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深圳市华美检测有限公司 管理编号: QR-WS-02-UT06/A/1第 页 共 页焊 缝 超 声 波 检 测 记 录Record No..:工程名称Project Name检测部位Test Part材质Material接头种类Joint Type焊接方法Welding Method表面状态 Surface Conditions工件温度（℃）Object Temperature检测时机Testing Time耦合剂Couplant Medium试块Reference Block仪器型号Instrument Type仪器编号Serial No.探头Probe方法标准Testing Standard验收标准Acc. Standard显示评定方法Evaluation Method检测等级Testing Level质量等级Quality Level验收等级Acc. Level参考灵敏度Reference Sensitivity检测灵敏度Test Sensitivity表面补偿Surface compensation母材检测时机Parent Material Tim检测地点Testing Place检测日期Testing Date备注/Notes ：NI —无应评定显示 ACC —可验收 REJ —不可验收 R 1 、R 2—表示第1次、第2次返修H —缺欠最高回波幅度（H 0±××dB 、在续表中直接写为±××dB ） H 0—参考等级 x —0点至缺欠起点的距离(mm) y —缺欠至焊缝上边缘的距离(mm) z —缺欠至检测面的深度(mm) l —缺欠显示长度(mm) l mn —缺欠组合长度(mm) l c —缺欠累计长度(mm)检测Tested By审核Checked By深圳市华美检测有限公司 管理编号: QR-WS-02-UT06/A/0第 页 共 页超 声 波 检 测 记 录 （续页）Record No.:序号No.构件号Item No.焊缝号Weld No.验收 等级 Level板厚 THK (mm)检测长度 Test Length(mm)角度 Angle缺欠编号 No.单个显示的评定 Evaluation of a Single One 群显示的评定Grouping of indications累计长度的评定Cumulative length结论 Result 备注Remarksx y z l H 评定 l mn H 评定 l c 评定检测 Tested By审核Checked By说明 本报告中的所有焊缝探头移动区的母材金属均进行了纵波检测，没有发现存在影响横波检测效果的显示。
超声波检测报告
超声波检测报告
报告编号：XXX-XXXX
日期：XXXX年XX月XX日
客户姓名：XXX
检测部位：XXX
检测仪器：超声波检测仪
检测标准：国际标准（ISO XXXX）
检测结果：
经超声波检测，对目标部位进行了全面的扫描和分析。
根据我们的观察和测量，以下是我们的检测结果：
1. XXX部位：检测结果正常。
通过超声波扫描，未发现异常信号，结构完整，无裂缝、缺陷或破损。
2. XXX部位：检测结果异常。
在超声波扫描中，发现了异常信号，可能存在结构损伤或缺陷。
建议进一步的检测和维修。
3. XXX部位：检测结果正常。
通过超声波扫描，未发现任何异常信号或结构缺陷。
综上所述，由超声波检测得出的结果显示部分部位存在异常，需要进行进一步的检测和维修。
建议根据我们的报告，采取相应的措施，以确保目标部位的安全和可靠性。
备注：本报告仅针对超声波检测结果，不考虑其他可能影响结论的因素。
如需进一步信息或疑问，请及时与我们联系。
此致
XXX超声波检测中心
联系人：XXX
联系方式：XXX。
超声波检测报告UT report报告编号/ Report no.:page: 1 of 3 工程名称Proj e ct n am e委托单位Cons ign u n it VNSEPCC1委托编号Cons ign n o.试件名称Item N am e LEFT WA TER试件规格Re gu lat io nΦ38.1×4.7/5.08试件材料Ma ter ia l SA210C+SA213T2、SA210C坡口型式Groov e ty peV焊接方法We ld ing met hod GTA W焊工代号Cod e of w e ld er937、946、606、846、895、903、437检测日期Test ing dat e 2008.03.15~2008.04.08检测时机Test i n g opp or t uni t y√焊后□热处理后As welded As heat treatment执行标准E xec ut e st and ar dASME V 、ASMEⅠ、DL/T820-2002检测条件/ Testing condition仪器型号Eq u ipm ent typ e HS600B探头编号Probe No.（1）（2）（3）仪器编号Eq u ipm ent No.06B069折射角Angle71.6º/ /探测频率Det e ct fr eq ue ncy 5MHz晶片尺寸Wafer size6×6mm//试块型式Test b loc k ty pe DL-1探测方法Det ec t met hodShear wave technique检测面状况Test surface state As grinded耦合剂Cou p la ntChemical fibrin灵敏度补偿Sensitivity compensate 4dB检测灵敏度Working sensitivityDAC-10dB检测情况与结果说明/Test status and result instruction 检测焊接接头编号为：29#、31#、81#、84#、85#、94#、95#、101#、105#、110#、111#、112#、117#、118#、131#~159#，共计检测43道焊接接头；对上述焊接接头进行100%超声波检测，发现编号为81#、117#焊接接头不合格/拒收（Rejected），进行返修处理后复检合格/接收；其余焊接接头均合格/接收（Accepted）。
中英文超声无损检测名词术语Acceptance limits 验收范围Acceptance level 验收水平Acceptance standard 验收标准Accumulation test 累积检测Acoustic emission transducer 声发射换能器〔声发射传感器〕Acoustic impedance 声阻抗Acoustic impedance matching 声阻抗匹配Acoustic impedance method 声阻法Acoustic wave 声波Acoustical lens 声透镜Acoustic—ultrasonic 声-超声〔AU〕Adequate shielding 安全屏蔽Amplitude 幅度Angle beam method 斜射法Angle of incidence 入射角Angle of reflection 反射角Angle of spread 指向角Angle of squint 偏向角Angle probe 斜探头Area amplitude response curve 面积幅度曲线Area of interest 评定区Artificial discontinuity 人工不连续性Artifact 假缺陷Artificial defect 人工缺陷Artificial discontinuity 标准人工缺陷A-scan A型扫描A-scope; A-scan A型显示Attenuation coefficient 衰减系数Attenuator 衰减器Automatic testing 自动检测Evaluation 评定Beam 声束Beam ratio 光束比Beam angle 束张角Beam axis 声束轴线Beam index 声束入射点Beam path location 声程定位Beam path; path length 声程Beam spread 声束扩散Bottom echo 底面回波Bottom surface 底面Boundary echo(first) 边界一次回波Broad-beam condition 宽射束B-scan presentation B型扫描显示B-scope; B-scan B型显示C- scan C型扫描Calibration, instrument 设备校准Compressional wave 压缩波Continuous emission 连续发射microstructureContinuous linear array 连续线阵Continuous method 连续法Continuous spectrum 连续谱Continuous wave 连续波Contract stretch 比照度宽限Contrast 比照度Contrast sensitivity 比照灵敏度Control echo 监视回波Control echo 参考回波Couplant 耦合剂Coupling 耦合Coupling losses 耦合损失Creeping wave 爬波Critical angle 临界角Cross section 横截面Cross talk 串音Cross-drilled hole 横孔Crystal 晶片C-scope; C-scan C型显示Curie point 居里点Curie temperature 居里温度Curie(Ci) 居里Dead zone 盲区Decibel(dB) 分贝Defect 缺陷Defect resolution 缺陷分辨力Defect detection sensitivity 缺陷检出灵敏度Definition 清晰度Definition，image definition 清晰度，图像清晰度Direct contact method 直接接触法Directivity 指向性Discontinuity 不连续性Distance- gain- size-German A VG 距离- 增益- 尺寸〔DGS德文为A VG〕Distance