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目录目录 (1)首都医科大学神经解剖博士入学考试试题 (2)2001年 (2)2002年 (3)2003年 (4)首都医科大学大外科解剖博士入学考试试题 (5)2003年 (5)首都医科大学大外科眼科（记忆版）博士入学考试试题 (5)2004年 (5)首都医科大学神经解剖博士入学考试试题2001年一、名词解释（1-7题，5×7=35；2-12题，3×5=15）1、边缘系统2、脊髓灰质板层3、后屈束4、内侧纵束1、攀缘纤维2、下橄榄核3、桥小脑三角4、 phrenic n.5、 celiac plexus10、obturator n.11、locus reculeus12、carvernous sinus二、问答题（10×5=50）1、纹状体① 位置及组成② 纤维联系③ 化学递质环路④ 动脉供应2、网状结构① 定义② 主要核团③ 机能组合3、神经支配① 肾上腺髓质② 斜方肌③ 二腹肌④ 蚓状肌4、解剖基础① 交叉性瘫痪② 屈曲反射③ 翼状肩④ 猿手5、“听新闻记纪录”的解剖学基础2002年简答：被盖中央束阴捕神经黑质蓝斑论述：1脑干的非脑神经节脑干的运动型交叉纤维Wallenberg的解剖基础2副交感神经系统的二级神经元交通支颌部区的立毛肌支配（不知道该题是否准确）３小脑皮质神经元环路海马结构的分层和分区脑室的边界和CSF的循环2003年名词解释1. 肋间壁神经2. 鼻睫神经3. Ⅶ颅神经4. great petrosol N5. confluence of sinuse6. central tegmentrol decussation简答1. 底丘脑的神经纤维联系2. 下肢非意识感觉到大脑的纤维联系3. 如何理解cerebelar glomorulus论述1. 边缘系统组成；PAPEZ环路；Hippocampal分层。
2. 白质通路和灰质通路；牵涉痛；Otic Ganglion。
2006-2015年首都医科大学考博生理原题及答案(自整理)名词解释：1、all-or-none (2012)细胞产生动作电位的特点是，当刺激强度小于阈刺激时，细胞不产生动作电位，当刺激强度等于或大于阈强度时，细胞即产生动作电位，且幅度不再加大，此种现象称为“全或无”。
即动作电位的大小不随刺激强度的改变而改变。
2、recurrent inhibition (2012)是指某一中枢的神经元兴奋时，其传出冲动沿轴突外传，同时又经轴突侧支去兴奋另一抑制性中间神经元，该抑制性神经元兴奋后，其活动经轴突反过来作用于同一中枢的神经元，抑制原先发动兴奋的神经元及同一中枢的其他神经元。
3、overdrive suppression (2012)当自律细胞在受到高于其固有频率的刺激时，就按外加刺激的频率发生兴奋，称为超速驱动。
在外来的超速驱动停止后，自律细胞不能呈现其固有的自律性活动，需经一段静止期后才逐渐恢复其自律性，这种现象称为超速驱动压抑。
4、renal threshold for glucose (2012)尿中不出现葡萄糖的最高血糖浓度。
OR：近端小管对葡萄糖的吸收有一定限度。
当血糖浓度达180mg/100ml 时，有一部分肾小管对葡萄糖的吸收已达极限，尿中开始出现葡萄糖，此时的血浆葡萄糖浓度称为肾糖阈。
5、transducer function of receptor (2012)各种感受器在功能上的一个共同特点，是能把作用于它们的各种形式的刺激能量转换为传入神经的动作电位，这种能量转换称为感受器的换能作用。
6、basic electrical rhythm (2011，2010，2006)指胃肠平滑肌细胞在静息电位基础上产生缓慢的节律性的自动去极化波，又称慢波。
7、local potential (2011，2009，2007，2006)阈下刺激作用于细胞，引起膜原有的得到电位发生轻微的改变，称为局部电位。
首都医科大学北京同仁医院眼科09年博士入学考试试题一. 简答30分1.视网膜中央动脉阻塞的急诊处理。
2.高度近视眼的眼科并发症。
3.单纯疱疹病毒角膜炎的致病机制，临床分类和治疗。
4.睫状神经节的组成和部位。
5.来源中胚层的眼组织二. 论述（任选三道做）30分1.青光眼药物的分类，作用机制和副作用2.糖网的国际和国内分期3.常见造成突眼的炎症性眼病分类和临床特征4.糖网新生血管的形成过程、机制、促进和抑制其生长的因子、可能的治疗方法。
32首医考博2008三、简答（5分x5=25分）1、中胚叶发育的眼球组织2、睫状神经节位置和组成3、瞳孔对光反射传导通路4、白瞳症概念可见于哪些疾病5、急性视力下降，不伴有眼前节病变，有哪些疾病四、论述（5选3，10分x3=30分）1、急闭临床表现及治疗原则2、糖网国际分期及国内分期3、角膜内皮细胞功能、特点4、不同部位视网膜出血的特点5、眼科常用分子生物学技术和实验方法首都医科大学2004年博士入学考试眼科试题2、简答题泪膜的组成及功能真菌性角膜炎的感染菌属及临床表现外伤性青光眼性低眼压第机制视觉的种类及简查3、问答题青光眼的分类、详细列举继发青光眼的类型和现代青光眼的治疗Coats病的机制、临床表现糖尿病视网膜病变的分期及治疗首都医科大学2003年眼科学（博士）三、问答题（每题10分，共30分）1 .请解释交感性眼炎的定义；简介其成因和发病机理；描述其临床表现及并发症；并简介其治疗。
2.请分别说明YAG激光、氩离子激光、氦氖激光以及二氧化碳激光适合治疗哪些眼病？3.请描述甲状腺相关眼眶病的临床体征和检查所见，并简述鉴别诊断要点？不同部位视网膜出血的特点干眼的个体化治疗、治疗进展黄斑水肿发病机制，临床表现及治疗北京大学医学部研究生考试试题（眼科学）三. 问答题（共50分，每题10分）1.试述恶性青光眼的发病机理及临床处理原则。
2.简述糖尿病可能引起致盲的眼部并发症3.急性虹膜睫状体炎是致盲疾患之一，试述其致盲的临床病理过程4.简述急性球后视神经炎，前部缺血性视乳头病变及视乳头水肿的鉴别诊断5.简述眼球的血液供应北京大学医学部（第一附属医院眼科）四. 问答题（50分）1.目前应用于眼科的视觉电生理检查主要有那几种，介绍它们的基本原理和临床应用。
2008年医学博士外语真题试卷(总分：206.00，做题时间：90分钟)1.Section A（分数：10.00）__________________________________________________________________________________________A.It was called off unexpectedly.B.It raised more money than expected.C.It received fewer people than expected.D.It disappointed the woman for the man" s absence.A.A thoracic case.B.A nervous disorder.C.A stomach problem.D.A psychiatric condition.A.In the housing office on campus.B.In the downtown hotel.C.At the rental agency.D.In the nursing home.A.Thrilled.B.Refreshed.C.Exhausted.D.Depressed.A.To travel with his parents.B.To organize a picnic in the country.C.To cruise, even without his friends.D.To take a flight to the Maldives instead.A.He" s got a revert.B.He" s got nausea.C.He" s got diarrhea.D.He" s got a runny nose.A.To suture the man" s wound.B.To remove the bits of glass.C.To disinfect the man" s wound.D.To take a closer look at the man" s wound.A.Mr. Lindley had got injured.B.Mr. Lindley had fallen asleep.C.Mr. Lindley had fallen off his chair.D.Mr. Lindley had lost consciousness.A.She will apply to Duke University.B.She will probably attend the University of Texas.C.She made up her mind to give up school for work.D.She chose Duke University over the University of Texas.A.Her boyfriend broke up with her.B.She was almost run over by a truck.C.One of her friends was emotionally hurt.D.She dumped her boyfriend" s truck in the river.A.The patient will not accept the doctor" s recommendation.B.The doctor lost control of the allergic reaction.C.The doctor finds it hard to decide what to do.D.The medicine is not available to the patient.A.It was more expensive than the original price.B.It was given to the woman as a gift.C.It was the last article on sale.D.It was a good bargain.A.Excited.B.Impatient.C.Indifferent.D.Concerned.A.She regrets buying the car.B.The car just arrived