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DOI: 10.1360/yc-007-0385克里斯蒂安娜尼斯莱因-福尔哈德任本命西安文理学院生物系, 西安 710061Department of Biology, Xi’an College of Arts and Science, Xi’an 710061, China克里斯蒂安娜尼斯莱因-福尔哈德(Christiane Nusslein-Volhard, 1942―)于1942年10月20日生于德国法兰克福的马格德堡。
1962年, 她报考了法兰克福大学生物学专业。
学习一段时间后发觉这里开设的课程缺乏新意、极为乏味, 便转到图宾根大学学习生物化学。
该校的生物化学堪称一流, 虽然她并不喜欢该课程的讲授风格, 但仍然使她对这一基础学科打下了坚实基础。
最后一学年, 学校开设微生物学和遗传学两门新课, 克里斯蒂安娜被深深吸引。
她积极地参加研讨班和学术研讨会, 内容涉及到蛋白质的合成和DNA的复制等。
1967年, 克里斯蒂安娜与沃尔克尼斯莱因结婚了, 当时两人都还是大学生, 按习俗, 她使用了夫姓。
他们在法兰克福大学认识, 他学习物理专业。
1969年, 克里斯蒂安娜获生物化学专业文凭, 随后成为杜宾根普朗克研究所微生物学家海因兹沙勒教授的研究生, 他教给她用定量的观点去思考问题, 她受到真正的科学实验的训练。
最初, 她研究的课题是通过RNA-DNA杂交技术比较某些噬菌体的DNA顺序, 并因此完成了她的学位论文, 1973年获哲学博士学位。
随后她与另一位研究生合作, 发展了一种从噬菌体中大规模提纯RNA聚合酶的方法。
从1969年~1977年间, 她与几位同事合作在《自然》等杂志上发表了一系列学术论文。
由于克里斯蒂安娜全身心地投入自己的科学事业, 她和丈夫的婚姻出现了危机。
先是分居, 最后离婚。
重新拥有了她的父姓, 但她也一直保留了前夫的姓。
从1973年起, 克里斯蒂安娜不断地改变着她的研究兴趣和研究领域。
托马斯?汉普森（Thomas Hampson）不仅是当今世界拥有最美的嗓音之一的男中音歌唱家，还拥有超凡的表演能力。
一站上舞台，他的心里就只有一件事：把人物演活，感动观众。
因此，他在世界各大歌剧舞台和音乐会上的演出受到了观众和评论家的一致喝彩。
一、享誉世界的歌唱家托马斯?汉普森（Thomas Hampson，1955-）美国男中音，1955年6月28日，出生于美国印第安纳州的埃尔克哈特，1977年毕业于东华盛顿大学获学士学位1978年曾赢得“洛特?莱曼”奖，1982年在圣路易斯歌剧院出演《女人心》中的古列尔摩一角引起广泛注意，一跃成为美国当代最杰出的男中音，演出于世界最负盛名的歌剧院。
汉普森在华盛顿长大，师从过玛丽埃塔.科尔（Marieta Coyle）、伊丽莎白.施瓦茨科普夫、马提尔.辛格（Martial Singher）和霍斯特.龚瑟（Horst Günther）。
他以多才多艺著称，除在歌剧、轻歌剧、音乐剧、宗教作品领域均有建树外，他还在录音、研究以及教育领域获得了诸多成就。
1980年，托马斯.汉普森在斯海尔托亨博斯国际声乐比赛中获得二等奖，并成为1981年首次在大都会歌剧院演员。
在1992年，汉普森在华盛顿大学获得了学士学位。
他在2003年录制的瓦格纳唐怀瑟收到了格莱美奖最佳歌剧录音，并被认为是美国领先的男中音。
汉普森的歌剧曲目涵盖了广泛的角色。
同时托马斯汉普森也是一个著名的艺术歌曲演唱家和独奏家。
汉普森获奖无数，其中包括六次格莱美奖题名、两次爱迪生奖（荷兰）、两次法国唱片大奖、三次留声机大奖、古典回声将以及戛纳古典音乐奖。
汉普森还拥有华盛顿惠特沃斯学院、旧金山音乐学院的荣誉博士头衔，并且是伦敦皇家音乐学院的荣誉成员，被维也纳国家歌剧院授予“室内乐歌手”的头衔，美国国家艺术协会为了表彰他在音乐教育领域取得的成就授予他奖章。
托马斯？汉普森从罗西尼到威尔第和普契尼歌剧，从蒙特威尔弟到布里顿和亨策，演唱的歌剧剧目角色跨度广泛，他曾在罗西尼《威廉?退尔》、柴可夫斯基《尤金?奥涅金》、马斯内的《维特》中饰演主角，并曾参演了布松尼的《浮士德博士》、安布罗西？托马斯的《哈姆雷特》、威尔弟的《麦克白》、莫扎特的《唐?乔凡尼》、弗里德里希?采尔哈的《施坦弗尔德巨人》（世界首演）。
七年级英语文化名人故事练习题40题1.Who is the author of many famous plays such as "Hamlet"?A.NewtonB.ShakespeareC.DarwinD.Einstein答案：B。
牛顿是科学家，达尔文也是科学家，爱因斯坦也是科学家，只有莎士比亚是著名剧作家，写了很多著名戏剧如《 哈姆雷特》。
2.Which famous person is known for his laws of motion?A.ShakespeareB.NewtonC.DarwinD.Mozart答案：B。
莎士比亚是剧作家，达尔文是生物学家，莫扎特是音乐家，只有牛顿以他的运动定律闻名。
3.The person who made great contributions to literature is _.A.NewtonB.ShakespeareC.DarwinD.Einstein答案：B。
牛顿、达尔文、爱因斯坦分别在科学领域有贡献，只有莎士比亚在文学领域有巨大贡献。
4.Newton is famous for _.A.playsws of motionC.evolution theoryD.music compositions答案：B。
牛顿以运动定律闻名，不是戏剧、进化理论和音乐作品。
5.Shakespeare's plays are mainly in _.A.ChineseB.FrenchC.EnglishD.German答案：C。
莎士比亚是英国剧作家，他的戏剧主要是英语。
6.The field that Darwin is famous for is _.A.physicsB.literatureC.biologyD.music答案：C。
达尔文以生物学领域的进化论闻名，不是物理、文学和音乐。
7.Einstein is known for his theory of _.A.relativityB.evolutionws of motionD.literary works答案：A。
机械通气临床应用指南中华医学会重症医学分会（2024年）引言重症医学是探讨危重病发生发展的规律，对危重病进行预防和治疗的临床学科。
器官功能支持是重症医学临床实践的重要内容之一。
机械通气从仅作为肺脏通气功能的支持治疗起先，经过多年来医学理论的发展及呼吸机技术的进步，已经成为涉及气体交换、呼吸做功、肺损伤、胸腔内器官压力及容积环境、循环功能等，可产生多方面影响的重要干预措施，并主要通过提高氧输送、肺脏爱护、改善内环境等途径成为治疗多器官功能不全综合征的重要治疗手段。
机械通气不仅可以依据是否建立人工气道分为“有创”或“无创”，因为呼吸机具有的不同呼吸模式而使通气有众多的选择，不同的疾病对机械通气提出了具有特异性的要求，医学理论的发展及循证医学数据的增加使对呼吸机的临床应用更加趋于有明确的针对性和规范性。
在这种条件下，不难看出，对危重病人的机械通气制定规范有明确的必要性。
同时，多年临床工作的积累和多中心临床探讨证据为机械通气指南的制定供应了越来越充分的条件。
