外文文献：中国中小企业融资

研究中小企业融资要参考的英文文献在研究中小企业融资问题时，寻找相关的英文文献是获取国际经验和最佳实践的重要途径。

以下是一些值得参考的英文文献，涵盖了中小企业融资的理论背景、现状分析、政策建议以及案例研究等方面。

“Financing Small and Medium-Sized Enterprises: A Global Perspective”, by P.K. Agarwal, A.K. Dixit, and J.C. Garmaise. This book provides an comprehensive overview of the issues and challenges related to financing small and medium-sized enterprises (SMEs) around the world. It presents an analytical framework for understanding the different dimensions of SME financing and outlines best practices and policy recommendations for improving access to finance for these businesses.“The Financing of SMEs: A Review of the Literature and Empirical Evidence”, by R. E. Cull, L. P. Ciccantelli, and J. Valentin. This paper provides a comprehensive literature review on the financing challenges faced by SMEs, exploring the various factors that influence their access to finance,including information asymmetries, lack of collateral, and limited access to formal financial markets. The paper also presents empirical evidence on the impact of different financing strategies on SME performance and outlines policy recommendations for addressing these challenges.“The Role of Microfinance in SME Finance: A Review of the Literature”, by S. Hossain, M.A. Iftekhar, and N. Choudhury. This paper focuses on the role of microfinance in financing SMEs and explores the advantages and disadvantages of microfinance as a financing option for SMEs. It also outlines the potential for microfinance to play a greater role in supporting SME development in emerging markets and provides policy recommendations for achieving this objective.“The Political Economy of SME Finance: Evidence fromCross-Country Data”, by D.J. Mullen and J.R. Roberts. This paper examines the political economy of SME finance, exploring the relationship between government policies, market institutions, and SME financing constraints. Usingcross-country data, the paper finds evidence that government policies can have a significant impact on SME access to finance and that countries with better market institutions are more successful in supporting SME development. The paper provides policy recommendations for improving SME financing in different political and institutional settings.“Financing SMEs in Developing Countries: A Case Study of India”, by S. Bhattacharya, S. Ghosh, and R. Panda. This case study explores the financing challenges faced by SMEs in India and identifies the factors that limit their access to finance, including government policies, market institutions, and cultural traditions. It also presents an in-depth analysis of the various financing options available to SMEs in India, such as informal credit markets, microfinance institutions, and banks, and outlines policy recommendations for enhancing access to finance for these businesses.这些文献提供了对中小企业融资问题的多维度理解，并提供了实用的政策建议和案例研究，有助于更好地解决中小企业的融资需求。

中小企业融资渠道中英文对照外文翻译文献Title: Financing Channels for Small and Medium-sized Enterprises: A Comparative Analysis of Chinese and English LiteratureIntroduction:Small and medium-sized enterprises (SMEs) play a crucial role in driving economic growth, job creation, and innovation. However, they often face challenges in accessing finance due to limited assets, credit history, and information transparency. This article aims to provide a comprehensive analysis of financing channels for SMEs, comparing existing literature in both Chinese and English.1. Overview of SME Financing Channels:1.1 Bank Loans:Traditional bank loans are a common financing option for SMEs. They offer advantages such as long-term repayment periods, lower interest rates, and established banking relationships. However, obtaining bank loans may be challenging for SMEs with insufficient collateral or creditworthiness.1.2 Venture Capital and Private Equity:Venture capital (VC) and private equity (PE) attract external investments in exchange for equity stakes. These financing channels are particularly suitable for high-growth potential SMEs. VC/PE investors often provide not only financial resources but also expertise and networks to support SMEs' growth. However, SMEs may face challenges in meeting the stringent criteria required by VC/PE firms, limiting accessibility.1.3 Angel Investment:Angel investors are wealthy individuals who provide early-stage funding to SMEs. They are often interested in innovative and high-potential ventures. Angel investments can bridge the funding gap during a company's initial stages, but SMEs need to actively seek out and convince potential angel investors to secure funding.1.4 Government Grants and Subsidies:Governments offer grants and subsidies to support SMEs' business development and innovation. These resources play a pivotal role in ensuring SMEs' survival and growth. However, the application process can be cumbersome, and the competition for these funds is usually high.1.5 Crowdfunding:Crowdfunding platforms allow SMEs to raise capital from a large poolof individual investors. This channel provides opportunities for SMEs to showcase their products or services and engage directly with potential customers. However, the success of crowdfunding campaigns depends on effective marketing strategies and compelling narratives.2. Comparative Analysis:2.1 Chinese Literature on SME Financing Channels:In Chinese literature, research on SME financing channels focuses on the unique challenges faced by Chinese SMEs, such as information asymmetry, high collateral requirements, and insufficient financial transparency. Studiesemphasize the importance of government policies, bank loans, and alternative financing channels like venture capital and private equity.2.2 English Literature on SME Financing Channels:English literature encompasses a broader range of financing channels and their implications for SMEs worldwide. It highlights the significance of business angel investment, crowdfunding, trade credit, factoring, and peer-to-peer lending. The literature also emphasizes the role of financial technology (fintech) in expanding SMEs' access to finance.3. Recommendations for SMEs:3.1 Enhancing Financial Literacy:SMEs should invest in improving their financial literacy to understand different financing options and strategies. This knowledge will help them position themselves more effectively when seeking external funding.3.2 Diversifying Funding Sources:To mitigate financing risks, SMEs should explore multiple channels simultaneously. A diversified funding portfolio can help SMEs access different sources of capital while reducing dependence on a single channel.3.3 Building Relationships:Developing relationships with banks, investors, and relevant stakeholders is crucial for SMEs seeking financing. Strong networks and connections can provide valuable support and increase the likelihood of securing funding.Conclusion:Access to appropriate financing channels is crucial for the growth and development of SMEs. This analysis of financing channels for SMEs, comparing Chinese and English literature, highlights the diverse options available. By understanding the strengths and limitations of each channel, SMEs can make informed decisions and adopt strategies that align with their unique business requirements. Governments, financial institutions, and other stakeholders should continue to collaborate in creating an enabling environment that facilitates SMEs' access to finance.。

中小企业融资英文文献Title: Financing Options for Small and Medium-sized EnterprisesIntroduction:Small and medium-sized enterprises (SMEs) play a crucial role in driving economic growth, job creation, and innovation. However, one of the major challenges faced by SMEs is accessing adequate financing. This article aims to explore various financing options available for SMEs, highlighting their advantages and disadvantages.1. Traditional Bank Loans:Traditional bank loans have long been the primary source of financing for SMEs. They offer a fixed amount of capital, typically with a defined repayment period and interest rate. Bank loans provide stability and reliability, making them suitable for long-term investments and capital expenditures. However, the loan application process can be time-consuming and require a strong credit history, which may be challenging for some SMEs.2. Equity Financing:Equity financing involves raising capital by selling shares or ownership stakes in the company to investors. This type of financing is especially beneficial for high-growth potential SMEs. Equity investors provide not only financial resources but also expertise and industry connections. However, SMEs need to dilute their ownership and share profits with investors, which may limit their control over business decisions.3. Venture Capital (VC):Venture capital firms invest in SMEs with high growth potential in exchange for equity. VC funding is especially attractive for innovative startups and technology-driven enterprises. Apart from financial support, venture capitalists often provide valuable guidance and mentorship. However, securing VC funding can be highly competitive, and SMEs often have to demonstrate a unique and scalable business model to attract investors.4. Crowdfunding:Crowdfunding platforms allow SMEs to raise funds from a large number of individuals through online campaigns. It provides an opportunity for SMEs to engage with their target audience and build a loyal customer base. In return for their contributions, supporters may receive rewards or early access to the company's products or services. However, the success of a crowdfunding campaign depends on the SME's ability to effectively market their project and generate interest.5. Government Grants and Subsidies:Many governments offer grants and subsidies to support SMEs. These funds are typically targeted towards specific sectors or industries and aim to encourage innovation and economic growth. Government programs vary across countries, and SMEs must meet certain eligibility criteria. While government funding can provide a significant financial boost, the application process can be complex, and the availability of funds may be limited.6. Supplier Financing:Supplier financing involves negotiating extended payment terms with suppliers, allowing SMEs to free up working capital and manage cash flow. This form of financing is particularly useful for businesses with low credit ratings or limited access to traditional loans. However, SMEs need to establish strong relationships with their suppliers to negotiate favorable terms.Conclusion:In conclusion, small and medium-sized enterprises have various financing options available to them. It is crucial for SMEs to assess their specific needs and goals when considering different financing sources. Combining multiple financing options may also be a viable strategy for addressing diverse funding requirements. By exploring these options, SMEs can overcome financing challenges and continue to contribute to economic growth and development.。