yesterday.C.She will certainly not buy the ear.D.This is the car she has been wanting.A.He is seriously ill.B.His work is a mess.C.The weather is lousy this week.D.He has been working under pressure.2.Section B（分数：10.00）__________________________________________________________________________________________A.He has got bowel cancerB.He has got heart disease.C.He has got bone cancer.D.He has got heartburn.A.To have a colonoscopy.B.To seek a second opinionC.To be put on chemotherapy.D.To have his bowel removed.A.A pretty minor surgery.B.A normal life ahead of him.C.A miracle in his coming years.D.A life without any inconveniences.A.Thankful.B.Admiring.C.Resentful.D.Respectful.A.It was based on the symptoms the man had described.B.It was prescribed considering possible complications.C.it was given according to the man" s actual condition.D.it was effective because of a proper intervention.A.Smoking and lung Cancer.B.Lung cancer and the sexes.C.How to quit Smoking.D.How to prevent lung cancer.A.Current smokers exclusively.B.Second-hand smokers.C.With a lung problem.D.At age 40 or over.A.156.B.269.C.7498D.9427A.Smoking is the culprit in causing lung cancerB.Women are more vulnerable in lung cancer than men.C.Women are found to be more addicted to smoking than men.D.When struck by lung cancer, men seem to live longer than women.A.Lung cancer can be early detected.B.Lung cancer is deadly but preventable.C.Lung cancer is fatal and unpredictable.D.Smoking affects the lungs of men and women differently.A.A hobby.B.The whole world.C.A learning experience.D.A career to earn a riving.A.Her legs were broken.B.Her arms were broken.C.Her shoulders were severely injured.D.Her cervical vertebrae were seriously injured.A.She learned a foreign language.B.She learned to make friendsC.She learned to be a teacher.D.She learned living skills.A.She worked as skiing coach.B.She was a college instructor.C.She was a social worker in the clinic.D.She worked as elementary school teacher.A.Optimistic and hard-bitten.B.Pessimistic and cynical.C.Humorous and funny.D.Kind and reliable.3.Section A（分数：2.00）__________________________________________________________________________________________4.I am afraid that you" 11 have to______the deterioration of the condition.（分数：2.00）A.account forB.call forC.look forD.make for5.Twelve hours a week seemed a generous______of your time to the nursing home.（分数：2.00）A.afflictionB.alternativeC.allocationD.alliance6.Every product is______tested before being put into the market.（分数：2.00）A.expensivelyB.exceptionallyC.exhaustivelyD.exclusively7.Having clean hands is one of the______rules when preparing food.（分数：2.00）A.potentB.conditionalC.inseparableD.cardinal8.The educators should try hard to develop the______abilities of children.（分数：2.00）A.cohesiveB.cognitiveC.collectiveic9.Mortgage______had risen in the last year because the number of low-income families was on the increase.（分数：2.00）A.defectsB.deficitsC.defaultsD.deceptions10.The symptoms may be______by certain drugs.（分数：2.00）A.exaggeratedB.exacerbatedC.exceededD.exhibited11.Her story was a complete______from start to finish, so nobody believed in her.（分数：2.00）A.facilityB.fascinationC.fabricationD.faculty12.The police investigating the traffic accident have not ruled out______.（分数：2.00）A.salvageB.safeguardC.sabotageD.sacrifice13.The government always______on the background of employees who are hired for sensitive military projects.（分数：2.00）A.takes upB.cheeks upC.works outD.looks into14.Section B（分数：2.00）__________________________________________________________________________________________ 15.The 19 th century physiology was dominated by the study of the transformations of food energy into body mass and activity.（分数：2.00）A.boostedernedC.clarifiedD.pioneered16.Surely, it would be sensible to get a second opinion before taking any further action.（分数：2.00）A.realisticB.sensitiveC.reasonableD.sensational17.The Chinese people hold their ancestors in great veneration .（分数：2.00）A.recognitionB.sincerityC.heritageD.honor18.I worked to develop the requisite skill for a managerial .（分数：2.00）A.perfectB.exquisiteC.uniqueD.necessary19.If exercise is a bodily maintenance activity and an index of physiological age, the lack of sufficient exercise may either cause or hasten aging.（分数：2.00）A.instanceB.indicatorC.appearanceD.option20.The doctor advised Ken to avoid strenuous exercise.（分数：2.00）A.arduousB.demandingC.potentD.continuous21.The hospital should be held accountable for the quality of care it delivers.