Bingham model奥伊洛特模型Oldroyd model幂律模型power law model应力松驰stress relaxation应变史strain history应力史stress history记忆函数memory function衰退记忆fading memory应力增长stress growing粘度函数viscosity function 相对粘度relative viscosity复态粘度complex viscosity拉伸粘度elongational viscosity拉伸流动elongational flow第一法向应力差first normal-stress difference第二法向应力差second normal-stress difference德博拉数Deborah number魏森贝格数Weissenberg number动态模量dynamic modulus振荡剪切流oscillatory shear flow宇宙气体动力学cosmic gas dynamics等离[子]体动力学plasma dynamics电离气体ionized gas行星边界层planetary boundary layer阿尔文波Alfven wave泊肃叶-哈特曼流]Poiseuille-Hartman flow哈特曼数Hartman number生物流变学biorheology生物流体biofluid生物屈服点bioyield point生物屈服应力bioyield stress电气体力学electro-gas dynamics铁流体力学ferro-hydrodynamics血液流变学hemorheology, blood rheology血液动力学hemodynamics磁流体力学magneto fluid mechanics磁流体动力学magnetohydrodynamics, MHD 磁流体动力波magnetohydrodynamic wave磁流体流magnetohydrodynamic flow磁流体动力稳定性magnetohydrodynamic stability生物力学biomechanics生物流体力学biological fluid mechanics生物固体力学biological solid mechanics宾厄姆塑性流Bingham plastic flow开尔文体Kelvin body沃伊特体V oigt body可贴变形applicable deformation可贴曲面applicable surface边界润滑boundary lubrication液膜润滑fluid film lubrication向心收缩功concentric work离心收缩功eccentric work关节反作用力joint reaction force微循环力学microcyclic mechanics微纤维microfibril渗透性permeability生理横截面积physiological cross-sectionalarea农业生物力学agrobiomechanics纤维度fibrousness硬皮度rustiness胶粘度gumminess粘稠度stickiness嫩度tenderness渗透流osmotic flow易位流translocation flow蒸腾流transpirational flow过滤阻力filtration resistance压扁wafering风雪流snow-driving wind 停滞堆积accretion遇阻堆积encroachment沙漠地面desert floor流沙固定fixation of shifting sand流动阈值fluid threshold通类名词力学mechanics牛顿力学Newtonian mechanics经典力学classical mechanics静力学statics运动学kinematics动力学dynamics动理学kinetics宏观力学macroscopicmechanics,macromechanics细观力学mesomechanics微观力学microscopicmechanics,micromechanics一般力学general mechanics固体力学solid mechanics流体力学fluid mechanics理论力学theoretical mechanics应用力学applied mechanics工程力学engineering mechanics实验力学experimental mechanics计算力学computational mechanics理性力学rational mechanics物理力学physical mechanics地球动力学geodynamics力force作用点point of action作用线line of action力系system of forces力系的简化reduction of force system等效力系equivalent force system刚体rigid body力的可传性transmissibility of force平行四边形定则parallelogram rule力三角形force triangle力多边形forcepolygon零力系null-force system平衡equilibrium力的平衡equilibrium of forces平衡条件equilibrium condition平衡位置equilibrium position平衡态equilibrium state分析力学analytical mechanics拉格朗日乘子Lagrange multiplier拉格朗日[量]Lagrangian拉格朗日括号Lagrange bracket循环坐标cyclic coordinate循环积分cyclic integral哈密顿[量]Hamiltonian哈密顿函数Hamiltonian function正则方程canonical equation正则摄动canonical perturbation正则变换canonical transformation正则变量canonical variable哈密顿原理Hamilton principle作用量积分action integral哈密顿--雅可比方程Hamilton-Jacobi equation作用--角度变量action-angle variables阿佩尔方程Appell equation劳斯方程Routh equation拉格朗日函数Lagrangian function诺特定理Noether theorem泊松括号poisson bracket边界积分法boundary integral method并矢dyad运动稳定性stability of motion轨道稳定性orbital stability李雅普诺夫函数Lyapunov function渐近稳定性asymptotic stability结构稳定性structural stability久期不稳定性secular instability弗洛凯定理Floquet theorem倾覆力矩capsizing moment自由振动free vibration固有振动natural vibration暂态transient state 环境振动ambient vibration反共振anti-resonance衰减attenuation库仑阻尼Coulomb damping同相分量in-phasecomponent非同相分量out-of-phase component超调量overshoot参量[激励]振动parametric vibration模糊振动fuzzy vibration临界转速critical speed of rotation阻尼器damper半峰宽度half-peak width集总参量系统lumped parameter system相平面法phase plane method相轨迹phase trajectory等倾线法isocline method跳跃现象jump phenomenon负阻尼negative damping达芬方程Duffing equation希尔方程Hill equationKBM方法KBM method,Krylov-Bogoliu-bov-Mitropol'skii method马蒂厄方程Mathieu equation平均法averaging method组合音调combination tone解谐detuning耗散函数dissipative function 硬激励hard excitation硬弹簧hard spring, hardening spring 谐波平衡法harmonic balance method久期项secular term自激振动self-excited vibration分界线separatrix亚谐波subharmonic软弹簧soft spring ,softening spring软激励soft excitation邓克利公式Dunkerley formula瑞利定理Rayleigh theorem分布参量系统distributed parameter system优势频率dominant frequency模态分析modal analysis固有模态natural mode of vibration同步synchronization超谐波ultraharmonic范德波尔方程van der pol equation频谱frequency spectrum基频fundamental frequencyWKB方法WKB method, Wentzel-Kramers-Brillouinmethod缓冲器buffer风激振动aeolian vibration嗡鸣buzz倒谱cepstrum颤动chatter蛇行hunting阻抗匹配impedance matching机械导纳mechanical admittance机械效率mechanical efficiency机械阻抗mechanical impedance随机振动stochastic vibration, randomvibration隔振vibration isolation减振vibration reduction应力过冲stress overshoot喘振surge摆振shimmy 起伏运动phugoid motion起伏振荡phugoid oscillation驰振galloping陀螺动力学gyrodynamics陀螺摆gyropendulum陀螺平台gyroplatform陀螺力矩gyroscoopic torque陀螺稳定器gyrostabilizer陀螺体gyrostat惯性导航inertial guidance 姿态角attitude angle方位角azimuthal angle舒勒周期Schuler period机器人动力学robot dynamics多体系统multibody system多刚体系统multi-rigid-body system机动性maneuverability凯恩方法Kane method转子[系统]动力学rotor dynamics转子[一支承一基础]系统rotor-support-foundation system静平衡static balancing动平衡dynamic balancing静不平衡static unbalance动不平衡dynamic unbalance现场平衡field balancing不平衡unbalance不平衡量unbalance互耦力cross force挠性转子flexible rotor分频进动fractional frequency precession半频进动half frequency precession油膜振荡oil whip转子临界转速rotor critical speed自动定心self-alignment亚临界转速subcritical speed涡动whirl。

Sc-Te Words and Expressions used in Theoretical MechanicsⅠAlphabet IndexAacceleration-due-to-gravity重力加速度acceleration加速度accommodate调和,调整addition合成aerodynamics空气动力学aerodynamic空气阻力algebra代数学align成一行amplitude振幅analytically解析法angular-impulse角冲量angular-momentum角动量angular-velocity角速度application应用apply施加,使用approach途径,趋近,方法arc-coordinates弧坐标axis轴Bbearing轴承,支撑面bit钻头bolt螺栓Ccam 凸轮cancel抵消,中和cantilever悬臂Cartesian-coordinate笛卡儿坐标系cast-iron铸铁center-of-gravity重心center-of-mass质心central-force向心力centroid形心chain-rule-of-differentiation链导法则circular-frequency圆频率clockwise(CW)顺时针clutch离合器coefficient系数collar套筒collect提取（公因式）collinear共线combine motion复合运动combine合并同类项,联立complementary-solution通解component分量,构成元件composite-body组合体composite-motion复合运动concept概念concurrent汇交的cone圆锥conic-section圆锥曲线conservation-of-momentum动量守恒conservation守恒conservative-force保守力consistent with….与…保持一致constants（const.）常数contour等高线,参照线constraint 约束conventional惯例的convention约定,惯例的convert- conversion转化coplanar共面的Coriolis-acceleration科氏加速度corresponding相应的Coulomb's-law-of-friction库仑摩擦定律counterclockwise(CCW)逆时针couple(s)力偶crank曲柄cross-product叉乘法curvature曲率curved-surface曲面cycloid摆线cylinder圆柱,汽缸Dd'Alembert's-principle达朗贝尔原理damped-vibration衰减振动damp潮湿的,阻尼,衰减的dashed虚线的deduce推演，证明deformation形变degrees-of-freedom自由度density密度derivate求导derivative导数determinant行列式detrimental有害的diagonal对角线differential-differentiation微分dimension量纲,度量单位,维direction-cosine方向余弦direction方向displacement位移distributed-load分布载荷dot-product点乘法dynamics动力学Eeccentricity 偏心距,离心率ellipse椭圆elongation（弹簧等）伸长量equal-sign等号equation-of-motion运动方程equilibrium平衡equipotential-surfaces等势面equivalence等价equivalent等同的expand（多项式）展开exponent指数Ffinite限定的，有限的finite element method 有限元方法formula公式Fourier-series傅立叶级数frequency频率friction摩擦Ggradient梯度graphically图解法gravitation引力gravity重力Hhard-steel高碳钢harmonic-motion谐运动helix-helical螺旋hinge门绞,铰链homogeneous均匀的,齐次的horizontal水平的hub轮毂humidity湿度hyperbola双曲线Iidentity恒等式illustrate举例说明impact碰撞impending临界的impulse冲量incline倾斜indicate=locate标明Inertial-Reference-Frame惯性系inertia惯性，惯量infinitesimal无穷小infinite无穷的initial-initially初始的initial-condition初始条件instant瞬时integral-integration积分interchangeability可交换的interval间隔inverse倒数invert反解investigate研究invoke调用Jjack千斤顶joint=node结合,节joule焦耳Kkey键，键槽kinematics运动学kinetic-energy动能kinetics=dynamics动力学LLaw-of-cosine余弦定理Law-of-sine正弦定理linear-vibration线振动line-segment线段load-intensity载荷强度load载荷lubricate润滑Mmagnitude量值大小mass质量matrix矩阵mean-radius中径mechanical-energy机械能mechanics力学mild-steel低碳钢misalignment未对准moment-arm矩臂moment-of-momentum(angular momentum)动量矩momentum(linear momentum)动量moment矩multiply乘法mutually相互的Nnatural-frequency固有频率negative负的negotiate=pass通过,越过non-collinear不共线的non-coplanar不共面的non-homogeneous非齐次non-inertial-reference-frame非惯性系normal法向的numerical数值的nut螺母Oobtain解得omitting忽略operator计算符,算子ordinary-differentiation常微分orthogonal-component正交分量outcome（最终）结果Pparabolic抛物线parallel-axis-theorem平行轴定理parallelogram-law平四法则parallel平行parameter参数partial-differentiation偏微分particle质点particular-solution特解path-coordinate自然坐标系pedal踏板pendulum摆period周期perpendicular垂直的phase相位pitch螺距plane平面plank铺板plot图像plus加上,正的polar-coordinate极坐标position-vector位矢positive正的postulate=assume假设potential-energy势能preceding先前的preclude=exclude排除preliminary 预备的principle-of-change-of-momentum动量定理principle-of-work-and-energy动能定理principle原理procedure=step步骤projectile抛体projection投影property性质proportional成比例的pulley滑轮Rradian弧度制radii= radius半径radius-of-gyration回转半径rate-of-change变化率rectangular- component正交分量rectangular矩形rectilinear直线运动reduce-reduction化简repel排斥resistance阻力resolve-resolution分解resonance共振resonance共振respectively =separately各自的restoring-force回复力restrict- restriction约束resultant合力resultant moment 合力矩right-angle直角rigid body 刚体rim 轮缘,沿轮缘(滚动)rotate-rotation旋转Ssample示例scalar标量scale天平,磅秤screwdriver螺丝刀screw螺丝second-order-differentiation二阶微分section部件,截面sector扇形self lock自锁shaft连杆,轴simple-pendulum单摆simultaneously同时地solve the equations