论《推销员之死》中威利·罗曼的悲剧必然性英语专业毕业论文

最新英语专业全英原创毕业论文，都是近期写作1 浅析约翰•斯坦贝克《愤怒的葡萄》中汤姆的转变2 《大地》中赛珍珠女权主义分析3 对《老人与海》中突显的生态意识的探讨4 《霍乱时期的爱情》中象征手法的解析5 A Comparison of the English Color Terms6 浅谈汉英时间隐喻的文化异同7 英文电影片名翻译的归化与异化8 分析《华伦夫人的职业》中母女矛盾所折射出的社会问题9 文档所公布均英语专业全英原创毕业论文。

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毕业论文论文题目：论《推销员之死》中洛曼悲剧命运的原因作者所在系部：外语系作者所在专业：英语作者所在班级： B10712班作者姓名：姚娜作者学号： 20104071220指导教师姓名：陈健完成时间： 2014年6月北华航天工业学院教务处制1On Reasons of Willy Loman’s Tragic Fatein Death of a SalesmanByYao NaThesis Adviser: Chen JianSubmitted to the B.A. Committee in partial fulfillment of the requirements of the Degree of Bachelor of Arts in the Foreign Languages Department of North China Institute of Aerospace Engineering.2指导教师情况姓名技术职务工作单位指导教师评语指导教师评定成绩:指导教师签字:_________ ________ 年________ 月________ 日答辩委员会评语最终评定成绩:答辩委员会主任签字:__________ 单位(公章)______ 年_______月______日i北华航天工业学院本科生毕业论文原创性及知识产权声明本人郑重声明：所呈交的毕业论文On Reasons of Willy Loman’sTragic Fate in Death of a Salesman是本人在指导教师的指导下，独立进行研究工作取得的成果。

除文中已经注明引用的内容外，本论文不含任何其他个人或集体已经发表或撰写过的作品或成果。

对本论文的研究做出重要贡献的个人和集体，均已在文中以明确方式标明。

因本毕业论文引起的法律结果完全由本人承担。

本毕业论文成果归北华航天工业学院所有。

本人遵循北华航天工业学院有关毕业论文的相关规定，提交毕业论文的印刷本和电子版本。

小人物的悲剧——论《推销员之死》中威利悲剧的原因
马晓君
【期刊名称】《海外英语（下）》
【年(卷),期】2017(000)012
【摘要】阿瑟·米勒是美国著名戏剧家,被称为"美国戏剧的良心".他的代表作《推销员之死》反映了米勒对物欲横流的美国社会的不满.主人公威利的死亡就和这虚幻的"美国梦"和无情的资本主义社会有着直接的关系.当然,除了这些外部因素外,威利的悲剧也是由其自身的性格缺陷所导致的.本文通过分析主人公威利悲剧的原因,旨在指出物欲社会的无情和人的性格和道德观与成功地关系.
【总页数】3页(P177-179)
【作者】马晓君
【作者单位】天津师范大学,天津300387
【正文语种】中文
【中图分类】I106
【相关文献】
1.一位普通美国人的悲剧原型--论《推销员之死》中威利·洛曼的悲剧形象 [J], 马可云
2.内心冲突的悲剧——《推销员之死》中威利悲剧之心理因素探源 [J], 秦立军;许红艳;
3.内心冲突的悲剧——《推销员之死》中威利悲剧之心理因素探源 [J], 秦立军;许红艳
4.小人物的悲剧——论《推销员之死》中威利悲剧的原因 [J], 马晓君
5.论小人物在悲剧舞台上主人公地位的合法性——从《推销员之死》中威利·洛曼的悲剧性谈起 [J], 何泽
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论《推稍员之死》中威利悲剧命运的必然性发布时间：2022-06-16T02:07:09.544Z 来源：《中国教工》2022年第4期2月作者：董建奎[导读] 美国著名剧作家亚瑟·米勒的作品《推销员之死》中主人公威利·络曼的悲剧是众所周知的，该论文董建奎亳州学院外语系，安徽亳州 236800 )摘要：美国著名剧作家亚瑟·米勒的作品《推销员之死》中主人公威利·络曼的悲剧是众所周知的，该论文深刻分析其原因在于他受父神意象的深刻影响，这来自于荣格精神分析心理学中的父神幻象。

而这种幻象就是植根于男性心理中的父神原型，其来源于集体无意识。

威利在精神方面对父神意向的错觉，对父神身份的盲目追求和迷恋，与他在现实中的诸多失望和失败形成的反差使其精神崩溃，心理幻灭，最终走向自杀这条不归路，酿成了他必然的悲剧命运。

关键词：威利·络曼；父神原型；精神分析心理学；悲剧中图分类号:I712．074 文献标识码：A一、引言美国著名剧作家亚瑟·米勒在他的许多作品中，特别是在《推销员之死》中，深深地表现出他对父亲身份意识的关注。

这部作品讲述了一位尽职尽责的父亲威利·洛曼，把所有的希望都寄托在销售事业和他儿子的身上，当一切的希望破灭时，他制造车祸自杀，为了寻求保险公司的赔付以挽救他儿子的未来, 赢回他作为父亲所应受到的尊重。

