2013年厦门大学考博英语真题试卷(题后含答案及解析)

2012年厦门大学考博英语真题及详解科目代码：1101科目名称：英语考生须知：所有答案（包括选择题、填空题)均必须写在答题纸：在试题纸上作答的内容均不予评阅、判分，后果考生自负。

Part I.Vocabulary and Structure(15%)Directions:There are30incomplete sentences in this part.For each sentence there are four choices marked A,B,C and D.Choose the ONE answer that best completes the sentence.Then mark the corresponding letter on the Answer Sheet with a single line through the center.1.The weather wasn’t favorable and both teams had to______icy rain and a strong wind during the match.A.pin downB.get stuck inC.take control ofD.contend with【答案】D【解析】句意：天气不太好，比赛过程中两支球队还不得不应对冰冷的雨水和狂风。

contend with对付；与…作斗争。

pin down确定；使受约束；阻止。

get stuck in陷入了…；加紧进行。

take control of控制。

2.People planning to travel by car to North Dakota in the winter are advised to______their cars with snow tires and warm clothing.A.installB.purchaseC.provideD.equip【答案】D【解析】句意：计划冬季开车去北达科他州旅行的人们应当给车安雪地轮胎并备上保暖衣物。

厦门大学博士考试英语真题2010年(总分：100.00，做题时间：180分钟)一、Part Ⅰ Vocabulary and Structure (总题数：30，分数：30.00)1.The discussion was so prolonged and exhausting that ______ the speakers stopped for refreshments. （分数：1.00）A.at largeB.at intervals √C.at caseD.at random解析：at large“自由行动，逍遥自在地”；at intervals“不时，时时”；at case“不紧张，自由自在”；at random“随便，随机的，随意的”。

根据句意和各个选项的意思可知，正确答案是B。

2.When traveling, you are advised to take traveler's checks, which provide a secure ______ to carrying your money in cash.（分数：1.00）A.substituteB.selectionC.preferenceD.alternative √解析：substitute“代替，代替物”；selection“选择”，指从相当数量中进行选择，强调数量多和慎重的判断和鉴别；preference“喜欢，偏爱”，强调选择时个人的偏爱；alternative “两者或两者以上挑一，取舍，抉择”。

根据句意和各个选项的意思可知，正确答案是D。

3.I never trusted him because I always thought of him as such a ______ character.（分数：1.00）A.graciousB.suspicious √C.uniqueD.particular解析：gracious“有礼貌的，宽厚的”；suspicious“多疑的，可疑的”；unique“独一无二的，唯一的”；particular“特别的，独有的”。

考博英语（词汇）历年真题试卷汇编30(题后含答案及解析)题型有：1. Structure and V ocabularyStructure and V ocabulary1．Recent research into aging suggests that the body’s defense mechanisms may lose the ability to distinguish what is alien.(2003年春季电子科技大学考博试题) A．insaneB．infectiousC．foreignD．poisonous正确答案：C解析：本题中，alien的意思是“外来的，不同的”。

四个选项中，foreign的意思是“外国的，异质的”，如：a foreign object in the eye．(眼睛中的异物)。

insane 的意思是“患精神病的，极度愚蠢的”；infectious的意思是“有传染性的，易感染的”。

只有C项符合题意。

2．It is impossible to ______ whether she’ll be well enough to come home from the hospital next month.(2004年湖北省考博试题)A．foreseeB．inferC．fabricateD．inhibit正确答案：A解析：本题意为“很难预见她是否能在下个月出院回家”。

A项的“foresee 预见”符合题意。

其他三项“infer推论、推断；fabricate制作、装配，伪造；inhibit 禁止、约束”都不正确。

3．She said some bad things about me, but I have______her for that.A．releasedB．freedC．forgivenD．regretted正确答案：C解析：forgive vt．原谅，饶恕，宽恕。

厦门大学考博英语-8(总分：105.00，做题时间：90分钟)一、Part Ⅰ Vocabulary(总题数：20，分数：10.00)1.The "formal learning" refers to all learning which takes place in the classroom, regardless of whether such learning is ______ by conservative or progressive ideologies.（分数：0.50）A.securedB.attainedC.manifestrmed √解析：[解析] D选项：informed的意思为“提供资料(或情报、消息等)”，如：He informed his staff that he Was going to Europe on business．(他告诉职员他要到欧洲出差。

)句意：“正规的学习”是指所有的学习都在课堂上进行，不论知识传授者的思想意识是保守还是进步。

故选D。

其他三项意思分别是：secured使安全，(使)获得；attained实现，得到；manifest清楚表示，显露。

2.The fire was finally brought under control, but not ______ extensive damage had been caused. （分数：0.50）A.before √B.sinceC.afterD.as解析：[解析] 句子的大意为：火势终于被控制住了，但还是造成了巨大的损失。

not before表示“在这之前”，所以A项符合题意。

3.Some crops are relatively high yielders and could be planted in preference to others to ______ the food supply.（分数：0.50）A.enhance √B.curbC.disruptD.heighten解析：[解析] enhance提高，促进，夸张，宣扬。

考博英语（词汇）历年真题试卷汇编50(题后含答案及解析)题型有：1. Structure and V ocabularyStructure and V ocabulary1．Our manager is so______ in his thinking, he never listens to new ideas.(2013年厦门大学考博试题)A．stiffB．rigidC．tenseD．tight正确答案：B解析：四个选项的意思分别是stiff僵硬的，不灵活的；rigid<人>[在……方面]固执的，顽固的；tense拉紧的，绷紧的：tight严厉的，吝啬的。

句意是，我们经理对自己的想法非常固执，从来听不见新的想法。

根据句意推出正确答案是B选项。

2．America has now adopted more ______ European-style inspection systems, and the incidence of food poisoning is falling.(2014年厦门大学考博试题) A．discreteB．solemnC．rigorousD．autonomous正确答案：C解析：句意为：现在美国已经采用了更加严密的欧式检测系统，食物中毒发生率正在下降。

根据句意，只有C项rigorous“严密的，严格的”符合句意，故选C项。

A项意为“分离的”；B项意为“庄严的”；D项意为“自治的”，均不符合句意。

3．She has______ideas about becoming a famous actress.A．childishB．illusoryC．novelD．romantic正确答案：D解析：romantic a．不切实际的，爱空想的；浪漫的，传奇的(如：A romantic person likes to imagine things．Don’t be carried away with romantic notions．A romantic story is one about love or adventure．)。

2011年厦门大学考博英语真题试卷(题后含答案及解析)题型有：1. Structure and V ocabulary 2. Reading Comprehension 3. English-Chinese Translation 4. WritingStructure and V ocabulary1．Which sport has the most expenses ______ training equipment, players’personal equipment and uniforms?A．in place ofB．in terms ofC．by means ofD．by way of正确答案：B解析：句子的大意为：就训练设备、运动员的个人装备和服装来说，哪项运动花费最多?A项in place of“代替”；B项in terms of“就……而言，在……方面”；C项bymeans of“凭借……”；D项by way of“用……方法”。

所以B项符合题意。

2．All______is a steady supply of water to the farmland.A．which needsB．that is neededC．the thing is neededD．need正确答案：B解析：句子的大意为：所需要的就是对农田用水的稳定供应。

本句主语为不定代词all，“that is needed”为主语的定语从句。

所以B项符合题意。

3．Living in the central Australian desert has its problems, ______obtaining water is not the least.A．for whichB．to whichC．of whichD．in which正确答案：C解析：句子的大意为：住在澳洲中部的沙漠区会面临很多问题，获取水资源还不是最重要的。

厦门大学考博英语模拟试卷15(题后含答案及解析)题型有：1. Structure and V ocabulary 2. Reading Comprehension 3. English-Chinese Translation 4. WritingStructure and V ocabulary1．When we listen to music,we are easily_____of events in the past.A．rememberedB．reflectedC．memorizedD．reminded正确答案：D解析：各项的意思是：remember“记住；回想起”；reflected“沉思或思忆往事”；memorize意思“记住，记忆”；remind“使某人回想起或意识到……”。

根据题意，只有D为正确答案。

2．They gave____broadcast while the performance was in process on the stage.A．liveB．livingC．livelyD．alive正确答案：A解析：各项的意思是：live“现场直播的，实况转播的”；living“活的，活着的”；lively“有生气的，活跃的；生动的，醒目的”；“活着的，活泼的，有活力的”。

根据题意，只有A为正确答案。

3．Travelling and meeting new people_____the mind of young people.A．expandedB．enlargedC．broadenedD．extended正确答案：C解析：各项的意思是：expand“(使事物)在尺寸、数量及重要性方面变大、增多及增强”；enlarge“使事物尺寸变大”；broaden“使事物变宽，变广阔，变广泛”；extend“使事物在时间或空间上更长、更大”。

根据题意，C为正确答案。

4．If you consider this problem____others’ interest,you may change your view.A．because ofB．withD．according to正确答案：D解析：各项的意思是：because of“因为”；with“和……一起；具有；对于”；due to意为“由于”；according to“根据，按照”。

2013年厦门大学英语翻译基础真题试卷(题后含答案及解析) 题型有：1. 词语翻译 2. 英汉互译词语翻译英译汉1．swing states正确答案：摇摆州(美国大选中的特有说法)2．poetic justice正确答案：善有善报，恶有恶报3．drone(军事用语)正确答案：无人驾驶飞机4．to scale back headcounts正确答案：缩减人员5．cheerleader正确答案：拉拉队队员6．skopos theory正确答案：目的论7．shopping spree正确答案：疯狂购物8．wailing wall正确答案：(犹太人的)哭墙9．call to collect正确答案：对方付费的电话10．TEU正确答案：国际标准货柜单位(twenty-foot equivalent unit) 11．shale gas正确答案：页岩气12．plastic surgery正确答案：整形手术13．a storm in a teacup正确答案：小题大做14．windfall tax正确答案：暴利税15．quantitative easing正确答案：量化宽松汉译英16．全面建成小康社会正确答案：to establish an all-around affluent society 17．安倍晋三正确答案：Shinzo Abe18．翘尾因素正确答案：carryover effects19．中国围棋正确答案：Chinese Go20．骑楼正确答案：sotto portico; arcade-house21．植入广告正确答案：product placement22．逆回购正确答案：reverse repurchase23．汽车单双号限行正确答案：even-odd license plate plan24．乱穿马路正确答案：jaywalking25．花旗银行正确答案：Citibank26．两“非”(非法鉴别性别和非法终止妊娠)正确答案：Illegal fetal sex testing and sex-selective abortions 27．湄公河正确答案：Mekong River28．松下电器正确答案：Panasonic Corporation29．哈萨克斯坦正确答案：Kazakhstan30．兵部尚书正确答案：minister of war英汉互译英译汉31．Wars throughout history have been waged for conquest and plunder. In the Middle Ages when the feudal lords who inhabited the castles—whose towers may still be seen along the Rhine—concluded to enlarge their domains, to increase their power, their prestige and their wealth they declared war upon one another. But they themselves did not go to war any more than the; modern feudal lords, the barons of Wall Street go to war.The feudal barons of the Middle Ages, the economic predecessors of the capitalists of our day, declared all wars. And their miserable serfs fought all the battles. The poor, ignorant serfs had been taught to revere their masters; to believe that when their masters declared war upon one another, it was their patriotic duty to fall upon one another and to cut one another’s throats for the profit and glory of the lords and barons who held them in contempt. And that is war in a nutshell. The master class has always declared the wars; the subject class has always fought the battles. The master class has had all to gain and nothing to lose, while the subject class has had nothing to gain and all to lose—especially their lives.正确答案：纵观历史，战争多是为了侵略和掠夺。