marker; time marker 距离刻度Double crystal probe 双晶片探头Double probe technique 双探头法Double transceiver technique 双发双收法Double traverse technique 二次波法D-scope; D-scan D型显示Dual search unit 双探头Dynamic range 动态范围Echo 回波Echo frequency 回波频率Echo height 回波高度Echo indication 回波指示Echo transmittance of sound pressure 往复透过率Echo width 回波宽度Equivalent 当量Equivalent method 当量法Evaluation 评定Examination area 检测范围Examination region 检验区域Final test 复探Flat-bottomed hole 平底孔Flat-bottomed hole equivalent 平底孔当量Flaw 伤Flaw characterization 伤特性Flaw echo 缺陷回波Flexural wave 弯曲波Focal spot 焦点Focal distance 焦距Focus length 焦点长度Focus size 焦点尺寸Focus width 焦点宽度Focused beam 聚焦声束Focusing probe 聚焦探头Focus-to-film distance(f.f.d) 焦点-胶片距离〔焦距〕Frequency 频率Frequency constant 频率常数Fringe 干预带Front distance 前沿距离Front distance of flaw 缺陷前沿距离Fundamental frequency 基频Gain 增益Gap scanning 间隙扫查Gate 闸门Gating technique 选通技术Gauss 高斯Grazing incidence 掠入射Grazing angle 掠射角Group velocity 群速度Half life 半衰期Half-value method 半波高度法Harmonic analysis 谐波分析Harmonics 谐频Head wave 头波Image definition 图像清晰度Image contrast 图像比照度Image enhancement 图像增强Image magnification 图像放大Image quality 图像质量Imaging line scanner 图像线扫描器Immersion probe 液浸探头Immersion rinse 浸没清洗Immersion testing 液浸法Impedance 阻抗Impedance plane diagram 阻抗平面图Imperfection 不完整性Indicated defect area 缺陷指示面积Indicated defect length 缺陷指示长度Indication 指示Initial pulse 始脉冲Initial pulse width 始波宽度Inspection 检查Inspection medium 检查介质Inspection frequency/ test frequency 检测频率Interface boundary 界面Interface echo 界面回波Interface trigger 界面触发Interference 干预Interpretation 解释Lamb wave 兰姆波Lateral scan 左右扫查Lateral scan with oblique angle 斜平行扫查Limiting resolution 极限分辨率Line scanner 线扫描器Linear scan 线扫查Location 定位Location accuracy 定位精度Location computed 定位，计算Location marker 定位标记Longitudinal wave 纵波Longitudinal wave probe 纵波探头Longitudinal wave technique 纵波法Loss of back reflection 反面反射损失Loss of back reflection 底面反射损失Magnetostrictive effect 磁致伸缩效应Magnetostrictive transducer 磁致伸缩换能器Main beam 主声束Manual testing 手动检测MA-scope; MA-scan MA型显示Micrometre 微米Micron of mercury 微米汞柱Mode 波型Mode conversion 波型转换Mode transformation 波型转换Multiple back reflections 多次反面反射Multiple reflections 多次反射Multiple back reflections 多次底面反射Multiple echo method 多次反射法Multiple probe technique 多探头法Multiple triangular array 多三角形阵列Narrow beam condition 窄射束Near field 近场Near field length 近场长度Near surface defect 近外表缺陷Noise 噪声Nominal angle 标称角度Nominal frequency 标称频率Nondestructive Examination〔NDE〕无损试验Nondestructive Evaluation〔NDE〕无损评价Nondestructive Inspection〔NDI〕无损检验Nondestructive Testing〔NDT〕无损检测Normal incidence 垂直入射〔亦见直射声束〕Normal beam method; straight beam method 垂直法Normal probe 直探头Parallel scan 平行扫查Parasitic echo 干扰回波Pattern 探伤图形Penetrant flaw detection 渗透探伤Phantom echo 幻象回波Phase detection 相位检测Plane wave 平面波Plate wave 板波Plate wave technique 板波法Point source 点源Probe test 探头检测Probe index 探头入射点Probe to weld distance 探头-焊缝距离Probe/ search unit 探头Pulse 脉冲波Pulse 脉冲Pulse echo method 脉冲回波法Pulse repetition rate 脉冲重复率Pulse amplitude 脉冲幅度Pulse echo method 脉冲反射法Pulse energy 脉冲能量Pulse envelope 脉冲包络Pulse length 脉冲长度Pulse repetition frequency 脉冲重复频率Pulse tuning 脉冲调谐Quadruple traverse technique 四次波法Range 量程Rayleigh wave 瑞利波Rayleigh scattering 瑞利散射Reference block 参考试块Reference block 比照试块Reference block method 比照试块法Reference standard 参考标准Reflection 反射Reflection coefficient 反射系数Reflector 反射体Refraction 折射Refractive index 折射率Reject; suppression 抑制Rejection level 拒收水平Resolution 分辨力Sampling probe 取样探头Saturation 饱和Saturation，magnetic 磁饱和Scan on grid lines 格子线扫查Scan pitch 扫查间距Scanning 扫查Scanning index 扫查标记Scanning directly on the weld 焊缝上扫查Scanning path 扫查轨迹Scanning sensitivity 扫查灵敏度Scanning speed 扫查速度Scanning zone 扫查区域SE probe SE探头Second critical angle 第二临界角Sensitivity va1ue 灵敏度值Sensitivity 灵敏度Sensitivity of leak test 泄漏检测灵敏度Sensitivity control 灵敏度控制Shear wave 切变波Shear wave probe 横波探头Shear wave technique 横波法Signal to noise ratio 信噪比Single crystal probe 单晶片探头Single probe technique 单探头法Single traverse technique 一次波法Sizing technique 定量法Sound diffraction 声绕射Sound insulating layer 隔声层Sound intensity 声强Sound intensity level 声强级Sound pressure 声压Sound scattering 声散射Sound transparent layer 透声层Sound velocity 声速Source 源Specified sensitivity 规定灵敏度Standard 标准Standard 标准试样Standard test block 标准试块Standardization instrument 设备标准化Standing wave; stationary wave 驻波Subsurface discontinuity 近外表不连续性Suppression 抑制Surface echo 外表回波Surface wave 外表波Surface wave probe 外表波探头Surface