simultaneously联立求解方程式skid=brake制动slack松弛,缝隙slope斜度,斜率slot滑槽socket插槽,嵌槽speed速率(s)spool线框,线轴stability稳定性statics静力学steer=drive操纵,驾驶stiffness劲度系数subscript下标substantially充分的substitute-substituting取代subtract=subtraction减法sufficient-and-necessary-condition充要条件summation求和superposition叠加survey测量,调查suspend悬挂symmetry对称Ttangent-tangential切向(的)Taylor-series泰勒级数tendency倾向term术语theorem定理法则thread螺纹thrust插入tip尖端,翻倒tire=tyre轮胎torque扭矩traction牵引trajectory=path轨迹transfer-couple附加力偶translate平动transport牵连的triangle三角triple矢量混合积tripod三脚架truss桁架Uuniform=homogeneous均匀的universal-joint万向节unwind绷紧的,伸直的Vvalidate验证(有效)vector矢量velocity速度(v)versus对,比vertex-angle顶角vertical垂直virtual-work虚功vise虎钳Wwarrant=guarantee保证watt瓦特wear磨损wedge楔weld焊接winch绞盘wrench扳手,力螺旋Yyield服从（定律）ⅡClassified Index▉Algebra Algebra代数学approach途径,趋近，方法equal-sign等号equivalence等价equivalent等同的formula公式identity恒等式operator计算符,算子positive正的negative负的plus加上,正的minus减去,负的coefficient系数constants常数parameter参数exponent指数inverse倒数multiply=time乘法subtract=subtraction减法arc-coordinates弧坐标Cartesian-coordinate笛卡儿坐标系polar-coordinate极坐标path-coordinate自然坐标系cross-product叉乘法dot-product点乘法triple矢量混合积matrix矩阵determinant行列式dimension维,量纲,度量单位rate-of-change变化率derivative导数derivate求导chain-rule-of-differentiation链导法则integral-integration积分differential -differentiation微分ordinary-differentiation常微分partial-differentiation偏微分second-order-differentiation二阶微分differential-equation微分方程homogeneous齐次的non-homogeneous非齐次的complementary-solution通解particular-solution特解initial-condition初始条件Fourier-series傅立叶级数Taylor-series泰勒级数gradient梯度direction-cosine方向余弦infinitesimal无穷小numerical数值的plot图像proportional成比例的slope斜度,斜率▉Geometrycone圆锥cylinder圆柱rectangular矩形triangle三角sector扇形conic-section圆锥曲线ellipse椭圆hyperbola双曲线parabolic抛物线cycloid摆线eccentricity 偏心距,离心率helix-helical螺旋line-segment线段projection投影radii= radius半径right-angle直角vertex-angle顶角plane平面section截面diagonal对角线centroid形心symmetry对称curvature曲率curved-surface曲面Law-of-cosine余弦定理Law-of-sine正弦定理▉Basic Concepts & Termsconcept概念aerodynamics空气动力学mechanics力学statics静力学kinematics运动学kinetics=dynamics动力学Inertial-Reference-Frame惯性系non-inertial-reference-frame非惯性系inertia惯性，惯量mass质量particle质点rigid刚体center-of-gravity重心center-of-mass质心restriction约束couple(s)力偶transfer-couple附加力偶wrench力螺旋aerodynamic空气阻力central-force向心力friction摩擦力resistance阻力gravitation引力gravity重力resultant合力conservative-force保守力moment矩moment-arm矩臂orthogonal-component正交分量rectangular- component正交分量stiffness劲度系数elongation（弹簧等）伸长量torque扭矩scalar标量vector矢量position-vector位矢direction方向displacement位移acceleration加速度acceleration-due-to-gravity重力加速度Coriolis-acceleration科氏加速度combine motion复合运动composite-motion复合运动degrees-of-freedom自由度equation-of-motion运动方程rectilinear直线运动translate平动rotate-rotation转动trajectory=path轨迹composite-body组合体projectile抛体deformation形变density密度equilibrium平衡load载荷distributed-load分布载荷load-intensity载荷强度stability稳定性self lock自锁velocity速度(v)angular-impulse角冲量angular-momentum角动量angular-velocity角速度circular-frequency圆频率impulse冲量momentum动量moment-of-momentum动量矩kinetic-energy动能potential-energy势能mechanical-energy机械能parallel-axis-theorem平行轴定理parallelogram-law平四法则principle-of-change-of-momentum动量定理principle-of-work-and-energy动能定理conservation守恒conservation-of-momentum动量守恒equipotential-surfaces等势面radius-of-gyration回转半径virtual-work虚功amplitude振幅damped-vibration衰减振动damp潮湿的,阻尼,衰减的frequency频率harmonic-motion谐运动linear-vibration线振动natural-frequency固有频率pendulum摆period周期phase相位restoring-force回复力resonance共振▉Common Mechanism & Structureaxis轴bearing轴承,支撑面bit钻头bolt螺栓cam 凸轮cantilever悬臂clutch离合器collar套筒crank曲柄cylinder汽缸，液压柱hinge门绞,铰链hub轮毂jack千斤顶joint=node结合,节key键，键槽mean-radius中径nut螺母pedal踏板pitch螺距plank铺板pulley滑轮rim 轮缘scale天平,磅秤screwdriver螺丝刀screw螺丝shaft连杆,轴simple-pendulum单摆slack松弛,缝隙slot滑槽socket插槽,嵌槽spool线框,线轴thread螺纹tip尖端tire=tyre轮胎tripod三脚架truss桁架universal-joint万向节vise虎钳wedge楔winch绞盘wrench扳手▉Keywords in Solutionsaccommodate调和,调整according to依据（定理）analytically解析法的graphically图解法的application应用sample示例apply施加,使用invoke调用postulate=assume假设preclude=exclude排除approach途径principle原理theorem定理法则property性质procedure=step步骤deduce推演，证明illustrate举例说明indicate=locate标明validate验证(有效)warrant=guarantee保证yield服从（定律）reduce-reduction化简resolve-resolution分解addition合成superposition叠加projection投影cancel抵消,中和collect提取（公因式）combine合并同类项,联立expand（多项式）展开summation求和invert反解substitute-substituting取代convert- conversion转化obtain解得outcome（最终）结果initial=initially初始的conventional惯例的convention约定,惯例的corresponding相应的finite限定的infinite无穷的respectively =separately各自的，分别的preliminary 预备的simultaneously同时地，联立substantially充分的interchangeability可交换的sufficient-and-necessary-condition充要条件omitting忽略subscript下标▉State Descriptionalign成一行misalignment未对准clockwise(CW)顺时针counterclockwise(CCW)逆时针collinear共线coplanar共面的noncollinear不共线的noncoplanar不共面的component分量,构成元件resultant合力，合成量horizontal水平的incline倾斜vertical铅垂的perpendicular垂直的parallel平行normal法向的tangent-tangential切向(的)concurrent汇交的initial=initially初始的final末态的instant瞬时impending临界的interval间隔magnitude量值大小direction方向sense 方向mutually相互的uniform=homogeneous均匀的unwind绷紧的,伸直的contour等高线,参照线negotiate=pass通过,越过repel排斥skid=brake 制动 suspend 悬挂 tendency 倾向 thrust 插入 wear 磨损 weld 焊接▉Interchangeable Words apply =invoke 调用，使用 indicate=locate 标明 joint=node 结合,节kinetics=dynamics 动力学 negotiate=pass 通过,越过 postulate=assume 假设 preclude=exclude 排除 procedure=step 步骤 radii= radius 半径 rectangular-component=orthogonal-component 正交分量respectively =separately 各自地steer=drive 操纵,驾驶 tire=tyre 轮胎uniform=homogeneous 均匀的 warrant=guarantee 保证▉AbbreviationCCW=counterclockwise 逆时针CW=clockwise 顺时针 FBD=Free-body-diagram MAD=Force-acceleration-diag ramconst=constant 常数，恒量 rev=revolution 转数 deg=degree 度数A.M.=absolute-motion R.M.=relative-motion T.M.=transport-motion DOF=degree-of-freedom 自由度数IRF= Inertial-Reference-Frame 惯性系▉Others axiom 公理 theorem 定理 law 定律principle 原理sequence, inference, deduction 推论definition 定义 conclusion 结论 convention 约定 hypothesis 假设 equation 方程 equality 等式 inequality 不等式formula, formulas / formulae 公式formulation （集合名词）公式assumption 假设significant digit 有效数字 integral 整数 fraction 分数 decimal 小数cast-iron 铸铁 hard-steel 高碳钢 mild-steel 低碳钢 aluminum 铝 humidity 湿度joule 焦耳 watt 瓦特Newton ’s law 牛顿运动定律 D'Alembert's-principle 达朗贝尔原理Cartesian-coordinate 笛卡儿坐标系Coriolis-acceleration 科氏加速度Coulomb's-law-of-friction 库仑摩擦定律Taylor-series 泰勒级数 Fourier-series 傅立叶级数Ⅲ read the expression correctly21a half /(one)half 31a third 41a quarter/ one(a) fourth 43three fourth /three over four 125five twelfth 212 two and a half 1.0 point one35.2 two point three five9.4 four point nine recurring plus /positive / and－ minus /negative /subtract()⋅⨯ times / (be ) multiplied by() (be) divided by= is equal to /equals≈ is approximately equal to ≡ is identically equal ton x the nth power of x / x to the power n2x x square 3x x cube nx 1 the nth root of x x the square root of xb a > a is greater than b b a < a is less than bb a >> a is much (far)greater than b()x f x x lim 1→ the limitation of ()x f when xapproaches (tends) to x sub oney ' y prime y '' y double primey ''' y triple primex x dot xx double dots / x two dots ∆ delta()x x f bad ⎰ integral between limits a and b∞ infinity xyd d the first derivative of y with respect to x xy22∂∂ the second derivative of y with respect to x xu∂∂the partial derivative of u with respective to x。

力学 mechanics牛顿力学 Newtonian mechanics经典力学 classical mechanics静力学 statics运动学 kinematics动力学 dynamics动理学 kinetics宏观力学 macroscopic mechanics,macromechanics 细观力学 mesomechanics微观力学 microscopic mechanics,micromechanics 一般力学 general mechanics固体力学 solid mechanics流体力学 fluid mechanics理论力学 theoretical mechanics应用力学 applied mechanics工程力学 engineering mechanics实验力学 experimental mechanics计算力学 computational mechanics理性力学 rational mechanics物理力学 physical mechanics地球动力学 geodynamics力 force作用点 point of action作用线 line of action力系 system of forces力系的简化 reduction of force system等效力系 equivalent force system弹性力学 elasticity弹性理论 theory of elasticity均匀应力状态 homogeneous state of stress应力不变量 stress invariant应变不变量 strain invariant应变椭球 strain ellipsoid均匀应变状态 homogeneous state of strain应变协调方程 equation of strain compatibility拉梅常量 Lame constants各向同性弹性 isotropic elasticity .。

《常微分方程》双语课程常用词汇表acceleration n. 加速度constant acceleration 常加速度downward acceleration 向下的加速度gravitational acceleration 重力加速度total acceleration 总加速度upward acceleration 向上的加速度account（for）v. 占去algebra 代数algebraic equation 代数方程linear algebra 线性代数the fundamental theorem of algebra 代数学基本定理amount v. 总计n. 总数amplitude n. 振幅application n. 应用by repeated application of 反复应用apply v. 应用approach v. 趋近于approach zero 趋近于零approach infinity 趋近于无穷area n. 面积cross-sectional area 横截面积the horizontal cross-sectional area 水平方向的截面积arrange v. 安排、整理、排列arrangement n. 安排、整理、排列rearrangement n. 重新安排、重新整理、重新排列associate v. 联系associated a.. 相应的associated with 对应于…的associated homogeneous linear equation 相应的齐线性方程associativity n. 结合律assume v. 假设assumption n. 假设asymptote 渐近线oblique asymptote 斜渐近线[əˈbli:k]axis 数轴negative x -axis 负x 轴positive y -axis 正y 轴x -axis x 轴y -axis y 轴base n. 基be present v. 出现body 天体boundary n. 边界bounded a. 有界的unbounded a. 无界的brine 盐水calculus 微积分elementary calculus 初等微积分capacitor 电容器case 情形exceptional case 例外情形chain rule （求导的）链式法则clockwise 顺时针clockwise direction 顺时针方向counterclockwise 逆时针counterclockwise direction 逆时针方向close v. 闭closed container 封闭的容器closed interval 闭区间coefficient 系数constant coefficient 常系数leading coefficient 首项系数undetermined coefficient 待定系数variable coefficient 变系数collect v. 整理collect coefficients 整理系数column 列commute v. 交换commutative a. 交换的commutativity 交换性property of commutativity 交换性质complete a. 完备的incomplete a. 不完备的complex a. 复的complex conjugate 复共轭的complex conjugate pairs 复共轭对complex conjugate roots 复共轭根component n. 