语用学与英语修辞格

英语常见修辞手法的语用功能分析自古以来，英语语言就是一种富有表现力的语言，其得以表达复杂意义的重要原因在于它大量使用修辞手法。

修辞犹如英语语言的香料，不仅能够使原来山寒水凉的句式鲜活起来，更能在语言上带来莫大的修饰和艺术效果，为读者带来极大的思想感受。

本文旨在从语用功能的角度，分析英语中常见的几种修辞手法，为人们理解和掌握英语修辞提供一定的参考价值。

首先，比喻是英语修辞中最常用的一种手法，它通过将不同的概念或事物比作彼此，使语言更加形象生动，更有感染力。

比如，莎士比亚剧作《威尼斯商人》中出现的“All the world’s a stage”（全世界是一个舞台）这句话，将世界与舞台比作起来，形象地表达了人生的短暂，蕴含着深刻的哲理，因而受到广大人们的喜爱。

其次，拟人手法也是英语修辞中非常常见的一类手法，它通过借用物的形状、动作等与人的品质、思想相结合，使语言得以更有可读性和可记忆性，也更容易得到人们的理解和接受。

英国作家DH劳伦斯为了表现大自然之美，在他的作品《海的女儿》中，通过拟人法把女孩和海浪比作起来，使原本单调的描写变得更加生动传神：“The little mermaid tossed her head and stamped her tiny foot”（小美人鱼摇摇头，跺了跺小脚），使读者如临其境，觉得海之女儿正在翩翩起舞，令人回味无穷。

此外，引用也是英语修辞手法比较常见的一种，它通过引用名人名言和历史事件等，既可以丰富语言，同时也能增加文章的说服力、可信度和认知价值。

例如，美国首位总统华盛顿在就职演说中曾说道：“Observe good faith and justice towards all nations. Cultivate peace and harmony with all”（对所有国家秉持公义正义，与所有人和平共处），这一著名的话语体现了华盛顿不断追求的文明价值观，使其获得了国内外广大读者的赞赏和尊重。