文献信息：文献标题：Financing of SMEs（中小企业融资）国外作者：Jan Bartholdy, Cesario Mateus文献出处：London business review,2007(9),pp43-45字数统计：英文2124单词，10802字符；中文3529汉字外文文献：Financing of SMEsAbstractThe main sources of financing for small and medium sized enterprises (SMEs) are equity, trade credit paid on time, long and short term bank credits, delayed payment on trade credit and other debt. The marginal costs of each financing instrument are driven by asymmetric information and transactions costs associated with nonpayment. According to the Pecking Order Theory, firms will choose the cheapest source in terms of cost. In the case of the static trade-off theory, firms choose finance so that the marginal costs across financing sources are all equal, thus an additional Euro of financing is obtained from all the sources whereas under the Pecking Order Theory the source is determined by how far down the Pecking Order the firm is presently located. In this paper, we argue that both of these theories miss the point that the marginal costs are dependent of the use of the funds, and the asset side of the balance sheet primarily determines the financing source for an additional Euro. An empirical analysis on a unique dataset of Portuguese SME’s confirms that the composition of the asset side of the balance sheet has an impact of the type of financing used and the Pecking Order Theory and the traditional Static Trade-off theory are rejected.For SME’s the main sources of financing are equity (internally generated cash), trade credit, bank credit and other debt. The choice of financing is driven by the costsof the sources which is primarily determined by costs of solving the asymmetric information problem and the expected costs associated with non-payment of debt. Asymmetric information costs arise from collecting and analysing information to support the decision of extending credit, and the non-payment costs are from collecting the collateral and selling it to recover the debt. Since SMEs’ management and shareholders are often the same person, equity and internally generated funds have no asymmetric information costs and equity is therefore the cheapest source.2. Asset side theory of SME financingIn the previous section we have suggested that SME’s in Portugal are financed using internal generated cash, cheap trade credits, long and short-term bank loans and expensive trade credits and other loans. In this section the motives behind the different types of financing are discussed.2.1. Cheap Trade creditsThe first external financing source we will discuss is trade-credits. Trade credits are interesting since they represent financial services provided by non-financial firms in competition with financial intermediaries. The early research within this area focused on the role of trade credits in relation to the credit channel or the so called “Meltzer” effect and in relation to the efficiency of monetary policy. The basic idea is that firms with direct access to financial markets, in general large well known firms, issue trade credits to small financially constrained firms . The more recent research breaks the role of trade credits into a strategic motive and financial motive for issuing and using these credits.Strategic motivesThe first theory centers on asymmetric information regarding th e firm’s products. Trade credits are offered to the buyers so that the buyer can verify the quantity and quality before submitting payments. By offering trade finance the supplier signals to the buyers that they offer products of good quality. Since small firms, in general, have no reputation then these firms are forced to use trade credits to signal the quality of their products. The use of trade credits is therefore driven by asymmetric information of the products and is therefore more likely to be used by small firms, if the buyer haslittle information about the supplier, or the products are complicated and it is difficult to asses their quality.The second strategic motive is pricing. Offering trade finance on favorable terms is the same as a price reduction for the goods. Thus firms can use trade credits to promote sales without officially reducing prices or use them as a tool for price discrimination between different buyers. Trade credits are most advantageous to risky borrowers since their costs of alternative financing are higher than for borrowers with good credit ratings. Thus trade credits can be used as tool for direct price discrimination but also as an indirect tool (if all buyers are offered the same terms) in favor of borrowers with a low credit standing.Trade credits are also used to develop long term relationships between the supplier and the buyers. This often manifests itself by the supplier extending the credit period in case the buyer has temporary financial difficulties. Compared to financial institutions suppliers have better knowledge of the industry and are therefore better able to judge whether the firm has temporary problems or the problems are of a more permanent nature.The last motive in not strictly a strategic motive but is based on transactions costs. Trade credits are an efficient way of performing the transactions since it is possible to separate between delivery and payment. In basic terms the truck drive r delivering the goods does not have to run around to find the person responsible for paying the bills. The buyer also saves transactions costs by reducing the amount of cash required on“hand” .Financing motivesThe basis for this view is that firms compete with financial institutions in offering credit to other firms. The traditional view of financial institutions is that they extend credit to firms where asymmetric information is a major problem. Financial institutions have advantages in collecting and analyzing information from, in particular, smaller and medium sized firms that suffer from problems of asymmetric information. The key to this advantage over financial markets lies in the close relationship between the bank and the firm and in the payment function. The financialinstitution is able to monitor the cash inflow and outflows of the firm by monitoring the accounts of the firm.But with trade credits non-financial firms are competing with financial institutions in solving these problems and extending credit. How can non-financial institutions compete in this market? Petersen and Rajan [1997] briefly discusses several ways that suppliers may have advantages over financial institutions. The supplier has a close working association with the borrower and more frequently visit s the premises than a financial institution does. The size and timing of the lenders orders with the supplier provides information about the conditions of the borrowers business. Notice that this information is available to the supplier before it is available to the financial institution since the financial institution has to wait for the cash flow associated with the orders. The use of early payment discounts provides the supplier with an indication of problems with creditworthiness in the firm. Again the supplier obtains the information before the financial institution does. Thus the supplier may be able to obtain information about the creditworthiness faster and cheaper than the financial institution.The supplier may also have advantages in collecting payments. If the supplier has at least a local monopoly for the goods then the ability to withhold future deliveries is a powerful incentive for the firm to pay. This is a particular powerful threat if the borrower only accounts for a small fraction of the suppliers business. In case of defaults the supplier can seize the goods and in general has a better use for them than a financial intermediary sizing the same goods. Through its sales network the supplier can sell the reclaimed goods faster and at a higher price than what is available to a financial intermediary. These advantages, of course, depend on the durability of the goods and how much the borrower has transformed them.If asymmetric information is one of the driving forces the explanation of trade credits then firms can use the fact that their suppliers have issued them credits in order to obtain additional credit from the banks. The banks are aware that the supplier has better information thus the bank can use trade credits as signal of the credit worthiness of the firm.That trade credits are in general secured by the goods delivered also puts a limit on the amount of trade credits the firm can obtain, thus the firm cannot use trade credits to finance the entire operations of the firm.In summary the prediction is that the level of asymmetric information is relatively low between the providers of trade credit and the borrowers due to the issuer’s general knowledge of the firm and the industry. In the empirical work below the variables explaining the use of trade credit are credit risk factors and Cost of Goods Sold. Since these trade credits are secured by the materials delivered to the firm, firms cannot “borrow” for more than the delivery value of the goods and services.2.2 Bank loansBanks have less information than providers of trade credit and the costs of gathering information are also higher for banks than for providers of trade credit. Providers of trade credits also have an advantage over banks in selling the collateral they have themselves delivered, but due to their size and number of transactions banks have an advantage in selling general collateral such as buildings, machinery etc. Banks therefore prefer to issue loans using tangible assets as collateral, also due to asymmetric information, they are less likely to issue loans to more opaque firms such as small and high growth firms. Banks are therefore willing to lend long term provided that tangible assets are available for collateral. In the empirical work below tangible assets and credit risk variables are expected to explain the use of long-term bank loans and the amount of long-term bank loans are limited by the value of tangible assets.The basis for issuing Short Term Bank Loans is the comparative advantages banks have in evaluating and collecting on accounts receivables, i.e. Debtors. It is also possible to use Cash and Cash equivalents as collateral but banks do not have any comparative advantages over other providers of credit in terms of evaluating and collecting these since they consist of cash and marketable securities. In terms of inventories, again banks do not have any comparative advantages in evaluating these. Thus, we expect the amounts of debtors to be the key variable in explaining thebehaviour of Short Term Bank Loans.2.3. Expensive trade credit and other loansAfter other sources of finance have been exhausted firms can delay payment on their trade credits. However, this is expensive since it involves giving up the discount and maybe incurs penalty payments. Also the use of this type of credit can have reputational costs and it may be difficult to obtain trade credit in the future. The nature of the costs, of course, depends on the number of suppliers, if there is only one supplier then these costs can be rather high whereas if the firm can obtain the same goods and services from other suppliers then these costs are not particularly high.Other debt is composed of credit card debt, car loans etc. that are dearer than bank loans. Again, the variables determining this type of debt are financial health and performance. Below, however, we do not have any good information regarding these types of loans and what they consists of thus we pay little attention to them in the empirical work.ConclusionsCurrently there exist two theories of capital structure The Pecking Order Theory where firms first exhaust all funding of the cheapest source first, then the second cheapest source and so on. The differences in funding costs are due to adverse selection costs from asymmetric information. The second theory is the Tradeoff Theory where firms increase the amount of debt as long as the benefits are greater than the costs from doing so. The benefits of debt are tax-shields and “positive agency costs” and the costs of debt are the expected bankruptcy costs and the “negative agency costs”. In both of these theories, the composition of the asset side of the balance sheet is not important and in this paper, that proposition is strongly rejected. So the main conclusion is that the composition of the asset side of the balance sheet influences the composition of the liability side of the balance sheet in terms of the different types of debt used to finance the firm, or that the use of the funds is important in deciding the type of financing available.We further argue that it is asymmetric information and collateral that determines the relationship between the asset side and liability side of the balance sheet. Thetheory works reasonable well for Cheap Trade Credits and Long Term Bank Loans but the tests for Short Term Bank Loans are disappointing.中文译文：中小企业融资摘要中小企业融资的主要来源有：股权融资、按时兑现的贸易信贷融资、中长期银行信贷融资、延迟兑现的贸易信贷融资以及其他债务融资，每种融资方式的边际成本取决于与其滞纳金相关的信息不对称成本和交易成本。

中小企业融资英文文献An Analysis on Credit Guarantee System of Small and Medium-sized Enterprises in China AbstractAt presentthere are still many constraints in the further development of SMEsmall and medium—sized enterprises in ChinaAnd especially the financing development of SME has become a bottle neckwhich was caused by the unsound credit guarantee system for SMEBased on China’s SME guarantee system and its problemsthe thesis puts forward proposals to perfect guarantee system for China’s SME with norma l analysisIn order to make guarantee system play its due roleit is necessary to establish different modes of credit guarantee institutions in accordance with the actual situationto found SME credit guarantee funds and its supplementary systemto adjust the operation mode of guarantee funds and to improve legal protection of the credit guarantee system 对中国中小企业信用担保体系的分析摘要目前中国中小企业的进一步发展仍然受到很多约束尤其是中小企业融资问题已经成为制约的瓶颈。

小微企业融资外文文献翻译the XXX credit to small and medium enterprises (SMEs)。

However。

micro enterprises (MEs) which are smaller than SMEs。

have been XXX。

using a path XXX finance。

such as family and friends。

due to the lack of access to formal finance。

Path dependence is also evident。

XXX finance.翻译：乌干达的小微企业融资：路径依赖和其他融资决策的决定因素XXX：Winifred XXX-XXX博士摘要：发展中国家的融资文献主要关注正规金融机构向中小型企业（SMEs）提供信贷的角色。

然而，小微企业（MEs）比SMEs更小，却被忽视了。

本文使用路径依赖框架，研究了乌干达小微企业的融资决策，识别了影响它们获得融资的因素。

研究发现，由于缺乏正规融资渠道，小微企业严重依赖非正规融资来源，如家人和朋友。

路径依赖也很明显，过去的融资决策和与非正规融资来源的关系影响了当前的融资决策。

本研究建议政策应着重改善小微企业获得正规融资的渠道，并促进金融素养，减少对非正规融资来源的依赖。

Access to credit is crucial for small and medium enterprises (SMEs) and micro enterprises。

as they are considered to be the main drivers of economic growth。

In e countries。

XXX role than SMEs。

XXX-agricultural self-XXX。

XXX due to the way they are XXX。

中小企业融资问题研究国内外文献综述1国外研究现状在西方经济学的研究对象中，国外许多专家和学者针对企业融资的问题进行了大量的实证研究和理论分析。

中小企业的融资在国外研究者的研究中，被归类于中小企业选题中，针对中小企业的融资，不同的专家和学者，从不同视角提出了不同的论点：Meyers在分析中小企业的融资方式后，提出中小企业在融资过程中的信息不对称问题比较明显。

比如在创业早期阶段，中小企业中的很多企业并未获得外部审计的财务报告，企业盈利能力难以预测和估算。

因此，中小企业在融资时，为快速满足资金筹措需求，会优先选择内部融资渠道，如果选择外部融资渠道，就需要优先选择债务融资方式。

Storey在分析金融机构与中小民营企业的融资冲突时, 提出中小企业以银行等金融机构的贷款作为最大的债务性融资渠道。

但因为中小企业自身的资质和发展水平偏低，金融机构提供给中小企业的贷款融资支持力度偏低。

Hairs&Raviv认为企业融资结构是中小企业收入流分配和企业控制权分配的依据，其指出，中小企业之所以很难得到金融信贷支持，主要源于在信息不对称的信贷市场中，中小企业存在道德风险及逆向选择问题。

Félix Corredera-Catalán等表示中小企业在制度、管理等方面存在的问题导致其在成长的不同阶段面对的融资问题不同。

对于中小企业融资问题的梳理，可从融资和负债角度出发，而不仅限于融资方面。

Liang Kaier认为融资渠道受制、融资制度不完善、政府关注度不高等都是中小企业难的主要原因。

融资难已经威胁到中小企业的生存与发展。

Barthelmess Benedik等表示中小企业融资需要面对的问题并不仅仅是融资本身，还包含中小企业自身的生存与发展条件问题，融资只是为中小企业注资，保障资金链，但其最终要解决的是，依赖于什么获得市场竞争实力。