米勒对父亲身份的关注根植于他自己的经历，对于父子关系的深层挖掘是他作品的主题之一。

该论文运用荣格精神分析学中的父神原型理论来分析威利的父亲身份意识和父神形象。

荣格对男性气质和父亲身份崇拜给予了解释。

他相信无意识是可以分析的。

他把意识分为个人无意识和集体无意识，并把后者作为原型。

根据荣格的解释，原型是“自从远古时代就已存在的普遍意象”，是在人类最原始的阶段形成的［1］。

荣格认为原型对于个人心理起到了巨大的作用，并且会产生幻觉:它用一种原始的力量控制着人类的心理，并且穿越人性的界限。

最新英语专业全英原创毕业论文，都是近期写作1 艺术与现实之间的冲突－－解读毛姆的《月亮和六便士》2 中西文化中颜色词的象征意义3 析《狮子和宝石》中拉昆来失败的原因4 歧义视角下的英语言语幽默研究5 分析《喧哗与骚动》中昆丁的人物形象和悲剧意义6 英语委婉语教学模式探究7 课本剧在高中英语教学中的应用与研究8 艾伦金斯堡及其《嚎叫》之于二十世纪六十年代美国文化的影响9 从电影功夫字幕翻译谈文化负载词的翻译10 从语言角度分析《功夫熊猫》中中西文化的交融11 《我的安东妮亚》中安东妮亚的成长12 A Comparison of the English Color Terms13 论《哈姆雷特》中的双关语14 文档所公布均英语专业全英原创毕业论文。

原创Q 175 567 12 4815 Analysis of the Symbolic Meanings of the Major Characters in Moby Dick16 V ocabulary Teaching Based on Pragmatic Approach17 从女性主义视角看珍妮特•温特森《给樱桃以性别》中的英雄主义18 美国梦的矛盾心理-伟大的盖茨比主题分析19 初中英语教学中的角色扮演20 论汉语景点名称的英译21 裘德悲剧成因的分析22 A Comparison of the English Color Terms23 The Symbolism in The Scarlet Letter24 托尼莫里森《宠儿》的哥特式重读25 从电影《七宗罪》看‘七宗罪’与基督教传统的关系26 中西亲子关系对比性研究27 从加菲猫看美国新个人主义价值观28 图式理论分析中国网络流行词翻译29 英语中的一词多义现象30 英语词汇学习策略探析31 Character is Fate —An Analysis of the Tragic Fate of Henchard32 The Problems in English and Chinese Trademark Translation and Relevant Countermeasures33 英文电影对白中俚语的翻译34 中学英语教学中课堂活动的组织和实施35 A Comparative Study on the Celebrations of Traditional Chinese and Western Festivals36 中西方在养老孝道方面的差异37 《了不起的盖茨比》中的黛西形象解读38 《加里波利的坟墓》的反讽与对话39 至美的追求—美学视角下泰戈尔的《吉檀迦利》40 从文化视角下看中美家庭教育的差异41 An Analysis of the Distorted Male and Female Relationships in Sons and Lovers42 A Pragmatic Analysis of Puns in English Advertisements under the Cooperative Principle43 语音歧义和语义歧义的语言学分析44 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第30卷湖南师范大学社会科学学报Jo urnal of Social Science of Hunan Normal UniversityMay,2001一个普通人的悲剧)))评5推销员之死6中的威利#洛曼X肖立宏(湖南师范大学外国语学院,湖南长沙410081)摘要:5推销员之死6是美国戏剧史上的三大悲剧之一。

它不同于古典悲剧,讲述的是一个普普通通的旅行推销员的故事。

主人公威利#洛曼的悲剧命运主要表现在以下几个方面:/美国梦0的受害者;不称职的父亲;被不理解丈夫的妻子所纵容的牺牲者。

威利#洛曼的悲剧命运相当有典型性,引起了观众和评论界的强烈反响。

关键词:威利#洛曼;普通人;悲剧;美国梦阿瑟#密勒于1949年2月10日推出的5推销员之死6无疑是他创作的诸多话剧中最成功的一部。

该剧上演之后好评如潮。

评论家普遍认为该剧不仅具有高超的艺术价值,而且有着深刻的社会意义,是戏剧史上难得的一部佳作。

这位当时年仅35岁的剧作家之所以能获得如此与众不同的公认,不仅在于他极为关注影响美国人的社会问题,而且还因为他发展了一种新型的现代悲剧模式。

一悲剧源于古希腊。

亚里士多德在5诗学6第六章中,对悲剧作了深刻的研究和阐述,并给悲剧下了这样一个定义:/悲剧是对一个严肃、完整、有一定长度的行动的摹仿;它的媒介是语言,具有各种悦耳之音,分别在剧的各部分使用;摹仿方式是借人物的动作表达,而不是采用叙述法;借引起怜悯与恐惧来使这种情感提到陶冶。