（分数：2.00）A.practicableB.reliableC.flexibleD.responsible22.Greenpeace has been invited to appraise the environment costs of such an operation.（分数：2.00）A.esteemB.appreciateC.evaluateD.approve23.The company still hopes to find a buyer, but the future looks bleak .（分数：2.00）A.chillyB.dismalC.promisingD.fanatic24.These were vital decisions that bore upon the happiness of everybody.（分数：2.00）A.ensuredB.minedC.achievedD.influenced五、PartⅢ Cloze(总题数：1，分数：20.00)Are some people born clever and others born stupid? Or is intelligence developed by our environment and our experiences? Strangely【C1】______, the answer to both these questions is yes. To some extent our intelligence is given us at birth, and no amount of special education can make a genius 【C2】______a child born with low intelligence. On the other hand, a child who lives in boring environment will develop his intelligence less than the one who lives in rich and varied surroundings. Thus the【C3】______of a person" s intelligence are fixed at birth, but whetheror not he reaches those limits will depend on his【C4】______This view, not held by most experts, can be supported in a number of ways. It is easy to show that intelligence is to some extent 【C5】______we are born with. The closer the blood relationship between two people, the closer they are likely to be in intelligence. Thus if we take two unrelated people【C6】______, it is likely that their degrees of intelligence will be completely different. If on the other hand we take two identical twins they will likely be as intelligent as each other. Relations like brothers and sisters, parents and children, usually have【C7】______intelligence and this clearly suggests that intelligence depends on birth. 【C8】______now that we take identical twins and put them in different environments. We might send one, for example to a university and the other to a factory where the work is boring. We would soon find differences in intelligence developing, and this indicates that environment【C9】______birth plays a part. This conclusion is also suggested by the【C10】______that people who live in close contact with each other,but who are not related at all, are likely to have similar degrees of intelligence.（分数：20.00）(1).【C1】（分数：2.00）A.quiteB.enoughC.sureD.so(2).【C2】（分数：2.00）A.out ofB.intoC.from withinD.off(3).【C3】（分数：2.00）A.amountsB.qualitiesC.limitsD.scores(4).【C4】（分数：2.00）A.dispositionB.perceptionC.endowmentD.environment(5).【C5】（分数：2.00）A.anythingB.somethingC.nothingD.everything(6).【C6】（分数：2.00）A.in advanceB.for effectC.at randomD.under way(7).【C7】（分数：2.00）A.similarB.variousC.appropriateD.inborn(8).【C8】（分数：2.00）A.LookB.BelieveC.SuggestD.Imagine(9).【C9】（分数：2.00）A.andB.or ratherC.as well asD.but for(10).【C10】（分数：2.00）A.factB.eventC.conditionD.environment六、PartⅣ Reading Compre(总题数：6，分数：60.00)Fourteen-year-old Sean MeCallum lay in a hospital bed waiting for a new heart. Without it, Scan would die. Sean" s case is not unusual. Everyday many people die because there just aren" t enough human organs to go around. Now scientists say they can alter the genetic make-up of certain animals so that their organs may be acceptable to humans. With this gene-altering technique to overcome our immune rejection to foreign organs, scientists hope to use pig hearts for transplants by the year 2008. That prospect, however, has stirred up strong opposition among animal fight activists. They protest that the whole idea of using animal organs is cruel and unjust; some scientists also fear such transplants may transform unknown diseases to humans. Others believe transplanting animal organs into humans is unnecessary. Millions of dollars spent on breeding pigs for their organs could be better spent on health education programs. They believe seventy-five percent of the heart disease cases that lead to a need for organ transplant are preventable. The key is to convince people to eat healthfully, and not to smoke or drink alcohol. Scientists could also use research funds to improve artificial organs. Still others believe that though new inventions and prevention programs may help, spending money to encourage more people to donate their organs is an even better idea. If enough people were educated about organ donations, everyone who needed an organ could be taken off the waiting list in a year.（分数：10.00）(1).What is the problem the passage begins with?