2国内研究现状国内在针对中小企业融资困境问题展开分析时，主要从现实角度分析中小企业融资难的原因。

中小企业融资的英文文献AUtOmatiCalIy translated text:The definition Of IeaSe financingFinanCe IeaSeS (FinanCiaI LeaSing) also known as the EqUiPment LeaSing (EqUiPment LeaSing), Or modern IeaSing (MOdern LeaSing), and is essentially transfer OWnerShiP Of the assets Of all Or most Of the risks and rewards Of the IeaSe・ The UItimate OWnerShiP Of assets to be transferred, Or may not transfer・It refers to the SPeCifiC COntent Of the IeSSee to the IeSSOr Under the IeaSe ObjeCt and the SPeCifiC requirements Of the SUPPIier SeIeCtion, VendOr financing to PUrChaSe rental PrOPertyJ and the USe Of IeaSed to a IeSSeeJ the IeSSee to the IeSSOr to Pay instalments rent, the IeaSe term IeaSe OWnerShiP Of ObjeCtS belonging to the IeSSOr Of all, the tenant has the right to USe the IeaSed items・ Term expired, and finished the IeSSee to Pay rent Under the IeaSe COntraCt financing to fulfil ObIigatiOnS in full, IeaSing ObjeCtS that VeSting OWnerShiP Of all the IeSSee・ DeSPite the finance IeaSe transactions, the IeSSOrS have the identity Of the PUrChaSe Of equipment, but the SUbStantiVe Content Of the PUrChaSe Of equipment SUPPIierS SUCh as the ChOiCe Of the SPeCifiC requirements Of the equipment, the COnditiOnS Of the PUrChaSe COntraCt negotiations by the IeSSee enjoy and exercise, IeSSee IeaSing ObjeCt is essentially the PUrChaSer・，IS a finance IeaSe extension Of IOanS and trade and technology UPdateS in the new integrated financial industry. BeCaUSe Of its extension Of IOanS and COmbinatiOn Of features, there is a PrObIem in IeaSing COmPanieS Can recycling, treatment Of leasing, andSO the financing for the enterprise Credit and SeCUred the main requirement, it is Very SUitabIe for SME financing・ In addition, the IeaSing Of Sheet financing, not reflected in the financial StatementS Of the enterprise liability, does not affect the Credit StatUS Ofenterprises・ ThiS multi-channel financing needs Of SMES in terms Of it is Very beneficia1.LeaSing and financing IeaSe Of a traditional nature Of the difference is: traditional IeaSe to the tenant IeaSing the USe Of ObjeCtS Of the time rent, and finance IeaSe financing COStS to the tenant OCCUPying the time Of renta1. The market economy develops to a Certain Stage and the adaptation Of a StrOng financing, in the 1950s in the UniteCl StateS have a new type Of trading, as it adapted to the requirements Of modern economic development, in the 60 to 70 the rapid development in the world, and today has become a business UPdate equipment One Of the main means Of financing, known as the ZZ SUnriSe industry. " China in the early 1980s after the introduction Of this OPeratiOnaI modalities for OVer 10 years has been the rapid development, COmPared With developed countries, the advantages Of IeaSing is far from being PIayed out, the market POtentiaI is huge・[Edit] the main CharaCteriStiCS Of the IeaSingThe main CharaCteriStiCS Of the IeaSing is： the OWnerShiP Of ObjeCtS as IeaSing is the IeSSOr in Order to COntrOI the risk Of the tenant rent reimbursement taken a form Of OWnerShiPJ atthe end Of the COntraCt COUld eventually be transferred to the IeSSeeJ the IeaSe PUrChaSe items from IeaSe PeOPIe ChOOSeJ maintenance from the tenant responsible for the IeSSOr to PrOVide financial SerViCeS only. Rent CaICUIatiOn PrinCiPIeS are: to IeaSe the IeSSOr ObjeCtS based On the PUrChaSe price, OCCUPied by the IeSSee to the IeSSOr Of funds based On time, according to a mutually agreed rental rates・ It is essentially dependent On the traditional IeaSing financial transactions, is a SPeCiaI kind Of financial instruments・[Edit] the type Of IeaSe financing1.SimPIe financing IeaSeFinanCing IeaSe is a simple, by the IeSSee ChOOSe to PUrChaSe the rental PrOPertyJ the IeSSOr on the IeaSe PrOjeCt through risk assessment after the rental IeaSe to the IeSSee the USe Of ObjeCtS・ ThrOUghOUt the IeaSe PeriOd the IeSSee does not enjoy the right to USe the title, and is responsible for repair and maintenance Of IeaSing ObjeCtS・The IeSSOr, S IeaSe is good Or bad thing WithOUt any liability, equipment depreciation in the tenant Side・2.LeVeraged IeaSe financingLeVeraged IeaSing PraCtiCeS SimiIar to SyndiCated loans, is a SPeCialiZed IeaSing toIarge-SCaIe PrOjeCtS With the tax benefits Of IeaSe financing, mainly Ied by a IeaSing COmPany as a trunk, and for the IeaSe Of a Very Iarge PrOjeCt financing・ FirSt Set UP a IeaSing COmPany from the OPeratiOn Of the main institutions 一a PrOjeCt-based fund management COmPany Set UP PrOjeCtS to PrOVide more than 20% Of the total amount Of funds, and the remaining Part WaS the main SOUrCe Of funds banks and SOCiaI absorb idle idle funds, the USe Of IOO PerCent enjoy IOW tax benefits "in the eight Bo" IeVerage for the IeaSing PrOjeCt Iarge amount Of funds・ The remaining financing and IeaSing PraCtiCeS are basically the same, but because Of the COmPIeXity Of the COntraCt COVerS a Wide range and even greater・ AS Can enjoy tax benefits, OPerating norms, COmPrehenSiVe benefits, and recovery Of rent safe, IOW-COst, and are generally USed for aircraft, ships, COnImUniCatiOnS equipment and Iarge COmPIete SetS Of equipment IeaSe financing・miSSiOned by the FinanCial LeaSingIS a Way to have the funds Or equipmeIlt entrusted to non-bank financial institutions in the financing IeaSeJ the IeSSOr is also the first CIientJ the SeCOnd is the trustee Of the IeSSOr at the Same time・ The IeSSOr to accept the CIient, S money Or IeaSe Of the SUbjeCt matter, according to the CIient, S Written by the CIient designated for theIeSSee Of the IeaSing business・ In the SUbjeCt Of the IeaSe term IeaSe Of the PrOPerty Of the CIientJ the IeSSOr OnIy charges, not to take risks・ SUCh IeaSing COnlmiSSiOned a major CharaCteriStiC is not to IeaSe the right to OPerate the enterprise, "by the right" business・ E-COnImerCe is On the IeaSe by IeaSe rental as a business PIatfOrm.The SeCOnd is the IeSSOr Or IeSSee COmmiSSiOned by the IeaSe PUrChaSe Of a third person, the IeSSOr Under the COntraCt to Pay the PUrChaSe price, also known as COmmiSSiOned by the IeaSe PUrChaSe financing・4.PrOjeCt finance IeaSingLeSSee to PrOjeCt their OWn PrOPerty and to ensure efficiency, and the IeSSOr Signed a finance IeaSe COntraCtJ the IeSSOr to the IeSSee Of the PrOPerty and Other PrOjeCtS WithOUt recourse to the PrOCeeds, We Can OnIy rent Charged to the PrOjeCt, S CaSh flow and PrOfitabiIity to determine・ The SelIer (that is IeaSing goods manufacturers) through their holding IeaSing COmPanieS to PrOmOte their PrOdUCtS in this way, and expand market Share・ COmmUniCatiOnS equipment, medical equipment, transportation equipment, Or even the right to OPerate highway Can be USed this way. Others, including the return Of IeaSingJ also known as SaIe and IeaSebaCk financing leasing; financing to leasing, also known as the financing to IeaSing・[Edit] the risk Of IeaSe financingFinanCe IeaSeS from the risk Of many UnCertain factors, is multifaceted and interrelated, in the full UnderStanding Of the OPeratiOnaI activities Of the CharaCteriStiCS Of VariOUS risks Can be comprehensive, SCientifiC analysis Of risks to formulate COrreSPOnding measures・ The risk Of financing IeaSing main CategOrieS as follows:(1)PrOdUCt market risks・ In the market environment, regardless Of the financing lease, IOan Or investment, as IOng as the funds USed to PUrChaSe equipment Or to CarryOUt technological transformation, first Of all, ShOUld COnSider IeaSing equipment PrOdUCtS market risks, WhiCh need to know to SelI the products, market Share rate and OCCUPanCyJ PrOdUCt trends in the development Of the market, the COnSUmPtiOn StrUCtUre and the mentality Of the COnSUmerS and COnSUmPtiOn CaPaCity・ If these factors are not fully UnderStandJ the SUrVey are not careful, and may increase the market risk・(2)financial risks・ FOr the IeaSing Of a financial nature, financial risks throughout the entire business activities・ The IeSSOrJ the biggest risk is that the IeSSee is also rent capacity, it has a direct impact On the OPeratiOn Of IeaSing COmPanieS and survival, therefore, the risk Of also rent from the PrOjeCt began, it ShOUId be CaUSe for COnCern.CUrrenCy also have risks, especially international payments, methods Of payment, Payment date, time, the remittance ChanneIS and means Of Payment OPtiOnS improperly, WilI increase the risk・(3)Trade risk・ FOr the IeaSing Of a trade PrOPerties, the risks Of trade negotiations to OrderS from the acceptance testing there is a risk. The merchandise trade in the modern development Of a relatively complete, the COnlmUnity is also SUPPOrting the establishmentOf COrreSPOnding institutions and PreVentiVe measures, SUCh as a Ietter Of credit, transport insurance, COnImOdity inspection, COnimerCiaI arbitration and the risk Of Credit COUnSeling have taken PreCaUtiOnS and remedial measures, but because PeOPIe, S awareness and UnderStanding Of the risks Of different degrees, and SOme means Of a COmmerCiaI nature, COUPIed With the inexperience Of the management Of enterprises and Other factors, all Of these instruments have not been used, making trade risk StilI exists・(4)technical risks・ One Of the benefits Of IeaSe financing before Other enterprises is the introduction Of advanced technology and equipment・ In the actual COUrSe Of the OPeration, Or advanced technology, advanced technology is mature, mature technology for the IegaI rights and interests Of others, is an important risk a technical reasons・ SeriOUs, due to technical PrObIemS SO that equipment in a State OfParaIySiS・ Other risks include the economic environment, force majeure, and SO on.[Edit] the accounting treatment Of IeaSe financing[Edit], the tenant On the accounting treatment Of IeaSe financing1,the Start Of the IeaSe accounting treatmentAt the Start Of the lease, the tenant WilI USUalIy be the Start Of the IeaSe rental assets in the OriginaI book VaIUe Of the IninimUm IeaSe PaymentS and the PreSent VaIUe Of the IOWer Of the two IeaSed assets as recorded VaIUe Of the minimum IeaSe PaymentS as a long-term PayabIeS recorded VaIUeJ and the difference between the two records is not recognised financing COStS・ HOWeVerJ if the assets Of the IeaSing assets Of the enterprise SmalI PrOPOrtiOn Of the total, the tenant may be the Start Of the IeaSe in the minimum IeaSe Payment records Of assets and IOng-term rent PaymentS・ ThiS time, the "proportional" not USUalIy refers to fixed assets financed by IeaSing the IeSSee total assets total IeSS than 30% (including 30%). Under SUCh CirCUmStanCeSJ rent for the financing Of long-term assets and the determination Of the amount due, the tenant may, at its OPtiOnJ WhiCh Can be USed minimum IeaSe PaymentSJ and Can also be USed IeaSing assets in the OriginaI book VaIUe Of the IllinimUm IeaSe PaymentS and the PreSent VaIUe Of the two in the IOWer・ Then What "leasing the OriginaI book VaIUe Of assets" refers to the Start Of the IeaSe rental, as reflected in the accounts, the book VaIUe Of the IeaSed asset・LeSSee in the CalCUIatiOn Of the minimum IeaSe PaymentS at the CUrrent value, ifthe IeSSOr that the interest rate implicit in the lease, the IeSSOr ShOUId be USed as the interest rate implicit in the discount rate, OtherWiSeJ ShalI be StiPUIated in the IeaSe COntraCt interest rate as the discount rate ・ If the lessor1 S interest rate implicit in the IeaSe and rental rates StiPUIated in the COntraCt are not available, it ShOUId be USed OVer the Same PeriOd interest rates On bank IOanS as the discount rate・ WhiCh is implicit in the IeaSe rates, in the inception Of the lease, the IninimUiIl IeaSe PaymentS and the PreSent VaIUe Of the UnSeCUred POrtiOn Of the residual VaIUe Of the CUrrent VaIUe Of assets and equivalent to the OriginaI book VaIUe Of the CiiSCOUnt rate・2,the initial direct COStS Of the accounting treatmentInitiaI direct COStS refer to the IeaSe negOtiations and the Signing Of the IeaSe agreement OCCUrred in the COUrSe Of the IeaSe Can be directly attributable to the COSt Of the PrOjeCt・ LeSSee in the initial direct COStS USUalIy have StamP duty, COmmiSSion, attorney fees, travel expenses, SUCh as the COStS Of negotiations・ LeSSee in the initial ClireCt COStS ShOUld be recognised as an expense in the CUrrent PeriOd・ ACCOUntS for its handling: debit management fees" and Other subjects, Credited to "bank" and Other SUbjeCtS・3,no finance Charge assessedIn the finance lease, the IeSSee to the IeSSOr to Pay the rent, include the repayment Of PrinCiPaI and interest in two PartS・ LeSSee to Pay rent, On the One hand to reduceIOng-term payables, On the Other hand, WhiIe not COnfirmed by theIeaSing COStS for a Certain method to COnfirm the CUrrent financingCOStSJ the first rent (that is, initially matching each rental Payment) Under the CirCUmStanCeSJ the IeaSe term is the first PhaSe Of rent Paid no interest, ShOUId OnIy reduce the IOng-term PaymentSJ not to COnfirm the CUrrent financing COStS・NOt Sharing in the finance costs, the IeSSee ShOUld be USed to CaICUIate Certain way. ACCOrding to the guidelines, the IeSSee Can be USed in real interest rates, the Straight-Iine method Can also be USed and the number Of years Of COmbined law. In USing the effective interest method, in accordance With the inception Of the IeaSe is a IeaSe assets and IiabilitieS are recorded based On the VaIUe Of Ciifferent financing COStS assessment rate OPtiOnS are also different・ NO finance Charge assessed SPeCifiC divided into the following types：(1), IeaSing assets and IiabiIitieS to a minimum IeaSe PaymentS accounted for the PreSent VaIUe Of VaIUe to the investor and the interest rate implicit in the IeaSe for the discount rate・ Under SUCh CirCUmStanCeSJ investors ShOUld be the interest rate implicit in the IeaSe for the assessment rate・(2), IeaSing assets and IiabiIitieS to a minimum IeaSe PaymentS for the PreSent VaIUe Of recorded value, and to IeaSe COntraCt PrOVideS for the interest rate as the discount rate・ In SUCh circumstances, ShOUId be StiPUIated in the IeaSe COntraCt as the rate Of assessment rates・(3), IeaSing assets and IiabiIitieS to the OriginaI book VaIUe Of the IeaSed asset accounted for the VaIUe Of the IeSSee does not exist residual VaIUe guarantees and PreferentiaI PUrChaSe right to ChOOSe・ In SUCh circumstances, ShOUld be re-calculation Of theCOSt-Sharing rate financing・ FinanCing COSt-Sharing rate refers to the inception Of the IeaSeJthe minimum IeaSe PaymentS equal to the PreSent VaIUe Of IeaSe assets in the OriginaI book VaIUe Of the discount rate・ In the IeSSee Or related to the IeaSed asset residual VaIUe Of the third-party SeCUrity SitUation, and the SimiIarJ the end Of the lease, not recognised all the financing COStS ShOUId be Shared End, and IeaSe IiabilitieS ShOUldalso be reduced to Zero.(4), IeaSing assets and IiabiIitieS to the OriginaI book VaIUe Of the IeaSed asset accounted for the VaIUe Of the IeSSee does not exist guaranteed residual VaIUeJ but there is PreferentiaI OPtiOn to PUrChaSe・ In SUCh circumstances, ShOUld be re-calculation Of the COSt-Sharing rate financing・ At the end Of the lease, not recognised all the financing COStS ShOUId be Shared End, and IeaSe IiabiIitieS ShOUId also be reduced to Zero.(5), IeaSing assets and IiabiIitieS to the OriginaI book VaIUe Of the IeaSed asset VaIUe accounted for, and the existence Of the IeSSee guaranteed residual VaIUe・Under SUCh circumstances, the COSt-Sharing ShOUld be re-financing rate・ ReIated to the IeSSee Or third PartieS On the residual VaIUe Of IeaSed assets as SeCUrity has been PrOVided Or not at the end Of the IeaSe renewal and to Pay a PenaIty Of circumstances, the end Of the lease, not recognised all the financing COStS ShOUld be Shared End, and IeaSe IiabiIitieS ShOUId also be reduced to the guaranteed residual value, Or to be Paid by the breach・LeSSee ShalI Pay each Of the rent ShalI be the amount Of rent paid, debit long-term PayabIeS - to finance IeaSeSJ " subjects, Credited to "bank" SUbjeCtSJ if Payment Of rent, WhiCh includes COmPlianCe costs, At the Same time debit ShOUId be manufacturing costs", management fees" and Other SUbjeCtS・ At the Same time ShOUld be recognized in accordance With the CUrrent amount Of the finance charge, debit "financial COStS ZZ subjects, CrediteCl the "no finance Charge ZZ SUbjeCtS・4,the IeaSed asset depreciation PrOViSiOnTenantS ShOUld finance the IeSSee PrOViSiOn for depreciation Of fixed assets, ShOUId address two main issues：(1), depreciation POIiCyPrOViSiOn for asset depreciation, lease, the tenant ShOUld be its OWn assets PrOViSiOn Iine depreciation method・ If the IeSSee Or third PartieS relating to the IeaSed asset SeCUrity has been provided, ShOUld be Credited for the amount Of depreciation On fixed assets, and the inception Of the IeaSe accounting residual VaIUe after deducting the VaIUe Of the balance・ If the IeSSee Or third PartieS relating to the IeaSed asset residual VaIUe Of the SeCUrity hasbeen provided, the total amount Of depreciation ShOUlCl be Credited for the Start Of the IeaSe VaIUe Of fixed assets recorded・(2), the depreciation PeriOdIdentify the IeaSed asset depreciation period, ShOUld be in accordance With the IeaSe COntraCt・ If reasonable Certainty that theIeSSee at the end Of the IeSSee WilI Obtain OWnerShiP Of the IeaSed asset, the IeSSee Can be identified With all Of the assets Of the remaining USefUI life, and ShOUId therefore be the Start Of the IeaSe to IeaSe the remaining USefUI Iife Of assets as depreciation period; If you Can not reasonably determine Whether the IeaSe to the IeSSee at the end Of the IeaSe OWnerShiP Of the assets to be made to the IeaSe PeriOd and the remaining USefUI Iife Of the IeaSed asset in the ShOrter Of the two as the depreciation PeriOd・5,the accounting treatment Of COmPIianCe COStSMany types Of COmPIianCe COSts, rent for the financing Of fixed assets improved expenditure, technical advice and SerViCe charges, fees ShOUId be increased Staff training Credited to the extension Of Sharing costs, debit long-term PrePaid expenses, " and''accrued expenses"' J ''manufacturing COStSn management fees" and Other subjects, the fixed assets regular maintenance, insurance, etc・ Can be CiireCtIy Charged to expense in the CUrrent period, debit ZZ manUfaCtUring costs, " and ,z oPerating expenses'" and Other SUbjeCtSJ Credited to "bank deposits, ,z wait UntiI the SUbjeCtS・6,Or the accounting treatment Of rentSinCe the rent Or the amount Of uncertainty, UnabIe to adopt a rational approach to its SySteIn for sharing, in the actual event, debit ,z manufacturing costs, " and ，z oPerating expenses'" and Other subjects, Credited to "bank" and Other SUbjeCtS・7,at the end Of the IeaSe accounting treatmentAt the end Of lease, the tenant On the IeaSe is USUalIy the disposition Of the assets Of three circumstances:(1), the return Of the IeaSed asset・ Debit long-term PayabIeS - to finance IeaSeSJ ZZ and ''accumulated depreciation7' subjects, Credited,z fixed assets - fixed assets financed by IeaSing alΓz SUbjeCtS・(2), renewable IeaSe COnCeSSiOn assets・ If the IeSSee to exercise the right to ChOOSe renewable COnCeSSion, the IeaSe ShalI be deemed to have been made the PreSenCe Of the COrreSPOnding accounting treatment・ If no expiry Of renewal, to the IeSSOr Under the IeaSeCOntraCt to Pay a PenaIty, debit operating expenses" subjects, Credited to "bank" and Other SUbjeCtS・(3), Stay PUrChaSe the IeaSed asset・ In the IeSSee enjoy PreferentiaI PUrChaSe right to ChOOSeJ PUrChaSe PriCe PaidJ debit longterm PayabIeS - to finance lease, " Credited "bank" and Other SUbjeCtS at the Same time, WilI be fixed assets from ,z all fixed assets financed by IeaSing，z DetaiIS DetaiIS Of the Other SUbjeCtS into SUbjeCtS・。

