Module 1⊕annual adj. happening once a year, based on or calculated over a period of one year 一年一度的，每年的Eg. The school trip has become an annual event.The annual rainfall in this area is less than 50mm.⊕rainfall n. the amount of rain that falls on an area in a particular period of time 雨量Eg. We’ve had a long period of low rainfall.The city has received only half its average rainfall of four inches.⊕depth n. the distance from the top surface of something such as a river or hole to the bottom of it, the distance from the front to the back of an object 深，深度Eg. The cave descends to a depth of 340 feet.Plant the beans at a depth of about six inches.⊕state n. the physical or mental condition that someone or something is in 状况，状态，情形Eg. She was in an extremely confused state of mind.Water exists in three states: liquid, gaseous, and solid.⊕gravity n. technical the force that causes something to fall to the ground or to be attracted to another planet, formal the extreme and worrying seriousness of a situation, an extremely serious way of behaving or speak in 重力; 严重性Eg. I could not hide from her the gravity of the situation.The penalties should be proportionate to the gravity of the offence.⊕extreme adj. very great in degree, very unusual and severe or serious 极度的; 极端的；严重的Eg Extreme poverty still exists in many rural areas.It is necessary to use extreme caution with chemicals.⊕flower v. to produce flowers, to develop in a very successful way literar 开花；繁荣，兴盛Eg. Bulbs that you plant in the autumn should flower the following spring.The economic and social conditions will allow democracy to flower.⊕adapt v. to gradually change your behaviour and attitudes in order to be successful in a new situation, to change something to make it suitable for a different purpose, if a book or play is adapted for film, television etc 适应，适合; 改编Eg. flowers which are well adapted to harsh wintersMany children buy books after they have been adapted for television.⊕trap v. a clever trick that is used to catch someone or to make them do or say something that they did not intend to, an unpleasant or difficult situation that is difficult to escape from 圈套，陷阱；诡计Eg. The only way to catch mice is to set a trap .Police had set a trap for hooligans at the match.⊕mass n. a large amount of a substance which does not have a definite or regular shape , a large amount or quantity of something 团，块，堆; 大量Eg. The food had congealed into a sticky mass.Masses of books covered every surface in the room.⊕balance n. a state in which all your weight is evenly spread so that you do not fall, a state in which opposite forces or influences exist in equal or the correct amounts, in a way that is good 平衡; 均衡Eg. Try to keep a balance between work and play.Pesticides seriously upset the balance of nature.v. to be or get into a steady position, without falling to one side or the other,or to put something into this position. 达至/取得/找到平衡Eg. It is necessary to strike a balance between the needs of employers and employees.Try to keep a balance between your spending and your earnings.⊕commercial adj. related to business and the buying and selling of goods and services, related to the ability of a product or business to make a profit 商业的；商务的; 赢利的Eg. Our top priorities must be profit and commercial growth.Gibbons failed to see the commercial value of his discovery.⊕nuclear adj. relating to or involving the nucleus (= central part ) of an atom, or the energy produced when the nucleus of an atom is either split or joined with the nucleus of another atom, relating to or involving the use of weapons that use nuclear energy 核能的, 核武器的Eg. France’s reliance on nuclear energy.I am concerned about the country’s nuclear weapons program.⊕test n. a set of questions, exercises, or practical activities to measure someone’s skill, ability, or knowledge, a process used to discover whether equipment or a product works correctly 测验，考试Eg We have a test on irregular verbs tomorrow.Laboratory tests show that the new drug is very effective.v. to examine someone’s blood, body etc in order to find out what is wrong with them, or to see if they have taken an illegal drug 化验，检查，给…体检Eg. I must have my eyes tested.They tested her for diabetes.⊕radioactive adj. a radioactive substance is dangerous because it contains radiation (= a formof energy that can harm living things) 具有放射性的Eg The problem of how to dispose of radioactive waste.How to deal with the radioactive waste is a tough problem.