（分数：2.00）A.High mortality rate of immune rejectionB.A malpractice in heart transplantation.C.An unusual case of organ transplantD.A shortage of human organs(2).Not only is the gene-altering technique a technical issue, according to the passage but also it______.（分数：2.00）A.introduces an issue of inhumanityB.raises the issue of justice in medicineC.presents a significant threat to the human natureD.pushes the practice of organ transplant to the limits(3).Doubtful of the necessity of using animal organs, some scientists______.（分数：2.00）A.are to narrow the scope of organ transplantsB.switch to the development of artificial organse up with alternatives to the current problemD.set out to pursue better ways of treating heart disease(4).It can be inferred from the concluding paragraph of the passage that______.（分数：2.00）A.the gene-altering technique will help those waiting for organ transplantsB.the present supply of human organs still has potential to be exploredC.people prefer the use of animal organs for medical purposesD.the gene-altering technique leaves much to believed(5).The information the passage carries is______.（分数：2.00）A.enlighteningB.unbelievableC.imaginativeD.factualThere is a great irony of 21st-century global health: While many hundreds of millions of people lack adequate food as a result of economic inequities, political corruption, or warfare, many hundreds of millions more are overweight to the point of increased risk for diet-related chronic diseases. Obesity is a worldwide phenomenon, affecting children as well as adults and forcing all but the poorest countries to divert scarce resources away from food security to take care of people with preventable heart disease and diabetes. To reverse the obesity epidemic, we must address the fundamental causes. Overweight comes from consuming more food energy than is expended in activity. The cause of this imbalance also is ironic: improved prosperity. People use extra income to eat more and be less physically active. Market economies encourage this. They make people with expendable income into consumers of aggressively marketed foods that are high in energy but low in nutritional value, and of cars, televisions set. And computers that promote sedentary behavior. Gaining weight are good business. Food is particularly big business because everyone eats. Moreover, food is so overproduced that many countries, especially the rich ones that far more than they need, another irony, than the United States, to take an extreme example, most adults —-of all ages, incomes, educational levels, and census categories—are overweight. The U. S. food supply provides 3800 kilocalories per person per day, nearly twice as much as required by many a-dults. Overabundant food forces companies to compete for sales through advertising, health claims, new products, larger portions, and campaigns directed toward children. Food marketing promotes weight gain. Indeed, it is difficult to think of any major industry that might benefit if people ate! Less food; certainly not the agriculture, food product, grocery, restaurant, diet or drug industries. All flourish when people eat more. And all employ armies of Lobbyists to discourage governments from doing anything to inhibit overeating.（分数：10.00）(1).The great irony of 21st century global public health refers to______.（分数：2.00）A.the cause of obesity and its counteractive measuresB.the insufficient and superfluous consumption of foodC.the seas natural resource and the green of food sourceD.the consumption of food and the increased risk for diet-related diseases(2).To address the fundamental cause of the obesity epidemic, according to the passage, is______.（分数：2.00）A.to improve political and economic managementB.to cope with the energy imbalance issueC.to combat diet-related chronic diseasesD.to increase investment in global health(3).As we can learn from the passage, the second irony refers to______.（分数：2.00）A.affluence and obesityB.food energy and nutritional valueC.food business and economic prosperityD.diseases of civilization and pathology of inactivity(4).As a result of the third irony, people______.（分数：2.00）A.consume 3800 kilocalories on a daily basisplain about food overproductionC.have to raise their food expensesD.are driven towards weight gain(5).Which of the following can be excluded as we can understand based on the passage?