中小企业融资渠道中英文对照外文翻译文献(文档含英文原文和中文翻译)原文：The areas of SME financing channels: an overview 1.IntroductionIn all countries, SMEs are an important source of economic growth and create jobs. In addition, these companies through their dynamism and flexibility, the power of innovation and development.The research method is to start from the literature to highlight the importance of the theme of our research. This paper analyzes the data and statistics based on mainly by the World Bank survey, small and medium-sized private enterprises in Romania by some empirical research. According to the method used, and pointed out the importance of financing of SMEs and enhance the public bodies concerned about, especially the measures taken to improve financial development.2.the literature on SMEs financing channelsA popular academic literature on the financing channels of SMEs, has witnessed a lot of research to solve this problem.Countless research studies have indicated that financing channels is a critical obstacle in the growth and development process, especially in small and medium enterprises.Through Baker Dumont reggae - Ke Lute, Ivan, and Marca Smokin Popovich (2004) research, reflecting the fundamental factors of 10 000 enterprises from 80 countries mainly depend on the financing of enterprises. Therefore, the relationship between the study highlights the corporate finance and its characteristics such as age, size and structure of property rights. From this perspective, the authors found that the small size of the young company, and face greater obstacles when they seek financial resources.The iResearch Dick Mei Leke and Salta (2011) analysis of macroeconomic and institutional factors affecting SME financing loans through the statistical data found. In other similar studies, the authors found a positive correlation between the overall economic development (a measure of per capita income) and financial development (measured by private lending ratio of gross domestic product), on the other hand, the level of SME financing is the opposite. In addition, the authors show that the level of financing for SMEs depends on the legal structure and overall business environment.3.in the process of SME financing in the general obstaclesIn general, access to financial products or financial services or financial inclusion assumes that there is no trade barriers to the use of financial products or services, regardless of whether these barriers or non-related pricing (Dumont reggae - Ke Lute, Baker, and Honorine root 2008:2). Therefore, to improve this means of access means increasing the degree of financial products or financial services at a fair price toeveryone.Enterprise does not use financial products or services can be divided into several categories, their identification is necessary, in order to take the necessary measures to improve their financing channels. Therefore, on the one hand, enterprises obtain financing, the financial products and services, but do not use them because they do not have a viable investment projects. On the other hand, it can distinguish between non-voluntary refuse corporate Although these business needs, but not have access to financial services. The status of independent corporate finance or financial services in some companies do not earn enough money or safeguards required by financing institutions and therefore have higher credit risk. At the same time, when some companies in need of funding, financial and banking institutions involved too costly and can not agree to financing. Finally, in the context of the enterprise refused to appear over-priced financial products or services and financial products or services that meet their requirements.Financing channels for enterprise development and the efficient allocation of funds essential. However, compared with large enterprises, SMEs seeking finance is facing many difficulties, because of several reasons, including: the judicial and legislative structure of the instability and imperfect, it does not support the enterprises in need of financing and funding the relationship between; part of the funding and corporate information is incomplete or even lack of information, which hinders the normal and efficient development of relations between enterprises and providers of finance; especially in the young company, the lack of credit history and guarantees the creditors, and sometimes limits the range of financial products that can be used.The number of surveys, especially the World Bank stressed that the financing is one of the biggest obstacle to good development and growth of the SME. For example, the World Bank in the 2006-2009 survey foundthat 31% of the worldwide study of corporate finance is a major obstacle to the current implementation, and even higher proportion of young company in the 40% of cases up to three years of experience (Chavez, kt Boer and Ireland 2010:1). In addition, a series of global surveys, including the information provided by the World Business Environment Survey show that SME financing transaction costs is the main obstacle to enterprise development.4.SME bank financing difficulties and support measuresIn most countries, especially in countries with bank-oriented financial system, the main source of external financing for SMEs by bank loans. Therefore, this type of loan is crucial to the development of SMEs. However, the survey showed, compared to the SMEs and large enterprises are using the new investment in the small extent of bank financing.As we mentioned, the use of financial products is determined by supply and demand. It is therefore important to understand why the SMEs use bank financing to a small extent only. In this regard, some studies (Banerjee and Duflo: 2004) has shown that the main reason for the supply, because every time when SMEs are able to obtain loans, they use it to increase production. This behavior is more proof of financing is an important factor in the development of enterprises. In addition, in the context of the current global financial crisis, the declining availability of bank loans and limited financing opportunities for SMEs. Therefore, it is the main problem facing small and medium enterprises.October 29, 2010, this survey of SMEs in Romania highlights the main problems faced by SMEs and banks. Therefore, 82% of the interviewed entrepreneurs obtain bank financing is very difficult, mainly because of excessive bureaucracy, unreasonable high demand, high interest rates, rigid bank credit indicators, as well as many types of commission and expenses. In addition, more than 61% of SMEentrepreneurs and managers reporting banks lack of transparency (hidden costs, lack of communication channels, etc.), there is no real consultation (using the standard contract, the bank refused to modify or complete the credit contract, etc.) and banks do not legitimate or misuse of the terms of the contract (for example, perform the unauthorized transaction accounts or bank fraud). Understanding this knowledge to take measures to support and promote SME financing.Improve SME financing is still cause for concern, but also national, European and international facing a challenge. For example, in the EU, through the implementation of the new measures established by the Small Business Administration for Europe to improve the financing channels for SMEs, by reducing the return of the structural funds requirements to promote the access of small and medium enterprises, the establishment of the Credit Ombudsman to promote small and medium-sized enterprises and dialogue between the credit institutions, to avoid the double taxation of the tax legislation, which will hinder the international venture capital plays an important role.In particular, empirical research, emphasizing the impact of the degree of financial development of a country is essential that the level of development of the SME financing. Therefore, a series of measures to support SMEs to obtain financing, to ensure the efficient development of the country's financial, which will ensure greater availability of corporate finance. Specifically, the authorities should take measures commonly used to measure the degree of financial development in the seven pillars, namely, the institutional environment, business environment, financial stability, banking and financial services, non-bank financial services, financial markets and access to finance.5 .ConclusionEffective financing for SMEs to create new business is of great significance, and existing growth and development of enterprises, whilepromoting the country's economic and social development. In addition, in the case of the economic crisis, SMEs contribute to restoring the national economy, so it is particularly important to support SME financing. However, most of the survey report stressed, always the financing channels of SMEs is one of the most important factor to affect its operation and development.SMEs trying to get the necessary financial resources to face difficulties related to the entrepreneurs and the economic environment of each country, as well as existing legal and institutional structure. To alleviate these difficulties, the measures taken by public authorities should focus on improving the financial development and to ensure that the corporate finance and economic growth, greater effectiveness.In various countries, including Romania, the decline on the availability of SME financing, or even the lack of statistical data, we believe that policy makers need to focus on and monitor a series of important indicators, depending on the size of the SMEs, experience and industry events share of its loans, which will benefit the public authorities, creditors and investors.原文来自罗马·安吉拉中小企业的融资渠道的领域:概述（奥拉迪亚大学：经济科学，2011年第一卷第一期，431-437）摘要通过中小企业在创造附加值和新的就业岗位中的贡献,使它在国家的经济和社会发展中拥有一个显著的角色。