0[1](P19)他在5诗学6第十三章里进一步指出悲剧主要人物必须是/名声显赫,生活幸福,,,例如俄狄浦斯、堤厄斯忒斯以及出身于他们这样的家庭的著名人物。

0[1](P39)纵观古希腊或伊利莎白时代的剧作家,其悲剧主人公多是名声显赫、出身高贵的人,都围绕着英雄、国王和神的命运来写。

如5俄狄浦斯王6中的俄狄浦斯是一个聪明诚实、热爱真理、勇于承担责任的贤明的国王。

5被缚的普罗米修斯6中给人类带来温暖与幸福的普罗米修斯本身就是神。

推销员之死论文20xx字篇一：推销员之死英文论文Analysis of A Tragic Character of Death of a SalesmanINRODUCTIONAs is known to all, one’s personal experience of life and social environmentundoubtedly will affect his views towards life and his notions of art. As Arthur Miller’s explained, “The writer who wants to describe life must describe his ownexperience(5).” In addition, “the best work that anybody ever writes is the work that is on the verge of embarrassing him---where he puts himself on the li ne(6).” According to Walden, Arthur Miller’s social conscience stemmed from the economic effects of the Depression which he experienced when he was a young man(189). Therefore, it is basic and necessary to know about his growing background and his works before introduction and analysis of Death of a Salesman.Arthur Miller was a prolific American playwright, essayist, and prominent figure in twentieth-century American theater, born in New York City on October 17, 1915. He was the son of Isidore Miller who was a Jewish businessman migrated from Austria, and spent his first fourteen years of life in Harlem, a middle-class neighborhood of mixed ethic people. Miller’s childhood was comfortable, but the Great Depression of 1929 inevitably had great impact on his views about life. His career as a playwright began while he was a student at the University of Michigan. His successful plays include All My Sons, Death of Salesman, The Crucible, A View from the Bridge, After the Fall, Broken Glass and so on, among which Death of Salesman is the mostsuccessful one. Since its premiere in 1949, it has been widely acclaimed and won the Pulitzer Prize. Many critics described Death ofSalesman as the first great American tragedy, and Miller gained eminence as a man who understood the deep essence of the United States.The story of shows Death of Salesman the last twenty-four hour about the life of Willy Loman, an diligent traveling salesman, whose values, ideas and vanity is smashed into pieces by the fact that he is a total failure both in his family and the society. The postwar economic boom has shaken up his life, which causes that he is eventually fired and begins to hallucinate about significant events from his past. Linda, Willy’s loyal, loving wife, suffers through Willy’s grandiose dreams andself-delusions. She has nurtured the family through all of Willy’s misguided attemptsat success, and her emotional strength and perseverance support Willy until his collapse. Biff Loman, Willy’s thirty-four-year-old elder son, represents Willy’s vulnerable, poetic and tragic side. He cannot ignore his instincts, which tell him to abandon Willy’s paralyzing dreams and move out West to work with his hands. However, he ultimately fails to reconcile his life with Willy’s expectations of him. Happy Loman, Willy’s thirty-two-year- old younger son, represents Willy’s sense of self-importance, ambition and blind servitude to societal expectations. Happy has lived in Biff’s shadow all of his life, but he compensates by nurturing his relentless sex drive and professional ambition.Themes are the fundamental and often universal ideas explored in a literary work. In the book Death of Salesman, there exists three themes. First, there is no doubt that one of themes is the American Dream. Willy believes absorbedly in what the promise of the American Dream that aspiration, hard work and individual enterprise will be rewarded with prosperity, regardless of family background. Unfortunately, Willy clings to the superficial qualities of attractiveness and popularity, which is at odds with a more gritty, more rewarding understanding of the AmericanDream thatidentifies hard work without complaints as the key to success. Willy’s blind faith in his distorted version of the American Dream leads to his rapid psychological decline when he is unable to accept the disparity between the Dream and his own life. Second, it refers to abandonment. Willy’s life charts a course from one abandonment to the next, leaving him in greater despair each time. When Willy is very young, his father leaves him neither a tangible money nor an intangible legacy. Then his brother departs for Alaska, leaving his to lose himself in a stunted version of American Dream.Through these experience, Willy develops a fear of abandonment. However, when his son Biff fins out about his adultery, Biff also drops Willy. Third, it’s about betrayal. Willy’s primary obsession throughout the play is what he considers to be Biff’s betrayal of his ambitions for him. However, Biff’s betrayal stems from Biff’sdiscovery of Willy’s affairs with The Woman---a betrayal of Linda’s love. Besides, there is another betrayal that Willy has betrayed him with his unending stream of ego-stroking lies.In Death of Salesman, Miller creates a colorful and vivid world and depict a society full of problems, which are all the reflection of life and the playwright’s questioning of the present social value.Analysis of A Tragic CharacterThe whole play is written both in time sequence and in accordance with theprotagonist’s psychological movement. The structure of events is the directionreflection of Willy’s view on his life and lives in his own world full of contradictions. “Young Biff and Young Happy ap