英语中常见修辞格及其使用Figurative expressions are pictorial and full of images. They are rich in English and have added much beauty, vividness and strength to the language. As figurative expressions present ideas in a new relationship either b comparison or by asso ciation, we sometimes find it rather hard to understand a figure. This is no wonder, since people‘s knowledge and experience are different, and each culture has its own special way of thinking. Generally, a non-native speaker can hardly use a figurative expression properly unless he is able to interpret it correctly in a literal way. Therefore, a transformational study of the common figures of speech is by no means unnecessary. Besides, such a study is very helpful to our study of the western culture and to an improved appreciation of English and American literature.I. 使用语音手段的修辞格:1. 头韵(Alliteration): It refers to the appearance of the same initial consonant sound in two or more words, such as ―as proud as peacock‖ and ―as blind as a bat‖. It is often used to give emphasis to words that are related in meaning.):在词的开头重复相同的元音或辅音.例如:⑪T ime and t ide wait for no man.⑫S uddenly the s ky turned gray,⑬ The day, which had been bitter and chill, grew s oft and s till.⑭ … as the fastest train in the world s lipped to a s top in Hiroshima Station. (1.2)⑮ And ever since then they have been t esting and t reating me. 1.2)⑰ The Russian danger… fighting for his h earth and h ome. (1.5)⑱ I see also the d ull, d rilled, d ocile Brutish masses…(1.5)⑲It was s splendid population –for all the s low, s leepy, s luggish-brained s loths s tayed at home. (1.9)⑳It was that population … and rushing them through with a magnificent d ash andd aring and a recklessness of c ost or c onsequences. (1.9)⑴Even with the most educated and the most lit erate, the King‘s English s lips and s lides in conversation. (2.3)⑵ Let the word go forth from this time and place, to f riend and f oe alike, that … (2.4)2. 拟声(Onomatopoeia): It refers to the fact of words containing sounds similar to the noises they describe, for example hiss; the use of words like this in a piece of writing are onomatopoeic words) makes use of imitation of sounds for effect. It is a device used in poetry and prose to add vividness or vitality to description or narration. There are two types of onomatopoeia: primary and secondary.Primary onomatopoeia usually imitates sounds made by a person, animal, thing or associated with some action or movement. For example, meow, bow-bow, hiss and baa are respectively imitative of the cries or calls of cows, cats, dogs, snakes, lions and sheep. Examples of imitation of things like the toot of trains, the bang of doors, the rattle of windows and the crackles of fire and the clang of machines.Secondary onomatopoeia refers to the association between a certain sound and asymbolic meaning.We also call it sound symbolism. Sounds have sensory qualities, which suggest certain impression. Even though sounds in themselves have not meaning, and even though the associations between sounds and meanings in language are arbitrary and conventions, there are ways of using sounds to complement meaning. Sound is the shell of meaning. Sound and meaning are closely associated with each other.The stylistic effect of onomatopoeia in a variety of texts (Read P 47-54 of English Stylistics by Ju Yumei):a. Onomatopoeia can create vividness and vitality. Slide, glide, slipb. Onomatopoeia can also be employed to describe concrete objects to make the language be full of sound and color, dramatic and more impressive. Tinkling bells, burblingc. Onomatopoeia plays an important part in playing up certain circumstances and conveying the feelings of characters. Creak, zigzagd. Onomatopoeia helps to achieve rhythm and beauty in music. Rhyme and rhythm are the major features of poetry. By employing onomatopoeia it can effectively produce a kind of musical beauty.): 以相似的声音描摹非语言的声音.例如:⑪ She brought me into touch with everything that could be reached or felt-sunlight, the rustling(沙沙声、瑟瑟声) of silk, the noises of insects, the creaking(咯吱声、吱嘎声) of a door, the voice of a loved one.⑫ Y ou see, life is made up sobs(哭泣声),sniffles(抽鼻子声) and smiles-but mainly of sniffles.⑬ Little donkeys with harmoniously tinkling bells thread their way among the throngs of people entering and leaving the bazaar. (1.1)⑭ Ancient girders creak and groan, ropes tighten and then a trickle of oil oozes downa stone runnel into a used petrol can. (1.1)⑮ … taut and protesting, its creaks blending with the squeaking and rumbling of the grinding wheels and the occasional grunts and sighs of the camels. (1.1)⑯…four or five thousand men in all, winding up the road with a clumping of boots and a clatter of iron wheels. (2.2)II. 