wave technique 外表波法Surplus sensitivity 灵敏度余量Sweep 扫描Sweep range 扫描范围Sweep speed 扫描速度Swept gain 扫描增益Swivel scan 环绕扫查System exanlillatien threshold 系统检验阈值System noise 系统噪声Tandem scan 串列扫查Test block 试块Test frequency 试验频率Test range 探测范围Test surface 探测面Testing，ultrasonic 超声检测Third critical angle 第三临界角Through transmission technique 穿透技术Through penetration technique 贯穿渗透法Through transmission technique; transmission technique 穿透法Transducer 换能器/传感器Transmission 透射Transverse wave 横波Traveling echo 游动回波Travering scan; depth scan 前后扫查Triangular array 正三角形阵列Trigger/alarm condition 触发/报警状态Trigger/alarm level 触发/报警标准Triple traverse technique 三次波法True continuous technique 准确连续法技术Ultrasonic noise level 超声噪声电平Ultrasonic field 超声场Ultrasonic flaw detection 超声探伤Ultrasonic flaw detector 超声探伤仪Variable angle probe 可变角探头Vertical linearity 垂直线性Vertical location 垂直定位Visible light 可见光Wave 波Wave train 波列Wave from 波形Wave front 波前Wave length 波长Wave node 波节Wave train 波列Wedge 斜楔Wheel type probe; wheel search unit 轮式探头Working sensitivity 探伤灵敏度Zigzag scan 锯齿扫查。
超声波探伤英文资料Ultrasonic flaw detectionUltrasound is a mechanical wave, mechanical vibrations and fluctuations in the physical basis of ultrasonic testing.Reciprocating cyclic movement of an object along a straight line or curve in a near equilibrium position, known as the mechanical vibration. Propagation of vibration, known as volatility. Fluctuations into mechanical waves and electromagnetic waves two categories. Mechanical wave propagation of mechanical vibrations in an elastic medium. The ultrasound is a mechanical wave.The main parameters of the mechanical wave wavelength, frequency and wave velocity. Wavelength λ: the distance between the same two adjacent oscillation phase of the same wave line particle known as the wavelength, source or medium, any one particle to complete a full vibration wave just forward a wavelength distance, commonly used in meters (m); frequency f: fluctuations in the process, he served as a given point in one second, adopted by the number of complete wave is called frequency, commonly used in units of hertz (Hz); wave velocity C: fluctuations in the wave per unit time transmitted the distance is called the wave velocity, the common units of meters / second (m / s).Wavelength and wave velocity is proportional to and inversely proportional to frequency; when the frequency is fixed, the wave velocity the greater the wavelength the more long; wave velocity when the frequency lower, the more long wavelength availab le by the above definition: C = λ* f.Sub-sonic, sonic and ultrasonic mechanical wavepropagation in an elastic medium, the propagation velocity in the same medium. Their difference mainly due to different frequencies. Frequency between 20 ~ 20000Hz can cause people to hearing the mechanical wave is called sound waves at frequencies below 20Hz mechanical waves known as infrasonic, frequencies above 20000Hz of mechanical waves called ultrasound. Infrasonic, ultrasound can not be heard.The frequency of the ultrasonic flaw detection is generally between 0.5 ~ 10MHz, the inspection of steel and other metal materials, commonly used frequency for 1 ~ 5MHz. Ultrasonic wavelength is very short, which determines the ultrasound has a number of important features, so that it can be widely used for nondestructive testing.Good direction:(1) Ultrasound is high frequency, very short wavelength mechanical wave, the wavelength used in the nondestructive testing of millimeter; ultrasound like light waves has a good direction can be directed emission, easy to be found in the material was seized defects.(2) High energy: energy (sound) and is proportional to the square of frequency, ultrasonic energy is much larger than the energy of ordinary sound waves.(3) In the interface reflection, refraction and wave conversion: ultrasonic on some of the features of the geometrical acoustics, such as a straight line in the medium, the case of interface reflection, refraction and wave conversion.