pear from the direction Willy was addressing(Miller68).” “Charley has appeared in the doorway (Miller 120).” Like these examples, past and present flow into one another perfectly. So in Death of Salesman, Miller not only depicts what happened in an 24 hours about the life of Willy Loman, but alsodescribes the whole life of Willy. Besides, from depicting past, we can see that the purpose is to escape the depressing present.At the beginning of the play, Willy suffers from crippling self-delusion. Hisconsciousness is so fractured that he cannot maintain a consistent fantasy. In onemoment, he calls Biff, “Biff is a lazy bum (Miller 22).” In the next, he says, “There’s one thing about Biff---he’s not lazy (Miller 23).” his later estimate of his car is at odds---one moment he calls it a piece of trash, the next “the greatest car ever built(Miller 91).” Willy changes his interpretation of reality according to his psychological needs at the moment. Labeling Biff a lazy bum allows Willy to deflect Linda’scriticism of his harangue against Biff’s lack of material success, ambition and focus. Besides, denying Biff’s laziness enables Willy to hold onto the hope that Biff will someday fulfill his expectations of him in some capacity. This kind of satire fully shows Willy’s self-delusion and failure.In the meanwhile, by the time the play begins, it introduces the strangely unnatural tone of the dialogue, which appears more attractive. For example,“Maybe it’s your glasses. You never went for your new glasses (Miller 10).”“I’m the New England man. I’m vital in New England (Miller 14)”.and there is persistent vexed questioning, “Why do you get Americanwhen I like Swiss (Miller 24).” The above sentences shows the particularly Jewish-American idiom. In fact, such dialogues will parallel the complex struggle of a family with a warped version of the American Dream trying to support itself.Furthermore, in Death of Salesman, there are many symbols representing theimplications in order to deepen the theme like cars, diamonds, seeds and so on.Cars represent freedom, mobility and social status in American. However, in this drama, Willy loses the control of his family car.Willy: I’m tired to the death. I couldn’t make it. I just couldn’t make it, Linda.Linda (very carefully, delicately): Where were you all day? You look terrible.Willy: I got as far as a little above Yonkers. I stopped for a cup of coffee. Maybe it was the coffee.Linda: What?Willy (after a pause): I suddenly couldn’t drive any more. The car kept going offonto the shoulder, y’know?Linda (helpfully): Oh. Maybe it was the steering again. I don’t think Angeloknows the Studebaker.Willy: No, it’s me, it’s me. Suddenly I realize I’m goin’ sixty miles an hour and I don’t remember the last five minutes. I’m---I can’t seem to---keep my mind to it (Miller 7-9).As above shows, at the beginning of the play, Willy comes home exhausted, which means his car is going out of control. That is to say, his exhaustion with drivingsymbolizes his tiredness from life. In addition, it also give a senseof what the end will hold.Then, Ben’s incantation of “The jungle is dark, but full of diamonds” in Act 2 turns Willy’s suicide into a moral struggle and a matter of commerce. Diamonds stands for the material success as well as a “get-rich-quick” scheme that is the solution to all problems. According to Ben, Willy’s death likes a “diamond...rough and hard to the touch.” What’s more, what Willy really understands is that the product he sells is himself and in the end he sells his own life.Another symbol is about seeds. Generally, seeds are regarded as a hope that Willy’s hope to his sons’ future. Besides, seeds also represents for him the opportunity to prove the worth of his labor. When Willy says, “Nothing’s planted. I don’t have athing in the ground” after both his sons abandon him in Act 2, we have a feeling he is a failure.Thus, a conclusion can be drawn naturally that Willy dies as deluded as he lived.Through the fictional character of Willy Loman, Miller manages to touch deep chords within the national psyche.SUMMARYTo sum up, on the basis of the analysis above, we may draw a conclusion that death of salesman Willy is a corollary. In the last 24 hours of Willy’s life, he walks towards death step by step inevitably. Actually, the salesman’s condition is an enlargement of an insignificant facet of the general human condition. Miller shows that it is not an individual’s failure. While it is more like an embodiment for American’s life. Therefore, Death of Salesman is not merely Miller’s autobiography but also an epitome of American history that represents everyone who is placed in the same situation. In Death of Salesman, the author successfully applied both literary and theatrical techniques to explorethe inner world of protagonist, in order to build the dramatic atmosphere and deepen the theme of the play. In the meanwhile, readers are impressed and shocked by various conflicts and think deeply about their reality. Through studying this book, I think this play conveys some philosophical ideas and shows more concern for humanity. It makes readers realize the value of life as well as the limited life. Therefore, we should live with more passion to discover the meaning of the life.Works CitedMiller Arthur. Death of Salesman. New York: Viking Penguin, 1981. Walden Daniel. Critical Essays on Arthur Miller, Massachusetts: G. K. Hall … Co., 1979: 189-96陶洁，《美国文学选读》（第三版）。