使用词汇手段的修辞格:1. 明喻(simile) It is a figure of speech, which makes a comparison between two unlike elements having at least one quality or characteristic in common. The comparison is purely imaginative, that is, the resemblance between the two unlike things in one particular aspect which exists in our minds and in our ―inward‖ eyes and not in the nature of the things themselves. To make the comparison, words like as, as…so and like are used to transfer the quality we associate one to the other. A simile is made up of three parts, namely:1) the tenor (the thing described), 2) the vehicle (the thing compared to), and 3) words such as ‗as‘, ‗like‘, ‗than‘, ‗as if‘ used to show the relationships of comparison.: 用另一种事物比喻所要说明的事物,通常用like或as 连用.例如:⑪ He had no more idea of art than a cow.⑫ The moon is like a silver plate⑬ He is as stubborn as a mule.⑭ It (The hair) fell about her, rippling and shining like a brown waterfall.⑮ It (The lion) is as big as a very large dog. More examples from the texts:⑯ The yard is like an extended living room. (1.4)⑰ Maggie‘s hand is as limp as a fish.(1.4)⑱I am the way my daughter would want me to be …. My skin like an uncooked barley pancake (1.4)⑲―Maggie‘s brain is like an elephant‘s,‖Wangero said. (1.4)⑳The children went from adult to adult like buckets in a fire brigade. (2.1)⑴and blowndown power lines coiled like back spaghetti over the roads. (2.1)⑵The wind sounded like the roar of a train passing a few yards away. (2.1)⑶all of them were mummified with age and the sun. (2.2)⑷The Elizabethans blew on it as on a dandelion clock, and its seeds multiplied, andfloated to the ends of the earth. (2.3)⑸My brain was as powerful as a dynamo, as precise as a chemist‘s scales, aspenetrating as a scalpel. (And hyperbole, 2.5)⑹That did it. I leaped to my feet, bellowing like a bull. (2.5)⑺I cited instances, pointed out flaws, kept hammering away without let-up. It waslike digging a tunnel. (2.5)⑻One blinked before them as one blinks before a man with his face shot away. (2.7)⑼The church was set like a dormer-window on the side of a bare leprous hill. (2.7)⑽These abominable houses cover the bare hillsides, like gravestones in some gigantic and decaying cemetery. (2.7)2. 隐喻(metaphor) A metaphor states that one thing is something else. It is a comparison, but it does NOT use like or as to make the comparison. Metaphor makes a comparison between two elements and this comparison is implied rather than stated like a simile. So a metaphor is, in a sense, a condensed simile. It is a higher form and requires great ability on the part of the reader to perceive the hidden association, the insight into person, things or ideas that is implied.不用like或as隐藏的比喻.例如:⑪ They are birds of a feather.⑫ He said, "A foreign language is a weapon in the struggle of life."⑬ Hope is the poor man's bread. More from the texts:⑭Y ou pass from the heat and glare of a big, open square into a cool, dark cavern w hich extends as far as the eye can see,… (1.1)⑮ I had a lump in my throat (1.2)⑯ At last this intermezzo came to an end... (1.2)⑰ Her sister has held life always in the palm of one hand. (1.4)⑱…my case would snowball into one of the most famous trials in U.S history. (1.10) ⑲ ―We can batten down and ride it out‖, he said. (2.1)⑳ Wind and rain now whipped the house. (2.1)⑴ Strips of clothing festooned the standing trees. (2.1)⑵ Camille, meanwhile, had raked its way northward across Mississippi,… (2.1)⑶and no one has any idea where it will go as it meanders or leaps and sparkles orjust glows. (2.2)⑷They did not delve into each other‘s lives or the recesses of their thoughts andfeelings. (2.3)⑸ The conversation is on the wings. (2.3)⑹ The glow of the conversation burst into flames. (2.3)⑺ But this peaceful revolution of hope cannot become the prey of hostile powers.(2.4)⑻ And if a beachhead of co-operation my push back the jungle of suspicion, let bothsides join in creating a ne w endeavor,… (2.4)⑼ In the past, those who foolishly sought power by riding the back of the tiger ended up inside. (2.4)⑽ And let ever other power know that this hemisphere intends to remain the master of its own house. (2.4)There follows an inform al essay that ventures even beyond Lamb‘s frontier. (2.5)My brain, that precision instrument, slipped into high gear. (2.5)In other words, if you were out the picture, the field would be open. (2.5)Maybe somewhere in the extinct crater of her mind, a few embers still smoldered. Maybe somehow I could fan them into flame. (2.5)On their low sides they bury themselves swinishly in the mud. (2.7)And one and all they are streaked in grime, with dead and eczematous patches of paint peeping through the streaks. (2.7)The effect is that of a fat woman with a black eye. It is that of a Presbyterian grinning.