分量componentwise 分量形式composition 复合compress v. 压缩compute v. 计算concentration n. 浓度condition 条件a given initial condition 一个给定的初始条件initial condition 初始条件necessary condition 必要条件sufficient condition 充分条件the given condition 给定的条件conjugate 共轭的constant 常数arbitrary constant 任意常数constant multiple 数乘constant of integration 积分常数constant speed 常速度damping constant 阻尼常数positive constant 正的常数continuity n. 连续性discontinuity 不连续性continuous 连续的continuous function 连续函数continuous partial derivative 连续偏导数discontinuous 不连续的piecewise continuous 分段连续的convention 惯例convergence n. 收敛absolute convergence 绝对收敛uniform convergence 一致收敛coordinate 坐标coordinate axis 坐标轴polar coordinates 极坐标corresponding a. 相应的cube 立方，立方体current 电流cylinder 柱，柱面dashpot 减震器decomposition 分解partial fraction decomposition 部分分式分解defect n. 亏量defective v. 亏损的define v. 定义definition n. 定义degenerate a. 退化的denominator 分母derive v. 导出derivation n. 求导（数）derivative n. 导数[diˈrivətiv] antiderivative 原函数first derivative 一阶导数second derivative 二阶导数the highest derivative 最高阶导数determine v. 确定determinant 行列式determinant of coefficients 系数行列式operational determinant 算子行列式diagonal 对角线principal diagonal 主对角线differ v. 不同difference n. 差differentiable 可微的differentiable function 可微函数differentiability 可微性differentiability condition 可微性条件differential n. 微分differential form 微分形式differentiate v. 微分differentiate term wise 逐项微分differentiation n. 微分（运算）term-by-term differentiation 逐项微分displacement 位移distance 距离distinct 不同的distinct real roots 不同的实根distributives 分配性diverge v. 发散divide v. 划分，除subdivide 细分domain 定义域double 重，二重，双double root 二重根duplicate v. 复制、重复duplication n. 复制、重复eliminate v. 消去elimination n. 消元法、消去the method of elimination 消元法、消去法eigenvalue n. 特征值complex conjugate eigenvalue 复共轭特征值defective eigenvalue 不完备的特征值multiple eigenvalue 多重特征值zero eigenvalue 零特征值eigenvector 特征向量generalized eigenvector 广义特征向量rank generalized eigenvector r 阶广义特征向量element 元素diagonal element 对角元off-diagonal element 非对角元element wise 逐个元素地ellipse 椭圆elliptical orbit 椭圆型轨道employ v. 利用employ the technique of 利用…技术enable v. 使能够entry n. 元素equate v. 使相等equation 方程Bernoulli equation 伯努利方程Bessel’s equation 贝赛尔方程characteristic equation 特征方程cubic equation 三次方程differential equation 微分方程eigenvector equation 特征向量方程exact differential equation 恰当微分方程higher-degree equation 高次方程homogeneous equation 齐次方程Legend re’s equation 勒让德方程linear first-order equation 一阶线性方程Logistic equation 逻辑斯蒂方程natural growth equation 自然增长方程ordinary differential equation 常微分方程partial differential equation 偏微分方程quadratic equation 二次方程reducible equation 可降阶方程second-degree equation 二次方程separable differential equation 可分离变量方程simultaneous equations 联立方程组equilibrium position 平衡位置equivalent 等价的be equivalent to 等价于equivalently 等价地error 误差average error 平均误差existence 存在existence-uniqueness theorem 存在唯一性定理exponent 指数negative exponent 负指数exponential 指数(的)exponential function 指数函数matrix exponential 矩阵指数factor n. 因式,因子v. 分解因式common factor 公因式,公因子integrating factor 积分因子linear factor 一次因式irreducible quadratic factor 二次不可约因式factorization n. 因子分解field 场、域direction field 方向场first 第一的the first two… 前两（个）……flow v. 流动n. 流量inflow n. 流入(量) outflow n. 流出(量)focus 焦点following 下面的force 力external force 外力external period ice force 周期性外力frictional force 摩擦力form 形式decimal form 小数形式explicit form 显式形式implicit form 隐式形式polar form 极坐标形式the standard form 标准形式upper triangular form 上三角形式former a. 以前的the former 前者formula 公式fraction 分式,分数frequency 频率function 函数analytic function 解析函数coefficient function 系数函数complementary function 补函数component function 分量函数constant-valued function 常数值函数continuous function 连续函数piecewise continuous function 分段连续函数decreasing function 单调减函数differentiable function 可微函数n times differentiable function n 阶可微函数twice differentiable function 二阶可微函数sufficiently differentiable function 足够阶可微函数discontinuous function 不连续函数elementary function 初等函数factorial function 分式函数increasing function 单调增函数matrix-valued function 矩阵值函数position function 位置函数rational function 有理函数real-valued function 实值函数trigonometric function 三角函数unknown function 未知函数vector-valued function 向量值函数generalize (to) v. 推广generalization n. 推广graph 图象hemispherical 半球形的hold v. 成立homogeneous 齐(次)的nonhomogenous 非齐(次)的hyperbolic 双曲型的hyperbolic cosine 双曲余弦hyperbolic sine 双曲正弦hypothesis n. 假设hypotheses n. 假设(复数形式) identity 恒等式identity principle 恒等原理trigonometric identity 三角恒等式illustrate v. 说明imaginary part 虚部immaterial a. 不重要的, 不相干的imply v. 意味着, 暗示impulse 脉冲independent a. 独立的, 不相关的independent of 独立于……inductor 电感器initial 开始的, 最初的initial condition 初始条件initial position 初始位置initial population 初始人口数initial velocity 初始速度integer 整数nonnegative integer 非负整数integral 积分definite integral 定积分improper integral 非正常积分indefinite integral 不定积分integral sign 积分号integrate v. 积分integrate by parts 分部积分integration n. 积分integration of both sides 两边积分interior n. 内部in terms of 根据interval 区间closed interval 闭区间interval of real number 实数区间open interval 开区间subinterval 子区间bounded subinterval 有界子区间the ends of the interval 区间的端点the whole interval 整个区间involve v. 包含，涉及Kepl er’s laws of planetary motion 开普勒行星运动定律latter a. 后期的，末期的the latter 后者left-hand side 左边like 类似，相似like powers 同次幂like term 同类项limit 极限take the limit 取极限upper limit 上极限line 线，线条line segment 线段real line 实数轴straight line 直线tangent line 切线the line tangent (to) 与…相切的直线the entire real line 整个实轴linear 线性的linear combination 线性组合linear dependence 线性相关linear independence 线性无关nonlinear 非线性的linearly 线性地linearly dependent 线性相关的linearly independent 线性无关的linearly independent solutions 线性无关解linearity 线性性liter 升logarithm 对数logarithmic term 含有对数的项long division 长除法major semi axis 长半轴mass (物体的)质量mathematical model 数学模型mathematical modeling 数学建模matrix 矩阵augmented matrix 增广矩阵coefficient matrix 系数矩阵diagonal matrix 对角矩阵exponential matrix 指数矩阵fundamental matrix 基解矩阵identity matrix 单位矩阵inverse matrix 逆矩阵matrix addition 矩阵加法matrix multiplication 矩阵乘法nonsingular matrix 非奇异矩阵singular matrix 奇异矩阵square matrix 方阵upper triangular matrix 上三角矩阵zero matrix 零矩阵mean value theorem for integral 积分中值定理method 方法straightforward method 直接的方法minimum 最小值minus prep. 减,减去;负的minus sign 负号motion 运动free undamped motion 无阻尼自由运动simple harmonic motion 简谐运动multiply v. 乘,倍增multiplication n. 乘法multiplicity n. 重数nature 自然, 本质nilpotent 幂零的number 数complex number 复数imaginary number 虚数negative number 负数nonnegative number 非负数positive number 正数real number 实数unknown number 未知数numerator (分数的)分子operate v. 运算,作用operation n. 运算,操作elementary row operation 初等行变换operator 算子polynomial operator 多项式算子orbit 轨道order 阶first-order equation 一阶方程fourth-order equation 四阶方程of exponential order 指数阶的second-order equation 二阶方程nth-order equation n 阶方程the mixed second-order partial derivative 二阶混合偏导数the order of a differential equation 微分方程的阶origin 原点original 原来的the original equation 原方程the original form 原来的形式oscillate v. 振动oscillation n. 振动forced oscillation 强迫振动free oscillation 自由振动parabola 抛物线 [pə'ræbələ]parameter 参数variation of parameters 常数变易法parameterize v. 参数化parameterization n. 参数化particle 粒子phase angle 相角phase portrait 相图plane 平面point 点end point 端点isolated point 孤立点ordinary point 常点singular point 奇点regular singular point 正则奇点irregular singular point 非正则奇点polynomial 多项式n th-degree polynomial n 次多项式a polynomial of degree n n 次多项式a polynomial of lower degree 次数较低的多项式Taylor polynomial 泰勒多项式possible 可能的possibility 可能性power 幂power function 幂函数in powers of x x 的幂in powers of x −a x −a 的幂presence 出现, 在场preceding 前面的prime 求导符号“撇”problem 问题mathematical problem 数学问题initial value problem 初始值问题proceed v. 继续进行, 继续下去product 乘, 积dot product 点积product rule 乘法法则scalar product 点积,数积,内积property 性质proposition 命题quotient 商radius 半径radius of convergence 收敛半径rate 速率at a rate of 以…的速率at a rate proportional to 以与…成正比的速率birth rate 出生率death rate 死亡率time rate of change of (something) …关于时间的变化率interest rate 利率reactant 反应物readily 容易地real part 实部recall v. 记起,回顾rectangle 长方形, 矩形open rectangle 开矩形recurrence relation 递推关系many-term recurrence relation 多项间的递推关系two-term recurrence relation 两项间的递推关系recursion formula 递推公式reduce v. 化简, 简化, 约简reduction n. 化简, 简化, 约简reduction of order 降阶resistor 电阻器result n. 结果v. 导致(in)revolution n. 旋转right-hand side 右边root 根characteristic root 特征根complex root 复根double root 二重根equal roots 相等的根k-fold root k 重根rational root 有理根real root 实根repeated root 重根the square root 平方根triple root 三重根rotation n. 旋转counterclockwise rotation 逆时针旋转routine 例行的; 平凡的a routine matter 平凡的情形row 行scalar 纯量(的), 数量(的), 标量(的)series 级数binomial series 二项式级数geometric series 几何级数harmonic series 调和级数infinite series 无穷级数power series 幂级数convergent power series 收敛的幂级数power series representation 幂级数表示power series in x x的幂级数power series in x −a x −a 的幂级数power series solution 幂级数解Taylor series 泰勒级数set 集合show v. 证明side 边left-hand side 左边right-hand side 右边simple 简单的simplify v. 简化, 化简simplification n. 简化, 化简singularity 奇异性slope 斜率slope field 斜率场smooth 光滑的piecewise smooth 逐段光滑的solute n. 溶质，溶解物solution n. 解explicit solution 显式解implicit solution 隐式解infinitely many solutions 无穷多解negative-valued solution 负值解period ice solution 周期解positive-valued solution 正值解singular solution 奇解solution curve 解曲线the (a) genera l solution 通解the particular solution 特解solve v. 解solvent n. 溶剂some 某个some open interval 某个开区间spring 弹簧spring constant 弹性系数step 步骤finitely many steps 有限多步stretch 拉伸subject(to) a. 易受…的ad.在…条件下subscript 下标even subscript 偶下标odd subscript 奇下标substitute v. 