中小企业融资英文文献An Analysis on Credit Guarantee System of Small and Medium-sized Enterprises in China Abstract:At present(there are still manyconstraints in the further development of SME(small and medium—sized enterprises in China(And especially the financing development of SME has become a bottle neck，which was caused by the unsound credit guarantee system for SME(Basedon China’s SME guarantee system and its problems，the thesis puts forward proposals to perfect guarantee system for China’s SME with normal analysis(In order to make guarantee system play its due role(itis necessary to establish different modes of credit guaranteeinstitutions in accordance with the actual situation(to found SME credit guarantee funds and its supplementary system(to adjust the operation mode of guarantee funds and to improve legal protection of the credit guarantee system(对中国中小企业信用担保体系的分析摘要:目前，中国中小企业的进一步发展仍然受到很多约束，尤其是中小企业融资问题已经成为制约的瓶颈。

近年来，随着中小企业的飞速发展，中小企业融资问题，已经成为一些中小企业进一步发展所面临的“瓶颈”。

在我国经济体制转型和经济结构调整的特殊历史时期,中小企业融资问题不仅表现得较为突出,也更为复杂。

下面是搜索整理的中小企业融资问题英文参考文献，欢迎借鉴参考。

中小企业融资问题英文参考文献一：[1]XUE-FENG JI. Analysis on Financing Problems of SME in Internet Finance Mode[P]. 2nd International Conference on Advanced Education and Management Engineering (AEME 2017),2017.[2]Xiao-juan GUO. Difficulties and Countermeasures on the Financing of SMEs[P]. 4th International Conference on Economics and Management (ICEM 2017),2017.[3]Jing Zhang,J. Ke. The Financing Efficiency of Enterprises Listed on SMEs Board[P]. 3rd International Conference on Society Science and Economics Development (ICSSED 2018),2018.[4]Wan-rong ZHANG. A Study on Financing Difficulties of SMEs in China[P]. 4th International Conference on Economics and Management (ICEM 2017),2017.[5]Zhao-Hui CHEN,Zhi-Juan ZHOU. Problems and Suggestions on the Mode of Intellectual Property Financing of Small and Medium-sized Technological Enterprises[P]. 4th International Conference on Social Science (ICSS 2017),2017.[6]YU SHI. 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原创研究中小企业融资要参考的英文文献Original Research: English Literature to be Considered for Financing Small and Medium-sized EnterprisesIntroduction:In recent years, small and medium-sized enterprises (SMEs) have become the driving force behind innovation, economic growth, and job creation. However, one of the major challenges faced by SMEs is accessing adequate financing options to support their growth and sustainability. This article aims to explore and analyze the various English literature sources that can be consulted for valuable insights into financing options for SMEs.1. The Importance of Financing for SMEs:Financing is crucial for SMEs as it provides the necessary capital for investment, expansion, research and development, and meeting working capital requirements. Access to financing enables SMEs to enhance their productivity, compete in the market, and contribute to economic development.2. Challenges Faced by SMEs in Accessing Financing:SMEs often encounter obstacles when seeking financing. These challenges include limited collateral, lack of credit history, information asymmetry, and risk aversion by lenders. To overcome these hurdles, it is essential to refer to relevant English literature that addresses these issues and provides potential solutions.3. English Literature Sources for SME Financing:a. Academic Journals: Academic journals such as "Journal of Small Business Finance" and "Entrepreneurship Theory and Practice" publish research articles that explore various aspects of SME financing. These articles discuss topics like crowdfunding, venture capital, angel investing, and government programs that support SMEs' financial needs.b. Research Reports: Research reports from reputable organizations like the World Bank, International Finance Corporation (IFC), and Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD) provide valuable insights into the financing landscape for SMEs. These reports analyze trends, challenges, and best practices in SME financing across different countries and regions.c. Case Studies: Case studies published by universities, business schools, and financial institutions offer practical examples of successful financing strategies adopted by SMEs. These case studies highlight the specific steps taken to secure financing, including negotiations with banks, alternative lending options, and leveraging relationships with stakeholders.d. Government Publications: Government publications, such as white papers and policy documents, outline the initiatives and programs available to support SME financing. These publications provide a comprehensive overview of the various financing schemes, tax incentives, and grants offered by governments to assist SMEs in their financial endeavors.4. Key Themes in English Literature:a. Alternative Financing: English literature emphasizes the emergence of alternative financing options for SMEs. This includes peer-to-peer lendingplatforms, crowdfunding, and business incubators that connect SMEs with potential investors.b. Digital Innovation: The impact of digital innovation on SME financing is a widely discussed topic. English literature explores how fintech solutions, blockchain technology, and online platforms have revolutionized access to funding for SMEs.c. Government Support: Many articles underscore the importance of government support in facilitating SME financing. English literature examines policy frameworks, loan guarantee programs, and financial assistance schemes implemented by governments to alleviate the financing challenges faced by SMEs.5. Conclusion:Accessing appropriate financing options is crucial for the growth and sustainability of SMEs. Exploring and analyzing relevant English literature sources is essential for SME owners, managers, and policymakers to make informed decisions regarding financing strategies. By drawing upon academic journals, research reports, case studies, and government publications, stakeholders can be equipped with valuable insights and best practices to support SME financing needs. Continuous research and understanding of the English literature in this field will contribute to the development of effective financing ecosystems for SMEs.。

Researches On The Problems And Solutions Of SME Financing Status QuoAbstract:The medium and small enterprise plays an irreplaceable role in China's national economy, but harsh financing environment seriously restricts and even endangers the survival and development of medium and small enterprises. First, this article introduces the status and characteristics of SME financing. Second, analyzes the channels and the difficulties of SME financing in our country. Finally, comes up with some measures to ease difficulties of SME financing. In this article, the research on the problems and solutions of SME financing status quo has a certain significance and guiding value.Keywords: SME, Financing, The Analysis Of Countermeasures1 .The status quo of China's SME1.1 The development and current situation of SMENo matter in developed countries or in developing countries, the small and medium-sized enterprise is the important support of national economy in the development of a country. Small and medium-sized enterprises play an irreplaceable role in improving the national economic production, promoting the progress of science and technology, increasing employment, expanding exports, etc. After China carried out reform and open policy, our national small and medium-sized enterprises have developed very quickly, and the contribution rate of them to national economy have raised constantly. As of May 2011, the number of small and medium-sized enterprises in China has more than 40 million, and has taken up more than 99% of all enterprises. Total imports and exports of small and medium-sized enterprises have accounted for 69%. The gross industrial output value, sales income, taxes of SME have respectively accounted for 60% of the total, 57% and 50%. Small and medium-sized enterprises mostly engage in those jobs in the third industry, which are close to the market, close to the user. They are active in the most competitive areas of the market. SME is the main body of market economy and the micro foundation of market system. Because the cost of entrepreneurship and management of small and medium enterprises are relatively low, and the resilience of the SME market is strong, SME is the main place to employment. Small and medium-sized enterprises have provided nearly 80% of jobs for the society nowadays.1.2 The main characteristics of SMEAt present, small and medium-sized enterprises in our country are mainly private enterprises, and have already formed the situation of state-owned enterprises and private enterprises in two forms coexist. As for industrial enterprises, for example, state-owned enterprises have accounted for only 15% of the total, private enterprises have accounted for 85%. The development of SME is mainly concentrated on the labor-intensive industries. The employment capacity and employment investment elasticity of SME are significantly higher than large enterprises. According to statistics, in terms of resettlement workers, SME is nearly double higher than large enterprises. China is a large country, the distribution of SME in different regions is extremely uneven. According to statistics, the number of small and medium-sized enterprises in eastern and central each accounts for 42% of the total in China and the west accounts for 15%. This suggests that in the enterprisescale, the average output value of small and medium-sized enterprises in eastern is larger than the central and western. In the process of reform, compared with large enterprises, small and medium-sized enterprises are often the experimental zone and the breakthrough. Various results of the reform of small and medium-sized enterprises can provide some useful experiences for the reform practice of large enterprises.2.The channels and difficulties of SME financing in our country2.1 The major financing ways of SMEAt present, the financing channel of small and medium-sized enterprises is relatively narrow. The owner investment, internal financing and bank loan are the main financing channels of small and medium-sized enterprises. However, most of financing channels blocked, small and medium-sized enterprises do not have much practical significance. According to the sources of corporate funding, corporate finance can be divided into endogenous and exogenous financing two major types of financing.Figure 1: Three main financing channels of SME(1) Endogenous financingEquity financing and debt financing are two ways of the endogenous financing. The capital formation of endogenous financing has show the primitiveness, autonomy and other characteristics. Endogenous financing is the indispensable important component of the survival and development of small and medium-sized enterprises. However, small and medium-sized enterprises general have insufficient funds, and the self accumulation is limited.(2) Exogenous financingExogenous Financing refers to the use of corporate funds to external financing mainly in direct financing and indirect financing in two ways. As we know, stock, enterprise bond and the loan to bank are three kinds of main financing ways of the enterprise outside, also are the intrinsic foundation of capital market structure. However, the difficulty of obtaining external financing is always one of the problems that restrict the development of MES.(3) The relation between the two major types of financingAs Chinese small and medium-sized enterprises are developing from the stage of starting to growing, stead of continue to depending on internal financing, small and medium-sized enterprisesstart to look for exogenous financing. Since 1949, in direct financing system has played the dominating role in our financing system, so it is very important to the development of small and medium-sized enterprises.2.2 The problems of SME financingThe capital requirements are expected to increase rapidly with the continuous development of the small and medium-sized enterprises scale. From the point of capital requirements, compared with large enterprises, the demand for a single enterprise fund is not large. However, there is a difficulty in financing in small and medium-sized enterprises of our country, lack of capital has greatly limited the development of small and medium-sized enterprises of our country. Mainly displays in:Figure 2: The five problems of SME financing.(1)It has become increasingly difficult to obtain bank loans.It has become hard for banks, even healthy ones, to find finance; large companies with healthy cash flows have also been cut off from all but the shortest-term financing. Due to the small and medium-sized enterprise is difficult to meet the mortgage guarantee conditions of bank loans and the loan risk is bigger, the enthusiasm of bank lending is generally not high. According to incomplete statistics, small and medium-sized enterprises can obtain loans from the bank account for only 8% of the total credit.(2) Enterprise scale limits the financing from capital market.At present, our country capital market is still very imperfect, most enterprises, especially small and medium-sized enterprises are difficult to obtain funds through direct financing channels. Limited by the scale, managing experience and level, small and medium-sized enterprises cannot obtain bank loan and these above-mentioned directly affect financing capacity.(3) Small and medium-sized enterprises lack of credit and the credit reporting system is not perfect.Due to the information asymmetry in the credit finance market, factors like low credit will and insufficient credit become major reasons constraining the scale of SME financing. Our country’s experience in credit system construction indicates that credit information sharing problems have become the bottleneck of China’s further constructing corporate credit system.(4) The development of the credit guarantee and the small loan company is nonstandard.In recent years, the guarantee company and the small loan company are developing rapidly, which the main clients are small and medium-sized enterprises. However, the overall scale of these institutions is small, strength is weak, resist risk ability is not strong, business management is not standard and the financing cost is higher. As for small and medium-sized enterprises, their financing through the credit guarantee and the small loan company become helpless choice. (5) Their own problems.The small and medium-sized enterprise itself also has some problems and deficiencies: first, some defects exist in the administration system. Secondly, Chinese small and medium-sized enterprise oneself is integrated ability is low, and competition ability is not strong. Thirdly, industry personnel quality is not high. The management problem of the business enterprise only is resolved by enterprise governor themselves.3.The countermeasures to resolve the difficulties of SME financing3.1 To further improve the support of SME financial laws and regulationsChina's small and medium-sized enterprise ownership structure is more complex, it is not good for the faster development of SME. With the implementation of SME Promotion Law, the SME subject legal system will be perfected. In short, the implementation of SME Promotion Law will greatly benefit the development of SME in China. At the same time, in order to provide legal protection for SME financing, the authorities should further improve the support of SME financial laws and regulations.3.2 To strengthen the construction of SME credit systemConstruction of credit information system is of important significance for resolving the difficulties of SME financing. In present China, the law about credit investigating is absent and the construction of credit investigating model is very important. In the construction of the small and medium-sized enterprise credit system, the government should not blindly emphasize the role of banks, and should mobilize the enthusiasm and obligations of banks, enterprises and related departments. Therefore, the establishment of credit system should be led by the government, banks as the main body, and liaise with other departments to build together.3.3 To further improve SME financial support systemThe government should have been positively taking all kinds of measures to improve the financial support system and promote the technology innovation of small and medium-sized enterprises. Our financial support policies are being improved, a sound credit guarantee system installed and market access eased for the benefit of SME development. For example, the government should encourage commercial banks to develop financial products to adapt to the development of small and medium-sized enterprises. In short, the establishment of an efficient financial support system is of significance for the development and innovation of those enterprises and for the economic development.References:[1] XU Qin, XU Xiang Xiang. SME financing situation and countermeasures - based in Hubei province, Shandong province, and SME questionnaire comparative analysis [J] Contemporary Economic,2012,24:48-49.[2] ZHOU Ling Lan. The status, problems and countermeasures of SME financing in Zhejiang Province [J]. Economist,2006,02:274-275.[3] ZONG Song, LI Xiao Jun. SME financing problems and countermeasures -. Summary researches [J] Economic Research Guide,2012,01:66-68.[4] LI Yi. The status quo and recommendations of China's SME financing [J]. Cooperation in the economic and technological,2012,03:66-67.[5] HAN Yu Da, TANG Zhi Gang, KE Xiao Wei. The situations and countermeasures of SME financing - Based on the Wenzhou area [J] Zhejiang Financial,2010,09:41-43.[6] GUAN Wei Qi, HU Yu Jie. The situations and countermeasures of SME financing in Gansu province [J]. Hebei Agricultural Sciences,2010,12:131-133.。