(2.7)That would forever prevent us from retreating behind the artificial walls of a provincial morality or the geographical protection of our two bordering oceans.(2.10)…until the crash of the world economic structure at the end of the decade called the party to a halt and… (2.10)The war acted merely as a catalytic agent in this breakdown of the Victorian social structure. (2.10)They ―wanted to get into the fun before the whole thing turned belly up‖. (2.10)Their very homes were often uncomfortable to them; they had outgrown town and families.Y ounger brothers and sisters of the war generation,… now began to imitate the manners of their elders and play with the toys of vulgar rebellion.The important book rather grandiosely entitled Civilization in the United States,…was the rallying point of sensitive persons disgusted with America.3.借代(metonymy)In Latin, meta means change while onyma means name, so metonymy means the change of name. Metonymy is a figure of speech that has to do with the substitution of the name of one thing for that of another. This substituted name may be an attribute of that other thing or be closely associated with it. In other words, it involves a change of name. (借代:不相类似的甲事物同乙事物之间有着不可分离的关系,利用这种关系以乙事物的名称来代替甲事物):⑪...little old Japan adrift amid beige concrete skyscrapers...struggle between kimono and the miniskirt⑫ I thought that Hiroshima still felt the impactMetonymy can be derived from various sources:a. Names of persons e.g.: Uncle Sam: the USAb. Animals e.g.: a fight between the bear and the dragon (the bear: the Soviet Union; the dragon: the Chinese)c. Parts of the body e.g.:heart: feelings and emotionshead, brain: wisdom, intelligence, reasongray hair: old aged. Professione.g.:the press: newspapers, reporters etc.He met the press yesterday evening at the Grand Hotel.the bar: the legal professione. Location of government, business etc.Downing Street: the British Governmentthe White House: the US president and his governmentthe Capital Hill: US CongressWall Street: US financial circlesHollywood: American filmmaking industry. More examples:⑪ In the country the revolutionaries set fire to the noble's castle and burnt them to the ground. (划线部分代封建制度)⑫I saw that a little further up the traffic lights had turned red. (用红灯代stop)⑬When the light turned green, I said to him, "Don't be stupid in future..." (用绿灯代start)⑭Hank couldn't believe his ears. (用ears代所说的话)f. container for the thing contained⑪The kettle is boiling.⑫The hearth burns brightly.g: the instrument for the agent The pen is mightier than the sword.h: the sign for the thing signified⑪What is learned in the cradle is carried to the grave.⑫Grey hair should be respected.I: others (organs for functions and authors for woks) He has a ready tongue.⑪Have you ever read Shakespeare?More examples from the texts:⑫The rather arresting spectacle of little old Japan adrift amid beige concrete skyscrapers is the very symbol of the incessant struggle between the kimono and the miniskirt. (1.2)⑬but for making money, his pen would prove mightier than his pickax. (1.9)⑭The Washington Post, in an editorial captioned ―Keep Y our Old Webster‘s. (1.11)⑮After all, surgeons have X-rays to guide them during an operation, lawyers have briefs to guide them during a grail,… (2.5)⑯, but I was not one to let my heart rule my head.⑰Otherwise you have committed a Dicto Simpliciter. (2.5)⑱Y ou are guilty of Post Hoc if you blame Eula Becker for the rain. (2.5)⑲Our young men began to enlist under foreign flags.⑳Since the country was blind and deaf to everything save the glint and ring of the dollar, there was little remedy for… (And Personification, 2.10)⑴After the war, it was only natural that hopeful young writers, their minds and pensinflamed against war, Babbittry, and ―Puritanical‖ gentility, should flock to t he traditional artistic center. (2.10)⑵Before long the movement had become officially recognized by the pulpit whichdenounced it. (2.10)⑶Y ou are guilty of Post Hoc if you blame Eula Becker for the rain. (2.5)4.提喻(synecdoche):The simplest case of metonymy is the so-called synecdoche. It means a word of phrase in which a part of something is used to represent a whole , or a whole is used to represent a part of something. 以部分代替整体,单个代替类别,具体代表抽象,或反过来,以全体代替部分,类别代替单个,抽象代替具体.例如:①There are about a hundred hands there.②Great minds think alike.③The world is still ignorant of the fact.④Once Lu Xun spoke to the youth about the study of foreign language.[youth不只是抽象名词表"年轻、青春(状态或阶段)",在古英语中就已经可以作集合名词指"青年人"这一整体。