厦门大学考博英语模拟试卷1(题后含答案及解析)题型有：1. Cloze 2. Reading Comprehension 3. Structure and V ocabulary 4. English-Chinese Translation 5. WritingClozeI have never seen Mrs. Clark before, but I know from her medical chart and the report I received from the preceding shift that tonight she will die. The only light in her room is coming from a piece of medical equipment, which is flashing its red light as if is warning. As I stand there, the smell hits my nose, and I close my eyes as I remember the smell of decay from past experience. In my mouth I have a sour, vinegar taste coming from the pit of my stomach. I reach for the light switch, and as it silently lights the scene, I return to the bed to observe the patient with an unemotional, medical eye. Mrs. Clark is dying. She lies motionless: the head seems unusually large on a skeleton body; the skin is dark yellow and hangs loosely around exaggerated bones that not even a blanket can hide; the right arm lies straight out at the side, taped cruelly to a board to secure a needle so that fluid may drip in; the left arm is across the sunken chest, which rises and falls with the uneven breath. I reached for the long, thin fingers that are lying on the chest. They are ice cold, and I quickly move to the wrist and feel for the faint pulse. Mrs Clark’s eyes open somewhat as her head turns towards me slightly. I bend close to her and scarcely hear as she whispers, “Water.” Taking a glass of water from the table, I put my finger over the end of the straw and allow a few drops of the cool moisture to slide into her mouth and ease her thirst. She makes no attempt to swallow; there is just not enough strength. “More,” the dry voice says, and we repeat the procedure. This time she does manage to swallow some liquid and weakly says, “Thank you.”She is too weak for conversation. So without asking, I go about providing for her needs. Picking her up in my arms like a child, I turn her on her side. Naked, except for a light hospital gown, she is so very small and light that she seems like a victim of some terrible famine. I remove the lid from a jar of skin cream and put some on the palm of my hands. Carefully, to avoid injuring her, I rub cream into the yellow skin, which rolls freely over the bones, feeling perfectly the outline of each bone in the back. Placing a pillow between her legs, I notice that these too are ice cold, and not until I run my hands up over her knees do I feel any of the life-giving warmth of blood. When I am finished, I pull a chair up beside the bed to face her and, taking her free hand between mine, again notice the long, thin fingers, graceful. I wonder briefly if she has any family, and then I see that there are neither flowers, nor pictures of rainbows and butterflies drawn by children, nor cards. There is no hint in the room anywhere that this is a person who is loved. As though she is a mind reader, Mrs. Clark answers my thoughts and quietly tells me, “I sent…my family…home…tonight…didn’t want…them…to see…” Having spent her last ounce of strength she cannot go on, but I have understood what she has done. Not knowing what to say, I say nothing.Again she seems to sense my thoughts, “You…stay…”Time seems to stand still. In the total silence, I feel my own pulse quicken and hear my breathing as it begins to match hers, breath for uneven breath. Our eyes meet and somehow, together, we become aware that this is a special moment between two human beings…Her long fingers curl easily around my hands and I nod my head slowly, smiling. Without words, through yellowed eyes, I receive my thank you and her eyes slowly close. Some unknown interval of time passes before her eyes open again, only this time there is no response in them, just a blank stare. Without warning, her shallow breathing stops, and within a few moments, the faint pulse is also gone. One single tear flows from her left eye, across the cheek and down onto the pillow. I begin to cry quietly. There is a swell of emotion within me for this stranger who so quickly came into and went from my life. Her suffering is done, yet so is the life. Slowly, still holding her hand, I become aware that I do not mind this emotional battle that in fact, it was a privilege she has allowed me, and I would do it again, gladly. Mrs. Clark spared her family an episode that perhaps they were not equipped to handle and instead shared it with me. She had not wanted to have her family see her die, yet she did not want to die alone. No one should die alone, and I am glad I was there for her. Two days later, I read about Mrs. Clark in the newspaper. She was the mother of seven, grandmother of eighteen, an active member of her church, a leader of volunteer associations in her community, a concert piano player, and a piano teacher for over thirty years.Yes, they were long and graceful fingers. A drip K liquid B secured L famine C decay M jar D preceding N slide E straw O thirst F faint P fluid G pit Q moisture H chart R loosely I palm S hit J lid T indication The medical【1】from the 【2】shift was the first【3】I got that Mrs. Clark would die. There was also a smell of 【4】in the room that【5】me in the【6】of my stomach. The patient’s skin hung【7】so a needle was【8】to let the【9】【10】in. She had a 【11】pulse and was thirsty, so I gave her a 【12】of a few drops of 【13】to 【14】into her mouth to ease her 【15】. Having managed to swallow some 【16】, she said “Thank you.” She was so small and light that she looked like a victim of some terrible 【17】. I removed the 【18】of a 【19】of cream and put some on the 【20】of my hand. Then I rubbed the cream into her yellow skin to make her feel better.1．正确答案：H2．正确答案：D3．正确答案：T 4．正确答案：C 5．正确答案：S 6．正确答案：G 7．正确答案：R 8．正确答案：B 9．正确答案：P 10．正确答案：A 11．正确答案：F 12．正确答案：E 13．正确答案：Q 14．正确答案：N15．正确答案：O16．正确答案：K17．正确答案：L18．正确答案：J19．正确答案：M20．正确答案：IReading ComprehensionThe main idea of these business—school academics is appealing. In a word where companies must adapt to new technologies and source of competition, it is much harder than it used to be to offer good employees job security and an opportunity to climb the corporate ladder. Yet it is also more necessary than ever for employees to invest in better skills and sparkle with bright ideas. How can firms get the most out of people if they can no longer offer them protection and promotion? Many bosses would love to have an answer. Sumantrra Ghoshal of the London Business School and Christopher Bartlett of the Harvard Business School think they have one: “Employability.” If managers offer the right kinds of training and guidance, and change their attitude towards their underlings, they will be able to reassure their employees that they will always have the skills and experience to find a good job—even if it is with a different company. Unfortunately, they promise more than they deliver. Their thoughts on what an ideal organization should accomplish are hard to quarrel with: encourage people to be creative, make sure the gains from creativity are shared with the pains of the business that can make the most of them, keep theorganization from getting stale and so forth. The real disappointment comes when they attempt to show how firms might actually create such an environment. At its hub is the notion that companies can attain their elusive goals by changing their implicit contract with individual workers, and treating them as a source of value rather than a cog in a machine. The authors offer a few inspiring example of companies—they include Motorola, 3M and ABB—that have managed to go some way towards creating such organizations. But they offer little useful guidance on how to go about it, and leave the biggest questions unanswered. How do you continuously train people, without diverting them from their everyday job of making the business more profitable? How do you train people to be successful elsewhere while still encouraging them to make big commitments to your own firm? How do you get your newly liberated employees to spend their time on ideas that create value, and not simply on those they enjoy? Most of their answers are platitudinous, and when they are not they are unconvincing.21．We can infer from the passage that in the past an employee______.A．had job security and opportunity of promotionB．had to compete with each other to keep his jobC．had to undergo training all the timeD．had no difficulty climbing the corporate ladder正确答案：A解析：从第1段的句子可以看出，过去一个好的职员很容易获得事业保险(job security )和晋升的机会(opportunity to climb the corporate ladder)。

考博英语（词汇）历年真题试卷汇编66(题后含答案及解析)题型有：1. Structure and V ocabularyStructure and V ocabulary1．“Gangnam Style”, the______popular song from South Korean recording artist PSY has just become the most watched video on YouTube ever. (北京大学2013年试题)A．sanelyB．insanelyC．rationallyD．insatiably正确答案：B解析：四个选项的意思分别是：sanely心智健全地，稳健地；insanely疯狂地；rationally理性地；insatiably不知足地，贪得无厌地。

句意是：韩国唱片艺人PSY这首疯狂流行的歌曲“江南Style”已经成为YouTube史上观看次数最多的视频。

根据句意可推出正确答案是B选项。

2．The______British theoretical physicist Stephen Hawking once said in an interview that heaven is a fairy story for people afraid of the dark. (北京大学2013年试题)A．imposingB．loftyC．prominentD．eminent正确答案：D解析：四个选项的意思分别是：imposing气势宏伟的，给人深刻印象的；lofty 傲慢的，高超的；prominent卓越的，杰出的，通常指一群人中或一个团体中突出的人；eminent著名的，杰出的。

句意是，英国著名理论物理学家史蒂芬-霍金在采访中曾说道，天堂是那些害怕黑暗的人的童话故事。

根据句意可推出正确答案是D选项。

3．The basic causes are unknown, although certain conditions that may lead to cancer have been______. (北京航空航天大学2013年试题)A．identifiedB．guaranteedC．notifiedD．conveyed正确答案：A解析：本题考查单词词义。

考博英语（词汇）历年真题试卷汇编55(题后含答案及解析)题型有：1. Structure and V ocabularyStructure and V ocabulary1．Fred is ______ from school for a week for bad conduct.A．expelledB．suspendedC．preventedD．discharged正确答案：B解析：suspend vt.暂停，暂缓；使暂时停止(工作或上学)；悬，挂，吊(如：To suspend a workman is to order him not to carry out his usual duties for the time being．The committee suspended two members of the team．The trial is to be suspended whlie new evidence is considered．They have suspended work until next week)。

expel(from)vt．开除；驱逐；排出。

prevent(from)vt.预防，防止。

discharge(from)vt．释放：排出：允许离开。

2．A UN official said that aid programs would be ______ until there was adequate protection for relief convoy.(2005年电子科技大学考博试题) A．dependedB．suspendedC．postponedD．expended正确答案：B解析：本题空格处是说援助计划将被延缓。

B项“suspended延缓”符合题意，如：We suspended the building work during the rain．(下雨天我们中断了建筑工作。