（分数：2.00）A.The economic dimension.B.The political dimension.C.The humane dimension.D.The dietary dimension.Women find a masculine face—with a large jaw and a prominent brow—-more attractive when they are most likely to attractive, according to a study published in the June 24 NATURE. Before, during, and use after menstruation, however, they seem to be drawn to less angular, more "feminine" male faces, the researchers report. " Other studies of female preference, mainly for odors, show changes across the menstrual cycle ," says lead author Ian Penton-Voak of the University of St. Andrews in Scotland. " We thought it would be interesting to look at visual preferences and see if they changed also". The researchers showed 39 Japanese women composite male faces that emphasized masculine or feminine facial features to differing degrees. The women preferred images with more masculine features when they were in the fertile phase of their menses but favored more feminine features during their less fertile phase. The type of face women find attractive also seems to depend on the kind of relationship they wish to pursue, according to another experiment. The cyclic preference for muscular faces was evident among 23 British women asked to choose the most attractive face for a short-term relationship, Penton-Voak says. The 26 women asked to choose an attractive face for a long-term relationship, however, preferred the more feminine features throughout their menstrual cycle. Another 22 women who were using oral contraceptives did not show monthly changes in the faces they preferred even for short-term relationships, indicating that hormones might play a role in determining attractiveness, Penton-Voak says. Men whose faces have some feminine softness are perceived as " kinder" men who may make better husbands and partners, he adds, while macho features may be associated with higher testosterone(睾丸素)levels and good genes. He cautions, however, that research hasn"t yet shown a link between a woman" s preferences in such tests and her actual behavior.（分数：10.00）(1).The researchers made a study on______.（分数：2.00）A.women" s menstrual cycleB.men" s preferred female imagesC.women" s visual preferences of menD.men" s masculine and feminine features(2).Women are drawn to a masculine face, according to the researchers, when they______.（分数：2.00）A.grow to be more feminineB.are on oral contraceptivesC.are ready for conceptionD.are on menstruation(3).It was found in Britain that women" s preferred male images were influenced by______.（分数：2.00）A.their family planningB.the years of marriage they hadC.the length of their menstrual cycleD.the term or relationship they seek(4).Just because the studies of female preferences show changes across the menstrual cycle, as Pen-ton-Voak implies, does not mean that______.（分数：2.00）A.visual preferences do existB.a woman acts this way is realityC.a man will buy into the phenomenonD.men and women prefer the same image(5).Which of the following can be the best title for the passage?（分数：2.00）A.Does a woman judge from a man" s appearance?B.Is there such a thing as beauty in the world?C.Are women more emotional than men?D.Is beauty more than meets the eye?WELL—do they or don"t they? For years, controversy has raged over whether the electromagnetic fields produced by power lines could cause cancer especially leukemia in young children. But in Britain last week confusion reached new heights. One team from Bristol announced that it had evidence to back a controversial but plausible theory which would explain how power lines might cause cancer(electric fields attract airborne pollutants). Only to be followed by the release of results by another group in London which suggested there is nothing to worry about. What is going on? Actually, the confusion may be more apparent than real. There can be no doubt that the effects of power lines on water droplets, pollutants and naturally occurring radon uncovered by the Bristol team are real and interning. But to suggest that they have anything to do with leukemia in children is premature. The extra exposure to pollution for a child living near power lines would be tiny, and it is not obvious why radon, a gas normally associated with lung cancer—would cause leukemia in children. The second study, which drew reassuring blank, is the world" s biggest ever probe of the statistical link between childhood cancers and magnetic fields of the sort produced by power lines and electrical appliances. It is one of several recent studies that have failed to find a link. Unlike earlier research, these newer studies involved going into homes to measure the electromagnetic fields. The fields they