笔译参考资料(1)
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笔译参考资料
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直译与意译
●直译
所谓直译(literal translation),就是在译入语语法能力所允许的范围内,尽可能贴近原文内容与形式的翻译方法。一般说来,如果译文能够以与原文相同的形式再现与原文相同的内容,就可以采用直译的方法。
译例评析
【1】 Whether or not vegetarianism should be advocated for adults, it is definitely
unstisfactory for growing children.
译文:无论在成人当中是否应该提倡素食习惯,但这却绝对不能满足正在成长发育的孩子们的需要。
【2】 But I hated Sakamoto, and I had a feeling he’d surely lead us both to our
ancestors.
译文:但是我恨坂本,并预感到他肯定会领着咱们去见祖先。
【3】 Hitler was armed to the teethwhen he launched the Second World War, but in
a few years, he was completely defeated.
译文:希特勒在发动第二次世界大战时是武装到牙齿的,可是不过几年,就被彻底击败了。
注:有人认为直译就是逐字翻译(word-for-word translation),这实质上是一种误会。逐字译是一种严格遵循原文措辞的翻译方法,翻译时以词为单位进行考虑,力求译文中的每个词都与原文相对应。例如下面杜甫《登高》诗的英译为例:
风急天高猿啸哀 Wind keen sky high apes scream mourning
渚清沙白鸟飞回 Islet pure sand white birds fly revolving
无边落木萧萧下 Without limit falling trees bleakly shed
不尽长江滚滚来 No exhaustble long river rolling-rolling come
万里悲秋常作客 Myriad-li melancholy autumn constantly be traveler
百年多病独登台 Hundred-years much sickness alone ascend terrace
艰难困苦繁双鬓 Difficulties bitter-regrets proliferate frosty temples
潦倒新停浊酒杯 Despondent newly stop muddy wine cups
总之,我们切不可把直译理解为逐字译。两者之间最重要的区别在于直译照顾到译入语的语法规范,对原文形式作必要的调整,因而文字比较通顺,读者能够看懂。而逐字译则不顾译入语的语法规范和表达习惯,视原文为“神圣不可侵犯”,一味追求形式对应,结果就是译出来的文字晦涩生硬,甚至不知所云。
●意译
在翻译研究中,意译(free translation)是出现频率最高的名词之一。中外学者给意译下了不同的定义。(翻译概论,姜倩,何刚强:153)简单说来,因为每个民族都有自己的词汇、句法结构和表达方法,当原文的思想内容和译文的表达形式有矛盾而不宜采用直译法处理时,就应采用意译法。
【1】Do you see any green in my eye?
译文:你以为我是好欺骗的吗?
【2】Ruth was upsetting the other children, so I showed her the door.
译文:鲁丝一直在扰乱别的孩子,我就把他撵了出去。
【3】Don’t cross the bridge till you get to it.
译文:不必担心过早。(不必自寻烦恼。)
●直译与意译均可
有些句子既可以直译又可以意译。这时采用哪种译法要看译文表达的需要,哪种译文更笔译参考资料
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妥帖就采用哪一种。
【1】I am filled with wonder when I consider the immeasurable contrast between the
two lives which it connects.
译文:(直译)每当我想起这一天所连接起的两种生活差异之巨大时,心里就充满了一种奇妙的感受。
(意译)每当我想起这一天时仍会惊叹不一,因为这一天把具有天渊之别的两种生活连在了一起。
【2】Newton created a planetary dynamics which was so successful that for many years
scientists complained that nothing was left to be done.
译文:(直译)牛顿创立的天体力学是那么成功,以至许多年来科学家们抱怨没有留下什么可以继续搞的了。
(意译)牛顿创立的天体力学真是天衣无缝,以至许多年来科学家们抱怨无空可补。
【3】It was really a mystery to the neighbours that Mary,the ugly woman, could succeed
in ordering about her husband, the strong-armed blacksmith, well known far and
wide, and having him where she wanted him.