(4) Penetrating power: when the ultrasonic wave propagation in most media, the dissemination of energy loss is small, the propagation distance, ability to penetrate its ability to penetrate up to several meters in some metallic materials.Ultrasonic flaw detector is the frequency above 20kHz, beyond the people ears to distinguish between talented and penetrating a strong sound waves. Is a portable industrial non-destructive flaw detector, it can be too fast, convenient, no damage to the workpiece internal variety of defects (welds, cracks, folding, loose sand holes, pores, adulterated, etc.), detect, locate, evaluate and diagnostics. Both can be used to carry out the room, can also be used for the project site. Commonly used in boilers, pressure vessels, aerospace, aviation, electric power, petroleum, chemical industry, offshore oil pipeline, military, shipbuilding, automobiles, machinery manufacturing, metallurgy, metal processing industries, steel structures, rail transport, nuclear power, university and other industries.Ultrasonic flaw detector reason: the use of ultrasonic reflection truth nondestructive detection on the defects in the data, when the ultrasound to convey the information to be detected, data acoustic characteristics and the internal organization of the inevitable impact of changes on ultrasonic communication, through ultrasound by affect the level and circumstances of the detection survey data features and skills of the tectonic shift known as ultrasonic testing.Color ultrasonic flaw detector LED display is colorful, multi-color selection, or the premise of divergent light, backlight continuation adjustable, more intuitive to see.There are many about the use of the ultrasonic flaw detector, for example, the reflection of ultrasound to measure the interval, the application of high-power ultrasonic vibration to eliminate the scale attached to the boiler above, the application of high-energy ultrasound made the "harmonic scalpel" to get rid of crushing the human body cancer, stones, etc.The effect and the penetrating power of the ultrasonic flawdetector, the reflection of the application of ultrasound can be a straight line to convey the characteristics of the detection is a great use of areas. Ultrasonic flaw detection using the detection of primary cover various types of information in the industrial and medical testing and diagnosis on the human body, after which one can detect metals and other industrial information, there is no bubble, scars, cracks and other defects can be detected can normal people the body's soft tissue, blood flow.People is how the sample application of ultrasound to detect?Ultrasonic flaw detector is currently mortal is the measured object (for example, industrial information, the human body) emission ultrasound, and then apply the reflection, Doppler effect, transmission to obtain the information inside the measured object and form images through the disposal. Ultrasonic flaw detector, the Doppler effect method is the application of ultrasound in the attack to encounter the object of activities of the Doppler shift effect to draw the characteristics of the activities of the objects bias and speed; transmission rule is parsed ultrasound to penetrate through measured object after the transformation to derive the internal features of objects, their use in the development stage; ultrasonic flaw detector, the first introductions is the way to the most frequently used reflection method to obtain the characteristic information of the object interior. The reflection method is based on ultrasound task after the onset of strong reflection of the differences between the acoustic impedance of tissue interface reason, as we know, sound waves from one medium to convey to a medium of hours of the interface between the two will be at the onset of reflection, and the greater the difference between the media reflected the greater will be, so we can launch an objectpenetrating power, ultrasound can be a straight line to convey the ultrasonic flaw detector and the reflected ultrasonic accepted and this tissue contains various types of media big and small can be determined based on the status of the reflected ultrasound has amplitude ultrasound has spread status and a variety of media cf the difference in the level of information (a reflection back reflects the reflective interface from the detection of the appearance of the interval, the magnitude may reflect the media big and small, mutatis mutandis, to the differences in level and other characteristics), ultrasonic flaw detector and then discriminant of the measured object can have abnormal. The occurrence of touch to a good many in this process, including ultrasound, accepted flags signal of traffic lights and disposal. One of the ultrasonic