中华医学会重症医学分会以循证医学的证据为基础，采纳国际通用的方法，经过广泛征求看法和建议，反复仔细探讨，达成关于机械通气临床应用方面的共识，以期对危重病人的机械通气的临床应用进行规范。
重症医学分会今后还将依据医学证据的发展及新的共识对机械通气临床应用指南进行更新。
指南中的举荐看法依据2024年ISF提出的Delphi分级标准(表1)。
指南涉及的文献依据探讨方法和结果分成5个层次，举荐看法的举荐级别依据Delphi分级分为A E级，其中A 级为最高。
表1 Delphi分级标准举荐级别A 至少有2项I级探讨结果支持B 仅有1项I级探讨结果支持C 仅有II级探讨结果支持D 至少有1项III级探讨结果支持E 仅有IV级或V探讨结果支持探讨课题分级I 大样本，随机探讨，结果清楚，假阳性或假阴性的错误很低II 小样本，随机探讨，结果不确定，假阳性和/或假阴性的错误较高III 非随机，同期比照探讨IV 非随机，历史比照和专家看法V 病例报道，非比照探讨和专家看法危重症患者人工气道的选择人工气道是为了保证气道通畅而在生理气道与其他气源之间建立的连接，分为上人工气道和下人工气道，是呼吸系统危重症患者常见的抢救措施之一。
英伦文学地图：英国文学中的地域书写知到章节测试答案智慧树2023年最新苏州大学第一章测试1.What is included in Jane Austen's landscapes?参考答案:England2.It is in Southern England that the women in Jane Austen's novels can feelcomfortable.参考答案:对3.The marriage transactions in Jane Austen's novels take place in the followingplaces:参考答案:Brighton ;Bath;London4.The characteristics of the late eighteenth century in England include:参考答案:null5.Literary geography is a perspective on literature that incorporates the studyof geographical space and place.参考答案:对6.When does the cultural turn of human geographies take place?参考答案:the end of the 1980s7.The scope of literary geography studies includes:参考答案:the study of literature in space;the study of space in literature8.Geography is not an inert container, is not a box where cultural historyhappens, but an active force, that pervades the literary field and shapes it in depth参考答案:对9.The act of writing itself might be considered as a form of mapping orcartographic activity.参考答案:对10.Great Britain is a country.参考答案:错第二章测试1.Who is honoured as the father of English literature?参考答案:Geoffrey Chaucer2.In the Medieval hierarchical system of England, the church was responsiblefor the spiritual welfare of the body politic.参考答案:对3.Geoffrey Chaucer's diplomatic mission to Italy in 1372 brought him intodirect contact with the Italian Renaissance.参考答案:对4.Scholars conjecture that The Canterbury Tales was probably first conceivedin 1386, when Chaucer was living in Canterbury.参考答案:错5.When does the pilgrimage take place in The Canterbury Tales?参考答案:April6.Which one is the opening tale after "The General Prologue" in TheCanterbury Tales?参考答案:null7. A dialectic between ___ is a recurrent feature of The Canterbury Tales.参考答案:styles;genres;classes8.The persona "I" in The Canterbury Tales is also one of the pilgrims.参考答案:对9.“The Miller’s Tale” concerned with order, love and fraternity parodies "TheKnight’s tale" that involves deception and body.参考答案:错10.“The Miller's Tale" has the following characteristics:参考答案:hilarious ;fabliau第三章测试1.Shakespeare was a contemporary of ( ).参考答案:Queen Elizabeth I and King James I2.Shakespeare came from a well-educated family in Stratford-upon-Avon.参考答案:错3.Shakespeare was buried in Westminster Abbey.参考答案:错4.Geographically speaking, Stratford-upon-Avon is situated in the Southeast ofLondon.参考答案:错5.In Shakespeare’s life, he had been ( ).参考答案:an actor;a theatre manager;a playwright;a poet6.The Globe Theatre is situated on ( ).参考答案:the south bank of River ThamesRiver Thames7.Which of the following was once a patron of Shakespeare?参考答案:The 3rd Earl of Southampton8.Before 1597, many plays were published without the identification of itswriter.