[考研类试卷]2013年厦门大学英语专业（英美文学）真题试卷一、名词解释1 The House of Mirth2 Herzog3 The Sound and the Fury4 The Grass Is Singing5 Lord of the Flies6 Possession7 Pygmalion8 "Wherever I sat, there I might live, and the landscape radiated from me accordingly. "9 " Beauty is truth, truth beauty, —that is all / Ye know on earth, and all ye need to know. "10 postmodernism11 feminism12 unreliable narrator13 the Beat Generation14 dramatic monologue15 Bildungsroman二、评论题16 Shylock(in The Merchant of Venice)17 Friday(in Robinson Crusoe)18 Mr. Kurtz(in Heart of Darkness)19 Sethe(in Beloved)20 Blanche(in A Streetcar Named Desire)三、问答题21 "The American Dream" is a major theme running through the American literary history. Please define the term in cultural, historical contexts, and then illustrate with examples.22 What is the significance of "Harlem Renaissance" in the American literary history? Please illustrate your points with examples.四、分析题22 Read the following poem and write a short essay based on the following questions in no less than 100 words.(10 points)Fire and Iceby Robert Frost(1874—1963)Some say the world will end in fire,Same say in ice.From what I've tasted of desireI hold with those who favor fire.But if it had no perish twice,I think I know enough of hateTo say that for destruction iceIs also greatAnd would suffice.23 Do you think the natural world will end someday? If yes, how will the world end in you opinion?24 What's the relationship between fire and desire and that between ice and hate?25 What's your interpretation of the poem?。

考博英语（词汇）历年真题试卷汇编31(题后含答案及解析)题型有：1. Structure and V ocabularyStructure and V ocabulary1．Under the teacher’s stern______, the little boy broke down and confessed to cheating. (2011年华东师范大学试题)A．glanceB．glimpseC．gazeD．stare正确答案：C解析：四个选项的意思分别是glance一瞥，瞥视；glimpse一瞥，一看；gaze 凝视，端详(指长时间目不转睛地看)；stare凝视，瞪视。

句意是在老师严厉的目光下，小男孩的精神防线彻底垮掉了，承认了考试作弊。

所以正确答案是C。

2．To survive in the intense trade competition between countries, we must______ the qualities and varieties of products we make to the world market demand.(2010年厦门大学考博试题)A．improveB．enhanceC．guaranteeD．gear正确答案：D解析：在给出的选项中：improve“改善，增进”；enhance“增加，提高”；guarantee“保证，担保”；gear(常与to连用)“使适应，使适合”。

根据句意和各个选项的意思可知，正确答案是D。

3．The steam can______ electricity by turning an electric generator.A．causeB．growC．generateD．rouse正确答案：C解析：generate vt．发生，产：生(光、热、电等)；引起，导致(如：The machine generates electricity／gas／steam．A fire generates heat；A good diplomat generates good will．)。

2013MD全国医学博士外语统一考试英语试卷答题须知1．请考生首先将自己的姓名、所在考点、准考证号在试卷一答题纸和试卷二标准答题卡上认真填写清楚，并按“考场指令”要求，将准考证号在标准答题卡上划好。