Death of a Salesman《销售员之死》是阿瑟·米勒所著的一部经典美国悲剧，涉及到一位不幸的销售员威利·罗曼。

威利面对着失业、心灵压抑和家庭矛盾等多重困难，不得不依靠幻想来维持自己的尊严和自尊心。

本篇文章将分析米勒如何通过这位销售员塑造出一个更深刻的人物形象，探究他所提出的有关美国社会和人性的主题。

《销售员之死》的主要人物威利·罗曼，是一位在销售行业中有着很高的成就感和自豪感的中年男人。

他把销售视为人生的主要目标，无论何时何地，都表现出对成功和财富的强烈渴望和一种狂热的追求。

他的追求并不是为了让他去享受一个更好的生活，而是为了他的儿子们。

他本着一种高尚的目的来工作，那就是让他的儿子们过上更好的生活。

然而，他的追求造成的结果却是他一家人的破裂和他自己的失败。

影片中，威利从一开始就显得失落和沮丧，拼命的寻找着他自己的尊严和身份。

他为自己设立了一系列的法则和价值观，但是，这一切都是虚幻的，只是在他自己的想象中有用。

久而久之，这种虚幻性渐渐地被揭穿了，威利面对着对他在工作和家庭中的失败。

他的生活也随之发生了巨大的变化。

米勒通过威利的经历，提出了一个重要的主题：美国梦是一场失去意义的追逐。

威利一直在追逐着美国梦，不择手段地追求自己的成功和财富。

他相信只要自己足够努力，就能够实现这个梦想，带来更好的生活和更高的社会地位。

但是，当梦想化为现实时，威利发现他一无所获，他成了这场追逐的牺牲品。

此外，威利一家人也受到这种社会价值观的影响，尤其他的儿子们。

《销售员之死》的另一个主题是家庭矛盾。

影片描绘了威利一家日益增长的矛盾和分歧，尤其是他与儿子们之间的矛盾。

这种矛盾并不只是一个家庭内部的问题，同时也反映了美国家庭在当时的社会环境中所面临的危机。

米勒借助威利和他的两个儿子之间的对话来揭示这个危机，他们中的每一个人都对他们所在的社会和时代所持有的一些观念产生了自己的怀疑。

影片中，威利的儿子们本着他们自己的目标去生活，而非父亲期待的成为财富和地位的代表。

（2013）届本科生毕业设计（论文）题目On Inevitability of Willy Loman’s Tragedy inDeath of a Salesman论《推销员之死》中威利·罗曼的悲剧必然性专业英语院系外国语学院论《推销员之死》中威利·罗曼的悲剧必然性摘要:《推销员之死》是美国著名戏剧大师阿瑟·米勒的作品，被誉为“美国梦不在”的代表作。