⊕promote v. to help something to develop or increase, to give someone a better more responsible job in a company, to help sell a new product, film etc by offering it at a reduced price or by advertising it 促进，增进，提升Eg. A meeting to promote trade between China and the UK.Fertilizer promotes leaf growth.⊕via prep. travelling through a place on the way to another place, using a particular person, machine etc to send something 经过，取道; 通过...传送Eg. We flew to Athens via Paris.You can access our homepage via the Internet.⊕crew n. all the people who work on a ship or plane, a group of people working together with special skills 全体船员；一队工作人员Eg. The plane crashed, killing two of the crew and four passengers.He joined the crew of a large fishing boat.⊕glare v.to look angrily at someone for a long time 怒目而视Eg. She glared at him accusingly.He glared round the room as if expecting a challenge.n. to shine with a very strong bright light which hurts your eyes 发出刺眼的强光Eg. The sun glared down on us.⊕severe adj. severe problems, injuries, illnesses etc are very bad or very serious, severe weather is very bad and very extreme, and very hot, dry, cold etc严重的, 艰难的, 恶劣的Eg. His injuries were quite severe.She’s suffering from severe depression.⊕eyesight n. your ability to see 视力Eg. He had a problem with his eyesight.Eagles have very keen eyesight.⊕minus ed to show that one number or quantity is being subtracted from another, without something that would normally be there 减去; 缺少Eg. 17 minus 5 is 12 (17–5=12).The payment will be refunded to you minus a small service charge.⊕numb adj. a part of your body that is numb is unable to feel anything, for example because you are very cold, unable to think, feel, or react in a normal way 麻木的，失去感觉的，迟钝的Eg. My fingers were so numb I could hardly write.The anaesthetic made his whole face go numb.⊕frost n. very cold weather, when water freezes, ice that looks white and powdery and covers things that are outside when the temperature is very cold 严寒天气，霜Eg. Even in May we can sometimes get a late frost.The grass and trees were white with frost.⊕clothing n. the clothes that people wear 服装，衣服Eg. basic necessities such as food and clothing.She took only a few items of clothing.⊕pure adj. a pure substance or material is not mixed with anything, complete and total, clean纯的，纯净的; 纯粹的Eg. Our beef patties are 100% pure.By pure chance, I met Sir Malcolm that morning.⊕millimeter n. a unit for measuring length; There are 1,000 millimetres in one metre 毫米Eg. In the back of the truck was a 12.7 millimeter rapid-fire machine gun.We can see a 11-millimeter- wide hole.⊕abnormal adj.very different from usual in a way that seems strange, worrying, wrong or dangerous 不正常的，反常的；变态的Eg. My parents thought it was abnormal for a boy to be interested in ballet.They thought his behavior was abnormal.⊕adsence n.when you are not in the place where people expect you to be, or the time that you are away, the lack of something or the fact that it does not exist 缺席; 缺乏Eg. Ms Leighton will be in charge during my absence (= while I am away ) .Her work involved repeated absences from home.⊕tiresome adj.making you feel annoyed or impatient烦人的，令人厌烦的Eg. I don’t like the whole tiresome business of filling out the forms.How tiresome!⊕aircraft n. a plane or other vehicle that can fly 飞机；飞行器Eg They are following the flight of an aircraft by radar.I don’t like to travel by aircraft.⊕platform n. the raised place beside a railway track where you get on and off a train in a station, a stage for people to stand on when they are making a speech, performing etc 站台，月台,舞台Eg The Edinburgh train will depart from platform six.The conference provides a platform for people on the left wing of the party.⊕powder n. a dry substance in the form of very small grains, a dangerous situation or place where violence or trouble could suddenly start 粉，粉末; 火药桶Eg Since the riot, the city has been a powder keg waiting to explode.The machine is made to crush the rock in to power.⊕minimum adj. the minimum number, degree, or amount of something is the smallest or least that is possible, allowed, or needed 最小的，最少的，最低限度的Eg The minimum number of students we need to run the course is fifteen.The minimum age for retirement is 55.⊕modest adj.someone who is modest does not want to talk about their abilities or achievements谦虚的，谦逊的，谦恭的Eg He was always modest about his role in the Qomolangma expedition.The new service proved a modest success .⊕cosy adj. a place that is cosy is small, comfortable, and warm, a situation that is cosy is comfortable and friendly, having a close connection or relationship 小而温暖舒适的; 友好的Eg The living room was warm and cosy .He was accused of being too cosy with some clients.