2．试卷一(Paper One)答案和试卷二(Paper Two)答案都作答在标准答题卡上，不要做在试卷上。

3．试卷一答题时必须使用2B铅笔，将所选答案按要求在相应位置涂黑；如要更正，先用橡皮擦干净。

书面表达一定要用黑色签字笔或钢笔写在标准答题卡上指定区域。

4．标准答题卡不可折叠，同时答题卡须保持平整干净，以利评分。

5．听力考试只放一遍录音，每道题后有15秒左右的答题时间。

国家医学考试中心PAPER ONEPart 1 ：Listening comprehension（30%）Section ADirections:In this section you will hear fifteen short conversations between two speakers, At the end of each conversation, you will hear a questionabout what is said, The question will be read only once, After you hearthe question, read the four possible answers marked A, B, C, and D.Choose the best answers and mark the letter of your choice on theANSWER SHEET.Listen to the following exampleYou will hearWoman: I feel faint.Man: No wonder. You haven’t had a bite all day.Question: What’s the matter with the woman?You will read:A. She is sick.B. She was bitten by an ant.C. She is hungry.D. She spilled her paint.Here C is the right answer.Sample AnswerA B C DNow let’s begin with question Number 1.1. A. A cough B. Diarrhea C. A fever D. V omiting2. A. Tuberculosis B. Rhinitis C. Laryngitis D. Flu3. A. In his bag. B. By the lamp.C. In his house.D. No idea about where he left it.4. A. He’s nearly finished his work.B. He has to work for some more time.C. He wants to leave now.D. He has trouble finishing his work.5. A. A patient B. A doctor C. A teacher D. A student6. A. 2.6 B. 3.5 C. 3.9 D. 1367. A. He is the head of the hospital. B. He is in charge of Pediatrics.C. He went out looking for Dan.D. He went to Michigan on business.8. A. He has got a fever. B. He is a talented skier.C. He is very rich.D. He is a real ski enthusiast.9. A. To ask local people for help.B. To do as Romans do only when in Rome.C. Try to act like the people from that culture.D. Stay with your country fellows.10.A. She married because of loneliness.B. She married a millionaire.C. She married for money.D. She married for love.11.A. Aspirant B. Courageous C. Cautious D. Amiable12.A. He was unhappy. B. He was feeling a bit unwell.C. He went to see the doctor.D. The weather was nasty.13.A. You may find many of them on the bookseller’ shelves.B. You can buy it from almost every bookstore.C. It’s a very popular magazine.D. It doesn’t sell very well.14.A. A general practitioner. B. A gynecologist.B. An orthopedist D. A surgeon.15.A. Chemotherapy B. Radiation C. Injections D. Surgery Section BDirection:In this section you will hear one conversation and two passages, after each of which, you will hear five questions. After each question, readthe four possible answers marked A, B, C and D, Choose the bestanswer and mark the letter of your choice on the ANSWER SHEET. Dialogue16.A. It is a genetic disorder.B. It is a respiratory condition in pigs.C. It is an illness from birds to humans.D. It is a gastric ailment.17.A. Eating pork.B. Raising pigs.C. Eating chicken.D. Breeding birds.18.A. Running nose.B. Inappetence.C. Pains all over.D. Diarrhea.19.A. To stay from crowds. B. To see the doctor immediately.C. To avoid medications.D. To go to the nearby clinic.20.A. It is a debate.B. It is a TV program.C. It is a consultation.D. It is a workshop.Passage One21.A. About 10,000,000.B. About 1,000,000.C. About 100,000.D. About 10,000.22.A. A cocktail of vitamins.B. A cocktail of vitamins plus magnesium.C. The combination of vitamins A, C and E.D. The combination of minerals.23.A. The delicate structures of the inner ear. B. The inner ear cells.C. The eardrums.D. The inner ear ossicles.24.A. General Motors. B. The United Auto Workers.C. NIH.D. All of above.25.A. An industrial trial in Spain.B. Military trials in Spain and Sweden.C. Industrial trials in Spain and Sweden.D. A trial involving students at the University of Florida.Passage Two26.A. The link between obesity and birth defects.B. The link between obesity and diabetes.C. The risk of birth abnormalities.D. The harmful effects of obesity.27.A. Neural tube defects. B. Heart problems.C. Cleft lip and palate.D. Diabetes.28.A. 20 million. B. 200 million.C. 400 million.D. 40 million.29.A. A weight-loss surgery. B. A balanced diet.C. A change of life style.D. More exercise.30.A. Why obesity can cause birth defects.B. How obesity may cause birth defects.C. Why obesity can cause diabetes.D. How obesity may cause diabetes.Part II Vocabulary (10%)Section ADirection:In this section, all the sentences are incomplete. Four words or phrases, marked A B C and D .are given beneath each of them. You are tochoose the word or phrase that best completes the sentence. Then markyour answer on the ANSWER SHEET.31. Having a bird’s eye view from the helicopter, the vast pasture was __________ with beautiful houses.A. overlappedB. segregatedC. intersectedD. interspersed32. As usual, Singapore Airlines will reduce trans-pacific capacity in _________ seasons this year.A. sternB. slackC. sumptuousD. glamorous33. As to the living environment, bacteria’s needs vary, but most of them grow best ina slightly acid ___________.A. mechanismB. miniatureC. mediumD. means34. Under an unstable economic environment, employers in the construction industry place great value on ___________ in hiring and laying off workers as their volumes of work wax and wane.A. flexibilityB. moralityC. capacityD. productivity35. In a stark _________ of fortunes, the Philippines –once Asia’s second richest country – recently had to beg Vietnam to sell its rice for its hungry millions.A. denialB. reversalC. intervalD. withdrawal36. Web portal Sohu has gone a step further and called for netizens to join in an all-out boycott of __________ content.A. wholesomeB. contagiousC. vulgarD. stagnant37. Experts urge a reforesting of cleared areas, promotion of reduced-impact logging, and _____________ agriculture, to maintain the rain forest.A. sustainableB. renewableC. revivableD. merchandisable38. In the U.S., the Republican’s doctrines were slightly liberal, whereas the Democrats’ were hardly _____________.A. rationalB. radicalC. conservativeD. progressive39. Officials from the Department of Agriculture confirmed that the __________ floods and drought this summer did not affect the country’s grain output.A. ripplingB. waningC. fluctuatingD. devastating40. It is believed that the Black Death, rampant in the Medieval Europe __________, killed 1/3 of its population.A. at largeB. at randomC. on endD. on averageSection BDirections:Each of the following sentences has a word or phase underlined. There are four words or phases beneath each sentence, Choose the word orphase which can best keep the meaning of the original sentence if it issubstituted for the underlined part, Mark your answer on theANSWER SHEET.41. Christmas shoppers should be aware of the possible defects of the products sold ata discount.A. deficitsB. deviationsC. drawbacksD. discrepancies42. The goal of this training program is to raise children with a sense of responsibility and necessary courage to be willing to take on challenges in life.A. despiseB. evadeC. demandD. undertake43. After ―9.11‖, the Olympic Games severely taxed the security services of the host country.A. improvedB. burdenedC. inspectedD. tariffed44. The clown’s performance was so funny that the audience, adults and children alike, were all thrown into convulsions.A. a fit of enthusiasmB. a scream of frightC. a burst of laughterD. a cry of anguish45. We raised a mortgage from Bank of China and were informed to pay it off by the end of this year.A. loanB. paymentC. withdrawalD. retrieval46. The advocates highly value the ―sport spirit‖, while the opponent devalue it, asserting that it’s a sheer hypocrisy and self-deception.A. fineB. suddenC. finiteD. absolute47. Whenever a rattlesnake is agitated, it begins to move its tail and make a rattling noise.A. irritatedB. tamedC. stampedD. probed48. The detective had an unusual insight into criminal’s tricks and knew clearly how to track them.A. inductionB. perceptionC. interpretationD. penetration49. My little brother practices the speech repeatedly until his delivery and timing were perfect.A. presentationB. gestureC. rhythmD. pronunciation50. In recent weeks both housing and stock prices have started to retreat from their irrationally amazing highs.A. untimelyB. unexpectedlyC. unreasonablyD. unconventionallyPart III Cloze (10%)Directions: In this section there is a passage with ten numbered blanks. For each blank, there are four choices marked A, B, C, and D on the right side.Choose the best answer and mark the letter of your choice on theANSWER SHEET.Video game players may get an unexpected benefitfrom blowing away bad guys—better vision. Playing ―action‖ video games improves a visual ability __51__ tasks like reading and driving at night, a new study says. The ability, called contrast sensitivity function, allows people to discern even subtle changes __52__ gray against a uniformly colored backdrop. It’s also one of the first visual aptitudes to fade with age. __53__ a regular regimen of action video game training can provide long-lasting visual power, according to work led by Daphne Bavelier of the University of Rochester.Previous research shows that gaming improves other visual skills, such as the ability to track several objects at the same time and __54__ attention to a series of fast-moving events. Bavelier said, ―A lot of different aspects of the visual system are being enhanced, __55__.‖The new work suggests that playing video games could someday become part of vision-correction treatments, which currently rely mainly on surgery or corrective lenses. ―__56__ you’ve had eye surgery or get corrective lenses, exposing yourself to these games should help the optical system to recover faster and better, you need to retrain the brain to make use of the better, crisper information that’s coming in __57__ your improved eyesight,‖ Bavelier said.Expert action gamers in the study played first-person shooters Unreal Tournament 2004 and Call of Duty 2. A group of experienced nonaction gamers played The Sims 2, a ―life simulation‖ video game. The players of nonaction video games didn’t see the same vision __58__, the study says. Bavelier and others are now trying to figure out exactly why action games __59__ seem to sharpen visual skill. It may be that locating enemies and aiming accurately is a strenuous, strength-building workout for the eyes, she said. Another possible __60__ is that the unpredictable, fast-changing environment of the typical action game requires players to constantly monitor entire landscapes and analyze optical data quickly. 51. A. crucial forB. available inC. resulting fromD. ascribed to52. A. in disguise ofB. in shades ofC. in search ofD. in place of53. A. This is howB. That’s whyC. It is not thatD. There exists54. A. paidB. paysC. payD. paying55. A. thoughB. not to sayC. not just oneD. as well56. A. UntilB. WhileC. UnlessD. Once57. A. as opposed toB. in addition toC. as a result ofD. in spite of58. A. benefitsB. defectsC. approachesD. risks59. A. in caseB. in advanceC. in returnD. in particular60. A. effectB. reasonC. outcomeD. conclusionPart IV Reading Comprehension (30%)Directions:In this part there are six passages, each of which is followed by five questions. For each question there are four possible answers marked A, B,C, and D. Choose the best answer and mark the letter of your choice onthe ANSWER SHEET.Passage oneThere is plenty we don’t know about criminal behavior. Most crime goes unreported so it is hard to pick out trends from the data, and even reliable sets of statistics can be difficult to compare. But here is one thing we do know: those with a biological predisposition to violent behavior who are brought up in abusive homes are very likely to become lifelong criminals.Antisocial and criminal behavior tends to run in families, but no one was sure whether this was due mostly to social-environmental factors or biological ones. It turns out both are important, but the effect is most dramatic when they act together. This has been illustrated in several studies over the past six years which found that male victims of child abuse are several times as likely to become criminals and abusers themselves if they were born with a less-active version of a gene for the enzyme monoamine oxidase A (MAO-A), which breaks down neurotransmitters crucial to the regulation of aggression.Researchers recently made another key observation: kids with this ―double whammy‖ of predisposition and an unfortunate upbringing are likely to show signs of what’s to come at a very early age. The risk factors for long-term criminality –attention deficit hyperactivity disorder, low IQ, language difficulties – can be spotted in kindergarten. So given what we now know, should n’t we be doing everything to protect the children most at risk?No one is suggesting testing all boys to see which variant of the MAO-A gene they have, but what the science is telling us is that we should redouble efforts to tackle abusive upbringings, and even simple neglect. This will help any child, but especially those whose biology makes them vulnerable. Thankfully there is already considerable enthusiasm in both the US and the UK for converting the latest