approach is to encourage electric flags lights after the circuit is passed to the piezoelectric effect of crystal (cristobalite, sulfuric acid, lithium, etc.), so that the vibration and ultrasonic; but to accept the reflected ultrasound after midnight, this pressure the transistor was the pressure of the reflected sound waves will occur electric flags lights and send a series of disposal to the disposal of flags lights circuit, ultrasonic flaw detector constitute the final image for people to look at discrimination.Here based on the image disposal methods (that is to get the flags lights converted to images in what way) the species can be divided into A-type shows, M-type type B, type C, F-type display. A-type display is one of the ultrasound flags will be accepted lights disposal into a waveform image based on the shape of the waveform can be seen that the measured object which can have anomalies and deficiencies in the side, how much, ultrasonic flaw detector first used to industrial inspection; the M-type display isthe one through the detection of luminance disposal according to work one by one opened constitute a one-dimensional "space multi-event timing diagram", suitable to look at the internal active form objects, ultrasonic flaw detector, such as activities organs, arteries, etc. Type B shows a lot through the detection of luminance disposal group consisting of two-dimensional side-by-side, which reflects the object's internal fault section of the anatomical images (disease backyard use B super this is the reason to do it), ultrasonic flaw detector is suitable to look internally at static objects; C-type F-type display with unmatched less. Ultrasonic flaw detection will not be very precise, and more convenient compared with other detection methods, fast, nor will it detect objects and operator risk, so were the people more and more throughout the farewell, has a very broad carried out prospects.The development of ultrasound and in the overhaul of the stateAbstract: In the various types of power plant equipment maintenance, service life assessment, the most frequent and widely used in ultrasonic testing technology. Ultrasonic flaw detection applications, applicability, high accuracy, easy automation of a number of advantages. This paper focuses on the crack detection method for ultrasonic inspection technology, quantitative methods of defect, damage, deterioration evaluation methods, and evaluation, and application examples.Key words: ultrasonic testing cracks damage deterioration evaluation applications1 PrefaceMost components of the power plant equipment in the long-term application in high temperature and high pressure water,steam, media, stress, corrosion, creep, hydrogen corrosion and fatigue caused by aging damage and deterioration of a more serious problem. Signal acquisition in the maintenance, service life assessment work on these devices, the most frequent and extensive application of ultrasonic technology. Ultrasonic thin tube to the thick tube, surface to the internal defect information collection is widely used in evaluation of rapid, quantitative defects, easy on-site inspection, analytical, and degree of automation of many of the advantages of it are universally applied.Therefore, to accurately capture these tiny signals, and its resolution, must have high-performance measurement system. In recent years, high sensitivity, high-performance, high reliability of the ultrasonic sending and receiving has been commercialized, along with the increase of high-speed, high-capacity, signal processing, data processing capabilities of computers, image, image analysis, automation is also increasingly easy; in addition, the double crystal probe, focusing the probe surface SH wave probe, climbing wave probe and temperature probe and an electromagnetic ultrasonic non-contact probes such as widely used. In this context, recent analytic in the laboratory stage, the accumulation of basic data, and widely promoted the application of a wide variety of ultrasound assessment of damage and deterioration of diagnostic techniques in the field can be achieved.2 Ultrasonic flaw inspection methodsSo far, have been applied or proposed application of ultrasonic flaw detection nondestructive inspection methods are shown in tables:Defects in quantitative methods equivalent method(equivalent test method, the equivalent calculation