⊕dormitory n. a large room for several people to sleep in, for example in a boarding school or hostel, a large building at a college or university where students live 寄宿学校, 学生宿舍楼Eg The wall of his domitory were covered with posters.He lives in the dormitory.⊕canteen n. a place in a factory, school etc where meals are provided, usually quite cheaply食堂，餐厅Eg He is having dinner in the canteen.After school, he had a good meal in canteen.⊕laundry n. clothes, sheets that need to be washed or have just been washed, a place or business where clothes etc are washed and ironed 洗衣房；洗衣店Eg Ben was folding laundry.Where is the laundry?⊕discourage v. to persuade someone not to do something, especially by making it seem difficult or bad, to make someone less confident or less willing to do something，to make something less likely to happen 使灰心，使泄气；阻止Eg You should not let one failure discourage you.Aspirin may discourage tumour growth in some types of cancer.⊕emergency n. an unexpected and dangerous situation that must be dealt with immediately 紧急情况，不测事件Eg The plane had to make an emergency landing.The government called an emergency meeting to discuss the crisis.⊕conventional adj. a conventional method, product, practice etc has been used for a long time and is considered the usual type, always following the behaviour and attitudes that most people in a society consider to be normal, right, and socially acceptable 传统的，常规的，守旧的Eg Internet connections through conventional phone lines are fairly slow.He is conventional in his approach to life.⊕drill n. a tool or machine used for making holes in something,a method of teaching students, sports players etc something by making them repeat the same lesson, exercise many times 钻床，训练Eg I am making a pronunciation drill.⊕fragile adj. easily broken or damaged, a fragile situation is one that is weak or uncertain, and likely to become worse under pressure 脆弱的，易碎的，易损坏的Eg Be careful with that vase –it’s very fragile.Relations between the two countries are in a fragile state .⊕battery n.an object that provides a supply of electricity for something such as a radio, car or toy 电池Eg You have to take the top off to change the batteries .The car’s got a fla t battery .⊕ecology n.the way in which plants, animals, and people are related to each other and to their environment, or the scientific study of this 生态；生态学Eg To keep ecology in balance is our duty.⊕delicate adj.old-fashioned someone who is delicate is hurt easily or easily becomes ill 娇气的，娇弱的，体弱多病的Eg T here’s something I have to speak to you about –it’s a delicate matter .The sun can easily damage a child’s delicate skin .⊕privilege n. a special advantage that is given only to one person or group of people, something that you are lucky to have the chance to do, and that you enjoy very much 特权，特殊待遇, 荣幸Eg He had no special privileges and was treated just like every other prisoner.It is a privilege to hear her play.⊕tale n. a story about exciting imaginary events, a description of interesting or exciting things that happened to someone, often one which is not completely true about every detail 故事; 传说，传闻Eg Tales of her life in post-war Berlin.He was in the middle of telling me a long tale about how he once met the Redskins’ manager.⊕obsure adj.not well known and usually not very important, difficult to understand 无名的；微贱的; 费解的Eg The details of his life remain obscure.⊕portable adj.able to be carried or moved easily 轻便的，便携的Eg He found that little TV extremely portable.⊕voyage n. a long journey in a ship or spacecraft 旅行，航行Eg The captain victualed his ship for the voyage.第二模块⊕subject n. the thing you are talking about or considering in a conversation, discussion, book, film etc; an area of knowledge that you study at a school or university 主题，学科，课程Eg The subjects covered in this chapter are exercise and nutrition.My favourite subject is math.⊕disturbing adj.worrying or upsettin 令人不安的，使人震惊的Eg She found that there was something disturbing about him.That is a disturbing night.⊕dull adj.not interesting or exciting; not bright or shiny 枯燥的，沉闷的, 阴沉的Eg Life is never dull when Elizabeth is here.Outside the weather was hazy and dull.⊕work n. something that you produce as a result of doing your job or doing an activity 作品Eg In my opinion, this is Rembrandt’s greatest work.⊕effect n. a change that is caused by an event, action etc; to start to produce results 效果，影响Eg In mental illness, there is a complex relationship between cause and effect.It won’t be easy to put the changes into effect.