参考答案:对9.Which of the followings statement is NOT true about Shakespreare’s TheFirst Folio?参考答案:It contains all of Shakespeare’s plays.10.The first actor who played Hamlet was ( )参考答案:Richard Burbage第四章测试1.Burns Night is traditionally celebrated on？参考答案:January 25th2.Robert Burns’s parents were buried in the graveyard of the same old kirkfeatured in his poem “Tam O’Shanter”.参考答案:对3.Tam in “Tam O’Shanter” witness ( ) at a stormy night.参考答案:witches and warlocks partying with the devil4.Scots refers to English spoken in the Scottish accent.参考答案:错5.The development of the Scots language has been influence by ( ）参考答案:the Scandinavian languages;the Germanic languages;the Romance languages6.“A wee bairn” in Scots means ( ) in English:参考答案:a small child7.Because “Tam O’Shanter” was written for a historical record of Scottishcastles and churches, the story of it was factual.参考答案:错8.The 18th century Ayrshire was dominated by ( ).参考答案:Protestantism9.Robert Burns’s education include ( )参考答案:school and a private tutor;folksongs and tales from his mother andnanny;his father’s teaching him to read from The Bible第五章测试1.Which one is the largest natural lake in England?参考答案:Windermere2.The Lake District is well known for its connection with Romantic poets, suchas William Blake.参考答案:错3.Where was William Wordsworth born?参考答案:Cumbria4.Dorothy Wordsworth wrote the Grasmere Journal when she lived in the DoveCottage.参考答案:对5.In whose work does the following passage appear? "I never saw daffodils sobeautiful they grew among the mossy stones about & about them, somerested their heads upon these stones as on a pillow for weariness & the rest tossed & reeled & danced & seemed as if they verily laughed with the wind that blew upon them over the Lake"参考答案:Dorothy Wordsworth6.The final version of "I Wandered Lonely as a Cloud" published in 1815 is arevision of the original published in 1807.参考答案:对7.In "I Wandered Lonely as a Cloud", what words does the poet use to convey atranquil image?参考答案:wander;float;lonely8.In "I Wandered Lonely as a Cloud", the poet compares the daffodils to ___参考答案:stars;dancers9.What does "the inward eye" refer to in "I Wandered Lonely as a Cloud"?参考答案:focused attention;remembrance ;imagination10.William Wordsworth's life at the Lake District exerts a huge impact on hispoetry.参考答案:对第六章测试1.Which of the following titles belong to Walter Scott?参考答案:The Inventor of Scottish History;The Wizard of the North2.Walter Scott decorated his house with the entrance doorway to the OldTalbooth Prison in Edinburgh.参考答案:对3.How many times did Walter Scott meet Robert Burns?参考答案:14.The name of Walter Scott’s castle comes from the route leading to theMelrose Abbey, an abbey important in Scottish history.参考答案:对5.The aftermath of the Jacobite’s defeat on Culloden Moor includes:参考答案:the dying of the clan system;the taboo on wearing tartan;the decline of the Gaelic language6.In Waverley, the character Fergus MacIvor was a highland chieftain loyal tothe Jacobite leader “Bonnie Prince Charles”.参考答案:对7.Edward Waverley believed that the Jacobite cause would succeed.参考答案:错8.Which of the following British monarchs was the first to visit Scotlandwearing a tartan kilt after the Battle of Culloden ?