method, the equivalent A VG curve method)Length measurement method (relative sensitivity length measuring method, the absolute sensitivity of the length measurement method, the endpoint peak method) The end of wave height methodCrack detection surface wave Supreme CourtSurface wave delay method (single-probe method, dual-probe method)End of the echo peak methodShear-wave side-angle reflection methodSerial transverse wave two-probe methodRelative sensitivity method (6dB, 10dB, 20dB)Scattered wave method (diffraction)Damage, deterioration evaluation method of attenuation (low-level echo reflection method, transmission method, the resonance method)Sonic method (SAW method, the volume method)The critical angle of reflectionSpectrometer method (spectral distribution and size of the center frequency, frequency, amplitude, gravity frequency) Frequency analytical methodBehind the scattering wave clutter analysisOther (δ law, Poisson ratio evaluation method)3 Crack evaluation and application examples3.1 Focused UltrasoundWidely used as a method can be easily measured in the field is the relative sensitivity measurement method. This method is the height of more than echo the probe before and after scanning the distance - amplitude curve (distance amplitudecurve to the DAC), the beam away around the threshold to measure the crack height of a method. The accuracy of the method depends on the width of the ultrasonic beam to crack a high degree of measurement accuracy can be increased through the use of ultrasonic amplitude narrow focus probe.Surface occurred in the power generation equipment, water-wall tube corrosion fatigue cracking, stress corrosion cracking and petrochemical equipment alkali corrosion embrittlement crack defects generated by the stainless steel welding parts a high degree of measurement generally used scattering method . The TOFD France BS7706 specified in the method, will launch the probe and receiving probe placed at a certain distance from the weld on both sides of the launch probe emits the spread of longitudinal wave, the crack tip diffracted wave measurement of crack height of. Signal in the crack is only spread in the test surface shear wave and the underlying simple waveform of the reflected wave, but in the case of cracks, but also received from the crack the top and bottom of the diffracted wave. So is the demand on the injury pattern of each signal arrival time difference and these values measure the crack depth and height. Collected reflected signal waveform data converted by computer processing, transform into the phase extent with light and dark gray-scale testing results for real-time image display. In the conventional method, if the angle of incidence deviates from 10 °, the sensitivity was reduced by approximately 25dB, TOFD method is 5dB, relative decrease. It can be said that the TOFD method has good crack detection performance less susceptible to the influence of the crack slope.Japan is studying the use of the large opening angle of the line to focus the probe, so that a leak in the test surface of theelastic wave (LSAW), quantitative evaluation of stainless steel to intergranular attack (IGA) a high degree of method. Experimental results show that the intergranular corrosion itself between the height and the the LSAW echo amplitude have a good relationship.3.2 Surface SH wavesThe average angle probe the shear wave vibration direction in the workpiece in the workpiece surface is perpendicular to the plane of vibration, said SV wave; wave vibration direction and the workpiece parallel to the surface, known as the SH wave. Piezoelectric vibration wave in the role of the inverse piezoelectric effect by the waveform conversion in the heterogeneous interface in the SH wave was seized media.The test proved reciprocating transmittance of the SH wave probe with increasing the angle of refraction of SH-wave probe in steel increases with decreasing frequency was increased, the difference between high and low-frequency probe at different angles the reciprocating transmittance reciprocating transmittance of thefrequency of the probe on a different angle of refraction difference is small. Verify the results compared with the theoretical results, the consistency of the high-frequency probe is better, the consistency of the low-frequency probe somewhat less certain, which is chip considered in the theoretical