这部作品完成于1949年，它在百老汇的首演就取得了庞大的成功，许多评论家把这部戏剧看做美国第一部杰出的悲剧。

这部作品的主人公威利·罗曼是一个普通的推销员，但是各类冲突把他推向了死亡，他的悲剧命运是不可避免的。

本论文将以黑格尔的悲剧理论为基础对威利·罗曼的悲剧必然性进行分析。

本论文分为两大部份，别离是对那时社会大背景的分析和对作品中人物之间冲突的分析，通过这些分析得出其悲剧命运的必然性。

并通过对威利·罗曼的悲剧必然性的分析，探讨作家对那时社会的态度，和这种悲剧的普遍性，从而挖掘其现实意义。

关键词:推销员之死；悲剧；必然性；矛盾冲突；社会现实On Inevitability of Willy Loman’s Tragedy in Deathof a SalesmanAbstract:Death of a salesman is a famous work of the great American playwright Arthur Miller, which is a typical work about absence of American dream.The play premiered on in February 1949 and made a great success.Some reviewers view it as one of the great tragedies in American literature. The protagonist is a salesman named Willy Loman but all kinds of conflicts led to his final death. This thesis makes a thorough research on the inevitability of Willy Loman’s tragedy in Death of a Salesman on the basis of Hegel's theory of tragedy. The thesis mainly includes two parts: one is the analysis of the social environment, the other is the analysis of conflicts in this work, through which we can get the conclusion that Willy’s tragedy is inevitable. This thesis also makes a research about the writer’s attitude towards the social reality at that time and the universality of Willy’s tragedy.Key Words: Death of a salesman, tragedy, inevitability, conflicts, social realityContents1. Introduction (1)2. The social background of Death of a Salesman (1)The social factors in the 1940s (2)The influence of social background on the tragic plot (2)The influence of social background on the tragic character (3)The influence of social background on the inevitability of the tragedy (4)3. The conflicts in Willy Loman’s life (4)The conflict between Willy’s American dream and the reality (4)The conflict between Willy and his sons (6)The conflict between Willy and other characters (7)4. The inevitability of Willy Loman’s tragedy (8)5. Conclusion (10)Bibliography (11)Acknowledgement (12)1.IntroductionArthur Miller is a great American playwright and essayist. Death of a Salesman is generally acknowledged as his most remarkable masterpiece, which makes him well known around the world. It was the recipient of the 1949 and . The play premiered on in February 1949, which caused a tremendous sensation. Such a play full of melancholy and tragedy actually stirred the whole literary world and still occupied an important position in American literary.Death of a salesman tells a story of a four-number family, in which each of them is busy all day to satisfy their inner desire. Willy Loman, the protagonist of the play, is an ordinary salesman. He is 60 years old and very unstable, tending to imagine events from the past as if they are real. There is an irreconcilable conflict between Willy’s dream and the reality. Linda Loman is Willy's wife. She always smiles and nods when Willy talks unrealistically about hopes for the future. They have two sons, Biff and Happy, who also have their respective problems in their life. The conflicts still exist between Willy and other characters. Willy’s family was under great depress, and Willy got some metal illness. Their life is not so smooth and everyone in this family is weighted down by life.As Hegel argued that the tragedy is caused by conflicts. All the conflicts are divided into two groups. Firstly, some conflicts are caused by objective factors. Then the rest of conflicts are caused by psychological status, which are the most ideal conflicts in Hegel’s opinion. All conflicts would lead to two results, die or peace1 Atkinson，the famous critic of the New York Times, ever said, “Death of a salesman is a great work filled with humanistic concern. That is because Mr. Miller sympathetically had a insight into the inner world of ordinary Americans and quietly presented the pain into the stage.” In China, many scholars speak highly of this great play. Ying Ruocheng, a famous translator and performing artist in China, views Death of a salesman as one of the greatest play in America. But few scholars pay close attention to the inevitability of Willy’s tragedy. The study of the inevitability of Willy’s tragedy has its practical significance and academic value. The research on the inevitability of the tragedy is to have a deep understanding of the American society in the 1940s and explore the practical significance.2. The social background of Death of a salesmanThe social background is the cornerstone of the play. The study of social background is great of importance to the literature and literary study. This play was written in 1949. In that period, America achieved greatly success in economy. Most1of the people had blind optimism, so it was high time that artists sounded the alarm for people. Social background and the function of the social reality to Willy’s tragedy will be introduced in this part.The social factors in the 1940sThe play, Death of a salesman, which caused a great sensation, premiered on in February 1949 after the Second World War. American economy in that period had a rapid development. When America entered a glowing period after the Second World War, it had a market eight times larger than any competitor, giving its industries unparalleled economies of scale. Its scientists were the best; its workers the most skilled. All Americans were prosperous beyond the dreams. But it didn’t mean everything went well. At least, life is not so easy for ordinary people.Some serious social problems still existed. To begin with, although the American economy had a rapid development, it was in shadow of the Great Depression in the 1930s. Some social problems under the capitalist market economy, such as inflation, unemployment, still perplexed the ordinary Americans. In the next place, the cruel disordered competition of capitalist market economy caused a value which viewed the profits and wealth as the most important things. Some old people are eliminated by the society. Furthermore, most of Americans at that time were addicted in the pursuit of wealth and ignored other happiness, such as the family, friendship and so on. The value destroyed the nature of kindness and the harmony of society.The story of Death of a salesman happened in this settings. Willy Loman is an ordinary salesman. In general view, he was a man full of happiness. He had a beautiful wife and two sons, a house in downtown, a car and a steady work. But he didn’t feel satisfied until his death. In his mind, wealth and fame is the only thing which he pursues. He failed, so he wanted his sons to make his dream come true. At last, nothing went well. Misery over misery, he was fired by his boss although he had been working for the company for 34 years, so he ended his life at last. Therefore it’s not only a tragedy of Willy Loman, but also a tragedy of the American society.The influence of social background on the tragic plotThe social background has an influence on the development of plot in this play. Plot is the series of events which form the story of a novel, a play or a film. The plot and the reality have a close relationship. The development of the plot is not beyond the reality, that is to say, the plot should obey some rules which come from social reality in literature. The plot of Death of a salesman is deeply rooted in the society.Firstly, Willy Loman chose salesman as his ideal job when he was young. The choice is deeply influenced by the social background. In the 1910s, salesman is anideal and steady job. When Willy was young, he met an old salesman who could make money at the age of 84. From then on, Willy chose salesman as his lifelong job. His choice is obviously influenced by the social reality. The choice in the 1910s is the start of development of the plot.Secondly, salesman was on longer an ideal and steady job with the development of the society. The World War in the 1930s created much economic bubble in America. The impact of greatest economic crisis in 1939 on American economy existed. All these curbed consumption to some