126国内刊号 C N 61-1499/C 丝路传播郐滨 邱葆珍（西安思源学院 陕西西安 710038）摘 要：语用学是一门新兴的学科，是一门对语言科学系统地进行研究的学科。

本文从语用学的 角度分析了英语修辞格的作用。

由于篇幅有限，本文从常用修辞格的方面，如隐喻、反语、夸张和弱言中，分析了会话的合作原则和礼貌原则。

关键词：语用学；英语修辞格语用学在最近的几十年里飞速发展。

语用学是一门对语言科学系统地进行研究的学科。

语用学的主要发展历程包括：奥斯汀提出的言语行为理论；塞尔提出的间接言语行为理论和格赖斯提出的会话合作原则以及利奇提出的会话礼貌原则。

本文的主要内容是分析会话的合作原则、礼貌原则与隐喻、夸张、弱言及反语等英语修辞格在语用中的作用。

美国著名语言学家格里斯提出会话的合作原则，并对会话的含义作了分析和解释。

合作原则是人们在会话中潜在遵守的规则，无明文规定。

合作原则解释了话语的字面意思和它的实际意义，解释了会话的含义是怎样产生和被理解的。

后来利奇等语言学家从修辞学、语体学的角度提出了与格里斯的合作原则相互补充的礼貌原则，丰富和发展了格里斯的“会话含义”理论。

合作原则的重要性不是在于分析人们遵守使用原则的情况，而在于分析人们如何在说话者违反合作原则的情况下，根据字面意思推断出说话者的潜在含义。

格里斯提出隐喻、反语、夸张和弱言都是说话者在违反会话质量原则时的产物。

一、隐喻（Metaphor）隐喻是在两个非同类对象之间进行比喻。

隐喻不是直接语用功能中英语修辞格的作用离接触名人的快感。

同时粉丝在微博上关注自己最喜爱的明星，跟随明星每日的最新博文图片，一张普通的风景照，一段普通的音乐分享，却在粉丝眼里成为了药效强大的心情调试剂。

影视评论，幽默段子，佛系鸡汤，旅游趣事，微博上应有尽有，都成为受众释放生活和工作压力，获取心理慰藉和强心镇痛的途径。

(3)维护和拓展人际关系每个人都无法孤立地生活在社会中，大家都需要各种各样的人际交往。

语用功能中英语修辞格的作用作者：郐滨邱葆珍来源：《新丝路（下旬）》2018年第09期摘要：语用学是一门新兴的学科，是一门对语言科学系统地进行研究的学科。

本文从语用学的角度分析了英语修辞格的作用。

由于篇幅有限，本文从常用修辞格的方面，如隐喻、反语、夸张和弱言中，分析了会话的合作原则和礼貌原则。

關键词：语用学；英语修辞格语用学在最近的几十年里飞速发展。

语用学是一门对语言科学系统地进行研究的学科。

语用学的主要发展历程包括：奥斯汀提出的言语行为理论；塞尔提出的间接言语行为理论和格赖斯提出的会话合作原则以及利奇提出的会话礼貌原则。

本文的主要内容是分析会话的合作原则、礼貌原则与隐喻、夸张、弱言及反语等英语修辞格在语用中的作用。

美国著名语言学家格里斯提出会话的合作原则，并对会话的含义作了分析和解释。

合作原则是人们在会话中潜在遵守的规则，无明文规定。

合作原则解释了话语的字面意思和它的实际意义，解释了会话的含义是怎样产生和被理解的。

后来利奇等语言学家从修辞学、语体学的角度提出了与格里斯的合作原则相互补充的礼貌原则，丰富和发展了格里斯的“会话含义”理论。

合作原则的重要性不是在于分析人们遵守使用原则的情况，而在于分析人们如何在说话者违反合作原则的情况下，根据字面意思推断出说话者的潜在含义。

格里斯提出隐喻、反语、夸张和弱言都是说话者在违反会话质量原则时的产物。

一、隐喻（Metaphor）隐喻是在两个非同类对象之间进行比喻。

隐喻不是直接把本体与喻体相比，而是间接把人们熟悉的形象、特征、动作或哲理比喻人们不熟悉或不了解的对象。

表面上不是比喻，实际上在暗中使用比喻手法，而且比明喻的比喻语气更强烈一层，从而显得语言简练、生动、贴切而含蓄。

Levinson（1983）明确提出合作原则（Cooperative Principle）可以看作为识别隐喻的一个参考标准的语用学家。

他指出格里斯的会话合作原则理论，许多含有隐喻的句子都可以被看作是违反质量准则或相关准则的情况。

英语修辞幽默的语用学分析［摘要］本文详细论述了语用学的合作原则和关联理论的主要观点。

选用大量典型实例，从合作原则和关联理论的视角对英语常见修辞格的幽默效果进行深入透彻的分析，指出合作原则和关联理论是人们获取幽默的重要认知途径。

［关键词］英语；修辞；幽默；语用学《辞海》对幽默的定义是“通过影射，讽喻，双关等修辞手法，在善意的微笑中，揭露生活中的讹谬和不通情理之处”。

这个定义指出幽默的本质反映的是人类生活中荒谬和不协调的东西，这个定义也同时告诉我们，修辞是生成语言幽默的重要途径。

任何事物本身并不幽默，幽默只存在于接受者的认知过程中，那么话语的接受者是如何获得幽默的呢？本文试图运用语用学中的合作原则和关联理论对英语常见修辞格的幽默效果进行分析。