calculations for the infinite plane, the actual test chip for the finite size . When applied to engineering practice, the SH wave probe is divided into a large angle of SH wave angle probe probe and surface SH wave.Surface SH wave less demanding on the workpiece surface finish, surface SH wave an effective test for greater distance, can improve the efficiency of inspection;applied to the inspection of turbine blades leaves the body to complete the last stage blade length of the test, and is not the final stage blade cavitation. Inspection and vertical tree blade root inspection sensitivity can reach 1mm. Applied to the inner wall fatigue crack inspection, the inspection sensitivity can reach 0.5mm.SH wave probe test sensitivity by coupling effect greatly. This difference was mainly due to the shear wave emitted by the probe SH waves are shear waves, can only be spread in the solid medium. Dedicated shear wave coupling agent at different temperatures, through sound effects quite different, both the shear wave in the reciprocating transmittance of the interface are quite different, resulting in a greater change in the medium wave sound field intensity, resulting in test sensitivity differences. Therefore, practical application, usually used in the ambient temperature is not very different circumstances, if the ambient temperature different response to the testing equipment, test sensitivity is re-calibration. Angle of SH wave angle probe because of the sound field intensity in the range of about 0-10mm under the surface and the surface, the sound field intensity applied to the thin workpiece inspection, the defect location (depth direction) is difficult to be able to accurately locate.Due to surface SH wave has all the advantages described above, so expect to be widely used in non-destructive examination of the structural elements. Flaw detection for the piping of thermal power equipment, such as the use of welded parts of the occurrence of cracks, foreign countries have developed a field-oriented electronic scanning system, and has already begun the application. Such as the use of arc-array probe, the fan-shaped scan of the ultrasonic beam of electrons, the cross-section image of the test body real-time display of themobile imaging system.4 Damage, deterioration evaluation and application examples4.1 Evaluation of creep damageThe creep damage under high temperature, long time to load a certain load, the intergranular cavities and other phenomena. The ultrasonic evaluation method of its application wave velocity method, the attenuation spectroscopy, frequency resolution and noise analysis, the theoretical analysis are also diverse. Which clutter analysis from the accuracy and applicability of the method is more effective. The approach is from the rear of the metal to structural changes in tissue scattering wave as clutter processing and quantitative evaluation of the amplitude of a method, and then using the integral value of a certain frequency range.4.2 Hydrogen corrosion damage assessmentHydrogen damage in high temperature (> 220 °C) under high pressure conditions, when the boiler water PH <5, the condenser leak, the water supply ofinorganic acids or resin contamination, dirt under the reaction 3Fe +4 H2O → of Fe3O4 +8 [H] generated hydrogen atom scale layer to block the working fluid can not be taken away, then with the grain bo undary carbide reaction of Fe3C +4 of [H] → 3Fe + CH4 ↑, the methane gas generated by the grain boundary cracking, crack or bulge formed in the tube wall, the steel performance degradation of a brittle failure. Hydrogen damage with speed and destruction, damage area, the damage can not be restored, not easy to the characteristics of early detection.High-frequency ultrasound RF echo can be applied to the detection of hydrogen damage μm-level micro-cracks, withcoarse sandpaper to remove the pre-test tube the appearance of slag point, the coupling agent on the 28th rolling oil. Therefore, by detecting this echo can understand the internal hydrogen damage microcrack. Generally considered that ultrasound can be found in the smallest defect size as the wavelength 1/2. In recent years, theoretical studies have shown that, if does not require a high degree of echo, and with the high-frequency digital oscilloscope, the instrument sensitivity and signal to noise ratio will be high, the discontinuity