代入substitution n. 代入direct substitution 直接代入back substitution 回代subtract v. 减去subtraction n. 减去suffice v. 足够sufficient n. 足够的, 充分的sufficient condition 充分条件sum n. 和sum zero 总和为零summand 被加数summation 求和(法), 累加, 加法the index of summation 求和的指标the sum of…and … …与…的和superposition 叠加symmetry 对称symmetric form 对称形式system 方程组,系统first-order system 一阶方程组higher-order system 高阶方程组two-dimensional system 二维系统upper triangular system 上三角方程组take 取, 实施take the Laplace transform 取拉普拉斯变换take the limit 取极限tangent 正切(的),切线(的)be tangent to 与…相切time 时间per unit of time 单位时间time lag 时滞tank 箱, 柜, 罐water tank 水箱term 项constant term 常数项termwise addition 逐项相加term by term 逐项the first term 第一项the first few terms 前几项the genera l term 通项, 一般项the leading term 首项terminology 术语trajectory 轨道, 轨迹transform v. 转化n. 变换Laplace transform 拉普拉斯变换inverse Laplace transform 拉普拉斯反变换transformation n. 变换,转化transpose v. , n. 转置,移项triangle 三角(形)right triangle 直角三角形triple 三重的, 三次的, 三倍的triple eigenvalue 三重特征根trivial 平凡的, 不重要的trivial case 平凡情况nontrivial 非平凡的tuple 组n -tuple n 元组unique 唯一的uniqueness 唯一性unique solution 唯一解unknown 未知的the unknown 未知量value 值numerical value 数值absolute value 绝对值variable 变量dependent variable 因变量independent variable 自变量variable of integration 积分变量vector 向量acceleration vector 加速度向量column vector 列向量constant vector 常数向量position vector 位置向量radius vector 向径, 矢径row vector 行向量solution vector 解向量unit vector 单位向量verify v. 证明vanish 等于零vanish identically 恒等于零variable 变量dependent variable 因变量independent variable 自变量separation of variable 变量分离voltage 电压volume 列Wronskian 伏朗斯基行列式yield 产生zero 零nonzero 非零。

Chapter 1 Introduction, Measurement, Estimating 第一章：引言，测量，估算water flow: 水流constant: 常数，保持不变的conservation of energy: 能量守恒course grade: 课程成绩reference book: 参考书specialized vocabulary: 专业词汇estimate: 估计classical mechanics: 经典力学relativity: 相对论quantum mechanics: 量子力学ideal model: 理想模型main factor: 主要因素approximation: 近似precision: 精度mass point: 质点translational motion: 平动rigid body: 刚体rotational motion: 转动uncertainty: 不确定度significant figures: 有效数字unit: 单位SI: 国际单位制mass: 质量prefix: 前缀dimensional analysis: 量纲分析order of magnitude: 数量级gravitational constant: 引力常数Chapter 2 Kinematics in one-Dimension第二章：一维运动学one dimension: 一维mechanics: 力学kinematics: 运动学dynamics: 动力学reference frame: 参考系orbit: 轨道coordinate system: 坐标系specify: 详细说明rectangular coordinate system: 直角坐标系axis: 坐标轴position: 位置motional equation: 运动方程displacement: 位移distance traveled: 路程average speed: 平均速率average velocity: 平均速度time elapsed: 经过时间period: 周期circular motion: 圆周运动instantaneous velocity: 瞬时速度infinitesimal: 微元time interval: 时间间隔derivative: 导数，微商with respect to: 相对于changing rate: 变化率integral/integration: 积分acceleration: 加速度free fall motion: 自由落体运动analyze: 分析simple harmonic motion: 简谐振动origin: 原点initial time: 初始时间initial conditions: 初始条件diver: 跳水运动员vertical: 竖直的differential equation: 微分方程separation of variables: 分离变量Chapter 3 Kinematics in More Dimensions; Vectors 第三章：多维运动学，矢量more dimensions: 多维vector: 矢量，向量scalar: 标量magnitude: 大小，模direction: 方向force: 力momentum: 动量torque: 力矩vector algebra: 矢量代数diagram: 图unit vector: 单位矢量addition: 加法subtraction: 减法scalar product: 标量积，点乘，内积vector product: 矢量积，叉乘right-hand rule: 右手定则position vector: 位置矢量path equation: 轨道方程projectile motion: 抛体运动parabola: 抛物线ellipse: 椭圆component: 分量superposition principle: 叠加原理uniform circular motion: 匀速圆周运动horizontal: 水平的strategy: 策略slingshot: 弹弓range: 射程cannonball: 炮弹maximum: 最大minimum: 最小angular coordinate: 角坐标angular velocity: 角速度angular acceleration: 角加速度frequency: 频率tangent: 相切，正切nonuniform circular motion: 非匀速圆周运动tangential acceleration: 切向加速度centripetal/radial/normal acceleration: 向心/径向/法向加速度perpendicular: 垂直curved: 弯曲的relative motion: 相对运动Galilean transformations: 伽利略变换relative to: 相对于relative velocity: 相对速度subscript: 下标30° north by west: 北偏西30°Chapter 4 & 5 Dynamics: Newton's Laws and Its Application第四、五章：动力学：牛顿定律及其应用Newton's laws: 牛顿定律mathematician: 数学家physicist: 物理学家work: 功angular momentum: 角动量spring scale: 弹簧秤idealized experiment: 理想实验，思想实验friction: 摩擦net force: 合力inertia: 惯性tendency: 倾向inertial reference frame: 惯性系noninertial reference frame: 非惯性系distinguish: 区分，判别hold: 有效mass: 质量weight: 重量，重力proportional to: 正比于inversely proportional to: 反比于acting on: 作用于acted by: 被…作用limitation: 限制条件macro world: 宏观世界exert: 施加，作用reaction: 反作用normal force: 法向力contact force: 接触力weight loss: 失重elevator: 电梯kinetic friction: 动摩擦static friction: 静摩擦coefficient: 系数materiel: 材料smoothness: 光滑程度lubrication: 润滑identify: 确定，识别free-body diagram: 隔离体受力图convenient: 方便的formula: 公式rope: 绳子hang: 悬挂uniformly distributed: 均匀分布的catenary: 悬链线literature: 文献pulley: 滑轮air friction: 空气阻力centripetal/radial force: 向心力/径向力tension: 张力conical pendulum: 圆锥摆hoop: 圆环highway: 公路banked: 倾斜的skating: 溜冰bowl: 碗track: 轨道slide: 滑semi-circular：半圆的plane: 平面velocity-dependent: 和速度相关的*Chapter 6 Gravitation and Newton’s synthesis *第六章：万有引力及牛顿的演绎（自学）Chapter 7 Work and Energy第七章：功和能量alternative description of dynamics: 动力学的其他表述方式significance: 意义，重要性conserved: 守恒的varying force: 变力line integral: 线积分conservative force: 保守力nonconservative force: 非保守力path independent: 与路径无关calorie: 卡路里fat: 脂肪stretch: 拉长unstretched: 未变形的spring: 弹簧kinetic energy: 动能translational kinetic energy: 平动动能work-energy principle: 功能原理elliptical motion: 椭圆运动effective mass: 等效质量，有效质量mechanical energy: 机械能heat / thermal energy: 热能，内能electromagnetic energy: 电磁能chemical energy: 化学能nuclear energy: 核能fission: 核裂变fusion: 核聚变chain reaction: 链式反应nuclear bomb: 核弹shock wave: 冲击波radiation: 辐射γ ray: 伽马射线neutron: 中子Chapter 8 Conservation of Energy第八章：能量守恒loop integration: 环路积分closed path：闭合路径elastic force: 弹性力potential energy: 势能associated with: 和…关联configuration: 形状，结构release: 释放capacity: 能力arbitrary: 任意的interaction system: 作用系统partial derivative: 偏导数system of particles: 质点系internal force: 内力external force: 外力principle of conservation of mechanical energy: 机械能守恒定律frictionless: 无摩擦的skier: 滑雪运动员sphere: 球dissipative: 耗散的transform: 转换transfer: 转移compress: 压缩center of mass: 质心attraction force: 吸引力launch: 发射satellite: 卫星cosmic velocity: 宇宙速度escape velocity: 逃逸速度bound state: 束缚态unbound state: 非束缚态black hole: 黑洞Schwarzschild radius: 史瓦西半径power: 功率diatomic molecule: 双原子分子equilibrium point: 平衡点slope: 斜率repulsion force: 排斥力stable equilibrium: 稳定平衡unstable equilibrium: 非稳定平衡saddle: 马鞍面Chapter 9 Linear Momentum and Collisions 第九章：线动量和碰撞linear momentum: 线动量，动量collision: 碰撞impulse: 冲量impulse-momentum theorem: 冲量定理impulsive force: 冲击力stiff-legged: 挺直腿的bent: 弯曲jet: 喷射splashing back: 溅射回linear density: 线密度isolated system: 孤立系统recoil: 反冲rifle: 步枪billiard ball: 台球strike: 撞击identical: 完全相同的half sphere: 半球elastic collision: 弹性碰撞target: 目标，靶子baseball: 棒球bat: 球棒，球拍rebound: 反弹slingshot effect: 弹弓效应spacecraft: 飞船，航天器Voyager II: 旅行者2号Jupiter: 木星planet: 行星inelastic collision: 非弹性碰撞restitution coefficient: 恢复系数stick together: 连成一体ratio: 比值center of mass (CM): 质心rotation: 转动vibration: 振动weighted average: 加权平均stone: 棋子continuous object: 连续体thin rod: 细棒segment: 一段right triangle: 直角三角形rocket propulsion: 火箭发射Tsiolkovsky equation: 齐奥科夫斯基方程Chapter 10 Rotational Motion About a Fixed Axis 第十章：定轴转动rigid body: 刚体definite shape: 固定形状vibrate: 振动deform: 形变rotational motion: 转动axis of rotation: 转轴fixed axis: 固定轴angular quantities: 角参量platter: （磁盘）盘片hard disk: 硬盘rpm (Revolutions Per Minute): 每分钟转数reading head: 读磁头writing head: 写磁头bit: 比特spinning top: 陀螺similarity: 相似性analogous: 类比的point of action: 作用点Archimedes’ lever: 阿基米德的杠杆fulcrum: 支点lever arm / moment arm: 力臂torque: 力矩seesaw: 跷跷板rotational inertia: 转动惯量rotational theorem about fixed axis: 定轴转动定理distribute: 分布uniform: 均匀disk: （薄）圆盘cylinder: 圆柱sphere: 球parallel-axis theorem: 平行轴定理perpendicular-axis theorem: 垂直轴定理point of intersection: 交点plane figures: 平面图形diameter: 直径massive: 有质量的pivot: 转动angular momentum: 角动量figure skating: 花样滑冰helicopter: 直升机posture: 姿态injury: 受伤platform: 平台rotational kinetic energy: 转动动能rolling motion: 滚动slipping: 滑动incline: 斜坡Chapter 11 General Rotation第十一章：一般转动torque vector relative to O: 对参考点O的力矩determinant: 行列式central force: 有心力，中心力Kepler’s 2nd law: 开普勒第二定律area: 面积spiral line: 螺旋线frame of the CM: 质心参考系gyroscope: 陀螺仪precession: 进动trick: 技巧，窍门inertial force: 惯性力fictitious force: 虚拟力centrifugal force: 离心力virtual: 虚拟的Coriolis force: 科里奥利力whirlpool: 漩涡Foucault pendulum: 傅科摆Chapter 12 Oscillations第十二章：振动oscillation: 振动mechanical oscillations: 机械振动string of a guitar: 吉他弦vocal cords: 声带electrical: 电的optical: 光学的atomic: 原子的simple harmonic motion: 简谐振动compose: 构成Hooke’s law: 胡克定律equilibrium position: 平衡位置restoring force: 回复力exhibit: 展示angular frequency: 角频率dynamic equation: 动力学方程cube: 正方体float: 漂浮amplitude: 振幅cycle: 循环phase: 相、相位、位相initial phase / phase angle: 初始相位、初相、相角in phase: 同相inverse phase: 反相phase difference: 相位差attach to: 连接rotational vector method: 旋转矢量法projection: 投影far left: 最左端physical pendulum: 复摆simple pendulum: 单摆vertical plane: 竖直平面tunnel: 隧道superposition: 叠加constructive superposition: 叠加增强destructive superposition: 叠加减弱beat: 拍、节拍amplitude modulation: 调幅frequency modulation: 调频Lissajous figures:李萨如图形damped harmonic motion: 阻尼振动damping force: 阻尼力underdamped: 欠阻尼mean: 平均lifetime: 寿命overdamped motion: 过阻尼critical damped motion: 临界阻尼forced vibration: 受迫振动driving force: 驱动力resonance: 共振nuclear magnetic resonance: 核磁共振Chapter 13 Wave Motion第十三章：波动mechanical wave: 机械波propagation: 传播wave source: 波源pulse: 脉冲medium: 介质wave pattern: 波形transverse