in behavioral science into parenting and social skills: both governments have schemes in place to improve parenting in families where children are at risk of receiving poor care.Some people are uncomfortable with the idea of early intervention because it implies our behavior becomes ―set‖ as we grow up, compromising the idea of free will. That view is understandable, but it would be negligent to ignore what the studies are telling us. Indeed, the cost to society of failing to intervene －in terms of criminal damage, dealing with offenders and helping victims of crime －is bound to be greater than the cost of improving parenting. The value to the children is immeasurable.61. Researchers have come to a consensus: to explain violent behavior ________.A. in terms of physical environmentB. form a biological perspectiveC. based on the empirical dataD. in a statistical way62. When we say that antisocial and criminal behavior tends to run in families, asindicated by the recent findings, we can probably mean that ___________.A. a particular gene is passed on in familiesB. child abuse will lead to domestic violenceC. the male victims of child abuse will pass on the tendencyD. the violent predisposition is exclusively born of child abuse63. The recent observation implicated that to check the development of antisocialand criminal behavior ___________.A. boys are to be screened for the biological predispositionB. high-risk kids should be brought up in kindergartenC. it is important to spot the genes for the risk factorsD. active measures ought to be taken at an early age64. To defend the argument against the unfavorable idea, the author makes it apoint to consider ___________.A. the immeasurable value of the genetic research on behaviorB. the consequences of compromising democracyC. the huge cost of improving parenting skillsD. the greater cost of failing to intervene65. Which of the following can be the best title for the passage?A. Parenting Strategies for KidsB. The Making of a CriminalC. Parental EducationD. Abusive ParentingPassage twoAfter 25 years battling the mother of all viruses, have we finally got the measure of HIV? Three developments featured in this issue collectively give grounds for optimism that would have been scarcely believable a year ago in the wake of another failed vaccine and continuing problems supplying drugs to all who need them.Perhaps the most compelling hope lies in the apparent ―cure‖ of a man with HIV who had also developed leukemia. Doctors treated his leukemia with a bone marrow transplant that also vanquished the virus. Now US Company Sangamo Biosciences is hoping to emulate the effect patients being cured with a single shot of gene therapy, instead of taking antiretroviral drugs for life.Antiretroviral therapy (ART) is itself another reason for optimism. Researchers at the World Health Organization have calculated that HIV could be effectively eradicated in Africa and other hard-hit places using existing drugs. The trick is to test everyone often, and give those who test positive ART as soon as possible. Because the drugs rapidly reduce circulating levels of the virus to almost zero, it would stop people passing it on through sex. By blocking the cycle of infection in this way, the virus could be virtually eradicated by 2050.Bankrolling such a long-term program would cost serious money –initially around $3.5 billion a year in South Africa alone, ring to $85 billion in total. Huge as it sounds, however, it is peanuts compared with the estimated $1.9 trillion cost of the Iraq war, or the $700 billion spent in one go propping up the US banking sector. It also look small beer compared with the costs of carrying on as usual, which the WHO says can only lead to spiraling cases and costs.The final bit of good news is that the cost of ART could keep on falling. Last Friday, GlaxoSmithKline chairman Andrew Witty said that his company would offer all its medicines to the poorest countries for at least 25 per cent less than the typical price in rich countries. GSK has already been doing this for ART, but the hope is that the company may now offer it cheaper still and that other firms will follow their lead.No one doubt the devastation caused by AIDS. In 2007, 2 million people died and 2.7 million more contracted the virus. Those dismal numbers are not going to turn around soon – and they won’t turn around at all without huge effort and investment. But at least there is renewed belief that, given the time and money, we can finally start riddling the world of this most fearsome of viruses.66. Which is the following can be most probably perceived beyond the first paragraph?A. The end of the world.B. A candle of hope.C. A Nobel prize.D. A Quick Fix.67. According to the passage, the apparent “cure” of the HIV patient who had alsodeveloped leukemia would ___________.A. make a promising transition from antiretroviral medication to gene therapyB. facilitate the development of effective vaccines for the infectionC. compel people to draw an analogy between AIDS and leukemiaD. would change the way we look at those with AIDS68. As another bit of good news, ___________.A. HIV will be virtually wiped out first in AfricaB. the cycle of HIV infection can be broken with ARTC. the circulating levels of HIV have been limited to almost zeroD. the existing HIV drugs will be enhanced to be more effective in 25 years69. The last reason for optimism is that ___________.A. governments will invest more in improving ARTB. the cost of antiretroviral therapy is on the declineC. everybody can afford antiretroviral therapy in the worldD. the financial support of ART is coming to be no problem70. The whole passage carries a tone of ___________.A. idealismB. activismC. criticismD. optimismPassage ThreeArchaeology can tell us plenty about how humans looked and the way they lived tens of thousands of years ago. But what about the deeper questions? Could early humans speak, were they capable of self-conscious reflection, did they believe in anything?Such questions might seem to be beyond the scope of science. Not so. Answering them is the focus of a burgeoning field that brings together archaeology and neuroscience. It aims to chart the development of human cognitive powers. This is not easy to do. A skull gives no indication of whether its owner was capable of speech, for example. The task then is to find proxies (替代物)for key traits and behaviors that have stayed intact over millennia.Perhaps the most intriguing aspect of this endeavor is teasing out the role of culture as a force in the evolution of our mental skills. For decades, development of the brain has been seen as exclusively biological. But increasingly, that is being challenged.Take what the Cambridge archaeologist Colin Renfrew calls ―the sapient (智人的) paradox (矛盾)‖. Evidence suggests that the human genome, and hence the brain, has changed little in the past 60,000 years. Yet it wasn’t until about 10,000 years ago that profound changes took place in human behavior: people settled in villages and built shrines. Renfrew’s paradox is why, if the hardware was in place, did it take so long for humans to start changing the world?His answer is that the software –the culture –took a long time to develop. In particular, the intervening time saw humans vest (赋予) meaning in objects and symbols. Those meanings were developed by social interaction over successive generations,passed on through teaching, and stored in the neuronal connections of children.Culture also changes biology by modifying natural selection, sometimes in surprising ways. How is it, for example, that a human gene for making essential vitamin C became blocked by junk DNA? One answer is that our ancestors started eating fruit, so the pressure to make vitamin C ―relaxed‖ and the gene became unnecessary. By this reasoning, early humans then became addicted to fruit, and any gene that helped them to find it was selected for.Evidence suggests that the brain is so plastic that, like genes, it can be changed by relaxing selection pressure. Our understanding of human cognitive development is still fragmented and confused, however. We have lots of proposed causes and effects, and hypotheses to explain them. Yet the potential pay-off makes answers worth searching for. If we know where the human mind came from and what changed it, perhaps we can gauge where it is going. Finding those answers will take all the ingenuity the modern human mind can muster.71. The questions presented in the first paragraph ___________.A. seem to have no answers whateverB. are intended to dig for ancient human mindsC. are not scientific enough to be answered hereD. are raised to explore the evolution of human appearance72. The scientists find the proxy to be ___________.A. the role of cultureB. the passage of timeC. the structure of a skullD. the biological makeup of the brain73. According to Renfrew’s paradox, the transition from 60,000 to 10,000 years agosuggests that ___________.A. human civilization came too lateB. the hardware retained biologically staticC. it took so long for the software to evolveD. there existed an interaction between gene and environment74. From the example illustrating the relation between culture and biology, wemight conclude that ___________.A. the mental development has not been exclusively biologicalB. the brain and culture have not developed at the same paceC. the theory of natural selection applies to human evolutionD. vitamin C contributes to the development of the brain75. Speaking of the human mind, the author would say that ___________.A. its cognitive development is extremely slowB. to know its past is to understand its futureC. its biological evolution is hard to predictD. as the brain develops, so as the mindPassage FourDespite the numerous warnings about extreme weather, rising sea levels and mass extinctions, one message seems to have got lost in the debate about the impact of climate change. A warmer world won’t just be inconvenient. Huge swathes (片) of it, including most of Europe, the US and Australia as well as all of Africa and China will actually be uninhabitable--- too hot, dry or stormy to sustain a human population.This is no mirage. It could materialize if the world warms by an average of just 4°C, which some models predict could happen as soon as 2050. This is the world our children and grandchildren are going to have to live in. So what are we going to do about it?One option is to start planning to move the at-risk human population to parts of the world where it will still be cool and wet. It might seem like a drastic move, but this thought experiment is not about scaremongering (危言耸听). Every scenario is extrapolated from predictions of the latest climate models, and some say that 4°C may actually turn out to be a conservative estimate.Clearly this glacier-free, desertified world---with its human population packed into high-rise cities closer to the poles---would be a last resort. Aside from anything else, it is far from being the most practical option: any attempt at mass migration is likely to fuel wars, political power struggles and infighting.So what are the alternatives? The most obvious answer is to radically reduce carbon dioxide levels now, by fast-tracking green technologies and urgently implementing energy-efficient measures. But the changes aren’t coming nearly quickly enough and global emissions are still rising. As a result, many scientists are now turning to ―Earth’s plan B‖.Plan B involves making sure we have large scale geoengineering technologies ready and waiting to either suck CO2 out of the atmosphere or deflect the sun’s heat. Most climate scientists were once firmly against fiddling with the Earth’s thermostat, fearing that it may make a bad situation even worse, or provide politicians with an excuse to sit on their hands and do nothing.Now they reluctantly acknowledge the sad truth that we haven’t managed to reorder the world fast enough to reduce CO2 emissions and that perhaps, given enough funding research and political muscle, we can indeed design, test and regulate geoengineering projects in time to avert the more horrifying consequences of climate change.Whatever we do, now is the time to act. The alternative is to plan for a hothouse world that none of us would recognize as home.76. To begin with, the author is trying to remind us of ____________.A. the likelihood of climate change making life inconvenientB. the warning against worsening climate changeC. the inevitable consequence of global warmingD. the misconception of a warmer world77. As the thought experiment shows, those at risk from global warming will ____________.A. live with the temperature raised by an average of 4°CB. have nowhere to go but live in the desertC. become victims as soon as 2050D. move closer to the poles78. It is clear from the passage that a practical approach to global warming is _________.A. to reduce massively CO2 emissionsB. to take protective measures by 2025C. to prepare a blueprint for mass migrationsD. to launch habitual constructions closer to the poles。