⊕shade n.slight darkness or shelter from the direct light of the sun made by something blocking it 背阴处，阴凉处; 阴影Eg She was sitting in the shade of a large oak tree.The shade on the lamp was slightly crooked.⊕frontier n.the border of a country; an area where people have never lived before,and the limits of what is known about something 国界，边境; 新领域Eg Lille is close to the frontier between France and Belgium.Troops established a road block on the frontier.⊕tank n. a heavy military vehicle that has a large gun and runs on two metal belts fitted over its wheels 坦克Eg Somehow the chemical got from a storage tank into water supplies.We set off next day on a full tank.⊕ferry n. a boat that carries people or goods across a river or a narrow area of water 渡船Eg We caught the ferry at Osteng.⊕tax v.an amount of money that you must pay to the government according to your income, property, goods etc and that is used to pay for public services 税，税款Eg He already pays 40% tax on his income.He gets profits before tax of £85.9 m 8,590⊕anecdote n. a short story based on your personal experience 轶事，趣闻Eg The book is full of amusing anecdotes about his life in Japan.This research is based on anecdotenot fact.⊕authentic adj. done or made in the traditional or original way；a painting, document, book etc that is authentic has been proved to be by a particular person 原汁原味的，原作的Eg I don’t know if the painting is authentic.The copy he made of the painting looked like an authentic one.⊕spokesman n. a man who has been chosen to speak officially for a group, organization, or government 发言人；代言人Eg A spokesman for the government denied the rumors.The spokesman said the investigation is continuing.⊕antique adj. antique furniture, jewellery etc is old and often valuable 古时制造的，古董的Eg He discovered a long lost antique Greek vase by chance.⊕burglar n. someone who goes into houses, shops etc to steal things 小偷，窃贼Eg The police arrested the burglar.The policeman took the burglar by surprise as he opened the window.⊕basement n. a room or area in a building that is under the level of the ground 地下室；地库Eg He stationed me in the basement.There is a washer and a dryer in the basement.⊕courtyard n.an open space that is completely or partly surrounded by buildings 庭院，院子Eg There are some jujube trees in that courtyard.⊕passerby n.someone who is walking past a place by chance 路人Eg They sell drinks to passersby.⊕moustache n. hair that grows on a man’s upper lip髭，小胡子Eg His lips are roofed by a moustache.⊕parcel n.an object that has been wrapped in paper or put in a special envelope, especially so that it can be sent by post 包，小包裹Eg The parcel was delivered last week.He sends regular food parcels to his family in Libya.⊕dash v.to go or run somewhere very quickly 猛冲，急奔Eg Olive dashed into the room, grabbed her bag, and ran out again.Hopkins’ hopes were dashed w hen his appeal was denied.⊕crossing n. a place where you can safely cross a road; a place where two lines, roads, tracks etc cross 人行横道，十字路口，交叉路口Eg You must give way to any pedestrians on the crossing.Turn left at the first crossing.⊕crossroads n. a place where two roads meet and cross each other 十字路口，交叉路口Eg The car was approaching the crossroads.Turn left at the next crossroads.⊕flee v. to leave somewhere very quickly, in order to escape from danger 逃离，逃走Eg His attackers turned and fled.Masaari spent six months in prison before fleeing the country .⊕appeal v.an urgent request for something important；an attempt to persuade people to give money in order to help people who need something; a formal request to a court or to someone in authority asking for a decision to be changed 呼吁，恳求；上诉Eg The girl’s family have made a public appeal for help to try and catch her killer.All the organizations involved have sent urgent appeals to the government, asking for extra funding.⊕suspect n. someone who is thought to be guilty of a crime 嫌疑人，可疑分子Eg Pictures of suspects were published in all papers.⊕loss n.the fact of no longer having something, or of having less of it than you used to have, or the process by which this happens 失去，丧失Eg The company is closing down two of its factories, leading to 430 job losses.Two of the mines are running at a loss.⊕circulate v.to move around within a system, or to make something do this；information, facts, ideas etc circulate 使循环；流传，传播Eg Swimming helps to get the blood circulating through the muscles.Rumours began circulating that the Prime Minister was seriously ill.⊕seek v.to try to achieve or get something；to ask someone for advice or help；to look for someone or something 寻求，谋求；征求Eg Do you think the President will seek re-election ?He sought revenge against Surkov for separating him from his wife and son.