wave: 横波longitudinal wave: 纵波characteristics: 特征sinusoidal: 正弦的wavelength: 波长periodicity: 周期性crest: 波峰trough: 波谷wave velocity: 波速elastic modulus: 弹性模量（杨氏模量）bulk modulus: 体变模量liquid: 液体transmission: 传递，透射plane harmonic wave : 平面谐波wave surface: 波面spherical wave: 球面波isotropy: 各向同性absorption: 吸收wave number: 波数wave equation: 波动方程intensity: 波强algebraic: 代数的composite wave: 复合波Fourier’ theorem: 傅里叶定理interference: 干涉coherent waves: 相干波standing wave: 驻波traveling wave: 行波node: 波节antinode: 波腹reflection: 反射half-wave loss: 半波损失fixed end: 固定端free end: 自由端harmonics: 谐频fundamental frequency: 基频overtone: 泛音refraction: 折射diffraction: 衍射obstacle: 障碍Chapter 14 Sound第十四章：声波loudness: 响度pitch: 音高audible range: 听觉范围infrasonic: 次声波ultrasonic: 超声波sound level: 声强级logarithmic: 对数的decibel: 分贝loudspeaker: 喇叭Doppler effect: 多普勒效应red shift: 红移big bang theory: 大爆炸理论emit: 发射detect: 接收，探测supersonic: 超音速shock wave: 冲击波Mach number: 马赫数Chapter 30 The Wave Nature of Light; Interference 第三十章：波动光学；干涉Huygens’ principle: 惠更斯原理wavelet: 子波envelope: 包络，包迹wave front: 波前index of refraction: 折射率monochromatic: 单色的polarization: 偏振spectrum: 光谱visible light: 可见光double-slit: 双缝thin film: 薄膜Young’s double-slit experiment: 杨氏双缝干涉实验convincing: 有说服力的evidence: 证据fall on: 照射fringe: 条纹angstrom(Å): 埃（10-10米）band: 带vacuum: 真空optical length: 光程deposited: 覆盖lens: 透镜nonreflective coatings: 增透膜reflective coatings: 增反膜eliminate: 消除incident: 入射的soap bubble: 肥皂泡purple: 紫色wedge-shaped film: 劈尖形薄膜concave: 凹的protruding: 凸的Newton’s rings: 牛顿环convex: 凸面的Michelson Interferometer: 迈克尔逊干涉仪beam splitter: 分光镜inclination: 倾向，倾角Chapter 31 Diffraction & Polarization 第三十一章：衍射与偏振diffraction pattern: 衍射图案razor blade: 剃须刀片Poisson spot: 泊松斑Huygens-Fresnel principle: 惠更斯-菲涅耳原理light vibration: 光振动（电场振动）Fraunhofer diffraction: 夫琅禾费衍射diffraction by a single slit: 单缝衍射diffraction angle: 衍射角half-wave zone method: 半波带法adjacent: 邻近的even: 偶数的odd: 奇数的minima: 极小（复数）maxima: 极大（复数）diffraction of circular apertures: 小孔衍射Airy disk: 爱里斑angular radius: 角半径Rayleigh criterion: 瑞利判据image: 成像resolvable: 可分辨的resolving power: 分辨本领telescope: 望远镜microscope: 显微镜electron microscope: 电子显微镜scanning tunneling microscope (STM): 扫描隧道显微镜astronaut: 宇航员pupil: 瞳孔grating: 光栅resultant: 合成的principal maxima: 主极大secondary maxima: 次极大missing maxima: 缺级angular width: 角宽度、张角X-ray: X光penetrating: 穿透性的macroscopic: 宏观的microscopic: 微观的crystal structure: 晶体结构electric field: 电场unpolarized / natural light: （无偏振）自然光linearly polarized light: 线偏振光partial polarized light: 部分偏振光photon: 光子mixture: 混合Polaroid/polarizer: 偏振片、起偏器birefringence: 双折射Malus’ law: 马吕斯定律analyzer: 检偏器incidence: 入射filter: 滤镜Brewster’s law: 布儒斯特定律polarizing angle: 起偏角law of refraction: 折射定律critical angle: 临界角total internal reflection: 全反射wave plate: 波片（λ/2半波片、λ/4四分之一波片）Chapter 32 Special Theory of Relativity 第三十二章：狭义相对论relativity principle: 相对性原理ether: 以太Michelson-Morley experiment: 迈克尔逊-莫雷实验fringe shift: 条纹移动postulate: 假定constancy of the speed of light: 光速不变commonsense: 常识的notion: 概念simultaneity: 同时性event: 事件time dilation: 时间膨胀proper time: 固有时间relativity factor: 相对论因子relativistic: 相对论的universality: 普遍性twin paradox: 双生子佯谬muon: μ介子decay: 衰变length contraction: 长度收缩Mars: 火星proper length: 固有长度painting: 绘画dimensions: 大小Lorentz contraction: 洛伦兹收缩Lorentz transformation: 洛伦兹变换ultimate speed: 终极速度、最大速度relativistic mass: 相对论质量rest mass: 静止质量cyclotron: 加速器rest energy: 静止能量mass-energy equation: 质能方程mass decrease: 质量亏损KWH: 千瓦时TNT-equivalent: TNT炸药当量Lorentz invariant: 洛伦兹不变量pion: π介子electric potential: 电势teletube: 显像管。

Aabrasion n. 磨损[耗]abrasive n. a. (研）磨料（的）磨损abscissa n. 横坐标actuation n. 驱动align v. 调整，对中，校直alloy n. 合金alternative n. a. 交替（的），可供选择的aluminum n. 铝amortize v. 阻尼，缓冲，分期偿还anisotropy n. 各项异性annealing n. 退火annealing n. 退火antiparallelogram n. 反平行四边形anvil n. （锤）砧，砧座armor n. 铠甲assumption n. 假定设想, 担任(职责等), 假装at one’s command 自由使用，支配attainable a. 可达[得]到的austenitic a. 奥氏体的Bbar n. 杆件bass n. 黄铜be distinguished from 与…区分be referred to as 叫做，称为，被认为abnormal a. 非正常的be termed… 被称为……beam n. 横梁，一束bearing n. 轴承bending n. 弯曲，折弯biasvt.n. （使）偏向[重，差]billet n. 坯料，锻坯binary a. 二[双, 复]的, 二元的bismuth n. 铋blacksmith n. 锻工blank n.坯料，（冲压）板坯block n. （模）块blow molding 吹塑（法）brake forming [压]折弯（机）成型branch n. v. 分（部，支）braze n. vt.硬钎焊，铜焊breakage n. 断裂breakdown n. 破坏，击穿brittleness n. 脆性, 脆度broken up 破[断]裂，分散bronze n. 青铜broom n. 扫帚buckling n. 弯[翘]曲，挠曲buttwelding对头（缝）焊Ccadmium n. 镉capability n. 能力,性能,容量carbide n. 碳化物，硬质合金carbon n. 碳carbon tetrachloride 四氯化碳casting n. 铸造[件]category n. 种类category n. 种类、类别cavity n. 模膛，型槽centripetal a. 向心的centroid n. 质心；形心closed impression die 闭式锻模coefficient n. 系数coherent a. 互相凝聚的，协调一致coincide with 一致，相符cold[hot] working 冷[热]加工collinear adj. 共线的comparative adj. 比较的，相当的compression molding 压塑，模压（法）compression n. 压缩compressive stress 压（缩）应力configuration n. 外形，配置，排布confinevt.限制，约束constituent n. a.组成[的，部分] constrain(t) v. n. 强制，约束constrained a. 约束的，限定的consumer goods 消费品continuum n. 连续（体）contour n. 外形、轮廓线convert v. 转变[化]convert v. 转变[换]，更换copper n. 铜copper-base alloy 铜基合金corrosion n. 腐蚀coupler n. 连接件，连杆cracking n. 裂纹craftsman n. 技工criterion (pl. criteria) n. 标准, 判据, 准则critical strain 临界应变critical temperature 临界温度crystalline n. a. 结晶[的]，晶体cuploa n. 冲天炉Ddecoration n. 装饰deep drawing 深冲（压）definite a. 确定的deflection n. 偏移[转，离]，挠曲deformation n. 变形density n. 密度derivative of M with respect to NM对于N的导数design specifications:设计技术要求destructive a. 破坏（性）的，有害的deterioration n. 变坏，退化，损耗determinant n. 行列式die failure 模具损坏die life 模具寿命die n. 模具，锻[冲]模，凹模die-casting n. 模铸[件]discount v. 打折扣，忽视discrete a. 不连续的，单个的disjoin v. 拆散，分开dislocation n. 位错displacement n. 位移,排量,替换distributed forces n. 分力diversity n. 不同，多样性draft n. 模锻斜度drawing n. (锻坯）拔长，[线，管材]拉拔drawn out 拔长drop forging 落锻，锤模锻ductility n. 延展性，可锻性dump v. 倾倒，堆放Eeccentricity n. 偏心[度，率]efficiency n. 效率elastic a. 弹性的elasticity n. 弹性electric resistance-type strain gage n. 电阻应变片electrode n. 电(焊)极, 焊条elimination n. 消除，淘汰elongation n. 伸长（量）embed v. 嵌入、加在层间envision v. 想象equilibrium n. 平衡erosion n. 腐[侵，烧]蚀extract vt.提炼，萃取extrusion n. 挤压Ffabricatevt.制造[备]，生产factor n. 因素failure n. 失效；破坏fasten(ing) v. n. 连接(件), 紧固（件）ferrous a. （含）铁的ferrous metals 黑色金属filler n. 填充（剂）fine adj. 细的finite element 有限元fiux-shielded arc welding 熔剂保护电弧焊flexibility n. 柔（韧）性，灵活性final flow line 流线flow stress 流动应力flux n. 焊接，助熔剂flux n. 通量，流量forging 终锻forging n. 锻造，锻件foundry n. 铸造[车间]four-bar linkage 四杆机构frame n. 机架，构架friction n. 摩擦furnace n. [熔，高]炉fusion n. 熔化，熔接fusionwelding熔焊，熔接Ggaugevt.测[计]量，校验gear ration 齿轮[速、齿数] 比geometry n. 几何形状globular a. 球形（状）的gradient n. 坡[梯]度，斜率grain n. 晶粒grain size 晶粒度graphite n. 石墨gripspl.c.n. 夹具gross n. 总共，重大Hhanding n. 处理，装卸，搬运handle n. 手柄hardening n. 淬火hardness n. 硬度hazard n. 危险，未知数，意外事故heat checking 热裂纹，龟裂heat treatment 热处理higher acceleration 高阶加速度homogeneous a. 均匀的hydraulic adj. 液压的hydraulic press 液压机hydrochloric acid 盐酸Iideal mechanical advantage理想的机械效率immortalizevt.（使）不朽（灭）impact n. v. 冲击，碰撞impart v. 给与，分给impression die forging 模锻impression n. 模膛，型腔（槽）impurity n. 杂质，不纯in connection with 关于，与…相关incline v. （使）倾斜increment n. 增量inertia n. 惯性（物），惯量ingot n. (钢）锭inherent a. 固有的，先天的，本质的initiation n. 开[初]始，发[产]生injection molding 注射模塑（法）inorganic acid 无机酸insulate v. (使)隔离, 绝缘integrity n. 完整性，完全[善]inversion n. 转换，变换investigate v. 调查，研究iron n. 铁It follows that …由此可见,由此得出结论..., 因而断定...it is certain to 必然，一定it is likely that 很可能iterative a. 反复的，迭代的Jjerk n. 震动jet engine 喷气发动机joint n. 结合, 铰链n. 连接的Kkinematic a. 运动学的,运动学上的kinematic chain 运动链knead v. 揉搓[制]Llead n. 铅linear analog 线性模拟link n. 构件，杆件v. 连接longitudinal adj. 经度的; 纵向的;loop n. 环，回路，循环low-carbon steal 低碳钢lubrication n. 润滑luster n. 光泽Mmachine-building 机械制造machine-tool shipments: 机床装运费machining operations: 机床操作,加工工艺magnesium n. 镁manageable a. 可控制的manual a. 手动的，人工的manual skill 手工技艺matrix n. 矩阵mechanical fatigue 机械疲劳mechanical press 机械压力机mechanics n. 力学mesh n. v. 网格，啮合metallic a. （含）金属（制）的metallurgical a. 冶金（学）的metalworking n. 金属压力加工microscopic a. 显微的，微观的microshrinkage n. 显微缩孔microstructure n. 显微组织military n. a. 军队[事，人]的mill n. 轧钢机，铣床mineral a. 矿物的mode n. 方式，状态，模式model n. 模型，样品modify v. 修改，调解，变更mould (mold) n. 模子，铸模，塑模movability n. 可动的，易动的multidisciplinary n. 多学科的multiloop n. 多环链, a 多回路的multiplier n. 放大器，乘法器Nneglectvt.忽略nickel n. 镍nonferrous metals 有色金属normal adj. 法向的normalizing n. 正火，（正）常化Oopen die forging 自由锻optimization n. 优化，优选（法）ordinate n. 纵坐标orientation n. （定）方向,方位oriented 导向oscillate v. 摆动，摇动overhead : 管理费overheat n. 过热overlap v. 搭接，重叠overload n. v. （使）过[超]载oxidation n. 氧化oxy-acetylene n. a.氧（乙）炔（的）Ppackaging machinery 包装机械parallelogram n. 平行四边形parameter n. 参数parameter n. 参数paraphrase v. 解释，意译penetration n. 贯穿，渗透permanent a. 永久的perpendicular adj. 垂直的pig iron 生铁pin n. 销[钉]，铰销pitch v. 投掷pivot n. 枢(轴), 轴销, 回转副plastic working 塑性加工plasticity n. 塑性polygon n. 多变形porosity n. 多孔性，疏松pose v. 提出，摆出…姿态pour v. 浇注powder metallurgy 粉末冶金precision forming 精密成型preconceive v. 预想、事先想好preprocessvt.预（先）加工，预处理prescribe v. 规定，指示pressurewelding压力焊prime mover 原动件，驱动件prismatic adj. 棱柱的pristmatic a. 棱柱（形）的prolonged a. 长时间的, 持续很久的pyrometer n. 高温计Qquenching n. 淬火,骤冷Rram n. 锤头，滑块，活动横梁ramp n. 斜板，斜坡rapid-impact blow 快速冲击，猛打recrystallization n. 再结晶recycle v. 反复[循环]利用refine v. 精炼[制]，细化refinement n. 精炼[制]，细化regarding 考虑到，关于removal n. 除去，放出response n. 反[响]应，灵敏度restriction n. 限制retardvt.n. （使）延缓，推迟retarding media 延缓介质reversal n. 颠倒，相反revolute v. 旋转, 转动, n. 回转体rigid a. n. 坚硬的，刚性，刚度rivet n. v. 铆钉，铆接rock n. 摆动，v. 