detection sensitivity can reach a wavelength of 1/5 ~ 1 / 10. Such as the probe frequency is 15MHz when using the single discontinuity can be detected can be as small as 40μm ~ 75μm.4.3 Sensitive evaluation of the degree ofIf stainless steel is used in high temperature, due to sensitization to generate chromium depletion region is induced intergranular corrosion reasons, ultrasound evaluation of the key is to confirm the correlation between the Poisson's ratio determined by the degree of sensitization and ultrasonic longitudinal and shear waves, sensitive evaluation of Poisson's ratio as an index level of the method is currently being studied.Sensitization of the grain can be seen as the central parts and the parts of the solution in the intergranular elements with different concentrations of shell-like structure, the use of shell-like structure of the scattering body scattering theory to calculate the frequency dependence of ultrasonic speed of sound and attenuation with the increase in the frequency attenuation of the increase in the speed of sound caused by the speed of sound to reduce the development of orientation and sensitization increase tendency is consistent with the experimental values.4.4 Two-phase stainless steel thermal aging evaluationIf the two-phase stainless steel is m aintained at 300 ~ 450 ° C for a long time, in the α phase segregation decomposition caused by heat aging (brittle). The speed of sound changes with the thermal aging, from both theoretical and experimental studies have shown that the numerical simulation results and experimental values correspond to good. However, thermal aging on the two-phase stainless steel, cast steel, by casting organizations with coarse particles and its SH wave, the speed of sound and the aging time, although there are some degree of, but found no correlation with the longitudinal wave. In addition, studies have shown that if the use of phase interference method, using the line focus probe leak the speed of sound measurements of the elastic surface wave on a small area, then the speed of sound and thermal aging with the increase in fracture toughness values.4.5 Fatigue evaluationFatigue life evaluation of the application using the axisymmetric SH wave electromagnetic ultrasonic sensor by detecting the attenuation coefficient, non-contact evaluation, and that 90.6% of the rupture life stage, there is the peak of the attenuation coefficient. Fatigue of low alloy steel, the edge dislocation is a straight line model, the spiral dislocation for the bending model, corresponding to the numerical analysis results with the electromagnetic field of ultrasonic measurement of the attenuation coefficient, and proved to the attenuation coefficient changes mainly due to the dislocation.In addition, low cycle fatigue of materials in the application of pulse string waves resonate with attenuation, the attenuation coefficient in the resonance frequency increases with the increase of residual strain, which can predict the degree of fatigue damage. Study for0Cr19Ni19 stainless steel, measuring the speed of sound using strain control and load control fatigue damage caused by the test body in the strain-controlled fatigue, with increasing fatigue, speed of sound simply reduced, but increased in the load control fatigue. This phenomenon is explained as a phenomenon based on dislocation activities, you need to pay attention to the speed of sound evaluation of fatigue damage.Now, being studied by a strong longitudinal wave ultrasonic incident ultrasonic amplitude dependence of internal friction in the material. The study found that begins by measuring the high harmonic amplitude of the vibration, to determine whether to produce the high cycle fatigue of possibility.5 ConclusionThe use of ultrasound for damage, deterioration diagnosis, need to be able to really understand Suoyu of conclusions; to take full advantage of a variety of evaluation methods, quantitative evaluation, and conclusions from the theory been proven, high sensitivity ultrasonic measurement system, the signal the development of processing and data processing systems development, theoretical analysis and numerical simulation using the computer, etc are essential. But also the need of laboratory and field data accumulation and feedback.超声波探伤超声波是一种机械波，机械振动和波动是超声检测的物理基础。
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