⊕behalf n. instead of someone, or as their representative 方面，利益，代表某人Eg She asked the doctor to speak to her parents on her behalf.On behalf of everyone here, may I wish you a very happy retirement.⊕chief adj.most important 最重要的，首要的Eg He was recently appointed chief economist at the Bank of Scotland.One of the chief causes of crime today is drugs.⊕fundamental adj.relating to the most basic and important parts of something 根本的，基础的Eg Novice programmers sometimes make fundamental errors.Water is fundamental to survival.⊕superb adj. extremely good 极好的，出色的，卓越的Eg The food was superb.The entertain their guests with superb wine.⊕substitute n. someone who does someone else’s job for a limited period of time; a person or thing that you use instead of the one that you usually have, because the usual one is not available 代替者，替代品Eg Germany brought on a substitute at half time.Vitamin pills are no substitute for a healthy diet.⊕debt n. a sum of money that a person or organization owes；when you owe money to someone 债务，欠债Eg He had enough money to pay off his outstanding debts.Nearly half the students said they were in debt.⊕confidential adj.spoken or written in secret and intended to be kept secret；a confidential way of speaking or behaving shows that you do not want other people to know what you are saying 机密的，神秘的Eg Doctors are required to keep patients’ records completely confidential .The information will be regarded as strictly confidential (= completely confidential ) .⊕merely adv. used to emphasize how small or unimportant something or someone is；used to emphasize that nothing more than what you say is involved 仅仅，只不过Eg He’s merely a boy –you can’t expect him to understand.We’re merely good friends.⊕outcome n.the final result of a meeting, discussion, war etc – used especially when no one knows what it will be until it actually happens 结果，后果Eg People who had heard the evidence at the trial were surprised at the outcome.It was impossible to predict the outcome of the election.⊕blame v.to say or think that someone or something is responsible for something bad 责怪，把…归咎于Eg Don’t blame me –it’s not my fault.I blame his mother. She does everything for him.n. responsibility for a mistake or for something bad 责任Eg I always get the blame.She stole the money but she’s trying to put the blame on me.⊕liberty n. the freedom and the right to do whatever you want without asking permission or being afraid of authority 自由，自由权Eg I fight for liberty and equalityCriminal offenders threat to individual liberty⊕gifted adj.having a natural ability to do one or more things extremely well 有天赋的，有才华的Eg She was an extremely gifted poet.Gifted with a superb voice, she became the Opera’s leading soprano.⊕press n.people who write reports for newspapers, radio, or television 印刷机Eg This type of press can feed out papers much faster than an ordinary one.⊕official n. someone who is in a position of authority in an organization 官员；高级职员Eg You had better declare the camera to the official.⊕inspire v. to encourage someone by making them feel confident and eager to do something 鼓舞，激励Eg We need someone who can inspire the team.Inspired by the sunny weather, I decided to explore the woods.⊕profession n. a job that needs a high level of education and training 专业，行业，职业Eg Some students enter other professions such as arts administration.Johnson was a barrister by profession.⊕calculate v. to find out how much something will cost, how long something will take etc, by using numbers；to guess something using as many facts as you can find 计算；预测Eg These instruments calculate distances precisely.Researchers calculated that this group was at a higher risk of heart disease.⊕sideroad n. a road that is smalle than a main road,but is often connected to it. 旁路，旁侧路Eg There is a sideroad turned off to the left.⊕tentative adj. not definite or certain,and may be changed later 不确定的，试探性的Eg We made a tentative arrangement to meet on Friday.It’s just a tentative plan so we can change it at any time.⊕squeeze v.to press something firmly together with your fingers or hand 榨出，挤压Eg I squeeze carefully through the crowd.This machine helps you to squeeze more juice out.第三模块⊕owe v. to need to pay someone for something that they have done for you or sold to you, or to need to give someone back money that they have lent you; to feel that you should do something for someone or give someone something 负债; 应给予Eg How much do I owe you?You owe him an apology.