摇动rocker n. 摇杆roll n. v. 轧辊，滚，轧roll v. 滚动rule of thumb 据经验和实际所得的做法rupture n. 破[开]裂Sscoop n. 勺子,铲斗，v.挖,掘,铲second acceleration 二节加速度sensitive a. 灵敏的，敏感的shear stress 剪应力shielding n. 遮护，屏蔽simultaneously ad. 同时sinter n. vt.烧结sizing n. 整形，校正，定径skeleton diagram 草图, 示意图slider-crank mechanism 四杆机构slope v. （使）倾斜soaking(=holding) n. 均热,保温solder(ing) v. n. 软钎焊，（低温）焊料solidfy v. (使）凝固solvent n. 溶剂solvent n. a. 溶剂（的）somewhat adv. 稍微soundness n. 致密性，坚固性，无缺陷specific gravity 比重specification n. 操作规程，技术指标，说明书spheroidizing n. 球化（处理）spotwelding点焊spring-back n. 回弹squeeze v. 挤压stainless steel 不锈钢stamp n. 冲压standard gage n. 标距standardize v. 标准化steep n. a. 陡（坡）的，急剧的stock n. 坯料，原材料strain (rate) n. 应变strain n. 应变strain[deformation] hardening 应变[变形]硬化strength n. 强度stress field 应力场stress n. 应力stress n. 应力stress relieving 消除应力处理stretch forming 张拉成型strike v. 攻[打]击，放电stroke n. 行程，冲程subsequently ad. 随后suitability n. 适应性sulphuric acid 硫酸surface finish 表面光洁度sweep v. 扫荡[描]，掠过symmetrical a. 轴对称的Ttempering n. 回火tensile stress 拉（伸）应力tension n. 拉伸test specimens n. 试样thermal fatigue 热疲劳thermal refining 调质处理tin n. 锡tolerance n. 公差topologically adv. 拓扑学地torch n. 焊炬torque n. 力矩，扭矩toughness n. 韧性trajectory n. 轨迹transition n. 过渡区transmission angle 传动角trial-and-error 试凑法turbine n. 涡[汽]轮机，透平机U-Zultimate a. n. 最终的，首要的，极限upset n. 镦粗，顶锻vacuum forming 真空模塑validity n. 正确有效，合法variable n. 变量warm working 温加工，温锻wear v. 磨损weld(ing) v. n. 焊接，熔焊with ease 轻易，很容易的yield stress 屈服应力zinc n. 锌。

常用物理英语词汇大全英文力学词汇-（a-b）absolute acceleration 绝对加速度absolute motion 绝对运动absolute velocity 绝对速度accelerated motion 加速运动acceleration of gravity 重力加速度acceleration 加速度accelerometer 加速度计acting force 作用力active force 主动力angle of friction 摩擦角angle of nutation 章动角angle of precession 进动角angle of rotation 自转角angular acceleration 角加速度angular displacement 角位移angular motion 角[向]运动angular velocity vector 角速度矢[量]angular velocity 角速度areal velocity 掠面速度又称“扇形速度（sector velocity）”arm of couple 力偶臂attraction force 吸引力Atwood machine 阿特伍德机average velocity，mean velocity 平均速度axial acceleration 轴向加速度axial vector 轴矢[量]ballistic curve 弹道ballistic pendulum 弹道摆ballistics 弹道学base point 基点bearing 轴承binormal acceleration 副法向加速度bounce 反弹英文力学词汇-（c）center of force 力心center of gravity 重心center of mass 质心center of moment 矩心center of parallel force system 平行力系中心center of percussion 撞击中心center of reduction 简化中心又称“约化中心”center-of-mass system 质心[参考]系central field 有心力场central force 有心力central impact 对心碰撞central principal axis of inertia 中心惯性主轴centrifugal force 离心力centripetal acceleration 向心加速度centripetal force 向心力centrode 瞬心迹Chasles theorem 沙勒定理circular motion 圆周运动coefficient of maximum static friction 最大静摩擦系数coefficient of restitution 恢复系数coefficient of rolling friction 滚动摩擦系数coefficient of sliding friction 滑动摩擦系数collision 碰撞component force 分力component velocity 分速度composite motion 复合运动composition of forces 力的合成composition of velocities 速度[的]合成compound pendulum 复摆concentrated force 集中力concurrent force 汇交力conservative force 保守力conservative system 保守系constant force 恒力constant of motion 运动常量constraint force 约束力constraint 约束convected acceleration 牵连加速度convected motion 牵连运动convected velocity 牵连速度coplanar force 共面力Coriolis acceleration 科里奥利加速度简称“科氏加速度”Coriolis force 科里奥利力简称“科氏力”Coulomb law of friction 库仑摩擦定律couple 力偶curvilinear motion 曲线运动英文力学词汇-（d-e）d''Alembert inertial force 达朗贝尔惯性力d''Alembert principle 达朗贝尔原理density 密度displacement 位移dissipative force 耗散力distributed force 分布力effective potential 有效势elastic force 弹性力elementary work 元功ellipsoid of inertia 惯量椭球equilibrium condition 平衡条件equilibrium of forces 力的平衡equilibrium position 平衡位置equilibrium state 平衡态equilibrium 平衡equipotential line 等势线equipotential surface 等势面equivalent force system 等效力系Euler kinematical equations 欧拉运动学方程Eulerian angle 欧拉角external ballistics 外弹道学external force 外力英文力学词汇-（f-g）final velocity 末速[度]finite rotation 有限转动first cosmic velocity 第一宇宙速度fixed centrode 定瞬心迹又称“空间瞬心迹（herpolhode）”fixed reference system 固定参考系fixed vector 固定矢量fixed-axis rotation 定轴转动fixed-point motion 定点运动force 力force field 力场force polygon 力多边形force screw 力螺旋force triangle 力三角形forces acting at the same point 共点力Foucault pendulum 傅科摆free motion of rigid body 刚体自由运动free vector 自由矢[量]free-body diagram 受力图描述分离体所受力的图。

数学词汇英汉对照Aabbreviation 简写符号；简写abscissa 横坐标absolute complement 绝对补集absolute error 绝对误差absolute inequality 绝不等式absolute maximum 绝对极大值absolute minimum 绝对极小值absolute monotonic 绝对单调absolute value 绝对值accelerate 加速acceleration 加速度acceleration due to gravity重力加速度; 地心加速度accumulation 累积accumulative 累积的accuracy 准确度act on 施于action 作用; 作用力acute angle 锐角acute-angled triangle 锐角三角形add 加addition 加法addition formula 加法公式addition law 加法定律addition law(of probability) （概率）加法定律additive inverse 加法逆元; 加法反元additive property 可加性adjacent angle 邻角adjacent side 邻边adjoint matrix 伴随矩阵algebra 代数algebraic 代数的algebraic equation 代数方程algebraic expression 代数式algebraic fraction 代数分式；代数分数式algebraic inequality 代数不等式algebraic number 代数数algebraic operation 代数运算algebraically closed 代数封闭algorithm 算法系统; 规则系统alternate angle （交）错角alternate segment 内错弓形alternating series 交错级数alternative hypothesis择一假设; 备择假设; 另一假设altitude 高；高度；顶垂线；高线ambiguous case 两义情况；二义情况amount 本利和；总数analysis 分析；解析analytic geometry 解析几何angle 角angle at the centre 圆心角angle at the circumference 圆周角angle between a line and a plane 直 与平面的交角angle between two planes 两平面的交角angle bisection 角平分angle bisector 角平分线 ；分角线angle in the alternate segment 交错弓形的圆周角angle in the same segment 同弓形内的圆周角angle of depression 俯角angle of elevation 仰角angle of friction 静摩擦角; 极限角angle of greatest slope 最大斜率的角angle of inclination 倾斜角angle of intersection 相交角；交角angle of projection 投射角angle of rotation 旋转角angle of the sector 扇形角angle sum of a triangle 三角形内角和angles at a point 同顶角angular displacement 角移位angular momentum 角动量angular motion 角运动angular velocity 角速度annum(X% per annum) 年（年利率X%）anti-clockwise direction 逆时针方向；返时针方向anti-clockwise moment 逆时针力矩anti-derivative 反导数; 反微商anti-logarithm 逆对数；反对数anti-symmetric 反对称apex 顶点approach 接近；趋近approximate value 近似值approximation 近似；略计；逼近Arabic system 阿刺伯数字系统arbitrary 任意arbitrary constant 任意常数arc 弧arc length 弧长arc-cosine function 反余弦函数arc-sin function 反正弦函数arc-tangent function 反正切函数area 面积Argand diagram 阿根图, 阿氏图argument (1)论证; (2)辐角argument of a complex number 复数的辐角argument of a function 函数的自变数arithmetic 算术arithmetic mean 算术平均；等差中顶；算术中顶arithmetic progression 算术级数；等差级数arithmetic sequence 等差序列arithmetic series 等差级数arm 边array 阵列; 数组arrow 前号ascending order 递升序ascending powers of X X 的升幂assertion 断语; 断定associative law 结合律assumed mean 假定平均数assumption 假定；假设asymmetrical 非对称asymptote 渐近asymptotic error constant 渐近误差常数at rest 静止augmented matrix 增广矩阵auxiliary angle 辅助角auxiliary circle 辅助圆auxiliary equation 辅助方程average 平均；平均数；平均值average speed 平均速率axiom 公理axiom of existence 存在公理axiom of extension 延伸公理axiom of inclusion 包含公理axiom of pairing 配对公理axiom of power 幂集公理axiom of specification 分类公理axiomatic theory of probability 概率公理论axis 轴axis of parabola 抛物线的轴axis of revolution 旋转轴axis of rotation 旋转轴axis of symmetry 对称轴Bback substitution 回代bar chart 棒形图；条线图；条形图；线条图base （1）底；（2）基；基数base angle 底角base area 底面base line 底线base number 底数；基数base of logarithm 对数的底basis 基Bayes' theorem 贝叶斯定理bearing 方位（角）；角方向（角）bell-shaped curve 钟形图belong to 属于Bernoulli distribution 伯努利分布Bernoulli trials 伯努利试验bias 偏差；偏倚biconditional 双修件式; 双修件句bijection 对射; 双射; 单满射bijective function 对射函数; 只射函数billion 十亿bimodal distribution 双峰分布binary number 二进数binary operation 二元运算binary scale 二进法binary system 二进制binomial 二项式binomial distribution 二项分布binomial expression 二项式binomial series 二项级数binomial theorem 二项式定理bisect 平分；等分bisection method 分半法；分半方法bisector 等分线 ；平分线Boolean algebra 布尔代数boundary condition 边界条件boundary line 界（线）；边界bounded 有界的bounded above 有上界的；上有界的bounded below 有下界的；下有界的bounded function 有界函数bounded sequence 有界序列brace 大括号bracket 括号breadth 阔度broken line graph 折线图Ccalculation 计算calculator 计算机；计算器calculus (1) 微积分学; (2) 演算cancel 消法；相消canellation law 消去律canonical 典型; 标准capacity 容量cardioid 心脏Cartesian coordinates 笛卡儿坐标Cartesian equation 笛卡儿方程Cartesian plane 笛卡儿平面Cartesian product 笛卡儿积category 类型；范畴catenary 悬链Cauchy sequence 柯西序列Cauchy's principal value 柯西主值Cauchy-Schwarz inequality 柯西- 许瓦尔兹不等式central limit theorem 中心极限定理central line 中线central tendency 集中趋centre 中心；心centre of a circle 圆心centre of gravity 重心centre of mass 质量中心centrifugal force 离心力centripedal acceleration 向心加速度centripedal force force 向心力centroid 形心；距心certain event 必然事件chain rule 链式法则chance 机会change of axes 坐标轴的变换change of base 基的变换change of coordinates 坐标轴的变换change of subject 主项变换change of variable 换元；变量的换characteristic equation 特征(征)方程characteristic function 特征(征)函数characteristic of logarithm 对数的首数; 对数的定位部characteristic root 特征(征)根chart 图；图表check digit 检验数位checking 验算chord 弦chord of contact 切点弦circle 圆circular 圆形；圆的circular function 圆函数；三角函数circular measure 弧度法circular motion 圆周运动circular permutation 环形排列; 圆形排列; 循环排列circumcentre 外心；外接圆心circumcircle 外接圆circumference 圆周circumradius 外接圆半径circumscribed circle 外接圆cissoid 蔓叶class 区；组；类class boundary 组界class interval 组区间；组距class limit 组限；区限class mark 组中点；区中点classical theory of probability 古典概率论classification 分类clnometer 测斜仪clockwise direction 顺时针方向clockwise moment 顺时针力矩closed convex region 闭凸区域closed interval 闭区间coaxial 共轴coaxial circles 共轴圆coaxial system 共轴系coded data 编码数据coding method 编码法co-domain 上域coefficient 系数coefficient of friction 摩擦系数coefficient