measured included input from major power lines if they were. Which is not to say the research is perfectly. Critics argue that Britain" s childhood cancer study, for example, has not yet taken into account the surges in exposure that might come from, say, switching appliances on and off. And some people might wonder why measurements of the electric fields that are also produced by power lines did not figure in last week" s study. But neither criticism amounts to a fatal blow. Electrical fields cannot penetrate the body significantly, for example. A more serious concern is whether the British research provides an all-clear signal for such countries as the US where power lines carry more current and therefore produce higher magnetic fields. Pedants(书呆子)would conclude that it doesn" t. But these counties will not have long to wait for answers from a major Japanese study. In Britain the latest epidemiological study can be taken as the final word on the matter. If the electromagnetic fields in British homes can in some unforeseen way increase the risk of cancer, we can now be as certain as science allows that the increase is too tiny to measure.（分数：10.00）(1).Both the question "Well—do they or don"t they?" and the question "What is going on?" suggest ______.（分数：2.00）A.the high incidence of LeukemiaB.the advent of bewilderment among peopleC.the warning of the worsening air pollutionD.the tense relation between Bristol and London(2).What would the author say of the results of the first study?（分数：2.00）A.Enlightening.B.Insignificant.C.Reassuring.D.Apparent.(3).What can be suggested from the results of the second study?（分数：2.00）A.There does exist a danger zone near power lines.B.There is much to be improved in terms of design.C.There is nothing to worry about as to power lines.D.There is no link between the first and second study.(4).It can be inferred from the passage that the British outcomes______.（分数：2.00）A.are expected to convince nobody but pedantsB.were found to have left much room for doubtC.could have implications in such countries as the USD.will be consistent with the Japanese ones in the near future(5).To conclude, the author______.（分数：2.00）A.reassures us of the reliability of the latest research in BritainB.asks for improved measurements for such an investigationC.points out the drawbacks of the latest research in BritainD.urges further investigations on the issueSmoking causes wrinkles by upsetting the body" s mechanism for renewing skin, say scientists in Japan. Dermatologists say the finding confirms the long-held view that smoking ages skin prematurely. Skin stays healthy and young-looking because of a fine balance between two processes that are constantly at work. The first breaks-down old skin while the second makes new skin. The body breaks down the old skin with enzymes called matrix metalloproteinases, or MMPs, They chop up the fibers that form collagen(胶原质)—the connective tissue that makes up around 80 percent of normal skin. Akimichi Morita and his colleagues at Nagoya City University Medical School suspected that smoking disrupted the body" s natural process of breaking down old skin and renewing it. To test their idea, they first made a solution of cigarette smoke by pumping smoke through a saline(盐的)solution. Smoke was sucked from cigarettes for two seconds every minute. Tiny drops of this smoke solution were added to dishes of human fibroblasts, the skin cells that produce collagen. After a day in contact with smoke solution, the researchers tested the skin cells, to see how much collagen-degrading MMP they were making. Morita found that cells exposed to cigarette smoke had produced far more MMP than normal skin cells. Morita also tested the skin cells to see how much new collagen they were producing. He found that the smoke caused a drop in the production of fresh collagen by up to 40 percent. He says that this combined effect of degrading collagen more rapidly and producing less new collagen is probably what causes premature skin ageing in smokers, in both cases, the more concentrated the smoke solution the greater the effect on collagen. " This suggests the amount of collagen is important for skin ageing," he says. "It looks like less collagen means more wrinkle formation". Morita doesn" t know if this is the whole story of why smokers have more wrinkles. But he plans to confirm his findings by testing skin samples from smokers and non-smokers of various ages to see if the smoking has the same effect on collagen. "So far we" ve only done this in the lab. " he says. " We don"t know exactly what happens in the body yet that might take some time. " Other dermatologists are impressed by file work. "This is fascinating," says Lawrence Parish. Director of the Centre for International Dermatology at Thomas Jefferson University Hospital in Philadelphia. This confirms scientifically what we"ve long expected, he says. "Tobacco smoke is injurious to skin. "（分数：10.00）(1).Healthy skin lies in______.