小微企业融资外文文献翻译小微企业融资外文文献翻译(文档含中英文对照即英文原文和中文翻译)原文：Micro Enterprise Finance in Uganda: Path Dependence and Other and Determinants of Financing DecisionsDr. Winifred Tarinyeba- KiryabwireAbstractAccess to finance literature in developing countries focuses onaccess to credit constraints of small and medium enterprises (SMEs) micro enterprises because they are considered the drivers of economic growth. However, in low income countries, micro enterprises play a much more significant role than SMEs because of their contribution to non-agricultural self-employment. The predominant use of informal credit rather than formal credit shows that the manner in which micro enterprises are formed and conduct their businesses favors the former over the latter. In addition, other factors such as lengthy credit application procedures, negative perceptions about credit application processes make informal credit more attractive. On the other hand specific factors such as business diversification, the need to acquire business inputs or assets than cannot be obtained using supplier credit are associated with a tendency to use formal credit.IntroductionIt well established that in markets where access to credit is constrained, it is the smaller businesses that have the most difficulty accessing credit. Various policy interventions have been made to improve access to credit including reforming the information and contractual frameworks, macro-economic performance, competitiveness in the financial system, and regulatory frameworks that enablefinancial institutions to develop products for SMEs such as leasing and factoring. Over the past ten years, policy makers in developing and low income countries have focused on microfinance as an intervention to bridge the access to credit gap and improve access to credit for those than cannot obtain credit from mainstream financial institutions such as commercial banks. However, despite, the use of what are often termed as “innovative lending” methods that are designed to ease access to credit, such as use of group lending and other collateral substitutes, micro enterprises continue to rely heavily on informal finance as opposed to formal credit. While other studies have focused broadly on factors that inhibit access to credit, this article seeks to throw some light on specific characteristics of micro enterprises that make them more inclined to use informal credit, as well as specific factors that are more associated with use of formal credit. The former are what I term as path dependence factors.The majority of micro enterprises operate as informally established sole proprietorships. This finding is consistent with the literature on micro enterprises, particularly the fact that they operate in the informal sector. However, nearly all of the enterprises had some form of trading license issued by the local government of the area in whichthey operate. The license identifies the owner of the business and its location, and is renewable every financial year. Most respondents did not understand the concept of business incorporation and thought that having a trading license meant that they were incorporated. Several factors can be attributed to the manner in which micro enterprises are established. First, proprietors generally understand neither the concept of incorporation nor the financial and legal implications of establishing a business as a legal entity separate from its owner. Second, the majority of micro enterprises start as spontaneous business or economic opportunities, rather than as well-thought out business ventures, particularly businesses that operate by the road side, or in other strategic areas, such as telephone booths that operate along busy streets. The owners are primarily concerned with the economic opportunity that the business presents rather than with the formalities of establishing the business. Third, rule of law issues also explain the manner in which businesses generally are established and financed. Although a mechanism exists for incorporating businesses in Uganda, the process and the legal and regulatory burdens, associated with formalizing a business, create costs that, in most cases, far outweigh the benefits or even the economic opportunity created by the business.Commenting on the role of law in determining the efficiency of the economic activities it regulates, Hernando De Soto argues that if laws impede or disrupt economic efficiency, they not only impose unnecessary costs of accessing and remaining in the formal system, but costs of operating informally as well. The former include the time and cost of registering a business, taxes and complying with bureaucratic procedures. On the other hand, the costs of informality include costs of avoiding penalties, evading taxes and labor laws and costs that result from absence of good laws such as not inadequate property rights protection, inability to use the contract system, and inefficiencies associated with extra contractual law.Businesses in Uganda are registered by the Registrar of Companies under the Company’s Act. The office of the Registrar of Companies is located in the capital city of Kampala and this imposes a burden on businesses that operate in other parts of the country that would wish to be registered. However, remoteness of the business registration office was not the primary inhibitor because the tendency not to register was as pronounced in businesses close to the registration office, as it was in those that were remotely placed. In addition, the following fees are required to incorporate a company: a name search andreservation fee of Ugshs. 25,000 ($12.50), stamp duty of 0.5% of the value of the share capital, memorandum and articles of association registration fee of Ugshs. 35,000 ($17.5), and a registration fee ranging from Ugshs. 50,000 to 4,000,000 ($25 to 2000).Legal systems characterized by low regulatory burden, shareholder and creditor rights protection, and efficient bankruptcy processes are associated with incorporated businesses and increased access to finance. On the other hand, inadequate legal protection is associated with limited business incorporation, low joint entrepreneurial activity, and higher financing obstacles. These impediments are what De Soto refers to as the mystery of legal failure. He argues that although nearly every developing and former communist nation has a formal property system, most citizens cannot gain access to it and their only alternative is to retreat with their assets into the extra legal sector where they can live and do business.译文乌干达小微企业融资路径依赖和融资的决定性因素Dr. Winifred Tarinyeba- Kiryabwire摘要通过查阅发展中国家的金融文献，我们往往可以发现由于中小企业是推动发展中国家经济增长的主要动力源，其金融问趣则主要侧重于中小企业的融资受限方面。