⊕poison n. a substance that can cause death or serious illness if you eat it, drink it etc 毒物,毒药Eg He swallowed some type of poison.Hatred is a poison that will destroy your life.⊕taste n.the feeling that is produced by a particular food or drink when you put it in your mouth ; the kind of things that someone likes 味道; 爱好Eg The medicine had a slightly bitter taste.While she was in France she developed a taste for fine wines.⊕dish n.food cooked or prepared in a particular way as a meal 菜肴，一道菜Eg I’ll just do the dishes before we go.The menu includes a wide selection of vegetarian dishes.⊕chopstick n. one of the two thin sticks that you use to eat food in many countries in Asia 筷子Eg We eat breakfast by chopsticks every morning.⊕dessert n. sweet food served after the main part of a meal 甜点，甜食Eg What are we having for dessert?Do you like eating dessert.⊕tongue n. the soft part inside your mouth that you can move about and use for eating and speaking 舌，舌头Eg Joe ran his tongue over his dry lips.She clicked her tongue and shook her head.⊕chew v. to bite food several times before swallowing it 咀嚼，嚼碎Eg This meat’s so tough I can hardly chew it!We gave the dog an old shoe to chew on.⊕manner n.the way in which something is done or happens; the way in which someone behaves towards or talks to other people; polite ways of behaving in social situations 方式，方法，态度,，礼仪Eg The matter should be submitted to the accounts committee in the usual manner.Something in Beth’s manner towards him had changed.⊕requirement n.something that someone needs or asks for; something that must be done because of a law or rule 需要, 规定，要求Eg Two measures have been introduced as legal requirements .English 4 is a requirement for English majors.⊕mushroom n. one of several kinds of fungus with stems and round tops, some of which can be eaten 蘑菇Eg I like eating mushroom because it is nutritive.⊕guest n. someone you have invited to stay in your home for a short time 客人，宾客Eg We have guests staying right now.Use of the sauna is free to guests.⊕menu n. a list of all the kinds of food that are available for a meal, especially in a restaurant 菜单Eg Is there any fish on the menu?Select PRINT from the main menu.⊕punctuation n. the marks used to divide a piece of writing into sentences, phrases etc 标点符号Eg We often use punctuation in the writing.A piece of writing without any punctuation is difficult to understand.⊕porridge n.oats that are cooked with milk or water and served hot for breakfast; a period of time spent in prison 燕麦粥，麦片粥Eg She was feeding the baby with porridge.⊕roast adj. cooked in an oven or over a fire 烤的Eg We all like eating roast chicken.The roast beef is very appetising.⊕lamb n. a young sheep; the meat of a young sheep 羔羊，羔羊肉Eg Laura was basting the leg of lamb.⊕consume v. to use time, energy, goods etc; to eat or drink something 吃，喝Eg Alcohol may not be consumed on the premises.He was consumed with guilt after the accident.⊕butcher n. a person whose job is cutting up and selling meat in a shop, store or killing animals for this purpose 屠夫，屠户Eg Some butchers kill animals for meat.⊕cattle n. cows and bull s kept on a farm for their meat or milk 牛Eg The cattle are in the shed.⊕mutton n.he meat from a sheep; used to describe, in a disapproving way 羊肉Eg This mutton has got a strong smell.⊕consequence n.something that happens as a result of a particular action or set of condition 后果Eg He ate some poisonous mushrooms, with fatal consequences.Animals have died as a consequence of coming into contact with this chemical.⊕gradual adj.happening slowly over a long period of time 逐渐的，逐步的Eg Education is a gradual process.Care of the soul is a gradual process in which even the small details of life should be considered.⊕trend n. a general tendency in the way a situation is changing or developing 趋势，趋向Eg Larger corporations are setting the trend for better maternity benefits.⊕recipe n. a set of instructions for cooking a particular type of food 烹饪法,食谱Eg She said that five small boys on skis was a recipe for disaster , not a holiday.This recipe is very useful-- it works every time.⊕bean curd n. a soft white food made from soya beans 豆腐Eg Northern people like bean curd.⊕seaweed n. a plant that grows in the sea 海藻，海草Eg The underside of the rock was covered with seanweed.⊕raw adj.not cooked; raw substances are in a natural state and not treated or prepared for use 生的，未经加工的Eg The cost of our raw materials has risen significantly.Warhol used everyday items as the raw ingredients of his art.⊕eggplant n. a large vegetable with smooth purple skin 茄子Eg They will plant eggplant.。