参考答案:George IV9.Walter Scott received help from ( ) to collect ballads.参考答案:James Hogg;Bishop Percy10.Walter Scott was against ballad singers or collectors leaving their ownstamps on the ballads.参考答案:错第七章测试1.The City of Bath is situated in the Southwest of England.参考答案:对2.The Romans were good at combining their own gods and the local deitiesafter they conquered other lands.参考答案:对3.Bath started to regain its Roman glory when Richard “Beau” Nash invested inthe city in the ( )参考答案:18th century4.Which of the followings are likely to be a Regency social event in Bath?参考答案:a ball;a dinner party;a concert5.Bath’s influences on Austen’s life and works include ( ）参考答案:a documentary record of the social manners;an ethical perspective ofthe gentry6.In the Regency Era, Bath’s social hierarchy could be reflected by the differentcarriages arriving at ballrooms such as the Pump Room.参考答案:对7.Catherine Morland in Northanger Abbey was the heir of a rich couple Mr andMrs Allen and thus she attracted much attention from suitors.参考答案:错8.The estate of Northanger Abbey is owned by ( )参考答案:General Tilney9.Which of the following s tatements is/are true about Bath’s social geographyin the Regency Era?参考答案:The rich population lived in the north of the city.;The lower class people lived in the south of the city.10.The Camden Place was a fictional location created by Austen, it did notactually exist in Bath.参考答案:错第八章测试1.Which one of the following works is written by Anne Bronë?参考答案:Agnes Gray2.The Brontë sisters' connection with Yorkshire was through blood.参考答案:错3.The Brontë sisters were born in Thornton, West Yorkshire, England in theearly 19th century.参考答案:对4.Emily Brontë incorporates the harsh and unhealthy conditions of the clergyschool she attended in her novel Wuthering Heights.参考答案:错5.Who is the most private and reclusive one of the three Brontë sisters?参考答案:Emily Brontë6.Wuthering Heights is similar to Dickens' novels in terms of its engagementwith social issues.参考答案:错7.Which one of the following settings is the counterpart of Wuthering Heightsin the eponymous novel?参考答案:Thrushcross Grange8.The following passage is uttered by ____ in Wuthering Heights: "This iscertainly a beautiful country! In all England, I do not believe that I could have fixed on a situation so completely removed from the stir of society."参考答案:Mr. Lockwood9.The following passage shows that the moor is a place of ___ in WutheringHeights: "About midnight, while we still sat up, the storm came rattling over the Heights in full fury. There was a violent wind, as well as thunder, andeither one or the other split a tree off at the corner of the building; a hugebough fell across the roof, and knocked down a portion of the east chimney-stack, sending a clatter of stones and soot into the kitchen fire".参考答案:desolation ;disaster ;violence10.The moors witness a kind of U-turn in the story: paradise for youngCatherine and Heathcliff – hell for their adult life – paradise again for theoffspring.参考答案:对第九章测试1.Dickens, like some of his fictional characters, was forced to serve as a childlabor in a shoe “blacking factory” to eke out a living at a very young age参考答案:对2.Dickens' first novel( ) brought him instant success at the age of twenty-five.