本文档包括改专题的：外文文献、文献综述一、外文文献The Role of Banks in Small and Medium Enterprises Financing: A Case Studyfrom KosovoAbstractIn this study we investigate the impact of firm and entrepreneurship characteristics in small and medium enterprises (SME-s) investment finance through debt (bank loan). Data are gathered from interviews based on a self-organized questionnaire with 150 SME-s in Kosovo. Based on the econometric model of linear regression, key factors are identified which influence the investment growth financed by debt. The results indicate that there is mutual correlation among the firm's age, size, business plan, sector, number of owners, sources of financing and the investment growth financed from banks in Kosovo. Therefore, findings in this work suggest that the access to external sources of financing through bank loan is an important factor that influences the investment growth. The paper provides some important conclusions and implications for policymakers and entrepreneurs.Keywords: SME, entrepreneurship, financing through debt, investment, Kosovo1. IntroductionIt is explicitly accepted that SME-s present a pivotal element in the economic activity in both, developed and developing countries (Acs & Audretsch, 1990; Johnson & Loweman, 1995). Numerous authors from academic and professional world designate SME-s as generators of both, economic growth and overall social development (Audretsch & Klepper, 2000; World Bank Group, 2005; McMillan & Woodruff, 2002).The discussion of the relevant literature related to the access of SME-s to finance, as well as to investment finance is of particular importance (Krasniqi, 2007). According to Beck et al. (2007), the SME-s access to, and cost of, finances is quite often characterized as a major difficulty, up to the extent of 35 percent. It should alsobe stressed that the small firms come with more difficulty to loans, since they encounter higher transaction costs and higher premium risks, for they are more fragile and they offer lower collaterals (Beck et al., 2006). Audretsch and Elston (2006) also stress that small firms confronted higher financial difficulties than large ones. Similar conclusions can be found among other authors who have worked in this direction (Beck et al., 2006; Oliveira & Fortunato, 2006).Brinckmann et al. (2011) finds that small firms have higher limitations to access external sources of financing than bigger firms, and, thus, they become more dependent on internal funds for financing their investment needs. A major obstacle in financial markets to the access on finances by SME-s is also the asymmetry of information. Thus, based on Zhao et al. (2006), one from the major difficulties for accessing finance is the asymmetry of information among lenders and debtors; for instance, borrowers have private information on the firm that lenders do not possess. Because of their small size, short history and inconsistent accounting data, the issue of asymmetric information for SME-s becomes more serious (Deakins et al., 2008; EBRD, 1999; Pissardies et al., 2003; Klapper et al., 2002).Difficulties of this kind are expressed also among SME-s of Kosovo, as one from the last countries in transition. In spite of the fact that the SME sector in Kosovo is relatively new, it constitutes 98% of all the firms, thus representing a huge potential for generation of new jobs and for economic development of the country. Based on data of the World Bank (2010), the major obstacle to the development of SME-s in Kosovo is access to bank loans. Only 10% of investments made by SME-s are financed through bank loans, and above 85% of investments are financed from private sources (World Bank, 2010).Objective of this work is to empirically investigate the role and importance of the firms and entrepreneurship characteristics that influence the investment growth through debt finance (loans) in Kosovo. Therefore, the research question in this study is: How does the investment growth impact the performance of SME-s, by discussing the firm and entrepreneurship characteristics of the investment growth of SME-s in Kosovo?The organization of the work is as following: Part one discusses the context of the research, part two the theoretical aspect and the summary of literature. In part three we provide the research methodology and model. Part four contains the results and empirical findings. And, part five deals with the conclusions.2. Theory and Literature ReviewUntil now, there is no single and unique theoretical model that explains the financing of SME-s, which influences the performance of investments, their growth and development. The theoretical principles underlying capital structure can generally be describes in terms of the static trade off theory by Modigliani and Miller (1958), the pecking order theory (Myers & Majluf, 1984), managerial theory of investments (Marris, 1963; Baumol, 1967), agency theory by Jensen and Meckling (1976) and extended by Stiglitz and Weiss (1981).According to neoclassical theory of investments (M-M), which affirms the attitude on the irrelevance of the capital structure for the value of the firm, internal and external sources of financing are perfect substitutes. In the world of the perfect functioning of the market, the choice between financing through capital or debt is irrelevant. Therefore, the cost of capital and the market value of the firm are independent from the value of the firm (Modigliani & Miller, 1958). The theory of M-M is based on the following premises: there are no taxes, there are no transaction costs, there are no bankruptcy costs, the equal cost of debt for companies and for investors, symmetrical information in the market, there is no influence of debt in the profit of the company before interest and taxation.Modigliani and Miller (1958) modify their theory by introducing the tax on profit. In this case, the value of the firm is positively related to debt. After introducing the tax on profit in their analysis, they ascertain that the financial leverage increases the value of the firm, since the interest decreases the tax base (it is deduced from the business profit), and, therefore, we have savings which have the value of the interest. From this ascertainment, the value of the firm grows bigger, as the financial leverage increases, which means that the highest value of the firm is achieved if the burden of debt becomes 100%. In this way the firm attains absolute advantage, given that it isdefended from taxes.Scott (1972) emphasizes that 100% tax shield does not exist in reality, because of distress costs. Debt leads to legal obligation to pay interest and principal. If a firm cannot meet its debt obligation, it is forced in to bankruptcy an incurs associated costs (Fatoki & Asah, 2011). This theory, in fact, does not take into the consideration all the other factors, such as: the costs of the bankruptcy of the firm, the costs of the agency, the impact of debt in profit, the asymmetry of information, and, therefore, this theory is challenged by other theories (Harris & Raviv, 1991).Thus, the static trade off theory, which is based on the M-M theory and is its complementary, except savings from the tax on profit, incorporates into the discussion also the cost of bankruptcy, such as: judicial taxes, attorney costs, administrative costs, and, also, the agency costs (the firms managers damage the interests of the creditors by working in the interest of shareholders), and this can reduce the value of the firm (Jensen and Meckling, 1976). This theory is, in fact, the dominant theory regarding the determination of the financial structure of the firm, and it is founded on the premise that it is the firm that chooses how much it will be financed from debt, and how much from the capital, by balancing the cost of profits. According to this theory, the optimal level of the structure of capital is the one which equates the profit and costs from debt.According to pecking order theory, the firm initially prefers internal sources of financing to external ones, and, regarding external sources, they prefer debt to capital (Donaldson, 1961). Thus, initially we have the use of accumulated profit, amortization, debt, and, finally, the equity capital. According to this theory, the firms finance their investment requirements based on a hierarchic order. This can direct also to existence of the asymmetry of information between managers (insiders) and investors (outsiders). As a result of this, managers have more information then investors (Myers & Majluf, 1984).Based on the agency theory, Stiglitz and Weiss (1981) present the problem that, as a consequence of asymmetrical information, occur between managers and shareholders, on one hand, and the problem among shareholders, managers andcreditors, on the other. They argue that only SME-s knows the real financial structure of their own, the real strength of their investment projects and the tendencies for settling up the debt, and, therefore, the firm possesses superior private information (Mazanai & Fatoki, 2012).3. Hypothesis3.1 Business PlanAccording to Guffey, the business plan is a necessary requirement at the beginning of business, and it is used as an important element to acquire financial support during application to banking institutions (Guffey, 2008). An increase in the level of skills of those who are looking for credits in the compilation of business plans, will increase their opportunities to have properly prepared documentation, and to have a clear idea on the course of their business. According to Maziku (2012), the asymmetric information between the debt-seeking SME-s and the bank, is reflected in the incapability of the majority of SME-s to provide consistent financial data and real business plans, which increases the operational cost during the decision making for permitting the loans by the a bank (Maziku, 2012). Thus, the business plan does not have an impact only in reduction of operational costs, but it is also a key instrument in the decision making regarding the use of banking loans by the firms (Zhang, 2008; Madura, 2007). This is valid particularly for start-up businesses.Therefore, the following hypothesis is generated:H1: SME-s which have business plans are more likely to use bank loans than SME-s without written business plans.3.2 The Growth of the FirmThe growth of SME-s depends on the level of investments. The growth of SME-s can be measured in different ways, including the growth of sales, profits, or number of employees (McPerson, 1996). We measure this variable through the growth of the number of employees.The ability of SME-s to grow depends on a large measure from their potential to invest in the restructuring and innovations. All these investments require capital, that is, they require access to finance (Mazanai & Fatoki, 2012). According to Ganbold(2008), in a research of the World Bank, one among the key difficulties in the growth of the firm is access to financial services, which reflects in economic growth, employment generation, and reduction of poverty in the developing countries (Ganbold, 2008). Based on the theory of firm growth (Jovanovic, 1982), new enterprises grow faster, which means that these have to invest more.Therefore, the following hypothesis is generated:H2: SME-s that grow faster invest more than those with low level of growth.3.3 GenderIn the professional literature there are contradictory opinions regarding the impact that gender of the owner of the firm has into the access to finance. While a group of thinkers assert that gender of the owner has an impact into the capital structure of the firm, the other group denies this, ascertaining that gender doesn't have any impact into the determination of the capital structure.On one hand, Abor (2008) argues that businesses owned by female owners use the debt (loans) less for different reasons, including discrimination and aversion to risk. Watson et al. (2009) emphasize that a key factor in determining the capital structure in businesses owned by female owners is their propensity towards not accepting risk from the desire to keep things under control. Female clients are more hesitant to seek loans, since they feel discriminated and discouraged (Kon & Storey, 2003).On the other hand, Coleman (2000) find that there ar no important differences in the use of debt (banking loan) between female and male owners, and that gender is not an important predictor of the financial leverage of the firm. Whereas, Irving and Scott (2008), analyzing 400 SME-s, and based on the questionare prepared by Barclays Bank, in the most surprising way ascertain that female have easier access to finance then male. Therefore, based on the findings reported above, the following hypothesis is generated:H3: The male owners of firms are more likely to use bank loans then the female owners of firms.3.4 Sources of FinancingThe larger participation of investment finance from internal sources of SME-s increases the probability for acquiring of bank loans, since the internal sources carry the opportunity cost of financing of the project. Thus, SME-s provide higher level of trust to banks, since, in the case of failure, the unexpected burden falls on SME-s themselves. In their research conducted in 16 countries of OECD, Japelli and Pagano (1994) ascertain that banks don't finance 100% of the property value in any of these countries, but they do that with a certain coeficient loan/property. This is not equal for all the countries, and it differs from country to country, starting from the minimum financing of 50% in Turkey and Greece, up to 95% in Denmark.Thus, authors Lee and Ratti (2008) and Ahn et al. (2006) reports negative relationship between debt and investments. This relationship is stronger among smaller firms. As the debt (loans) grows, the cash flow is increasingly used for settling up the loan and its interest. Consequently, firms fulfill their obligations to creditors with more difficulties, and, on the other hand, the possibility for new investments is reduced.Therefore the following hypothesis is generated:H4: The higher the internal sources of SME-s, the higher probability to acquire bank loans for investment finance.3.5 EducationEducation is one of the important factors that influence the growth of the firm. Therefore, the high level of human capital (education and experience) has a positive impact in the growth of the firm. The owners of the firm who are of young age and low level of education are more active in using the external sources of financing, in spite of the fact that higher education reduces the fear for refusing the loans. In the meantime the owners of more mature age and with higher education, the so called "wiser" ones, can be found as less interested for external sources of financing (V os et al., 2007). Therefore, the majorities of owners of SME-s prefer to keep the control and do not apply for external capital (Curran, 1986; Jarvis, 2000).Thus, the internal capital is the major source of financing the SME-s (Ou & Haynes, 2003). Rand (2007) finds also negative influence between education ofowners-managers and access to credit, arguing that owners-managers with higher education can understand easier that their requirements for credits can be refused. Therefore, these owners-managers are for this reason discouraged and hesitate to apply for loans. In their study on new firms, Hartarska and Gonzales Vega (2006) find that education does not have an important role in the decision-making of the banks for lending.Therefore, the following hypothesis is generated:H5: Owners/managers with high level of education use less bank loans for financing the investment requirements.4. Methodology4.1. Sources of DataThe organization of data gathering from the questionnaire was developed in the period March-July, 2012, and data processing based on the answers was conducted in November and December 2012. On this occasion, a database was developed, which includes characteristics of SME-s in general, and characteristics related to investments and their financing in particular. Data processing was conducted with the STATA software.The questionnaire is specially designed for this scientific research with 150 SME-s in Kosovo, and it includes years 2010 and 2011. The sample selection is made randomly, from database at the Agency for Businesses Registration in the Ministry of Industry and Trade of Kosovo, and it is stratified in three basic sectors, in order to reflect eventual changes among the production, trade and service firms. Interviews were conducted directly (face to face) with owners/managers, or financial managers of the firms.4.2 QuestionnaireThe questionnaire consisted of 4 major sections. The first section included data on the owner/manager of the firm, and general data about the firm (location, the year of establishment, type of activity, and qualification of owners/managers). Second section included the orientation regarding the development in the future as well as investments, and here are presented data regarding volume of investments, sources ofinvestment, the use of bank loans in realization of investments, conditions of financing, activities that are conducted during the realization of investments, and investment plans for the future. The third section covers information regarding business activities of the firms inside and outside of the country, that is, whether a certain firm imports or exports merchandise. The fourth section includes data regarding the business plans of the firms: possession of the business plan, its impact on the decisions of the banks. Information gathered from the questionnaire was important for determining the variables in the econometric model of linear regression.5. Survey ResultsBased on the results, we conclude that the regression linear model mentioned above is specified good, given that Adj R-squared 0.36, which shows that the variation in independent variables explains the variation in dependent variable for more than 36%. In addition, the statistical F-test, shows that all the independent variables, jointly, which are statistically significant, are different from zero.Also, the correlation analysis shows that the problem of correlation in independent variables is not present in our data, given that there no higher coefficients in our estimation. Also, the dependent variable has a normal distribution and does not represent a statistical problem that requires treatment.Based on the table 2, in which the results of the linear regression are presented, from nine independent variables, six are statistically significant with impact on the dependent variable, or on the investment growth.According to results, the variable business plan, is statistically significant and with positive sign. This means that the firms that have business plans, on average have investment growths that are bigger than those of the firms that do not have business plans. Similar ascertainments can be found among other authors who emphasize that the business plan serves as a mean for increasing financing from external sources (Zhang, 2008).The variable trade is statistically significant and with negative impact in the investment growth when compared with the firms that belong to the service sector. This has the meaning that services on average invest more than other sectors. Inaddition the variable production is also statistically significant and with negative impact on the increase of investments when compared with the firms that belong to the sector of services. This has the meaning that when compared with the services, the sector of production invests less than other sectors. Similar ascertainments for the case of Kosovo can be found in the work of the author Krasniqi (2010).The next variable no_own, which indicates the number of owners, is statistically significant and with positive impact, which means that the greater the number of owners, the greater will be the investments. We have also size_emp as a variable that shows the size of the firm expressed by the number of employees, and is statistically significant and with inverse impact on the growth of investments. This means that smaller firms have larger investment growths. This finding clearly reflects that as the number of employee's grows, the firms grow slowlier. This is in full accordance with findings of other authors (Audretsch & Klepper, 2000; Caves, 1998). These results are the same with other studies that oppose the Gibrat Law (Krasniqi, 2006; Harris & Trainor, 2005).The firm_age as an independent variable is statistically significant and with negative sign, which means that new firms grow faster than older firms. This ascertainment is in accordance with findings of many authors who ascertain that younger firms grow faster than the older ones, and, therefore, have higher investment growth (Woldie et al., 2008; Storey, 1994; Barkham et al., 1996).The gender of the owner of the firm in the presented model, as a variable is not statistically significant, which means that the owners of the businesses of both genders have the same probability to obtain bank loans for SME-s investments. These results are in accordance with the studies conducted by Kalleberg and Leicht (1991), who, in a study conducted with 300 firms in three sectors, ascertain that female owners were as successful as male owners. We find similar ascertainment in the study of 298 businesses in United Kingdom, which emphasizes that gender, is not a determinant for financing the business (Johnson & Storey, 1993). Coleman (2000) emphasizes that there are no important differences in the use of debt (bank loans) between males and females, and that gender is not an important predictor for financial leverage of thefirm.Finally, education represents a variable which is not statistically significant and has negative sign, which means that the level of education of the managers/owners doesn't impact external sources of financing (bank loans) for SME-s investments. This is explained by the fact that Kosovan SME-s suffer from permanent lack of capital, and on average the time frame of establishment is short and the means that are accumulated from the profits are insufficient for financing the investments. Therefore, the only alternative that remains to them is financing from banking credits, taking into the consideration that the capital market does not function in Kosovo, which causes that the possibility to use other forms of external financing is very difficult. Similar results can be found at Krasniqi (2010).6. ConclusionsIn this study we have investigated empirically the key factors of the firms and entrepreneurship which influence the increase of investment growth through bank loans. The data gathered by the self organized questionnaire with 150 SME-s in the entire territory of Kosovo for the years 2010 and 2011 are used to test the impact of certain factors in the increase of investments through the use of financial means from debt (bank loans). Based on the statistical analysis and the method of linear regression, key factors are identified as indicators that influence the growth of investments of SME-s in Kosovo.The findings of this work stress that the business plan is a factor with statistical importance which has positive influence in the access to the bank loans for financing the SME-s investment. This means that the firms that posses business plan and use it for seeking bank loans necessary for financing investments, on average have higher growth of investments than the firms who do not have a business plan.The variables trade and production are statistically significant, but they have negative influence in the growth of investments. This means that the firms that use bank loans for investment in the sector of trade and production, on average, have lower chance to grow, than firms in the service sector. This is an indicator that shows that the sector of services is more attractive in the aspect of investments of Kosovanfirms, than other sectors of the economy, and this results from faster returns of investments and, consequently, faster settling up of the bank loans.The next variable named as the number of owners also results positive and significant in the statistical aspect, which means that the larger the number of owners, the greater the investments. This is explained by the fact that in Kosovo firms have started to use other forms of organization that influence the growth of business and of firm, through larger number of owners who use investment as another opportunity for the growth and development of the firm.The size of the firm expressed by the number of employees results with inverse influence in the growth of investments, and is statistically significant. The meaning of this is that smaller firms have bigger growth of investment on average than other firms. This result is in accordance with other studies that oppose the Gibrat's Law for the case of Kosovo (Krasniqi, 2010). Similar results are attained regarding the variable the age of the firm, which is statistically significant and has a negative sign, which means that the younger firms invest more on average than older firms.Empirical evidence and findings in this work can be used as recommendations for a broad spectrum of users. The problems of asymmetric information between owners-managers and creditors (banks) are of particular importance. This represents a clear signal for policy makers to create conditions for favorable environment for stimulating the sources of external financing of SME-s in Kosovo, such as: the creation of the guarantee fund for SME-s, the increase of banking supply through licensing of new banks in the financial market, which will increase the competition between the existing banks, and which will, in turn, enable the improvement of the conditions of financing of SME-s, with the reduction of the interest, reduction of managerial costs, increase of the grace period, softening of the conditions for collateral, longer periods of use of financial means, particularly for SME-s that have longer investment plans. Also, in the institutional aspect, initiatives should be undertaken for the creation of conditions for development of entrepreneurial capabilities, and for other forms of cooperating networks of firms that will facilitate the growth of businesses in general, and investment growth in particular.二、文献综述中小企业融资研究文献综述摘要长时间以来，融资难问题都是制约中小企业长期稳定发展的最主要因素之一，各国学者对于中小企业的融资问题从本国范围和世界范围内进行了深入的研究,在此对国内外学者的研究成果进行了文献综述，主要内容包括：中小企业融资现状和制度环境分析；分别从内、外部原因以及信息不对称等原因分析中小企业融资难问题；第三部分是关于应对中小企业融资难问题的对策研究；最后给出关于中小企业融资难问题的建议。