of restitution 碰撞系数; 恢复系数coefficient of variation 变差系数cofactor 余因子; 余因式cofactor matrix 列矩阵coincide 叠合；重合collection of terms 并项collinear 共线collinear planes 共线面collision 碰撞column (1)列；纵行；(2) 柱column matrix 列矩阵column vector 列矢量combination 组合common chord 公弦common denominator 同分母；公分母common difference 公差common divisor 公约数；公约common factor 公因子；公因子common logarithm 常用对数common multiple 公位数；公倍common ratio 公比common tangent 公切commutative law 交换律comparable 可比较的compass 罗盘compass bearing 罗盘方位角compasses 圆规compasses construction 圆规作图compatible 可兼容的complement 余；补余complement law 补余律complementary angle 余角complementary equation 补充方程complementary event 互补事件complementary function 余函数complementary probability 互补概率complete oscillation 全振动completing the square 配方complex conjugate 复共轭complex number 复数complex unmber plane 复数平面complex root 复数根component 分量component of force 分力composite function 复合函数; 合成函数composite number 复合数；合成数composition of mappings 映射构合composition of relations 复合关系compound angle 复角compound angle formula 复角公式compound bar chart 综合棒形图compound discount 复折扣compound interest 复利；复利息compound probability 合成概率compound statement 复合命题; 复合叙述computation 计算computer 计算机；电子计算机concave 凹concave downward 凹向下的concave polygon 凹多边形concave upward 凹向上的concentric circles 同心圆concept 概念conclusion 结论concurrent 共点concyclic 共圆concyclic points 共圆点condition 条件conditional 条件句；条件式conditional identity 条件恒等式conditional inequality 条件不等式conditional probability 条件概率cone 锥；圆锥（体）confidence coefficient 置信系数confidence interval 置信区间confidence level 置信水平confidence limit 置信极限confocal section 共焦圆锥曲 congruence (1)全等；(2)同余congruence class 同余类congruent 全等congruent figures 全等图形congruent triangles 全等三角形conic 二次曲 ; 圆锥曲conic section 二次曲 ; 圆锥曲conical pendulum 圆锥摆conjecture 猜想conjugate 共轭conjugate axis 共轭conjugate diameters 共轭轴conjugate hyperbola 共轭(直)径conjugate imaginary / complex number 共轭双曲 conjugate radical 共轭虚/复数conjugate surd 共轭根式; 共轭不尽根conjunction 合取connective 连词connector box 捙接框consecutive integers 连续整数consecutive numbers 连续数；相邻数consequence 结论；推论consequent 条件；后项conservation of energy 能量守恒conservation of momentum 动量守恒conserved 守恒consistency condition 兼容条件consistent 一贯的；兼容的consistent estimator 兼容估计量constant 常数constant acceleration 恒加速度constant force 恒力constant of integration 积分常数constant speed 恒速率constant term 常项constant velocity 怛速度constraint 约束；约束条件construct 作construction 作图construction of equation 方程的设立continued proportion 连比例continued ratio 连比continuity 连续性continuity correction 连续校正continuous 连续的continuous data 连续数据continuous function 连续函数continuous proportion 连续比例continuous random variable 连续随机变量contradiction 矛盾converge 收歛convergence 收歛性convergent 收歛的convergent iteration 收歛的迭代convergent sequence 收歛序列convergent series 收歛级数converse 逆(定理)converse of a relation 逆关系converse theorem 逆定理conversion 转换convex 凸convex polygon 凸多边形convexity 凸性coordinate 坐标coordinate geometry 解析几何；坐标几何coordinate system 坐标系系定理；系；推论coplanar 共面coplanar forces 共面力coplanar lines 共面co-prime 互质; 互素corollary 系定理; 系; 推论correct to 准确至；取值至correlation 相关correlation coefficient 相关系数correspondence 对应corresponding angles (1)同位角；(2)对应角corresponding element 对应边corresponding sides 对应边cosecant 余割cosine 余弦cosine formula 余弦公式cost price 成本cotangent 余切countable 可数countable set 可数集countably infinite 可数无限counter clockwise direction 逆时针方向；返时针方向counter example 反例counting 数数；计数couple 力偶Carmer's rule 克莱玛法则criterion 准则critical point 临界点critical region 临界域cirtical value 临界值cross-multiplication 交叉相乘cross-section 横切面；横截面；截痕cube 正方体；立方；立方体cube root 立方根cubic 三次方；立方；三次(的)cubic equation 三次方程cubic roots of unity 单位的立方根cuboid 长方体；矩体cumulative 累积的cumulative distribution function 累积分布函数cumulative frequecy 累积频数；累积频率cumulative frequency curve 累积频数曲 cumulative frequcncy distribution 累积频数分布cumulative frequency polygon 累积频数多边形；累积频率直方图curvature of a curve 曲线的曲率curve 曲线curve sketching 曲线描绘(法)curve tracing 曲线描迹(法)curved line 曲线curved surface 曲面curved surface area 曲面面积cyclic expression 输换式cyclic permutation 圆形排列cyclic quadrilateral 圆内接四边形cycloid 旋输线; 摆线cylinder 柱；圆柱体cylindrical 圆柱形的Ddamped oscillation 阻尼振动data 数据De Moivre's theorem 棣美弗定理De Morgan's law 德摩根律decagon 十边形decay 衰变decay factor 衰变因子decelerate 减速decelaration 减速度decile 十分位数decimal 小数decimal place 小数位decimal point 小数点decimal system 十进制decision box 判定框declarative sentence 说明语句declarative statement 说明命题decoding 译码decrease 递减decreasing function 递减函数；下降函数decreasing sequence 递减序列；下降序列decreasing series 递减级数；下降级数decrement 减量deduce 演绎deduction 推论deductive reasoning 演绎推理definite 确定的；定的definite integral 定积分definition 定义degenerated conic section 降级锥曲线degree (1) 度; (2) 次degree of a polynomial 多项式的次数degree of accuracy 准确度degree of confidence 置信度degree of freedom 自由度degree of ODE 常微分方程次数degree of precision 精确度delete 删除; 删去denary number 十进数denominator 分母dependence (1)相关; (2)应变dependent event(s) 相关事件; 相依事件; 从属事件dependent variable 应变量; 应变数depreciation 折旧derivable 可导derivative 导数derived curve 导函数曲线derived function 导函数derived statistics 推算统计资料; 派生统计资料descending order 递降序descending powers of x x的降幂descriptive statistics 描述统计学detached coefficients 分离系数(法) determinant 行列式deviation 偏差; 变差deviation from the mean 离均差diagonal 对角线diagonal matrix 对角矩阵diagram 图; 图表diameter 直径diameter of a conic 二次曲线的直径difference 差difference equation 差分方程difference of sets 差集differentiable 可微differential 微分differential coefficient 微商; 微分系数differential equation 微分方程differential mean value theorem微分中值定理differentiate 求...的导数differentiate from first principle从基本原理求导数differentiation 微分法digit 数字dimension 量; 量网; 维(数)direct impact 直接碰撞direct image 直接像direct proportion 正比例direct tax, direct taxation 直接税direct variation 正变(分)directed angle 有向角directed line 有向直线directed line segment 有向线段directed number 有向数direction 方向; 方位direction angle 方向角direction cosine 方向余弦direction number 方向数direction ratio 方向比directrix 准线Dirichlet function 狄利克来函数discontinuity 不连续性discontinuous 间断(的);连续(的); 不连续(的) discontinuous point 不连续点discount 折扣discrete 分立; 离散discrete data 离散数据; 间断数据discrete random variable 间断随机变量discrete uniform distribution 离散均匀分布discriminant 判别式disjoint 不相交的disjoint sets 不相交的集disjunction 析取dispersion 离差displacement 位移disprove 反证distance 距离distance formula 距离公式distinct roots 相异根distincr solution 相异解distribution 公布distributive law 分配律diverge 发散divergence 发散(性)divergent 发散的divergent iteration 发散性迭代divergent sequence 发散序列divergent series 发散级数divide 除dividend (1)被除数；(2)股息divisible 可整除division 除法division algorithm 除法算式divisor 除数；除式；因子divisor of zero 零因子dodecagon 十二边形domain 定义域dot 点dot product 点积double angle 二倍角double angle formula 二倍角公式double root 二重根dual 对偶duality (1)对偶性; (2) 双重性due east/ south/ west /north 向东/ 南/ 西/ 北dynamics 动力学Eeccentric angle 离心角eccentric circles 离心圆eccentricity 离心率echelon form 梯阵式echelon matrix 梯矩阵edge 棱；边efficient estimator 有效估计量effort 施力eigenvalue 本征值eigenvector 本征矢量elastic body 弹性体elastic collision 弹性碰撞elastic constant 弹性常数elastic force 弹力elasticity 弹性element 元素elementary event 基本事件elementary function 初等函数elementary row operation 基本行运算elimination 消法elimination method 消去法；消元法ellipse 椭圆ellipsiod 椭球体elliptic function 椭圆函数elongation 伸张；展empirical data 实验数据empirical formula 实验公式empirical probability 实验概率；经验概率empty set 空集encoding 编码enclosure 界限end point 端点energy 能; 能量entire surd 整方根epicycloid 外摆线equal 相等equal ratios theorem 等比定理equal roots 等根equal sets 等集equality 等(式)equality sign 等号equation 方程equation in one unknown 一元方程equation in two unknowns(variables) 二元方程equation of a straight line 直线方程equation of locus 轨迹方程equiangular 等角(的)equidistant 等距(的)equilateral 等边(的)equilateral polygon 等边多边形equilateral triangle 等边三角形equilibrium 平衡equiprobable 等概率的equiprobable space 等概率空间equivalence 等价equivalence class 等价类equivalence relation 等价关系equivalent 等价(的)error 误差error allowance 误差宽容度error estimate 误差估计error term 误差项error tolerance 误差宽容度escribed circle 旁切圆estimate 估计；估计量estimator 估计量Euclidean algorithm 欧几里德算法Euclidean geometry 欧几里德几何Euler's formula 尤拉公式；欧拉公式evaluate 计值even function 偶函数even number 偶数evenly distributed 均匀分布的event 事件exact 真确exact differential form 恰当微分形式exact solution 准确解；精确解；真确解exact value 法确解；精确解；真确解example 例excentre 外心exception 例外excess 起exclusive 不包含exclusive disjunction 不包含性析取exclusive events 互斥事件exercise 练习exhaustive event(s) 彻底事件existential quantifier 存在量词expand 展开expand form 展开式expansion 展式expectation 期望expectation value, expected value 期望值；预期值experiment 实验；试验experimental 试验的experimental probability 实验概率explicit function 显函数exponent 指数exponential function 指数函数exponential order 指数阶; 指数级express…in terms of…以………表达expression 式；数式extension 外延；延长；扩张；扩充extension of a function 函数的扩张exterior angle 外角external angle bisector 外分角external point of division 外分点extreme point 极值点extreme value 极值extremum 极值Fface 面factor 因子；因式；商factor method 因式分解法factor theorem 因子定理；因式定理factorial 阶乘factorization 因子分解；因式分解factorization of polynomial 多项式因式分解fallacy 谬误FALSE 假(的)falsehood 假值family 族family of circles 圆族family of concentric circles 同心圆族family of straight lines 直线族feasible solution 可行解；容许解Fermat's last theorem 费尔马最后定理Fibonacci number 斐波那契数；黄金分割数Fibonacci sequence 斐波那契序列fictitious mean 假定平均数figure (1)图(形)；(2)数字final velocity 末速度finite 有限finite dimensional vector space 有限维矢量空间finite population 有限总体finite probability space 有限概率空间finite sequence 有限序列finite series 有限级数finite set 有限集first approximation 首近似值first derivative 一阶导数first order differential equation 一阶微分方程first projection 第一投影; 