（分数：2.00）A.a well-kept balance between two working processesB.the two processes of breaking down skin cellsC.a fine balance in the number of cigarettesD.the two steps of forming collagen(2).For the Japanese scientists, to test their idea is______.（分数：2.00）A.to verify the aging of human beingsB.to find out the mechanism of renewing skinC.to prove the two processes of wrinkle formationD.to confirm the hazards of smoking proven otherwise(3).The Japanese scientists tested their idea using______.（分数：2.00）A.MMPs to form fresh collagenB.cigarette smoke to contaminate skin cellsC.human fibroblasts to produce fresh collagenD.non-smokers to be exposed to cigarette smoke(4).As inferred from Morita" s results, smoking______.（分数：2.00）A.could stimulate tile production of fresh collagenB.is unlikely to promote the production of MMPC.tends to cause skin to age prematurelyD.may cause collagen to die by 60%(5).Monrita implies that his findings______.（分数：2.00）A.took less time than expectedB.were hard to accept in dermatologyC.were not exclusively based on the labD.need to be further verified in the human bodyToday, I sit in a surgical ICU beside my favorite Jack as he recovers from a five-hour operation to repair a massive aortic aneurysm. For me it has been a journey into the medical system as an inexperienced consumer rather than in my usual position as a seasoned provider. This journey to an urban referral center has produced some disappointing surprises for Dad, and especially for me. For the past two days, my beloved Jack has been called "Harold"(his first name; Jack is his middle name). Of course, there is nothing wrong with "Harold"—it was what he was called in the army—but Dad never has been "Harold" except to those who really don"t know him. Telephone callers at our family home who asked for "Harold" were always red flags that the caller was a telemarketer or insurance salesperson. Dad doesn" t correct his physicians or the office receptionists—he is from the old school, where it is impolite to question or correct your physician. Once he was an almost ideal "Jack," strong, athletic, quietly confident and imminently trustworthy, but his recent renal failure and dialysis treatments , his stroke and his constant tremor have robbed him of his strength, mobility, and golf game, but not of his will or love of his family, part of the reason he agreed to undertake this risky operation at his advanced age was because his wife and sisters still need his protective support. With so much at risk, he faced thislife-threatening challenge in a city far away from his home and friends and in a place where he is greeted as "Harold. "（分数：10.00）(1).The author relates the story______.（分数：2.00）A.from a consumer" s point of viewB.with a view to punctuating patient rightsC.according to his own standards of health careD.based on his own unpleasant medical treatment(2).Apparently the author" s father______.（分数：2.00）A.did not like to be called by the first nameB.was not well taken care of as expectedC.was mistaken for somebody elseD.was treated like a businessman(3).As the author implies his father______.（分数：2.00）A.encountered so many impolite physiciansB.did nothing but kept quiet in the hospitalC.accepted the way he was greetedD.had his diagnosis made wrongly。
温州医学院_ 2011-2012 学年第 二 学期 __2008_ 年级___临床医学__专业《 眼科学 》试卷（B ）（卷面100分，占总成绩__70__%）考试日期： 年 月 日 考试时间： — 考试方式：一．____选择题___(本大题共__15__题，每题___2__分，共___30__分)1 眼球向正前方平视时，最前端突出于眶外缘约 A.＜8mm B. 8～9mm C .10～11mm D. 12～14mm E.＞14mm2 会导致突然视力下降但不伴有眼痛的疾病不包括下列哪一种疾病 A 、视网膜动脉阻塞 B 、缺血性视神经病变 C 、开角型青光眼 D 、视网膜脱离 E 、玻璃体出血3 房水是由下列哪一项形成的 A 、睫状体 B 、脉络膜 C 、小梁网 D 、虹膜 E 、视网膜4 正确的睑腺炎治疗原则除外哪一条 A 、早期局部和全身应用抗生素B、在脓肿尚未成熟时切忌挤压C、脓肿形成后应立即排脓D、外睑腺炎在睑皮肤面做与睑缘平行切口E、内睑腺炎在结膜面做与睑缘垂直切口5 角膜溃疡呈不规则状，表面粗造，干燥，溃疡底呈白色、灰白色，溃疡边缘不规则，边界清楚，这种角膜溃疡常见于A、单疱病毒性角膜炎B、真菌性角膜炎C、绿脓杆菌性角膜炎D、角膜基质炎E、淋菌性角膜炎6 急性前葡萄膜炎与急性闭角型青光眼的鉴别要点有A、瞳孔大小B、前房深浅C、眼压高低D、以上均是E、以上均不是7 引起视交叉损害的疾病中，最常见的是A、外伤B、炎症C、血管异常D、垂体肿瘤E、结核8 屈光不正应包括（D）A、远视、近视B、远视、老视C、近视、远视、弱视、D、近视、远视、散光、老视E、近视、远视、散光9 用角膜映光法检查眼位，当角膜光点位于瞳孔缘时，其偏斜度大约是A、25度B、15度C、20度D、10度E、5度10 玻璃体积血合并有视网膜脱离应A、尽早手术B、先药物治疗，无效后手术治疗C、不宜手术治疗D、待积血完全吸收后手术E、待积血吸收一半后手术11 正常人双眼眼压差一般不大于A、3mmHgB、5mmHgD、10mmHgE、11mmHg12 老年皮质性白内障出现虹膜震颤、前房加深，为哪一期A、初发期B、未熟期C、成熟期D、过熟期E、膨胀期13 成年人最常见的眼内恶性肿瘤是A、横纹肌肉瘤B、视网膜母细胞瘤C、脉络膜恶性黑色素瘤D、海绵状血管瘤E、视盘血管瘤14 视觉的心理物理学检查内容不包括A、视力B、视野C、色觉D、视觉电生理E、暗适应15 泪膜的粘蛋白层由何分泌而来A、主泪腺B、副泪腺C、睑板腺D、结膜杯状细胞E、Zeis腺1 正视眼2 交感性眼炎3 青光眼斑5 视野三．简答题 （本大题共 4 题，共 28 分）1简述房水循环途径。