译文:(直译)对邻居来说这确是个谜,玛丽这个丑女人竟能成功地支使她那位远近闻名、粗胳膊粗腿的铁匠丈夫,让他到哪儿就到哪儿。
(意译) 玛丽这个丑女人把她那远近闻名、胳膊粗力气大的铁匠丈夫支使得滴溜溜转,让他去东他不敢往西!这对他们的邻居来说简直是不可思议。
相关链接:归化与异化
【Practice】Put the following sentences into Chinese, using either literal translation
or free translation.
(1) Every life has its roses and thorns.
(2) He was a dead shot. However, he met his Waterloo this time.
(3) After his failure of his last novel, his reputation sands on slippery ground.
(4) He carried his age astonishingly well.
(5) Nixon was pleased by the distinction, but not verwhelmed.
(6) “I’ll want Lisa where I want her.”
(7) Yet China was a land of constant surprise and shifting impression.
(8) He walked at the head of the funeral procession, and every now and then
wiped his crocodile tears with a big handkerchief.
(9) Mrs. Sawyer looked radiant, too, and for the first time gobbled up her
dinner like a lttle pig.
(10) It is the same old story of not being grateful for what we have until we
lose it, of not being conscious of health until we are ill.
第二节 英语习语和谚语的翻译
英语中有很多习语和谚语,形象生动,言简意赅,寓意无穷,有时一个习语或谚语胜似一篇文章。英译汉时,对其寓意的阐释往往是很困难的事。英汉习语的翻译大体上可采用直译、直译加解释、套译、意译等方法。
(一) 直译
直译力求保留原有的形象、比喻和修辞手段,以便保持英语习语或谚语的风格,也试图吸收外国语言的风采,因而,在翻译习语或谚语时,不能过分强调规划法。即使英汉相对应的表达法却属大同小异,它们在表达技巧上也各有千秋。如果采用异化的译法,就会为汉语表达某种意思提供一个新的选择。例如“Among wolves one must howl”, 在特定的语境笔译参考资料
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中,如需保持一种较为典雅的语言风格,可以采用归化法把它译为“入乡随俗”;但在一般情况下,不妨以异化法直译为“在狼群中你得嗥”,这也是一种别致新颖的说法。诸如此类的谚语和习语还有:
Give a dog a bad name and hang him. 一旦名声坏,永远难清白。
A miss is as good as a mile. 错误再小也是错。
Two heads are better than one. 两个脑袋总比一个脑袋强。
Teach one’s grandmother to suck eggs. 教奶奶吮吸鸡蛋。
Barking dogs seldom bite. 爱叫的狗很少咬人。
Heaven helps those who help themselves. 天助者自助。
(二) 直译加解释
许多英语习语和谚语含有比喻或象征意义,或反映西方人特有的文化心里,汉译时一般要直译后加解释。例如:
The crafty enemy was ready to launch an attack while holding out the olive branch.
狡猾的敌人,一边伸出橄榄枝,表示愿意讲和;一边准备发动新的进攻。
又如:
The planners were busy bypassing the Gordian Knot.
计划制定者为躲避戈尔迪结----必须用大刀阔斧的办法去解决的棘手问题-----而忙得不可开交。
诸如词类的习语还有:
sour grapes 酸葡萄 (得不到的东西就说它不好)
stick and carrot 大棒和胡萝卜(比喻软硬兼施)
the Trojan horse 特洛伊木马(比喻引起内部破坏的因素)
the fifth column 第五纵队(比喻间谍和内奸)
a Sphinx’s riddle 斯芬克斯之迷(比喻难题或难解之谜)
Pandora’s box 潘多拉的盒子(比喻祸害的根源)
(三) 套译
有些英语习语和谚语在比喻意义上同汉语习语基本相似,可以套用汉语中与之相似的习语来翻译,这是一种归化的译法。例如: