笔译参考资料

1. What is translation?

Translation is a bridge which connects people speaking different languages in the

process of exchanging ideas. It makes it possible for different people speaking

different languages to communicate with each other through the representation of the

original language. Translation is to convey the information of one language (the

source language ) in another language (target/receptor language) so that readers can

get the information that the original author expresses and also have the same

understanding as the original readers.

2. What is the nature of translation?

1 subject of curriculum

translation is a science, just as any subject is , with its own rules, laws and principles

for the translators to abide by.

2 some specific pieces of translation

it is like an art, with each piece manifesting its own charms and style in the creative

hands of the translator;

3 a process

a craft or skill. because the process of translation has its peculiarity, and none of its

rules and principles are universally applicable. Besides it entails a lot of

practice---particular craftsmanship and skills which are displayed by touches of

different translators.

3. How many categories do you think translation can be divided into, and what

are they?

In terms of languages ,it can be divided into two categories:

 native languages (source languages)

 foreign languages (source/target languages)

In terms of mode:

 oral interpretation

 written translation

 machine translation

In terms of materials to be translated, there are the followings:

 a) translation of scientific materials

 b) translation of literary works: such as novels, stories, prose, poetry,

drama, etc.

 C) translation of political essays: such as treatises on social problems,

reports, speeches, etc.

 d) translation of practical writing: such as official documents, contracts and

agreements, notices, receipts, etc.

In terms of disposal:

 full-text translation (全文翻译),

 abridged translation (摘译), or

 adapted translation (编译).

4．Which is easier, translating or speaking and writing? Why?

5. What are the characteristics of translation?

人云亦云 不容更改 先理解，后动笔 克服原语的干扰 Examples:

 white lie

 white elephant

 electric pole

 utility pole

 yellow press

 美人计

 步行街

7 What is the translation theory?

Translation theory refers to the study of the internal inherent laws of translation, the

finding of the problems often met with in translating and the solutions to them. (It

also helps people to understand the laws and solve different kinds of problems in their

translation.)

8.What are the translation techniques?

The translation techniques refer to the experience that people have accumulated in

their long-time translating work, which include diction (选词用句), amplification (增词), omission, repetition, conversion, restructuring (重组), negation (正说反译, 反说正译), division(长句拆译), etc.

11 What is the relationship between translation theory and translation

techniques?

In the point view of Eugene A. Nida, the famous American translator, “translation

practice without an adequate theroy produces only haphazard results, while theroy

without practice is completely sterile” (Nide, 1969). (缺少理论指导的翻译是随意的翻译, 离开实践的理论是毫无根据用处的理论。)

What is equivalence?

Equivalence refers to the description of one thing in the original (source) language in

different languages. In fact translation is about equivalence.

Formal equivalence

Dynamic equivalence

a) Total equivalence:

It refers to the case in which __two words or phrases _in different languages

have exactly the_____same meaning _.

b) Partial equivalence

Two words in two different languages have many meanings, in

which only one or some of the meanings have the equivalents.

他拉了拉我的袖子。He pulled my sleeve

pull around 恢复健康

pull off a plan 努力实现计划

拉拉队 cheering squad

拉倒 forget about it

i) One word with multiple equivalent of the same meanings:

wife: 妻子,爱人, 夫人,老婆,老伴, 媳妇, 内人

potato: 马铃薯, 洋芋, 土豆, 山药蛋

人: Human being, man, people, person die: 死了, 走了,没了,去了,完蛋了,驾崩了,圆祭了,仙逝,归天,命赴黄泉

ii) One word with multiple equivalents of different meanings:

cousin: 堂兄,堂弟,堂姐,堂妹,表兄,表弟,表姐,表妹

president: 总统,总裁,主席,董事长, 议长,会长, 社长, 校长

carry: 搬,运,提,拎,挑,担,抬,背,扛,搂,抱,端,举, 夹,捧

 compact disc 激光唱片

 biological parents亲生父母

 a white night亲生父母

 a piece of cake小菜一碟

 He is above cheating in the exam 他绝对不会作弊

 have eyes in the back of one’s head高度警觉

 We’ll see who’ll succeed at last. 谁笑在最后谁笑得最美

 Love me, love my dog. 爱屋及乌

 It makes my blood boil to see children being treated badly怒火中烧

形式对等的特点:

１．同一用语保持前后一致；

２．以名词译名词，动词译动词，以此类推；