眼科考博历年真题答案解析近年来，眼科考博成为越来越多医学学子的追求目标。
为了帮助考生更好地备考，本文将对眼科考博历年真题进行解析，帮助考生更好地理解和掌握考试内容。
一、眼科领域真题解析首先，我们来看一道眼科领域的历年真题，并进行解析。
题目如下：题目：白内障手术常见并发症及处理？该题属于眼科手术的基础知识，其中考查了考生对白内障手术并发症的认识和处理策略的掌握情况。
解析：白内障手术是一种常见的眼科手术，但并发症的发生仍然是不可忽视的。
常见的白内障手术并发症包括：术后感染、后囊膜混浊、视网膜脱离等。
对于这些并发症的处理，要根据病情的严重程度和具体病因进行相应的治疗。
术后感染可以使用抗生素进行治疗，后囊膜混浊可以通过激光治疗或手术治疗来解决，视网膜脱离则需要进行手术复位。
二、眼科疾病真题解析除了眼科手术的相关知识外，眼科疾病的诊断和治疗也是考博重点内容。
以下是一道关于眼科疾病的历年真题：题目：糖尿病视网膜病变的病理变化及防治策略？该题考查考生对糖尿病视网膜病变病理变化和防治策略的理解。
解析：糖尿病视网膜病变是糖尿病的常见并发症之一，病理变化主要包括微血管病变和视网膜出血、渗出。
根据不同阶段的病变，治疗策略也不同。
在早期阶段，通过控制血糖、血压、血脂等因素，可以减缓病变进程；在中晚期阶段，需要进行激光光凝治疗或手术治疗，以防止病变进一步恶化。
三、眼科研究方法真题解析眼科考博除了考查医学知识外，还涉及到一定的研究方法。
下面是一道与眼科研究方法相关的历年真题：题目：眼动仪在眼科研究中的应用？该题目考查考生对眼动仪的了解以及其在眼科研究中的应用。
解析：眼动仪是一种专门用于测量眼球运动轨迹的仪器。
在眼科研究中，眼动仪可以被用于研究人眼在不同条件下的注视模式和眼球运动规律。
通过观察和分析眼动仪的数据，可以揭示眼睛对特定刺激的反应和认知过程。
例如，眼动仪可以用于研究青少年近视的发展机制，或者研究眼动过程中注意力的变化等。
1复旦医学院2002年博士入学考试眼科试题名词解释1. Plateau iris2. Pseudohypopyon3. Arteriovenous fistula4. Macular sparing5. Terson`s sydrome6. Band keratopathy7. Axenfeld-Rieger sydrome8. ICR问答题1. 视网膜神经节细胞损伤的发生机制及保护研究进展2. 眼科干细胞的研究进展及其在临床应用3. 试述随年龄增加的晶状体发生的改变4. 葡萄膜损伤后的临床及病理生理改变2山医大眼科2004试题眼科专业一、名词解释（1-4题每题3分，5.6题每题4分，共20分）1. 视神经管2. 对比敏感度3. 泪液膜4. 低视力5. Weiss环6. 房角后退二、问答题（每题15分，共60分）1. 人工角膜手术的适应症及并发症，你所认为的理想的人工角膜是怎样的？2. 青光眼的视神经保护药物3. 视神经病变的鉴别诊断4. 双眼单视形成的条件及功能分级三、论述题（20分）角膜内皮细胞移植术的新近展3天津医科大学2002年博士入学考试眼科试题一.名词解释（每题2分，共20分）1.盲2.偏盲3.老视4.双行睫5.玻璃体液化6.ICGA7.Ocular hypertension8.Angular blepharitis9.Gonioscope10.Retinal pigment epithelium (RPE)]二.简答题（每题5分，共40分）1.简述青光眼的分类2.简述眼表的范围3.说明复视与混淆视的区别4.简述甲状腺相关眼病的病理改变5.真菌性角膜炎的临床表现及常见致病菌属6.简述化学眼外伤的急救原则及措施7.Eales`病的主要临床表现及病理改变8.简述Behcet`s病的病因及临床表现三.问答题（共40分）1.“白瞳症”的鉴别诊断（10分）2.青光眼滤过性手术后的常见并发症，判断及处理（10分）3.试述青光眼诊断技术和治疗新进展（20分）4首都医科大学2004年博士入学考试眼科试题１、名词解释视网膜前膜迷离瘤牵牛花综合症leber氏病眼球痨波前相差ICEBerlin水肿２、简答题泪膜的组成及功能真菌性角膜炎的感染菌属及临床表现外伤性青光眼性低眼压第机制视觉的种类及简查３、问答题青光眼的分类、详细列举继发青光眼的类型和现代青光眼的治疗Coats病的机制、临床表现糖尿病视网膜病变的分期及治疗5复旦医学院2002年博士入学考试眼科试题名词解释1. Plateau iris2. Pseudohypopyon3. Arteriovenous fistula4. Macular sparing5. Terson`s sydrome6. Band keratopathy7. Axenfeld-Rieger sydrome8. ICR问答题1. 视网膜神经节细胞损伤的发生机制及保护研究进展2. 眼科干细胞的研究进展及其在临床应用3. 试述随年龄增加的晶状体发生的改变4. 葡萄膜损伤后的临床及病理生理改变6北京大学（一附属）2002年博士入学考试眼科试题一. 名词解释（20分）1. 视角2. 水眼3. 配偶肌4. 后胚胎环5. 黑朦猫眼6. 血影细胞性青光眼7. Duane`s综合征8. 带状角膜变性9. Marfan`s 综合征10. Vogt-Koyanagi-Harada syndrome二. 填空（20分）1. 黄斑樱桃红点见于----，----，---。
08年华中科技大学神经病学名词解释：1. parinand syndrome2. migraine equivalents3. Glossopharyngeal neuralgia4. Queckenstedt test5. 神经失用6. 构音障碍7. 颈内动脉盗血综合症8. 跌倒发作二、简答：1. 何为难治性癫痫？其危险因素有哪如何处理？2. 脊髓传导束损害临床表现?3. 如何鉴别AD，VD？4. 颅内动脉瘤可产生那些症状？5. 鉴别Lambert-Eaton syndrome和重症肌无力。
6. 脑脊液常规及生化检查项目及意义。
08年华中科技大学神经解剖学一、名词解释：1. 神经节2. 网状结构3. 突触4. 面神经丘5. 外侧丘系6. 内囊7. 基底核8. Willis环二、简答题：1. 手的神经支配2. 头面部副交感神经节的名称、位置及纤维联系3. 背侧丘脑特异性投射核团的构成、纤维联系、功能4. 简述视觉传导通路及一侧是神经受损症状及原因5. 海绵窦的位置及穿经结构2008年山大心血管考博试题（完整记忆版）名词4×51.CRT2.no-reflow3.致心律失常性右室心肌病4.PWV5.Marfan syndrome二、简述（12×5）1.PCI的主要并发症2.肺动脉高压的主要原因和分类3.2006年AHA对心肌病的定义和分类4.房颤抗栓指征5.高血压的诊断标准？不同诊断标准对心血管事件的影响？三、（20分）2006年中国成人血脂防治指南的高危/极高危人群包括？为什么对这类人群要进行强化调脂治疗？山东大学2008博士病理生理试题（专业基础）（记忆版）1 细胞信号转导异常的原因2 呼吸性酸中毒的原因和对机体的影响3 水中毒的原因和对机体的影响4 低张性缺氧的原因和血氧变化特点5 钙超载在心肌再灌注损伤中的作用6 心衰兴奋－收缩偶联机制7 癌基因致癌的机制8 DIC的临床表现及机制9病例分析大体是一名45岁女性，哮喘22年，近一月来呼吸困难，出现情绪不稳，头晕等症状，血气示PCO2 70、PCO2 50,分析其中的病理现象机制10 病例分析大体是胆囊炎病人应用庆大霉素4周后出现呕心呕吐、尿少、食欲降低等不适，血气示PCO2 28、PH 7.35（？）、血钾6.5 BE -15,SB12 （数据？），问发生了什么病理生理情况，并解释如何发生的山东大学2008年考博免疫题(记忆版)一名词解释(原题全英语)FCM,Microassay,IgSF,PAMP,HLA,KLR,超抗原,免疫忽视,调节性T细胞,还有一个忘了.二简答:1什么是疫苗?其种类及特点2,IL-2在T细胞活化中的作用3T细胞信号传导过程4B细胞在免疫应答中的作用5抗体亲和力成熟的过程及机制6链球菌感染后得肾小球肾炎的免疫损伤机制7同种异型抗原的识别机制8CR1,CR2在免疫中的作用三论述:结合你硕士阶段的课题,请谈谈博士阶段的初步研究方向2008年最新协和医科大学博士生入学专业分子生物学考试试题第一部分：填空疯牛病的致病原因什么是原病毒SD序列信号肽识别序列的组成-----部分和-----部分乳糖操纵子的调控序列——————————————————————第二部分：大题，2道1.给了一段序列要求涉及合适的引物，扩增出改序列，（考点为引物设计原则）2.给了一个质粒序列，和一段待插入的基因组DNA片段，然后酶切后电泳，酶切后电泳，三个泳道有三种不同的条带，分析其产生情况（考点为克隆部分）第三部分：1.紫外线过度照射后容易引发皮肤癌，正常机体通过何种机制修复2.介绍酵母双杂交的原理和应用3.举例说明小RNA在发育中的作用和意义3. 什么是转录后加工？目前认为这一提法欠妥，为什么？4. 人类基因组当中存在许多非编码序列，如转座子和内含子，（1）请问这些非编码序列是没有价值的垃圾吗？为什么？（2）近年来，小分子RNA的研究与表观遗传学进展迅速，是否表明中心法则已经过时，已经被新的理论取代？交大细胞生物学2008年考博试卷10个名字解释SiRNAtranscription factorcheckpiontsiPS cells膜受体heterochromatinP型运输ATP酶蛋白质分选微管相关蛋白质integrin问答题：后基因组时代蛋白质研究的技术，策略。