我国中小企业融资难问题研究的国内外文献综述目录我国中小企业融资难问题研究的国内外文献综述 (1)1国外研究现状 (1)(1)现代信贷配给理论 (1)(2)关系型银行与企业的贷款问题 (2)2国内研究现状 (3)参考文献 (4)1国外研究现状(1)现代信贷配给理论根据莫迪利亚尼和米勒在论文中的观点，我们将其关于大资本资产融合的相关内容作为理论基础，进行中小规模公司的财政融合的研究。

我们假定莫迪利亚尼和米勒在论文中提出的假设成立，忽略现实因素的参差不齐，那么可以得出公司的存在价值大小是不会影响企业选择什么样的方式进行融资，反之亦然。

不过，文章中所提出的假设太强，在现实中难以忽略很多因素，同时无法有效地证明理论的有效性。

因此，在这之后，有许多的研究者弱化了假设前提，进行更有效的分析。

延森和梅克林将更多因素纳入考虑范围内，他们加入了债权发放者与债权所有者以及公司的经营工作者与所有人之间的内在联系，归纳除了企业中的代理的成本观点。

这对分析两者之间关系有着很大的帮助。

迈尔斯在他们的肩膀上，加入了统计学的数据支撑，进行了更系统的归纳总结。

他提出，为了公司能够更好地成长，选择恰当的手段进行资金上的工作是必不可少的。

在选择手段时，一般总是会优先从内部出发，利用资金市场化，债权化的手段，获得大量资金，这样的手段，被命名为啄食。

紧接着，迈尔斯和梅吉拉夫从另一个方面进行分析，他们选择研究经营人与投资者的信息差。

伯杰与德尔就其特点作了进一步的工作，他们在论文中指出，虽然说公司刚刚成立的时候要是能获得资金支持会有很好的效果，但是往往不能得到投资人的信任，因此，公司只能选择债券等方式，在公司有了足够的资产，运营了一段时间后，有了一定的实力基础，公司会拥有很好的信任和支持，所以会从金融企业方面得到资助，慢慢的，银行和更多机构会伸出橄榄枝，到了最后可以通过股票的方式，获得更多的资金收入。

其实信息差距很大是经常出现的一种情况，银行方面仅仅只能从公司的公开数据对公司进行分析考察的工作，公司可能内部存在某些问题或是和客户方面存在了某些因素都是难以发现到的，这样就使得银行很难判断是否应该进行借贷工作，而公司方面显而易见地拥有着更多的信息资源。

外文翻译F inancing Difficulties and Structural文献标题Characteristics of SMEs in China作者Yanzhong Wang发表日期2004出版社或China & World Economy论文页码Vol. 12 No. 2, 2004期刊名称英文原文China’s reform and opening-up policy has created a good environment for the development of small- and medium-sized enterprises (SMEs), especially the burgeoning SMEs in the private sector. In the meantime, SMEs have been playing an important role in China’s economic reform and development and, to some extent, have become a growth engine in theChinese economy. However, SMEs are still facing many financial difficulties due to various reasons, such as lagging in the banking system, an inadequate financial structure, lack of a guarantee system, etc. This paper will analyze the structural roots of SMEs financing difficulties and put forward possible measures to mitigate such financing obstaclesSince China’s reform and opening up, the market-oriented reform of the country’seconomic system has gradually engendered labor and capital markets, which have promoted an organic combination of rich labor resources and increasingly expandedcapital resources. The development of SMEs, especially the sharp rise in non-stateownedand non-public-owned enterprises, have provided a vast space and permanent vehicle for this type of combination. Although the overall size of the state-owned economy is still increasing in terms of number of enterprises and developmentalpotential, non-state-owned SMEs have become a main part of the Chinese economy and played an increasingly important role in the national economy and social development.With the rapid growth of the Chinese economy, many kinds of SMEs have been established and gradually developed. In 1980, the number of industrial enterprises at the level of collective township and village enterprises and above (excluding village and family enterprises), was about 377,300. Among them were 1,400 large enterprises, 3,400 medium enterprises and 372, 500 small enterprises, about 0.37, 0.90 and 98.73 percent of all firms respectively ( National Bureau of Statistics, 1981, p. 204). In the same year, China had 1.81 million commercial enterprises (including private businesses), more than 99 percent of which were SMEs. The number of individually owned enterprises was 686,000. The Chinese economy experienced rapid growth in the 1980s, and there was a tremendous boost in the number of SMEs. In 1990, the total number of industrial enterprises reached 7,957,800. The proportions of large, medium and small enterprises were 0.95, 2.27 and 96.78 percent respectively.1 The significant increase in the number of SMEs reflects the objective reality of its fast development at the time. Apart from an increase in industrial enterprises, the number of construction, commercial, food-and-beverage and service enterprises all increased by over 300 percent over 1980 (NBS, 1991, p. 16-17). In the 1990s, the Chinese economy maintained a trend of steady and rapid growth and the overall scale of the economy continued to expand. According to the new standards on the scale of industrial enterprises carried out in 1998, there were 7,864 large enterprises, 14, 371 medium enterprises and 139,798 small enterprises – about 4.85, 8.87 and 86.28 percent of all firms respectively (NBS, 2000, p. 412-413). Compared to figures from 1980 and 1990, while there was an increasein the proportion of large and medium-sized enterprises, the proportion of small enterprises decreased by 10 percent. There were several reasons for this: (1) Large and medium-sized enterprises increased their scale after the structural adjustment, merge and acquisition; (2) With the improvement of the enterprise differentiation standard, a great number of SMEs could not be brought into the statistical category due to their small scale. The number of SMEs decreased (the statistics for the number of firms in 1999 was 38.9percent of the 1990 figure) and, naturally, the proportion of large and medium-sized enterprises increased; (3) Since the mid-1990s, China has switched from a shortage economy to a buyer’s market. The expansion of the opening-up policy and the Asian economic crisis exposed Chinese enterprises to more ardent international competition. Due to the system reforms, the number of state-owned SMEs was cut down largely. Many non-state-owned SMEs also left the market for many reasons, including the pressures of environmental protection, capital difficulties, increased tax burden and fierce market competition. On the whole, it is already difficult to maintain the previous growth momentum in the number of SMEs as seen in the 1980s and 1990s. Since the late 1970s, the reform and opening-up policy and objective terms of the phase of economic take-off have provided a good external environment for the development of SMEs. Therefore, the increasing number and variety of emerging SMEs not only impelled the development of local and national economies, but also became an important indicator for a boost in the Chinese economy. Today, SMEs are getting stronger and continue to contribute to the development ofChinese society and economy. They exert the same function as SMEs in other countries, which is mainly expressed by promoting employment, technological innovation, training of entrepreneurs, developing international economic relationships, accelerating market competition, maintaining economic vitality, and so on. Comparatively speaking, the special nature of Chinese SMEs manifests their specific influence on the transition of China’s economic system and social structure. For example, the development of non-public-owned SMEs not only changes the enterprise ownership structure, but also lays an important foundation in the process of developing China’s market economy. At present, the numberof non-public-owned Chinese enterprises far exceeds the number of state-owned firms. Excluding over 20 million individually-owned enterprises, the proportion of formally registered non-state-owned legal entities grew from 26.1 to 59.5 percent between 1996 and 2001 (Table2). The proportion of non-state-owned enterprises also far surpassed state-owned ones. According to the statistics on industrial value-added output, in the first three months of 2003, the state-owned and collective economy fell to 30 percent, while the non-publicowned economy jumped to 70 percent.Since China’s reform and opening up, SMEs have gradually enjoyed a healthy external environment for development. By reforming the system of a planned economy, the nation relaxed its limitations on the development of SMEs so that urban collective enterprises, township and village enterprises, individual businesses, private enterprises, foreign-funded enterprises and joint ventures could rapidly develop. Regarding the various forms of SME ownership, different development policies were adopted. For state-owned SMEs, from its efforts to “decentralize authority to release benefits” (fangquan rangli) in 1978 to “grasp the large and let go of the small” (zhuada fangxiao) adopted at the Third Plenary Session of the 14th Central Comm ittee in 1995, the government’s policy has focused on reforming the old system which did not adapt to the demand of a market economy. In the mid-1990s, China adopted the policy of “deregulation to render agile” (fangkai gaohuo) and privatization policy for small-sized state-owned enterprises. Many state-owned and collective SMEs reinforced their competitive activities through reform and “privatization”, which transformed the system of property rights and management. As for non-state-owned SMEs, China mainly adopted policies of relaxing policy restrictions, granting political acceptance and financial support, and gradually established a market environment of fair competition andSince the mid-1990s, developing SMEs has been an important strategy in China.The Asian financial crisis of 1997 made the Chinese government and academic circles completely rethink the shortcomings of the simplistic strategy that relied on large enterprises. The government and its institutions came torecognize the need to stress the development of SMEs. Later, a unified administrative framework for all types of SMEs began to take shape. Because of the successive governmental institution reform in 1998, some government departments of various industries were incorporated intothe State Economic and Trade Commission.2 At the same time, a SME department was established in the State Economic and Trade Commission, the highest-level comprehensive management department in charge of reform and development policy of SMEs. Since the trend for the township industry to transform into an urban one is growing, the management of the village and township industry will be gradually consolidated with urban management. Government departments at different levels gradually adopted some accommodating policies to begin building a specialized support service system. From 1999, the Ministry of Finance and other departments started to actively establish a SMEs loan guarantee system. By 2001, they published some laws and regulations, such as the Provisional Regulation of SME Credit Guarantee System and Management Methods of Credit Guarantees for SMEs.3 By the end of 2000, 30 provinces, municipalities and autonomous regions in China had opened pilot sites forthe SME credit-guarantee system, established more than 200 credit-guarantee institutions, raised a guarantee fund of 10 billion yuan, and put forth an important effort to improve the credit environment for SME development. The Ministry of Science and Technology provides 10 billion yuan per year to build venture capital funds for hitech enterprises. Shanghai established the Shanghai SMEs Service Center, which released 13.9 million yuan in credit to 11 SMEs from June to September 1998 (Yao Jun, 1999). The Shanghai Branch of the China Industrial and Commercial Bank set up SME credit departments and took 10 measures to support SMEs. By April 1999, it had shelledout about 300 million yuan in credit to SMEs.4Throughout the reform process and especially in recent years, China has begun placing an emphasis on the issue of supporting SME development. But there are still many problems in the relevant policies. First of all, China lacks a long-term, systematic, unified and relatively independent SME development strategy and policy system. Second, the SME management system and relevant policies are inconsistent, and basic management is weak. Furthermore, since the design of the social service system is severely behind the times, the burden of taxation and quotas is heavy. Finally, without sufficient financial support for SMEs, difficulties in obtaining loans and raising funds will block SME development.外文翻译论文标题中国中小企业融资难和融资结构特点作者王延忠发表时间2004年出版社或中国与世界经济论文页码12期201-218页期刊名称中文翻译中国的改革开放政策为中小型企业（SMEs）创造了良好的发展环境，特别是中小企业的蓬勃发展私营部门。

中小企业融资英文文章改革开放20多年来，中国中小企业取得了长足的发展，对国民经济的作用越来越不容忽视，可以说，没有中小企业的发展，中国经济就不可能取得真正的大发展。

下面是店铺带来的中小企业融资英文文章，欢迎阅读!中小企业融资英文文章篇一中国中小企业融资新招Reports from China suggest that this technique is beginning to catch on among cash-strapped small and medium enterprises.来自中国的报道显示，这种手法在资金匮乏的中小企业当中很有市常According to the South China Morning Post, three such companies in Jiangsu province –Changzhou Shende Seamless Tube, Changzhou Dongfeng Agricultural Machinery Group, and Chang Group –have clubbed together to issue Rmb260m in joint three-year debt.据《南华早报》(SCMP)报道，中国江苏省的三家公司采用了这种方法：常州盛德无缝钢管有限公司、常州东风农机集团有限公司和新华昌集团有限公司。

这三家公司将发行2.6亿元人民币的3年期集合债券。

The three have credit ratings of triple B, triple B plus and A minus, respectively. But, due to support from the local government, their jointly issued bonds are triple A rated. So, is the dreaded collateralised debt obligation, that clever sleight of hand that helped drive the US housing market into the stratosphere, creeping into China?这三家公司的信用评级分别为BBB、BBB+和A-。