第一射影first quartile 第一四分位数first term 首项fixed deposit 定期存款fixed point 定点fixed point iteration method 定点迭代法fixed pulley 定滑轮flow chart 流程图focal axis 焦轴focal chord 焦弦focal length 焦距focus(foci) 焦点folium of Descartes 笛卡儿叶形线foot of perpendicular 垂足for all X 对所有Xfor each /every X 对每一Xforce 力forced oscillation 受迫振动form 形式；型formal proof 形式化的证明format 格式；规格formula(formulae) 公式four leaved rose curve 四瓣玫瑰线four rules 四则four-figure table 四位数表fourth root 四次方根fraction 分数；分式fraction in lowest term 最简分数fractional equation 分式方程fractional index 分数指数fractional inequality 分式不等式free fall 自由下坠free vector 自由矢量; 自由矢量frequency 频数；频率frequency distribution 频数分布；频率分布frequency distribution table 频数分布表frequency polygon 频数多边形；频率多边形friction 摩擦; 摩擦力frictionless motion 无摩擦运动frustum 平截头体fulcrum 支点function 函数function of function 复合函数；叠函数functional notation 函数记号fundamental theorem of algebra 代数基本定理fundamental theorem of calculus 微积分基本定理Ggain 增益；赚；盈利gain perent 赚率；增益率；盈利百分率game （1）对策；（2）博奕Gaussian distribution 高斯分布Gaussian elimination 高斯消去法general form 一般式；通式general solution 通解；一般解general term 通项generating function 母函数; 生成函数generator (1)母线; (2)生成元geoborad 几何板geometric distribution 几何分布geometric mean 几何平均数；等比中项geometric progression 几何级数；等比级数geometric sequence 等比序列geometric series 等比级数geometry 几何；几何学given 给定；已知global 全局; 整体global maximum 全局极大值; 整体极大值global minimum 全局极小值; 整体极小值golden section 黄金分割grade 等级gradient (1)斜率；倾斜率；(2)梯度grand total 总计graph 图像；图形；图表graph paper 图表纸graphical method 图解法graphical representation 图示；以图样表达graphical solution 图解gravitational acceleration 重力加速度gravity 重力greatest term 最大项greatest value 最大值grid lines 网格线group 组；grouped data 分组数据；分类数据grouping terms 并项；集项growth 增长growth factor 增长因子Hhalf angle 半角half angle formula 半角公式half closed interval 半闭区间half open interval 半开区间harmonic mean (1) 调和平均数; (2) 调和中项harmonic progression 调和级数head 正面（钱币）height 高（度）helix 螺旋线hemisphere 半球体；半球heptagon 七边形Heron's formula 希罗公式heterogeneous (1)参差的; (2)不纯一的hexagon 六边形higher order derivative 高阶导数highest common factor(H.C.F) 最大公因子；最高公因式；最高公因子Hindu-Arabic numeral 阿刺伯数字histogram 组织图；直方图；矩形图Holder's Inequality 赫耳德不等式homogeneous 齐次的homogeneous equation 齐次方程Hooke's law 虎克定律horizontal 水平的；水平horizontal asymptote 水平渐近线horizontal component 水平分量horizontal line 横线 ；水平线horizontal range 水平射程hyperbola 双曲线hyperbolic function 双曲函数hypergeometric distribution 超几何分布hypocycloid 内摆线hypotenuse 斜边hypothesis 假设hypothesis testing 假设检验hypothetical syllogism 假设三段论hypotrochoid 次内摆线Iidempotent 全幂等的identical 全等；恒等identity 等（式）identity element 单位元identity law 同一律identity mapping 恒等映射identity matrix 恒等矩阵identity relation 恒等关系式if and only if/iff 当且仅当；若且仅若if…, then 若….则；如果…..则illustration 例证；说明image 像点；像image axis 虚轴imaginary circle 虚圆imaginary number 虚数imaginary part 虚部imaginary root 虚根imaginary unit 虚数单位impact 碰撞implication 蕴涵式；蕴含式implicit definition 隐定义implicit function 隐函数imply 蕴涵；蕴含impossible event 不可能事件improper fraction 假分数improper integral 广义积分; 非正常积分impulse 冲量impulsive force 冲力incentre 内力incircle 内切圆inclination 倾角；斜角inclined plane 斜面included angle 夹角included side 夹边inclusion mapping 包含映射inclusive 包含的；可兼的inclusive disjunction 包含性析取；可兼析取inconsistent 不相的(的)；不一致(的) increase 递增；增加increasing function 递增函数increasing sequence 递增序列increasing series 递增级数increment 增量indefinite integral 不定积分idenfinite integration 不定积分法independence 独立；自变independent equations 独立方程independent event 独立事件independent variable 自变量；独立变量indeterminate (1)不定的；(2)不定元；未定元indeterminate coefficient 不定系数；未定系数indeterminate form 待定型；不定型index,indices 指数；指index notation 指数记数法induced operation 诱导运算induction hypothesis 归纳法假设inelastic collision 非弹性碰撞inequality 不等式；不等inequality sign 不等号inertia 惯性；惯量infer 推断inference 推论infinite 无限；无穷infinite dimensional 无限维infinite population 无限总体infinite sequence 无限序列；无穷序列infinite series 无限级数；无穷级数infinitely many 无穷多infinitesimal 无限小；无穷小infinity 无限(大)；无穷(大)inflection (inflexion) point 拐点；转折点inherent error 固有误差initial approximation 初始近似值initial condition 原始条件；初值条件initial point 始点；起点initial side 始边initial value 初值；始值initial velocity 初速度initial-value problem 初值问题injection 内射injective function 内射函数inner product 内积input 输入input box 输入inscribed circle 内切圆insertion 插入insertion of brackets 加括号instantaneous 瞬时的instantaneous acceleration 瞬时加速度instantaneous speed 瞬时速率instantaneous velocity 瞬时速度integer 整数integrable 可积integrable function 可积函数integral 积分integral index 整数指数integral mean value theorem 积数指数integral part 整数部份integral solution 整数解integral value 整数值integrand 被积函数integrate 积；积分；......的积分integrating factor 积分因子integration 积分法integration by parts 分部积分法integration by substitution 代换积分法；换元积分法integration constant 积分常数interaction 相互作用intercept 截距；截段intercept form 截距式intercept theorem 截线定理interchange 互换interest 利息interest rate 利率interest tax 利息税interior angle 内角interior angles on the same side of the transversal同旁内角interior opposite angle 内对角intermediate value theorem 介值定理internal bisector 内分角internal division 内分割internal energy 内能internal force 内力internal point of division 内分点interpolating polynomial 插值多项式interpolation 插值inter-quartile range 四分位数间距intersect 相交intersection (1)交集；(2)相交；(3)交点interval 区间interval estimation 区间估计；区域估计intuition 直观invalid 失效；无效invariance 不变性invariant (1)不变的；(2)不变量；不变式inverse 反的；逆的inverse circular function 反三角函数inverse cosine function 反余弦函数inverse function 反函数；逆函数inverse cosine function 反三角函数inverse function 反函数；逆映射inverse mapping 反向映射；逆映射inverse matrix 逆矩阵inverse problem 逆算问题inverse proportion 反比例；逆比例inverse relation 逆关系inverse sine function 反正弦函数inverse tangent function 反正切函数inverse variation 反变(分)；逆变(分) invertible 可逆的invertible matrix 可逆矩阵irrational equation 无理方程irrational number 无理数irreducibility 不可约性irregular 不规则isomorphism 同构isosceles triangle 等腰三角形iterate (1)迭代值; (2)迭代iteration 迭代iteration form 迭代形iterative function 迭代函数iterative method 迭代法Jjet propulsion 喷气推进joint variation 联变(分)；连变(分)Kkinetic energy 动能kinetic friction 动摩擦known 己知LL.H.S. 末项L'Hospital's rule 洛必达法则Lagrange interpolating polynomial拉格朗日插值多项代Lagrange theorem 拉格朗日定理Lami's law 拉密定律Laplace expansion 拉普拉斯展式last term 末项latent root 本征根; 首通径lattice point 格点latus rectum 正焦弦; 首通径law 律；定律law of conservation of momentum 动量守恒定律law of indices 指数律；指数定律law of inference 推论律law of trichotomy 三分律leading coefficient 首项系数leading diagonal 主对角线least common multiple, lowest common multiple (L.C.M) 最小公倍数；最低公倍式least value 最小值left hand limit 左方极限lemma 引理lemniscate 双纽线length 长(度)letter 文字；字母like surd 同类根式like terms 同类项limacon 蜗牛线limit 极限limit of sequence 序列的极限limiting case 极限情况limiting friction 最大静摩擦limiting position 极限位置line 线；行line of action 作用力线line of best-fit 最佳拟合line of greatest slope 最大斜率的直 ；最大斜率 line of intersection 交线line segment 线段linear 线性；一次linear convergence 线性收歛性linear differeantial equation 线性微分方程linear equation 线性方程；一次方程linear equation in two unknowns 二元一次方程；二元线性方程linear inequality 一次不等式；线性不等式linear momentum 线动量linear programming 线性规划linearly dependent 线性相关的linearly independent 线性无关的literal coefficient 文字系数literal equation 文字方程load 负荷loaded coin 不公正钱币loaded die 不公正骰子local maximum 局部极大(值)local minimum 局部极小(值)locus, loci 轨迹logarithm 对数logarithmic equation 对数方程logarithmic function 对数函数logic 逻辑logical deduction 逻辑推论；逻辑推理logical step 逻辑步骤long division method 长除法loop 回路loss 赔本；亏蚀loss per cent 赔率；亏蚀百分率lower bound 下界lower limit 下限lower quartile 下四分位数lower sum 下和lower triangular matrix 下三角形矩阵lowest common multiple(L.C.M) 最小公倍数Mmachine 机械Maclaurin expansion 麦克劳林展开式Maclaurin series 麦克劳林级数magnitude 量；数量；长度；大小major arc 优弧；大弧major axis 长轴major sector 优扇形；大扇形major segment 优弓形；大弓形mantissa 尾数mantissa of logarithm 对数的尾数；对数的定值部many to one 多个对一个many-sided figure 多边形many-valued 多值的map into 映入map onto 映上mapping 映射marked price 标价Markov chain 马可夫链mass 质量mathematical analysis 数学分析mathematical induction 数学归纳法mathematical sentence 数句mathematics 数学matrix 阵; 矩阵matrix addition 矩阵加法matrix equation 矩阵方程matrix multiplication 矩阵乘法matrix operation 矩阵运算maximize 极大maximum absolute error 最大绝对误差maximum point 极大点maximum value 极大值mean 平均(值)；平均数；中数mean deviation 中均差；平均偏差mean value theorem 中值定理measure of dispersion 离差的量度measurement 量度mechanical energy 机械能median (1)中位数；(2)中线meet 相交；相遇mensuration 计量；求积法method 方法method of completing square 配方法method of interpolation 插值法; 内插法method of least squares 最小二乘法; 最小平方法method of substitution 代换法；换元法method of successive substitution 逐次代换法; 逐次调替法method of superposition 叠合法metric unit 十进制单位mid-point 中点mid-point formula 中点公式mid-point theorem 中点定理million 百万minimize 极小minimum point 极小点minimum value 极小值Minkowski Inequality 闵可夫斯基不等式minor (1)子行列式；(2)劣；较小的minor arc 劣弧；小弧minor axis 短轴minor of a determinant 子行列式minor sector 劣扇形；小扇形minor segment 劣弓形；小弓形minus 减minute 分mixed number(fraction) 带分数modal class 众数组mode 众数model 模型modulo (1)模; 模数; (2)同余modulo arithmetic 同余算术modulus 模; 模数modulus of a complex number 复数的模modulus of elasticity 弹性模(数)moment arm (1)矩臂; (2)力臂moment of a force 力矩moment of inertia 贯性矩momentum 动量monomial 单项式monotone 单调monotonic convergence 单调收歛性monotonic decreasing 单调递减monotonic decreasing function 单调递减函数monotonic function 单调函数monotonic increasing 单调递增monotonic increasing function 单调递增函数motion 运动movable pulley 动滑轮multinomial 多项式multiple 倍数multiple angle 倍角multiple-angle formula 倍角公式multiple root 多重根multiplicand 被乘数multiplication 乘法multiplication law (of probability) (概率)乘法定律multiplicative inverse 乘法逆元multiplicative property 可乘性multiplicity 重数multiplier 乘数；乘式multiply 乘。