参考答案:The Pickwick Papers3.Dickens harbors a strong sense of localism rooted in the modes of existenceand landscape of the countryside.参考答案:错4.The image of London offered by Dickens in Oliver Twist is generallycharming and attractive.参考答案:错5.In order to highlight Oliver’s first encounter with the shockingly filthyLondon underworld, Dickens portrays London with a series of unpleasantnatural elements including ( ).参考答案:rain that falls sluggishly down;black mist;stones covered with thickmud;“everything felt cold and clammy to the touch”6.The streets in Oliver Twist are marked by ( ).参考答案:narrowness;muddiness;darkness7.Dickens' depiction of those ruinous slums in London can find expression in (),the most notorious gutter alongside The Thames.参考答案:null8.The fall of those slum houses has been embedded by Dickens with two layersof implications, ( ).参考答案:the fall of the hypocritical capitalist humanism;the precarious state of existence of those disenfranchised groups9.Dickens’depiction of the slums, those dilapidated houses in particular, pushesto the climax his critique of the government’s indifference towards the poorand, more generally, its non-performance in tackling the problem of poverty.参考答案:对10.Dickens witnessed the rise of London as one of the largest metropolises inthe European continent because it ( ).参考答案:built intricate sewer and street systems;attained great achievements of industrialization and urbanization;erected all sorts offacilities;constructed railways第十章测试1.The following passage appears in the novel ___: "London. Michaelmas Termlatterly over, and the Lord Chancellor sitting in Lincoln’s Inn Hall. Implacable November weather."参考答案:Bleak House2.Much of the 19th-century detective fiction was published in periodicals.参考答案:对3.It's generally believed that The Moonstone is the first detective novel inBritain.参考答案:对4.In which one of the following works does the character Shelock Holmes firstappear?参考答案:A Study in Scarlet5.It’s said that Conan Doyle’s inspiration for the character Sherlock Holmescame from Bucket, a Scottish lecturer at the medical school of the University of Edinburgh参考答案:错6.The Sign of the Four gets its name bcause in the story there are four pieces oftreasure stolen.参考答案:错7.Although Conan Doyle lived only a few months in London before moving tothe suburbs, London exerts a huge impact on his writings.参考答案:对8.The following quotation describes the city of London in ____: "a dense drizzlyfog lay low upon the great city, mud-coloured clouds drooped sadly over the muddy streets."参考答案:The Sign of the Four9.Lyceum Theatre in the East End figures in both Conan Do yle’s real life and hisstories.参考答案:错第十一章测试1.Which of the following writers had been influenced by Freudian theories?参考答案:Virginia Woolf;Franz Kafka;Marcel Proust;James Joyce2.For most of Virginia Woolf’s life, she lived in ( )参考答案:the West End of London3.Virginia Woolf was sent to study at the University of Oxford.参考答案:错4.None of the characters in Mrs. Dalloway met one another during their walkson that day before Clarissa Dalloway’s party.参考答案:错5.Septimus Warren Smith suffers from参考答案:post-traumatic stress disorder6.Modernism is a movement only in literature.