厦门大学2013年博士研究生入学考试英语真题Part I: Vocabulary and structure (15%)Directions: There are 30 incomplete sentences in this part. For each sentence there are fourchoices marked A，B，C，and D. Choose the ONE answer that best completes the sentence. Then markthe corresponding letter on the ANSWER SHEET with a single line through the center.1. ________ one time, Manchester was the home of the most productive cottonmillsin the world.A. OnB. ByC. AtD. Of2. If you come to Tokyo, i can put you ____________ in an apartment near my company.A. acrossB. downC. outD. up3. It seems oil __________ f rom this pipe for some time. Well have to take themachineapart to put it right.A. had leakedB. is leakingC. leakedD. hasbeen lea-king4. He will agree to do what you require ___________ him.A. ofB. fromC. toD. for5. Though he was born and brought up in America, he can speak _________________ Chi- nese.A. fluidB. smoothC. fluentD.flowing6. We look forward to ___________ to the opening ceremony.A. invite 巳.be invited C. having been inviteEI. beinginvited7. If people feel hopeless, they don’t bother to ____________ t he skills theyneed to suc-cess.A. adopt 巳.acquire C. accumulate D. assemble8. Professor Wang, _________ for his informative lectures, was warmlyreceived byhis students.A. knowingB. knownC. to be knownD.having known9. She just had no faith in me. It was William _____________ s he still had herfaith.A. thatB. whoC. whomD.in whom10. The conference __________ a full week by the time it ends.A. must have lasted 巳.will have lasted C. would last D.has lasted11. “ Bob certainly has a low opinion of Sue. It can’t be any worse than________________ of him”'A. herB. hersC. sheD. shedoes12. The woman has not yet __________ the loss of her sonA. got up 巳.got by C. got over D. gotround13. Eighty percent of mothers cradle their ___________ in their left arms,holding them a-gainst the left side of their bodies.A. infants 巳.hoses C. handkerchiefs D. fences14. The explorers came forward with gifts of ducks and flour-cakes and ________________ troughs of water for the horses to drink.A. held inB. held withC. held underD. held up15. He like to _________ everything, even those that hardly concern him.A. offer help toB. get mixed up inC. have a part inD. make a fuss over16. a ________ examination for the post of department manager will be heldnextTuesday.A. classifyingB. comparing 0. contrasting D. competitive17. Mother was so weak after her operation that the doctors wondered if theywould beable to _________ her through.21. We must __________ on our reputation to expand the business.A. improve 巳.build C. develop D.weigh22. _________ i t or not, his discovery has created a stir in scientific circles.A. BelieveB. To believeC. BelievingD.Believed23. _________ d oes business with that fellow is bound to lose money.A. WhoeverB. WhoC. No matter whoD.However24. Ann never dreams of __________ for her to be sent abroad very soon.A. there being a chanceB. there to be a chanceC. there be a chanceD. being a chance25. Frequently single-parent children ____________ s ome of the functions that the absentadult in the house would have served.A. take offB. take afterC. take inD. take on26. Whenever a big company __________ a small one, the product almost always getsworse.A. gets on withB. cuts down 0. takes over D. puts up with27. Samuel ________ to compromise on lesser questions.A. was compelledB. was delightedC. was preparedD. was only too ready28. Children tend to __________ while playing, even if they make a promise before.A. lose all count of time 巳.keep all count of timeC. be aware of the passage of timeD. waste time29. a survey was carried out on the death rate of new-born babies in that region,were surprisingA. as resultsB. which resultsC. the results of itD. the results of which30. Our manager is so __________ in his thinking, he never listens to new ideas.A. stiffB. rigidC. tenseD. tightPart II: Reading comprehension (40%)S e c t i o n A(30%) Directions: There are 3 passages in this part. Each passage is followed by some questions or un-finished statements. For each of them there are four choices marked A、B、C、and D. You should de- cide on the best choice and mark the corresponding letter on the ANSWER SHEET with a single line through the center.Passage 1Statuses are marvelous human inventions that enable us to get along with one anotherand to determine where we “fit” in society. As we go about our everyday lives, we mental-ly attempt to place people in terms of their statuses. For example, we must judge whetherthe person in the library is a reader or a librarian, whether the telephone caller is a friend ora salesman, whether the unfamiliar person on our property is a thief or a meter reader, andso on.The statuses we assume often vary with the people we encounter, and change throughout life. Most of us can, at a very high speed, assume the statuses that various sit-uations require. Much of social interaction consists of identifying and selecting among ap-propriate statuses and allowing other people to assume their statuses in relation to us. Thismeans that we fit our actions to those of other people based on a constant mental processof appraisal and interpretation. Although some of us find the task more difficult than others,most of us perform it rather effortlessly.A status has been compared to ready-made clothes. Within certain limits, the buyercan choose style and fabric. But an American is not free to choose the costume of a Chi-nese peasant or that of a Hindu prince. We must choose from among the clothing presen-ted by our society. Furthermore, our choice is limited to a size that will fit, as well as by ourpocketbook. Having made a choice within these limits we can have certain alterations made, but apart from minor adjustments, we tend to be limited to what the stores have ontheir racks. Statuses, too, come ready made, and the range of choice among them is lim-ited.31. In the first paragraph, the writer tells us that Lotuses can help us ______________ .A. determine whether a person is jar a certain job巳.behave appropriately in relation to other peopleC. protect ourselves in unfamiliar situationsD. make friends with other people32. According to the writer, people often assume different statuses ______________ .A. in order to identify themselves with othersB. in order to better identify others.C. as their mental processes change.D. as the situation changes.33. The word “appraisal”(Para. 2) most probably means _______________ .A. involvementB. appreciationC. assessmentD. presentation34. In the last sentence of the second paragraph, the pronoun “it” refersto _________ .A. fitting our actions to those of other peopleappropriated巳.identification of other people’s statusesC. selecting one’s ow n statusesD. constant mental process35. By saying that “an American is not free to choose the costume of a Chinesepeas-ant or that of a Hindu prince” (Para. 3)，the writer means _______________ .A. different people have different styles of clothes巳.ready-made clothes may need alterationsC. statuses come ready made just like clothesD. our choice of statuses is limitedPassage 2Humanity uses a little less than half the water available worldwide. Yetoccurrences ofshortages and droughts are causing famine and distress in some areas, and industrial andagricultural acts are polluting water supplies. Since the world’s population is expected todouble in the next 50 years, many experts think we are on the edge of a widespread watercrisis.But that doesn’t have to be the outcome. W ater shortages do not have to trouble theworld —if we start valuing water more than we have in the past. Just as we began to ap-preciate petroleum more after the 1970 oil crisis, today we must start looking at water froma fresh economic perspective. We can no longer afford to consider water a virtually free re-source which we can use as much as we live in any way we want.Instead, for all uses except the domestic demand of the poor, governments shouldprice water to reflect its actual value. This means charging a fee for the water itself as wellas for the supply costs.Governments should also protect this resource by providing water in more, economi-cally and environmentally sound ways. For example, often the cheapest way to provide irri-gation water in the dry tropics is through small-scale projects, such as gathering rainfall indepressions and pumping it to nearby cropland.No matter what steps governments take to provide water more efficiently, they mustchange their institutional and legal approaches to water use. Rather than spreadcontrol a-mong hundreds or even thousands of local, regional, and national agencies that watchva-rious aspects of water use, countries should set up central authorities to coordinatewaterpolicy.36. What is the real cause of the potential water crisis?A. Only half of the world’s water can be used.B. The world population is increasing faster and faster.C. Half of the world’s water resources hackle been seriously polluted.D. Humanity has not placed sufficient value on water resources.37. As indicated in the passage, the problem .A. is already serious in certain parts of the world巳.has been exaggerated by some experts in the fieldC. poses a challenge to the technology of building reservoirsD. is underestimated by government organizations at different levels38. According to the author, the water price should _____________ .A. be reduced to the minimum巳.stimulate domestic demandC. correspond to its real valueD. take into account the occurrences of droughts39. The author says that in some hot and dry areas, it is advisable to ______________ .A. build big lakes to store water巳.construct big pumping stationsC. build small and cheap irrigation systems.D. channel water from nearby rivers to cropland40. In order to raise the efficiency of the water supply, measures should be takento _________ .A. guarantee full protection of the environmentB. centralize the management of water resources0. increase the sense of responsibility of agencies at alllevelsD. encourage local and regional protection of waterresourcesPassage 3Every night she listened to her father going around the house, locking the doors andwindows. She listened: the back door clog；could hear the fastener of the kitchen window’sclick, and the restless pad of as feet going back to try the front door. It wasn’t only the out-side doors he locked；he locked the empty kitchen too. He was looking something out, butobviously it was something capable of entering into his first defenses. He raised his secondline all the way up to bed.In fourteen years, she thought unhappily, the home will be his，he had paid twenty-five pounds down and the rest he was paying month by month as rent. “Of course,v he bythe habit of saying, “I’ve improved the property. ” “Yes,” he repeated, “I’ve improved the property，” looking around for a nail to drive in weed to uproot. It was more than a sense of property；it was a sense of honesty. Some peace who bought their homes through the society let them go to rack and ruin and then cleared out.She stood with her ear against the wall, a small dark, angry, immature figure. Therewas no more to be heard from the other room；but in her inner ear she still heard thefoot-steps of a property owner, the tap-tap of a hammer, the scrape of a spade, the whistle ofradiator steam, a key turning, a bolt pushed home, the little busy sounds of men buildingbarriers. She stood planning.41. Which of the following is TRUE of the father in the passage?A. He thought a lot about his daughter’s future.B. He saved a lot of money for his daughter.C. He thought that he was secure.D. he avoided his neighbors on purpose.42. From the passage we can see that the father is ____________ .A. kind to his daughter and neighborsB. cruel to his daughter and neighborsC. systematical in his actionsD. careful about his appearance43. According to the passage, the daughter’s attitude toward his father isof _________ ■A. slight dislike 巳.great disapproval C. strong love D. grateful acceptance44. Which of following feelings is conveyed in the passage?A. tensenessB. peaceC. nervousnessD. happiness45. All of the following are true EXCEPT that ___________ .A. the father built his defenses carefullyB. some property owners let their homes go worseC. the daughter was thin and very youngD. the father punished the girl when she was youngS e c t i o n B(10%) Directions：In the following article，some sentences have been removed. For Questions 1 〜5，choose the most suitable one from the list a to e to fit into each of the numbered blank. Mark your an- swers on the ANSWER SHEET.Where Is the News Leading Us?Not long ago I was asked to join in a public symposium on the role of the Americanpress. Two other speakers were included on the program. The first was a distinguished Tvanchorman. The other was the editor of one of the nation’s leading papers, a newsman tothe core-tough, aggressive, and savvy in the ways and means of solid reporting.The purpose of the symposium, as I understood it, was to scrutinize the obligations ofthe media and to suggest the best ways to meet those obligations.[46] ________ . Why, he asked, are the newspapers and television news programsso disaster-prone? Why are newsmen and women so attracted to tragedy, violence, fail-ure?The anchorman and editor reacted as though they had been blamed for the existenceof bad news. Newsmen and newswomen，they said, are only responsible for reporting thenews, not for creating it or modifying it.[47] ________ . The gentleman who had asked it was not blaming them for the dis-tortions in the world. He was just wondering why distortions are most reported. The newsmedia seem to operate on the philosophy that all news is bad news. Why? Could it bethe emphasis on downside news is largely the result of tradition —the way newsmen andnewswomen are accustomed to respond to daily events?[48] ________ . News is supposed to deal with happenings of the past 12 hours —24 hours at most. Anything that happens so suddenly, however, is apt to be eruptive, a sniper kills some pedestrians；a terrorist holds 250 people hostage in a plane；OPEc an-nounces a 25 percent increase in petroleum prices, Great Britain devalues by another 10percent；a truck conveying radioactive wastes collides with a mobile cement mixer.[49] ________ . Civilization is a lot more than the sum total of its catastrophes. Themost important ingredient in any civilizatio n is progress. But progress doesn’t happen all atonce. It is not eruptive. Generally, it comes in bid and pieces, very little of it clearly visibleat any given moment, but all of it involved in the making of historical change for the better.It is this aspect of living history that most news reporting reflects inadequately. The re-sult is that we are under-informed about positive developments and over-informed aboutdisasters. This, in turn, leads to a public mood of defeatism and despair, which in them- selves tend to be inhibitors of progress. An unrelieved diet of eruptive news depletes theessential human energies a free society needs.[50] ________ . I am not suggesting that “positive” news he contrived as an anti-dote to the disasters on page one. Nor do I define positive news as in-depth reportagefunctions of the local YMCA. What I am trying to get across is the notion that the responsi-bility of the news media is to search out and report on important events whether or not theycome under the heading of conflict, confrontation or catastrophe. The world is a splendidcombination of heaven and hell, and both sectors call for attention and scrutiny.A. Focusing solely on these devils, however, produces a misshapen picture.B. Perhaps it would useful here to examine the way we define the word news, for thisis where the problem begins.C. A mood of hopeless and cynicism is hardly likely to furnish the energy needed tomeet serious challenges.D. During the open-discussion period, a gentleman in the audience addressed a question to my two colleagues.E. It didn’t seem to me that the newsmen had answer the question.Part III: Short Answer Questions (10%)Directions: Read the following passage and then give short answers to the five questions. Writeyour answers on the ANSWER SHEET.Surveys have shown that most football and basketball injuries involve the knee, eitherthrough twisting or through application of lateral force. Surgery for such injuries has be- come much simpler with the invention of a thin device containing a fiber optics light that canbe inserted into a thin slit in the knee. Repair can be accomplished through this narrow o-pening. Long-distance runners also suffer knee injuries, but a more common problem forrunners is stress fracture, which is a weakening of the front of the shinbone caused by o-veruse，with pain ant possible bone cracking as the result. Ligament teats are more com-mon in gymnastics. Almost all these conditions heal with rest. Prevention of injuries de- pends primarily on good conditioning. Athletes are also protected by the use of better pad-ding materials ant of face masks and eye protectors in rough sports.The improper or illegal use of drugs and substances for the temporary improvement ofathletic performance in competitions has been a frequent subject of inquiry since the 1960s，when drug misuse by athletes to gain an unfair advantage began to rise dramatical-ly. Anabolic steroids supposedly improve strength and endurance, but they can also haveharmful side effects as liver damage. Tests for drugs such as heroin and other stimulantswere introduced at the Olympic Games in 1968. Anabolic steroids were not banned until1974, when a suitable test was developed. The illegality of some drug has not been ac- cepted by a number of other international and national amateur athletic federations, for rea-sons including testing uncertainties, doubts about banning certain medicinal substances orcommon drugs such as caffeine, and simple lack of concern. Controversy has also arisenover the legality of th e practice of “blood doping，’’ in which an athlete receives a blood transfusion just before an event. The resulting increase in red blood cells apparentlyincrea-ses the athlete’s aerobic power.51. In addition knee injuries, what will also heal with rest?52. Wh at does the word “slit” in Para 1 most probably mean?53. When were the tests for drugs used at the Olympic Games?54. According to the passage, drug misuse by athletes is considered as ________________ .55. Controversy arises over the illegality of some common drugs due to ______________ .Part IV: English-Chinese translation (15%)Directions: Read the passage carefully and translate the underlined sentences into Chinese.Write your answers on the ANSWEr SHEET.Doing a Ph. D. is certainly not for everybody, and I do not recommend it for mostpeople. However, I am really glad I got my Ph. D. rather than just getting a job after fin-ishing my Bachelors. The number one reason is that I learned a hell of a lot doing thePh.D.，and most of the things I learned I would never get exposed to in a typical softwareen-gineering job. [56] The process of doing a Ph. D. trains you to do research: to read re-search papers, to run experiments，to write papers，to give talks. It also teaches youhowto figure out what problem ne㊀ds to be solved. You gain a very sophisticated technical background doing the Ph. D.，and having your work subject to the intense scrutiny oftheacademic peer-review process —not to mention your thesis committee.I think of the Ph. D. a little like the Grand Tour, a tradition in the 16th and 17thcentu-ries where youths would travel around Europe, getting a rich exposure to high societyinFrance, Italy, and German about art, architecture, language, literature, fencing, riding—all of the essential liberal arts that a gentleman was expected to have experience with to bean influential member of society. Doing a Ph. D. is similar: You get an intense exposure every subfield of Computer Science, and have to become the leading world's expert in thearea of your dissertation work. [57] The top Ph. D. programs set an incredibly high bar: a lot of coursework, teaching experience, qualifying exams，a thesis defense，and of course making a groundbreaking research contribution in your area. Having to go throughthis process gives you a tremendous amount of technical breadth and depth…Some important stuffs learned doing a Ph. D•:How to read and critique research paper. As a grad student you have to read thou-sands of research paper, extract their main ideas, critique the methods and presentation,and synthesize their contributions with your own research. As a result you are exposed to awide range of Cs topics, approaches for solving problems, sophisticated algorithms, andsystem designs. This is not just about gain the knowledge in those papers (which is prettyimportant)，but also about becoming conversant in the scientific literature.How to write papers and give talks. Being fluent in technical communication is a reallyimportant skill for engineers. I’ve noticed a big gap between t he software engineers I’veworked with who have Ph. D. s and those who don’t in this regards. [58] Ph. D.- trained folks tend to give clears well-organized talks and know how to write up their workand visualize the result of experiments. As a result they can be much more influential.How to run experiments and interpret the results. I carTt overstate how important thisis. a systems-oriented Ph. D. requires that you run a zillion measurements and present theresults in a way that is both bullet-proof to peer-review criticism (in order to publish) andvisually compelling. Every aspect of your methodology will be critiqued (by your advisor,your co-authors, and your paper reviewers) and, you will quickly learn how to run the rightexperiments, and do it right.[59] How to figure out what problem to work on: This is probably the most importantaspect of Ph. D. training. Doing a Ph. D. w川force you to cast away 什om shore and ex-plore the boundary of human knowledge. (Matt Might’s cartoon on this is a great visualiza-tion of this. ) i think that at least 80% of making a scientific contribution is figuring out whatproblems to tackle: a problem that is at once interesting, open, and going to have impact ifyou solve it. There are lots of open problems that the research community is not interestedin (c. f.，writing an operating system kernel in Haskell). There are many interesting prob-lems that have been solved over and over and over (c. f.，file system block layout optimi-zation ；wireless multi hop routing). There’s a real trick to picking good problems, and de-veloping a taste for it is a key skill if you want to become a technical leader.[60] So i think it’s worth having a Ph. D.，especially if you want to work on the har-dest and most interesting problems. This is true whether you want a car㊀er in academia, aresearch lab, or a more traditional engineering role. But as my Ph. D. advisor was fond ofsaying, “doing a Ph. D. costs you a house. ”(In terms of the lost salary during the Ph.D. years —these days it’s probably more like several houses.Part V: Writing (20%)Directions: You are asked to write an essay on the following topic:Many universities and colleges offer qualifications through some sort of distance learn-ing using the internet, rather than by face-to-face contact in a classroom.In your opinion, do the advantages of this development outweigh the disadvantages oflearning in this way?You should write at least 250 words.You should use your own ideas, knowledge and experience and support your argu-ments with examples and relevant evidence.。