extent, which made salesman was not so steady in the 1940s. The change of social background deeply influenced on the development of the plot. Willy’s life should be better and better, but things don’t turn out the way he wants, his career was at a mess. At the same time, the relationship between Willy and his family turned complicated. Willy sticks to his original dream, but his son Biff wants to be a farmer to get away from the pressure from the society. The conflict between Willy and Biff become acute. The social background pushes Willy to the cliff step by step.Thirdly, the society is full of the law of jungle. Almost everyone pursues their success by hook or by crook and . This is the by-product of the high-speed development of economy. The social background impulses the development of the plot again. Willy was fired by his boss. In eyes of the boss, Willy was too old to create surplus value. Capitalists batten on the surplus value created by workers. It is inevitable for Willy to be fired by his boss. The change directly pushes the plot to a new high.Obviously, the plot is rooted in the social background. The function of the social background to the development of plot is great of importance.The influence of social background on the tragic characterThe tragic character in the play is also influenced by social background. Society is constituted by people, on the other hand, society also influences on individuals. Willy Loman is the one who is influenced by social reality.Firstly, the influence of social background on the tragic character reflects on the impact of the American Dream on Willy. The America dream is a belief which is rooted in the whole American society. Willy always sticks to his American dream, he don’t want to yield to the social reality. T he American dream has a great influence on Willy. On one hand, Willy is crazy for his dream, which makes him blind and paranoid. On the other hand, his fanaticism about his dream is unrealistic, which makes him frustrated. The two points cause his personality weakness, which is related to his tragedy.Secondly, the mainstream values also influence on Willy’s tragedy. Values are beliefs about what is right and wrong and what is important in life. Values originate in society and are rooted in social reality. In the 1940s, the cruel disordered competition of capitalist market economy caused a value which viewed the profits and wealth as the most important things. Willy is deeply influenced by the value. He was always crazy for fame and wealth. His craze was blind, which made him ignore the essence of life. This point directly causes the conflict between Willy and his family, which lead to his tragedy.It is obvious that the social background has a great impact on Willy and his tragedy.The influence of social background on the inevitability of Willy Loman’s tragedyFrom the analysis, we learn that social background has an impact on the plot and the tragic character. The plot and personality weaknesses are two factors in Willy’s tragedy. The two factors are both rooted in social background. In Hegel’s theory of tragedy, there is a kind of conflict which is caused by objective factors. Social background is sorted into objective factors, and is independent from individual’s will. Society is the accelerator of the tragedy. Specifically, the high-speed development of economy in that period made Willy crazy for wealth and fame. And the reality is so cruel. When Willy got old, he was fired by his boss. That directly caused his death. According to the analysis, we can safely get the conclusion that the inevitability of Willy’s tragedy is influenced by the social background.All in all, it is necessary to have a research on the social background. Social reality is not only the cornerstone of this work but also the environment of the story. Society’s function in this play is great and can’t be ignored.3. The conflicts in Willy Loman’s lifeIn Hegel’s idea, the basic factors which caused Willy’s tragedy are conflicts. Conflict is a situation in which people, groups or countries are involved in a serious disagreement or argument. This part will be divided into three parts to study the importance of conflicts in Willy’s life.The conflict between Willy’s American Dream and the realityThe America dream is a belief which is rooted in the whole American society. The American dream, originating from the colonization time, not only inspirits people to be successful but also is the spine of the American literature. The American Dream is a national of the , a set of ideals in which freedom includes the opportunity for prosperity and success, and an upward achieved through hard work.2this play, the protagonist, Willy Loman, also had his own American dream. He wanted to be successful, and he also imposed his dream onto his sons. But he failed at last.The society is full of the law of the jungle. Not everyone is the winner, loser is everywhere as well. Willy Loman was a man who was eliminated by the increasingly fierce social competition. On the other hand, Willy's neighbor，Charley, and his elder brother, Ben who became a diamond tycoon after a detour to Africa were successful. Willy is jealous of them. The comparison between Willy and the other two successful men also made Willy frustrated.In Willy’s mind, he should be the same successful as them, but the reality played a joke to him. In fact, his life is not so well. His two sons had conflicts with him, and they also didn’t achieve success. His salary was not high enough for him to repay the loan. He also had metal illness. All in all, there is a big psychological gap between his American dream and the reality.First of all, there is a big contrast between the job in his mind as a salesman and the job in reality. When he was young, he thought that a salesman was the best job because he met a successful salesman who could make money when he was 84 years old. From then on, he chose to become a salesman. But things went athwart. The job was full of difficulties. He didn’t make enough money when he was old. The worst thing was that he was fired by his boss. Everything was changing: profit was the highest standards to measure the value of a man. All those made him painful in his later life.Moreover, there is a conflict between his dream about his sons and cruel reality. He thought his son, Biff who was a football star with lots of potential in high school would have a rosy future, but Biff failed. He failed in the exam and lost the chance to become a football star. On the other hand, Bernard, Charley's son became a very successful lawyer. In Willy's flashbacks, he was a nerd. Willy was not reconciled to his failure. He still thought Biff had the potential to achieve success, but he wanted to become a farmer and failed over and over again. This is another gap between his dream and the reality. But Willy always had the confidence on Biff who was his last hope. Things don't turn out the way he wants, so Biff failed at last.Once more, he always boasted to his wife that he did well in his job, but in fact, he didn’t sell anything. He always said that he had a good relationship with his clients, but in fact, he did not have good relationships with his clients. This also made him painful in his life. It is also a conflict between his dream and the reality.Lastly, there is a conflict between the failure of Willy and the success of Ben and Charley. He couldn’t accept the fact that he failed while others achieved success2because he was a perfect man in his mind. He thought himself as a good husband, good father, good friend and good salesman, while in fact he didn’t do well as a father, husband, friend and a salesman.The conflict between his American dream and the cruel reality caused his metal illness. He was always addicted in the memory. Maybe it is a way for him to escape from the cruel reality.All in all, there is a big conflict between his American dream and the reality. According to