一、合作原则语言学研究的目的之一是要解释人类是如何运用语言来进行成功交际的。

因此，交际中最普遍、最自然的形式就成了语言学家们关注的焦点。

美国语言学家格赖斯（Grice）发现形式逻辑并不适用于语言研究，自然语言有其自身的逻辑。

他认为为了保证会话的顺利进行，交际双方总是倾向于互相配合，共同遵守着一些基本原则，即所谓合作原则。

格赖斯把合作原则分为四个范畴，每个范畴包括一条准则和一些次准则。

A. 量准则（a）所说的话应包含交谈目的所需要的信息。

（b）所说的话不应包含超出需要的信息。

B.质准则（a）不要说自知是虚假的话。

（b）不要说缺乏足够证据的话。

C.关系准则：所讲的话是相关的D.方式准则：（a）避免晦涩。

（b）避免歧义。

（c）要简练，不要啰嗦。

（d）要有条理。

格赖斯在提出合作原则的同时指出，在实际交际中人们并不都严格遵守这些原则。

当听话人察觉到说话人并没有遵守合作原则时就会自动跳过对方话语的表面意义，去探寻说话人话语中的深层意义，即特殊会话含义。

而幽默就是在这个探寻推理过程中产生并被理解的。

1.重复（repetition）。

以重复修辞格为例，重复修辞格是指连续或间隔重复使用同一单词、短语或句子。

英语常见修辞手法的语用功能分析作者：严梓涵来源：《祖国》2018年第24期摘要：随着英语国际地位的提升，我国对英语教育越来越重视。

但是我国学生在学习过程中，哑巴式英语的现象十分严重，写作语言直白，缺少修辞手法的增色。

本文就英语常见的修辞进行简要分析，以便学生更好地掌握英语修辞手法，使其文章更有感染力和艺术气息。

关键词：修辞手法语用功能文学作品主观情感艺术感染力英语写作中应用修辞手法能在很大程度上提高文章的艺术水平和艺术感染力。

所以，写一篇优秀的英语文章就要掌握修辞手法的运用技巧，让文章更加出色。

一、修辞手法概述英语的修辞手法（Rhetoric Method ）和現代汉语的修辞手法是一样的，都包括：明喻（Simile）、暗喻（Metaphor）、拟人（Personification）、反语（Irony）等等，这一概念不仅仅出现在汉语写作中，在英语演讲、日常交流以及句子表达中也经常出现。

应用修辞手法更能表达作者的主观感情，使句子达到最佳的表达效果，使其更具有艺术感染力[1]。

二、修辞手法的种类（一）Simile和MetaphorSimile和Metaphor是修辞手法中的明喻和暗喻，二者都是比喻的形式。

简单区分Simile 和Metaphor的修辞手法的方法之一就是明喻中通常带有标志性词语，如like、as...as，翻译成汉语就是“像......”。

如：He walked as slowly as a snail/ My sister has got a lot of prizes and I think she is as smart as a dragon/My love for you is like a raging fire.英语明喻这一修辞手法的应用相对比较简单，也十分容易判断。

比喻的另外一种形式Metaphor即指暗喻，也可称之为隐喻，它不需要直观的词语如like、as...as进行表示，是一种具有隐藏比较性的修辞手法，通常情况下的表达形式为“C是D”，其中C为所表达的事物本身，即本体；D为与本体相似的事物，即喻体，二者由于其相似性被紧密联系在一起[2]。

北京外国语大学英语语言学与应用语言学考研备考资料常见的英语修辞手法(1)Simile：(明喻）明喻（simile）是以两种具有相同特征的事物和现象进行对比，表明本体和喻体之间的相似关系，两者都在对比中出现。