厦门大学真题2013年(总分100,考试时间90分钟)Part Ⅰ V ocabulary and StructureDirections: There are 30 sentences in this part. For each sentence there are four choices marked A, B, C and D. Choose the ONE answer that **pletes the sentence or substitute the underlined expression.1. ______ one time, Manchester was the home of the most productive cotton mills in the world.A. OnB. ByC. AtD. Of2. If **e to Tokyo, I can put you ______ in an apartment near my company.A. acrossB. downC. outD. up3. It seems oil ______ from this pipe for some time. We'll have to take the machine apart to put it right.A. had leakedB. is leakingC. leakedD. has been leaking4. He will agree to do what you require ______ him.A. ofB. fromC. toD. for5. Though he was born and brought up in America, he can speak ______ Chinese.A. fluidB. smoothC. fluentD. flowing6. We look forward to ______ to the opening ceremony.A. inviteB. be invitedC. having been invitedD. being invited7. If people feel hopeless, they don't bother to ______ the skills they need to succeed.A. adoptB. acquireC. accumulateD. assemble8. Professor Wang, ______ for his informative lectures, was warmly received by his students.A. knowingB. knownC. to be knownD. having known9. She just had no faith in me. It was William ______ she still had her faith.A. thatB. whoC. whomD. in whom10. The conference ______ a full week by the time it ends.A. must have lastedB. will have lastedC. would lastD. has lasted11. "Bob certainly has a low opinion of Sue. " "It can't be any worse than ______ of him. "A. herB. hersC. sheD. she does12. The woman has not yet ______ the loss of her son.A. got upB. got byC. got overD. got round13. Eighty percent of mothers cradle their ______ in their left arms, holding them against the left side of their bodies.A. infantsB. hosesC. handkerchiefsD. fences14. The explorers came forward with gifts of ducks and flour-cakes and ______ troughs of water for the horses to drink.A. held inB. held withC. held underD. held up15. He likes to take a hand in everything, even those that hardly concern him.A. offer help toB. get mixed up inC. have a part inD. make a fuss over16. A ______ examination for the post of department manager will be held next Tuesday.A. classifyingB. comparingC. contrastingD. competitive17. Mother was so weak after her operation that the doctors wondered if they would be able to ______ her through.A. pullB. cureC. pushD. save18. Go and see what your mother is ______ now.A. forB. atC. aboutD. busy19. With three young children to take care of, Cathy is kept on the run every minute of the day.A. walkingB. at full speedC. busyD. on foot20. Since his retirement, Peter Smith, who was ______ a teacher, has written four novels.A. latelyB. usuallyC. formerlyD. already21. We must ______ on our reputation to expand the business.A. improveB. buildC. developD. weigh22. ______ it or not, his discovery has created a stir in scientific circles.A. BelieveB. To believeC. BelievingD. Believed23. ______ does business with that fellow is bound to lose money.A. WhoeverB. WhoC. No matter whoD. However24. Ann never dreams of ______ for her to be sent abroad very soon.A. there being a chanceB. there to be a chanceC. there be a chanceD. being a chance25. Frequently single-parent children ______ some of the functions that the absent adult in the house would have served.A. take offB. take afterC. take inD. take on26. Whenever a **pany ______ a small one, the product almost always gets worse.A. gets on withB. cuts downC. takes overD. puts up with27. Samuel was obliged to compromise on lesser questions.A. **pelledB. was delightedC. was preparedD. was only too ready28. Children tend to ______ while playing, even if they make a promise before.A. lose all count of timeB. keep all count of timeC. be aware of the passage of timeD. waste time29. A survey was carried out on the death rate of new-horn babies in that region, ______ were surprising.A. as resultsB. which resultsC. the results of itD. the results of which30. Our manager is so ______ in his thinking, he never listens to new ideas.A. stiffB. rigidC. tenseD. tightPart Ⅱ Reading ComprehensionSection ADirections: There are 3 passages in this part. Each passage is followed by some questions or unfinished statements. For each of them there are four choices marked A, B, C and D.Statuses are marvelous human inventions that enable us to get along with one another and to determine where we "fit" in society. As we go about our everyday lives, we mentally attempt to place people in terms of their statuses. For example, we must judge whether the person in the library is a reader or a librarian, whether the telephone caller is a friend or a salesman, whether the unfamiliar person on our property is a thief or a meter reader, and so on.The statuses we assume often vary with the people we encounter, and change throughout life. Most of us can, at very high speed, assume the statuses that various situations require. Much of social interaction consists of identifying and selecting among appropriate statuses and allowing other people to assume their statuses in relation to us. This means that we fit our actions to those of other people based on a constant mental process of appraisal and interpretation. Although some of us find the task more difficult than others, most of us perform it rather effortlessly.A status has **pared to ready-made clothes. Within certain limits, the buyer can choose style and fabric. But an American is not free to choose the costume of a Chinese peasant or that of a Hindu prince. We must choose from among the clothing presented by our society. Furthermore, our choice is limited to a size that will fit, as well as by our pocketbook. Having made a choicewithin these limits we can have certain alterations made, hut apart from minor adjustments, we tend to be limited to what the stores have on their racks. Statuses **e ready made, and the range of choice among them is limited.1. In the first paragraph, the writer tells us that statuses can help us ______.A. determine whether a person is fit for a certain jobB. behave appropriately in relation to other peopleC. protect ourselves in unfamiliar situationsD. make friends with other people2. According to the writer, people often assume different statuses ______.A. in order to identify themselves with othersB. in order to better identify othersC. as their mental processes changeD. as the situation changes3. The word "appraisal" (Sentence 4, Paragraph 2) most probably means ______.A. involvementB. appreciationC. assessmentD. presentation4. In the last sentence of the second paragraph, the pronoun "it" refers to "______".A. fitting our actions to those of other people appropriatelyB. identification of other people's statusesC. selecting one's own statusesD. constant mental process5. By saying that "an American is not free to choose the costume of a Chinese peasant or that of a Hindu prince" (Sentence 3, Paragraph 3), the writer means ______.A. different people have different styles of clothesB. ready-made clothes may need alterationsC. **e ready made just like clothesD. our choice of statuses is limitedHumanity uses a little less than half the water available worldwide. Yet occurrences of shortages and droughts are causing famine and distress in some areas, and industrial and agricultural by-products are polluting water supplies. Since the world's population is expected to double in the next 50 years, many experts think we are on the edge of a widespread water crisis.But that doesn't have to be the outcome. Water shortages do not have to trouble the world—if we start valuing water more than we have in the past. Just as we began to appreciate petroleum more after the 1970s oil crises, today we must start looking at water from a fresh economic perspective. We can no longer afford to consider water a virtually free resource of which we can use as much as we like in any way we want.Instead, for all used except the domestic demand of the poor, governments should price water to reflect its actual value. This means charging a fee for the water itself as well as for the supply costs.Governments should also protect this resource by providing water in more economically and environmentally sound ways. For example, often the cheapest way to provide irrigation water in the dry tropics is through small-scale projects, such as gathering rainfall in depressions and pumping it to nearby cropland.No matter what steps governments take to provide water more efficiently, they must change their institutional and legal approaches to water use. Rather than spread control among hundreds or even thousands of local, regional, and national agencies that watch various aspects of water use, countries should set up central authorities to coordinate water policy.6. What is the real cause of the potential water crisis?A. Only half of the world's water can be used.B. The world population is increasing faster and faster.C. Half of the world's water resources have been seriously polluted.D. Humanity has not placed sufficient value on water resources.7. As indicated in the passage, the water problem ______.A. is already serious in certain parts of the worldB. has been exaggerated by some experts in the fieldC. poses a challenge to the technology of building reservoirsD. it underestimated by government organizations at different levels8. According to the author, the water price should ______.A. be reduced to the minimumB. stimulate domestic demandC. correspond to its real valueD. take into account the occurrences of droughts9. The author says that in some hot and dry areas it is advisable to ______.A. build big lakes to store waterB. construct big pumping stationsC. build small and cheap irrigation systemsD. channel water from nearby rivers to cropland10. In order to raise the efficiency of the water supply, measures should be taken to ______.A. guarantee full protection of the environmentB. centralize the management of water resourcesC. increase the sense of responsibility of agencies at all levelsD. encourage local and regional protection of water resourcesEvery night she listened to her father going around the house, locking the doors and windows. She listened, the back door closed; she could hear the fastener of the kitchen window's click, and the restless pad of his feet going back to try the front door. It wasn't only the outside doors he locked; he locked the empty kitchen too. He was looking something out, but obviously it was something capable of entering into his first defenses. He raised his second line all the way up to bed.In fourteen years, she thought unhappily, the house will be his; he had paid twentyfive pounds down and the rest he was paying month by month as rent. "Of course," he was in the habit of saying, "I've improved the property." "Yes," he repeated, "I've improved the property," looking around for a nail to drive in, a weed to uproot. It was more than a sense of property; it was a sense of honesty. Some people who bought their homes through the society let them go to rack and ruin and then cleared out.She stood with her ear against the wall, a small, dark, angry, immature figure. There was no more to be heard from the other room; but in her inner ear she still heard the footsteps of aproperty owner, the tap-tap of a hammer, the scrape of a spade, the whistle of radiator steam, a key turning, a bolt pushed home, the little busy sounds of men building barriers. She stood planning.11. Which of the following is TRUE of the father in the passage?A. He thought a lot about his daughter's future.B. He saved a lot of money for his daughter.C. He thought that he was secure.D. He avoided his neighbors on purpose.12. From the passage we can see that the father is ______.A. kind to his daughter and neighborsB. cruel to his daughter and neighborsC. systematical in his actionsD. careful about his appearance13. According to the passage, the daughter's attitude toward his father is of ______.A. slight dislikeB. great disapprovalC. strong loveD. grateful acceptance14. Which of the following feelings is conveyed in the passage?A. Tenseness.B. Peace.C. Nervousness.D. Happiness.15. All of the following are true EXCEPT that ______.A. the father built his defenses carefullyB. some property owners let their homes go worseC. the daughter was thin and very youngD. the father punished the girl when she was youngSection BDirections: In the following article, some sentences have been removed. For Questions 1～5, choose the most suitable one from the list A～E to fit into each of the numbered blank.Where Is the News Leading Us?Not long ago I was asked to join in a public symposium on the role of the American press. Two other speakers were included on the program. The first was a distinguished TV anchorman. The other was the editor of one of the nation's leading papers, a newsman to the core-tough, aggressive, and savvy in the ways and means of solid reporting.The purpose of the symposium, as I understood it, was to scrutinize the obligations of the media and to suggest the best ways to meet those obligations.