参考答案:错7.European Modernism lasted from the end of 19th century to ( )参考答案:the breakout of WWII8.Before Modernism, art converted the unexplainable to a very abstract form.参考答案:错9.Which of the following theories contributed to Modernism?参考答案:Marxism and Darwinism;Bergson’s “élan vital”;Nietzsche’s “Will toPower”;Einstein’s “theory of relativity”10.Freud and literature mutually influenced each other.参考答案:对第十二章测试1.Oxford got its name for being the fording point in Saxon times.参考答案:对2.Which one is the oldest university in the English-speaking world?参考答案:University of Oxford3.University of Oxford was modeled on the University of Paris.参考答案:对4.Which one(s) of the following is(are) the initial faculties of the University ofOxford?参考答案:medicine;theology;law;liberal arts5.The various colleges of Oxford were intended primarily for well-off scholars.参考答案:错6.Oxford is known as the “City of Spires” or the “City of Dreaming Spires”,because of its beautiful skyline of Gothic towers and steeples.参考答案:对7. C. S. Lewis completed The Chronicles of Narnia series at Oxford.参考答案:错8.J.R.R. Tolkien taught English language and literature at the University ofOxford.参考答案:对第十三章测试1.The famous journal Edinburgh Review founded in the 19th centurypromoted the literary trend of ( )参考答案:Romanticism2.The Edinburgh born writers include ( )参考答案:Robert Louis Stevenson;Conan Doyle;Walter Scott;J. M. Barrie3.Spark was honoured “Dame Muriel Spark” for her contribution in literature.参考答案:对4.Muriel Spark was raised as a ( ) but later converted to a ( )参考答案:Presbyterian … Catholic5. The Prime of Miss Jean Brodie is a biographical work of Muriel Spark’sschool teacher Miss Christina Kay.参考答案:错6.The “prime” of Miss Jean Brodie, according to herself, referred to ( )参考答案:her current teaching career7.The regular members of “The Brodie Set” includes ( )参考答案:6 girls8.The most controversial topic Miss Jean Brodie taught the girls whicheventually led to her being expelled from the school was参考答案:fascism9.Miss Jean Brodie eventually found out which girl of the Brodie Set betrayedher.参考答案:错10.Calvinism is a religious branch of ( )参考答案:Protestantism第十四章测试1.V. S. Naipaul was born in an impoverished rural area of Trinidad.参考答案:对2.V. S. Naipaul is a travel writer.参考答案:错3.The values of the English middle class that Naipaul celebrates basically referto ( ).参考答案:the Victorianism4.( )prompted Naipaul to view Victorian tradition as a lifeline.参考答案:his desire to purge himself of his West Indianness;his image of writing as a fundamentally British vocation;his lack of readers5.The protagonist of The Enigma of Arrival is widely accepted to be Naipaul.参考答案:对6.In Naipaul's eye, this rural county in Wiltshire is an embodiment of ( ).参考答案:the imperial past7.In The Enigma of Arrival, Naipaul gives a meticulous and detailed account ofthis rural county, including ( )参考答案:farm houses;routes;tourist attractions;clusters of vegetation8.According to Naipaul, Wiltshire rehearses the process of the destruction of ( ).参考答案:an illusory conception of England9.The critical comments received by The Enigma of Arrival are conflicting.参考答案:对第十五章测试1.《向西行》（Stepping Westward）的主题是（）。