常用比喻词like,as,as if,as though等For example,As cold waters to a thirsty soul,so is good news from a far country.(2)Metaphor：(暗喻）暗喻（metaphor）这种比喻不通过比喻词进行，而是直接将用事物当作乙事物来描写，甲乙两事物之间的联系和相似之处是暗含的。

For example,the world is a stage.(3)Analogy:(类比）(4)Personification:(拟人）拟人（personification）这种修辞方法是把人类的特点、特性加于外界事物之上，使之人格化，以物拟人，以达到彼此交融，合二为一。

For example,the wind whistled through the trees. (5)Hyperbole:(夸张）夸张（hyperbole）这是运用丰富的想象，过激的言词，渲染和装饰客观事物，以达到强调的效果。

For instance,he almost died laughing.(6)Understatement:(含蓄陈述）For instance,It is no laughing matter.(7)Euphemism:(委婉）For instance,we refer to"die"as”pass away".(8)Metonymy(转喻）转喻（metonymy）是指两种不同事物并不相似，但又密不可分，因而常用其中一种事物名称代替另一种。

For example,All spoke with his eyes,“yes”.(9)Synecdoche(提喻）提喻（synecdoche）又称举隅法，主要特点是局部代表全体，或以全体喻指部分，或以抽象代具体，或以具体代抽象。

从语用角度看英语修辞格语用作为一门新兴学科，是语言学的重要分枝。

顾名思义语用学主要研究的是语言在具体语境中的应用。

随着研究的进一步深入，人们发现语用学的诸多原理与修辞学有着密切联系。

本文从语用学的角度入手，分析了合作原则，礼貌原则与隐喻，夸张，弱言及反语等英语修辞格的关系。

标签：合作原则，礼貌原则，隐喻，夸张，弱言，反语。

Abstract: Pragmatics, as a new science, is an important branch of linguistics. As its name suggests, pragmatics studies the language use in certain context. With the further development, we find that many principles of pragmatics are closely related with rhetoric. From the perspective of pragmatics, this paper analyzes the relationship among cooperative principle, politeness principle and metaphor, hyperbole, meiosis, and irony.Key Words: cooperative principle, politeness principle, metaphor, hyperbole, meiosis, irony1、引言语用学作为一门新兴的学科，在最近的二三十年里发展迅速。

各家学者对语用研究的兴趣有增无减。

奥斯汀的言语行为理论，塞尔的间接言语行为理论，格赖斯的会话合作原则以及利奇的会话礼貌原则是语用学的主要发现。

本文主要讨论的是会话的合作原则，礼貌原则与隐喻，夸张，弱言及反语等英语修辞格的关系。

英语19种修辞手法的全部解释和例句英语中有19种修辞手法，它们分别是：Simile明喻、Metaphor 隐喻，暗喻、Metonymy 借喻，转喻、Synecdoche 提喻、Synaesthesia 通感，联觉，移觉、Personification 拟人、Hyperbole 夸张、Parallelism 排比，平行、Euphemism 委婉，婉辞法、Allegory 讽喻，比方、Irony 反语、Pun 双关、Parody 仿拟、Rhetorical question 修辞疑问、Antithesis 对照，对比，对偶、Paradox 隽语、Oxymoron 反意法，逆喻、Climax 渐进法，层进法、Anticlimax 渐降法。

下面和大家分享一下这19种修辞手法的全部解释和例句，快来学习吧！1.Simile 明喻明喻是将具有共性的不同事物作对比。

这种共性存在于人们的心里，而不是事物的自然属性。

标志词常用like, as, seem, as if, as though, similar to, such as等。

例如：1>.He was like a cock who thought the sun had risen to hear him crow。

2>.I wandered lonely as a cloud。

3>.Einstein only had a blanket on, as if he had just walked out of a fairy tale。

2.Metaphor 隐喻，暗喻隐喻是简缩了的明喻，是将某一事物的名称用于另一事物，通过比较形成。

例如：1>.Hope is a good breakfast, but it is a bad supper。

2>.Some books are to be tasted, others swallowed, and some few to be chewed and digested。