(1) . Why, he asked, are the newspapers and television news programs so disaster-prone? Why are newsmen and women so attracted to tragedy, violence, failure?The anchorman and editor reacted as though they had been blamed for the existence of bad news. Newsmen and newswomen, they said, are only responsible for reporting the news, not for creating it or modifying it.(2) . The gentleman who had asked it was not blaming them for the distortions in the world. He was just wondering why distortions are most reported. The news media seem to operate on thephilosophy that all news is bad news. Why? Could it be that the emphasis on downside news is largely the result of tradition—the way newsmen and newswomen are accustomed to respond to daily events?(3) . News is supposed to deal with happenings of the past 12 hours—24 hours at most. Anything that happens so suddenly, however, is apt to be eruptive. A sniper kills some pedestrians;a terrorist holds 250 people hostage in a plane; OPEC announces a 25 percent increase in petroleum prices; Great Britain devalues by another 10 percent; a truck conveying radioactive wastes collides with a mobile cement mixer.(4) . Civilization is a lot more than the sum total of its catastrophes. The most important ingredient in any civilization is progress. But progress doesn't happen all at once. It is not eruptive. Generally, it comes in bits and pieces, very little of it clearly visible at any given moment, but all of it involved in the making of historical change for the better.It is this aspect of living history that most news reporting reflects inadequately. The result is that we are under informed about positive developments and over informed about disasters. This, in turn, leads to a public mood of defeatism and despair, which in themselves tend to be inhibitors of progress. An unrelieved diet of eruptive news depletes the essential human energies a free society needs. (5) .I am not suggesting that "positive" news be contrived as an antidote to the disasters on page one. Nor do I define positive news as in-depth reportage of functions of the local YMCA. What I am trying to get across is the notion that the responsibility of the news media is to search out and report on important events—whether or not **e under the heading of conflict, confrontation, or catastrophe. The world is a **bination of heaven and hell, and both sectors call for attention and scrutiny.A. Focusing solely on these details, however, produces a misshapen picture.B. Perhaps it would be useful here to examine the way we define the word news, for this is where the problem begins.C. A mood of hopelessness and cynicism is hardly likely to furnish the energy needed to meet serious challenges.D. During the open-discussion period, a gentleman in the audience addressed a question to my two colleagues.E. It didn't seem to me that the newsmen had answered the question.1.2.3.4.5.Part Ⅲ Short Answer QuestionsDirections: Read the following passage and then give short answers to the five questions. Surveys have shown that most football and basketball injuries involve the knee, either throughtwisting or through application of lateral force. Surgery for such injuries has become much simpler with the invention of a thin device containing a fiber optics light that can be inserted into a thin slit in the knee. Repair can be accomplished through this narrow opening. Long-distance runners also suffer knee injuries, but a **mon problem for runners is stress fracture, which is a weakening of the front of the shinbone caused by overuse, with pain and possible bone cracking as the result. Ligament tears are **mon in gymnastics. Almost all these conditions heal with rest. Prevention of injuries depends primarily on good conditioning. Athletes are also protected by the use of better padding materials and of face masks and eye protectors in rough sports.The improper or illegal use of drugs and substances for the temporary improvement of athletic performance in competitions has been a frequent subject of inquiry since the 1960s, when drug misuse by athletes to gain an unfair advantage began to rise dramatically. Anabolic steroids supposedly improve strength and endurance, but they can also have harmful side effects as liver damage. Tests for drugs such as heroin and other stimulants were introduced at the Olympic Games in 1968. Anabolic steroids were not banned until 1974, when a suitable test was developed. The illegality of some drugs has not been accepted by a number of other international and national amateur athletic federations, for reasons including testing uncertainties, doubts about banning certain medicinal substances or common drugs such as caffeine, and simple lack of concern. Controversy has also arisen over the legality of the practice of "blood doping," in which an athlete receives a blood transfusion just before an event. The resulting increase in red blood cells apparently increases the athlete's aerobic power.1. In addition to knee injuries, what will also heal with rest?2. What does the word "slit" in Pars. 1 most probably mean?3. When were the tests for drugs used at the Olympic Games?4. According to the passage, drug misuse by athletes is considered as ______.5. Controversy arises over the illegality of **mon drugs due to ______.Part Ⅳ English-Chinese TranslationDirections: Read the passage carefully and translate the underlined sentences into Chinese.Doing a PhD is certainly not for everybody, and I do not recommend it for most people. However, I am really glad I got my PhD rather than just getting a job after finishing my Bachelor's. The number one reason is that I learned a hell of a lot doing the PhD, and most of the things I learned I would never get exposed to in a typical software engineering job. (1) The process of doing a PhD trains you to do research, to read research papers, to run experiments, to write papers, to give talks. It also teaches you how to figure out what problem needs to be solved. You gain a very sophisticated technical background doing the PhD, and having your work subject to the intense scrutiny of the academic peer-review process—not to mention your **mittee.I think of the PhD a little like the Grand Tour, a tradition in the 16th and 17th centuries where youths would travel around Europe, getting a rich exposure to high society in France, Italy, and Germany, learning about art, architecture, language, literature, fencing, riding—all of the essential liberal arts that a gentleman was expected to have experience with to be an influential member ofsociety. Doing a PhD is similar. You get an intense exposure to every subfield of Computer Science, and have to become the leading world's expert in the area of your dissertation work. (2) The top PhD programs set an incredibly high bar. a lot of coursework, teaching experience, qualifying exams, a thesis defense, and of course making a groundbreaking research contribution in your area. Having to go through this process gives you a tremendous amount of technical breadth and depth.Some important stuff I learned doing a PhD.How to read and critique research papers. As a grad student you have to read thousands of research papers, extract their main ideas, critique the methods and presentation, and synthesize their contributions with your own research. As a result you are exposed to a wide range of CS topics, approaches for solving problems, sophisticated algorithms, and system designs. This is not just about gaining the knowledge in those papers (which is pretty important), but also about becoming conversant in the scientific literature.How to write papers and give talks. Being fluent in **munications is a really important skill for engineers. I've noticed a big gap between the software engineers I've worked with who have PhDs and those who don't in this regard. (3) PhD-trained folks tend to give clear, well-organized talks and know how to write up their work and visualize the result of experiments. As a result they can be much more influential.How to run experiments and interpret the results: I can't overstate how important this is. A systems-oriented PhD requires that you run a zillion measurements and present the results in a way that is both bullet-proof to peer-review criticism (in order to publish) and **pelling. Every aspect of your methodology will be critiqued (by your advisor, your co-authors, your paper reviewers) and you will quickly learn how to run the right experiments, and do it right.(4) How to figure out what problem to work on. This is probably the most important aspect of PhD training. Doing a PhD will force you to cast away from shore and explore the boundary of human knowledge. (Matt Might's cartoon on this is a great visualization of this. ) I think that at least 80% of making a scientific contribution is figuring out what problem to tackle, a problem that is at once interesting, open, and going to have impact if you solve it. There are lots of open problems that the **munity is not interested in (c.f., writing an operating system kernel in Haskell) . There are many interesting problems that have been solved over and over and over (c.f. , file system block layout optimization; wireless multi hop routing) . There's a real trick to picking good problems, and developing a taste for it is a key skill if you want to become a technical leader.(5) So I think it's worth having a PhD, especially if you want to work on the hardest and most interesting problems. This is true whether you want a career in academia, a research lab, or a more traditional engineering role. But as my PhD advisor was fond of saying, "doing a PhD costs you a house. " (In terms of the lost salary during the PhD years—these days it's probably more like several houses. )1.2.3.4.5.Part Ⅴ WritingDirections: You are asked to write an essay on the following topic:1. Many universities and colleges offer qualification: through some sort of distance learning using the Internet, rather than by face-to-face contact in a classroom.In your opinion, do the advantages of this development outweigh the disadvantages of learning in this way?You should write at least 250 words.You should use your own ideas, knowledge and experience and support your arguments with examples and relevant evidence.。

考博英语（词汇）历年真题试卷汇编25(题后含答案及解析)题型有：1. Structure and V ocabularyStructure and V ocabulary1．These machines have raised______ many times.A．proficiencyB．frequencyC．efficiencyD．effect正确答案：C解析：efficiency n.效率；功效(如：to increase efficiency．She admired his efficiency．)。

proficiency n.熟练，精通。

frequency n.次数，频繁；频率，出现率。

effect n.结果；效果，作用，影响。

2．The town planning commission said that their financial outlook for the next year was optimistic. They expect increased tax ______. (2013年北京航空大学考博试题)A．efficiencyB．revenuesC．privilegesD．validity正确答案：A解析：本题考查单词词义。

A项意为“效率”；B项意为“收入”；C项意为“特权”：D项意为“发展，新阶段”。

本句意为既然已经发现了问题，他们必须商定合适的行动方案。

course of action意为“行动方针”，A项符合题意。

3．You should hire a more ______ manager than the one you currently have.A．sufficientB．effectiveC．respectiveD．efficient正确答案：D解析：efficient a.效率高的，有能力的。

sufficient a.足够的，充分的。

effective a.有效的，效力高的；(规章)生效的。