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3、蛋白质的化学组成
(1) 元素组成
都含有C、H、O、N 其他主要是S、P、Fe、Cu、Zn、 Mg 和I等。 元 素 C H O N S P 百 分 含 量 平 均(%) 50∼55 6.9∼7.7 21∼24 15.0∼17.6 0.3∼2.3 0.4∼0.9 52 7 23 16 2 0.6
Amino acids are ampholytes (两性电解质)
(4) Isoelectric Point
NH3+ R C COOH H II
K1 OHH+
NH3 R C COOH I
+
K2 OHH+
NH2 R C COOH III
1
Low pH
1
+1
1
High pH
如果在某一 pH 值下,氨基酸所带正电荷的数 目与负电荷的数目正好相等,即净电荷为零, 则称该 pH 值为该氨基酸的等电点 (pI)。
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二、Amino Acids
什么是氨基酸?什么又是α-氨基酸?
组成肽和蛋白质的结构单元分子 --- α- amino Acid
二、Amino Acids
1. Configuration
Side chain
When R ≠ H, α-C is a chiral carbon, there are two stereoisomers (D and L- α- amino acid) The amino acids in natural proteins are the Lα - amino acids.
2. 20 standard amino acids
(1) Nonpolar side chain (9 members)
COO+H N H 3 H Glycine (Gly, G) 甘氨酸 COO+H N 3
COO+H N H 3 CH3 Alanine (Ala, A) 丙氨酸 COO+
COO+
UV 特征吸收:λmax = 260-280 nm
(2) UV absorption
Tyr: λmax=275 nm
ε275 = 1.4x103
Phe: λmax=257 nm
ε257 = 2.0x102
Trp: λmax=280 nm
ε280 = 5.6x103
存在形式
or
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√
氨基酸在结晶状态或在接近中性的溶液中, 是以两性离子 (dipolar ion or zwitterion) 的形式存在。是一种内盐 (inner salt)。
L-Val N HOOC S H N O O D-Cys R
Penicilline
4. Nonstandard Amino Acids (3) Biologically active amino acids
非蛋白氨基酸 Transport nitrogen, such as Orn (鸟氨酸), Cit (瓜氨酸) in the biosynthesis of urea β-alanine as a component of pantothenic acid (泛酸) Chemical messengers (化学信使)
Example 2
A tyrosine (酪氨酸) derivative Neurotransmitters
Example 3
Another tyrosine derivative An iodine-containing thyroid(甲状腺) hormone that generally stimulates vertebrate(脊椎动物) metabolism
5. Properties of Amino Acids (2) UV absorption
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COO+H N 3
H CH2
COO+H N H 3 CH2
COO+H N 3
H CH2 N H
Phenylalanine (Phe, F) 苯丙氨酸
OH Tyrosine (Tyr, Y) 酪氨酸
Tryptophan (Try, W) 色氨酸
(4) Isoelectric Point
a. 等电点时,amino acids 几乎全部以两性离 子 I 的形式存在, 并伴以极少量、严格相等的 II 和 III。 b. 处于等电点的氨基酸,其溶解度最小。 c. PI 与解离常数 pK间的关系
Neutral amino acids: pI = (pK1 + pK2)/2 Acidic amino acids : pI = (pK1 + pKRCOOH)/2 Basic amino acids : pI = (pK2 + pKRNH2)/2
二、Amino Acids
4. Nonstandard Amino Acids
More than 200 different amino acids are found in living organisms. (1) amino acid derivatives in proteins --- Unusual amino acids in proteins --- In almost cases, they result from posttranslational modifications --- Modification: hydroxylation, methylation, acetylation, carboxylation, phosphorylation
2. 20 standard amino acids
(1) Nonpolar side chain (9)
COOCOO+ +H N 3
H CH2
COO+ H3N H CH2 N H
H2N Phenylalanine (Phe, F) 苯丙氨酸
Proline (Pro, P) 脯氨酸
Tryptophan (Try, W) 色氨酸
2、蛋白质的主要功能
a. 构成生命体,特别是动物体的基本结构材料 (structural proteins) b. 催化活性 --- 酶(enzyme) c. 物质的转运(transport proteins) d. 协调运动,调节机体活动(motile and regulatory proteins) e. 营养物(nutrient proteins) f. 免疫保护(defense proteins) g. 支架(adapter proteins) h. 控制生长和分化
imidazole HN
NH
Lysine (Lys, K) 赖氨酸
Histidine (His, H) 组氨酸
二、Amino Acids
3. Essential amino acids The amino acids that must obtain from our diets because we either cannot synthesize them at all or cannot synthesize them in adequate amounts 10 essential amino acids: Val, Leu, Ile, Thr, Met, Lys, Arg, Phe, His, Trp
H3N
H CH(CH3)2
Valine (Val, V) 缬氨酸 COO+
H CH2 CH(CH3)2
H3N
H CH(CH3) CH2CH3
H3N
H CH2 CH2SCH3
Leucine (Leu, L) 亮氨酸
Isoleucine (Ile, I) 异亮氨酸
Methionine (Met, M) 甲硫氨酸(蛋氨酸)
Some modified amino acids in proteins
4. Nonstandard Amino Acids (2) D-amino acid
非蛋白氨基酸 Components of relatively short (<20 residues) bacterial polypeptides(细菌多肽). Important constituents of bacterial cell walls Compoments of many bacterially produced peptide antibiotics(抗生素)
Example 1
A glutamine(谷氨酸) decarboxylation(脱 羧) product Neurotransmitters (神经递质) --- substances released by nerve cells to alter the behavior of their neighbors
1、蛋白质研究史上的重大事件
1890年,结晶出第一个蛋白质, egg albumin (Hofmeister) 1902年,蛋白质是多肽链 (Hofmeister, Fischer)
1、蛋白质研究史上的重大事件
1952年,蛋白质的 α-helix模型(Pauling)
1、蛋白质研究史上的重大事件
(3) Acid-Base Properties 氨基酸既是酸又是碱
Act as an acid (proton donor)
NH3+ R C COOH NH2 R C COOH +
H
+
Act as an base (proton acceptor)
NH3+ R C COOH +
H
+
NH3+ R C COOH H
(2) Uncharged polar side chain (6)