Hegel's theory of tragedy, the conflict between his American dream and the reality belongs to the category which is caused by the psychological status. Meanwhile the conflict is unavoidable. There is an irreconcilable conflict between Willy’s American dream and the reality, so it determines the inevitability of his tragedy.The conflict between Willy and his sonsWilly had two sons, Biff Loman and Happy Loman. There were irreconcilable differences between Willy and his two sons. The conflict between them was very obvious.In the first instance, there is a conflict between Willy and Biff. Biff was a football star with lots of potential in high school, but he failed when he grew up. He went between going home to try to fulfill Willy's dream for him to be a businessman and ignoring his father and going out West to be a farmhand where he could find himself. Nevertheless Willy hoped that Biff came back to the city and work hard to achieve success.Biff liked being outdoors and working with his hands, while Willy wanted him to do something worthwhile which could make him proud. Willy had always been proud of him when Biff was a football player. Over time, they had different views, so they had a strained relationship between them. There are some factors which cause the strained relationship between them.Firstly, they have a different view of the world. Overall Biff remains a realist, and he ever informed Willy that he was just a normal guy, and would not be a great man. On the other hand, Willy is a man who never gives up and a man full of great ambitions. Then Biff had a prejudice on his father. When he was a little boy, his father was a hero with countless friends. Willy’s words were truth in little Biff’s mind. As he grew up, he found that his father was not such a hero and an ordinary man who always . He thought that all families were telling lies. Biff ever said to Willy, “The man doesn’t know who we are! The man is going to know! We never told the truth for ten minutes in this house!” Once more, he attributed his failure to Willy. He said to Willy, “And I never got anywhere because you blew me so full of hot air I could neverstand taking orders from anybody! Whose fault it is! ”Lastly, because of his father Biff failed math in his senior year. Meanwhile Biff dropped out of summer school due to finding Willy with another woman while visiting him in Boston. Such things made him upset. From then on, they had a strained relationship. They always quarreled with each other, and Biff knew that Willy wanted to kill himself.The conflict between Willy and Biff is enormous and unavoidable. Neither of them would compromise to each other.In the next place, there is a conflict between Willy and Happy. Happy Loman was Willy's younger son. He lived in the shadow of his older brother Biff most of his life. He always was ignored by his father, but he still tried to be supportive towards his family. He had a very restless lifestyle as a womanizer. He dreamed of moving beyond his current job as an assistant to the assistant buyer at the local store, but he didn’t make it.He was always looking for approval from his parents, but rarely gets any, and he even went as far as to make things up just for attention, such as telling his parents he is going to get married. In fact, he didn’t get enough attention from his father, because Happy wasn’t Willy’s hope, he never achieved success which made Willy proud. So he always lived in the shadow of Biff. The conflict between Happy and Will is also obvious.Generally speaking, the conflict among them was inevitable. Firstly, neither of the two subjects of the conflict would compromise. Then, the conflict is the inevitable production of Willy’s education method. The last, the conflict between two generations was common in America in 1940s. This conflict also attributes to Willy’s tragedy.The conflict between Willy and other charactersIn the play, Willy also had a close relationship to other characters. These characters include his wife, his neighbor, his uncle and his boss. There also exist irreconcilable conflicts between Willy and them.Firstly, the conflict between Willy and his wife, Linda, plays an important role in Willy’s tragedy. Linda Loman is Willy's wife. She always smiled and nodded when Willy talked unrealistically about hopes for the future, although she seemed to have a good knowledge of what was really going on. She was the first to realize Willy was contemplating suicide at the beginning of the play, and urged her two sons to make something for Willy. She didn’t prevent Willy herself, because she loved him too much to expose his secret. Linda’s love to Willy and Willy’s vanity was a pair of conflict, which accelerated Willy’s death.There is a conflict between Willy and the Charley’s. Charley is Willy'sneighborhood. He pitied Willy and frequently lent him money and came over to play cards with Willy, although Willy often treated him poorly. Bernard is Charley's son. In Willy's flashbacks, he was a nerd, who turned to be a very successful lawyer, married, and rich.The conflict is obvious. Willy was jealous of Charley because his son was more successful than Willy's. Meanwhile Charley’s success also made him jealous. Consequently Willy was hostile to them. Charley offered Willy a job many times during visiting to his office, yet Willy declined every time, even after he lost his job as a salesman. He didn’t want to yield to him. Furthermore, he was confused about Charley’s success.Uncle Ben also played an important role on Willy’s death. Uncle Ben is Willy's older brother who became successful after a detour to Africa. He had been dead but Willy frequently spoke to him in his hallucinations of the past. He went into the jungle when he was 17 and returned at 21 very rich. He was Willy's role model, although he was much older and had no real relationship with Willy. He represented Willy's idea of the . In Willy’s mind, Uncle Ben is a real successful man.There is a conflict between Willy and Howard Wagner. Howard is Willy's boss. He was named by Willy, and yet he saw Willy as a liability for the company and let him go, ignoring all the contribution that Willy has devoted to the company. Howard is the representative of the upper class in America, who views profit as only chase. In their eyes, there was nothing except money. He fired Willy, which made Willy lose all his hope directly and lead him to solve all the problems by suicide.All these conflicts come together to accelerate Willy’s death.4. The inevitability of Willy Loman’s tragedyThe death of Willy Loman is a tragedy of an age which is inevitable and common. Meanwhile the tragedy of Willy is also one of the great tragedies in English literature. Different from Shakespeare's tragedy, Death of a Salesman concentrates on the influence of the society and personality. The whole play is full of conflicts, which caused Willy’s death. All these factors come together to contribute to Willy’s death.All the conflicts are divided into two parts, one is caused by social environment and the other is caused by some factors which are deep down in his heart.The first group of conflicts which come from social environment is inevitable. There was a big irreconcilable gap between different classes. The upper class controlled most of the wealth in America, while the lower class still worked hard to get rid of poverty. The whole social is full of greedy egotism and vanity. As ordinary salesman, Willy has to accept the mainstream thoughts and work hard for it. That isto say, the first group of conflicts is inevitable. And the death of Willy is the tragedy of the age in 1940s.The second group of conflicts which come from Willy’s inner world is also inevitable. Specifically, Willy is a man with a lot of ambitions. As a salesman, he always made great efforts to achieve his so called success, but in vain. He was 60 years old and had some metal illness, tending to imagine events from the past as if they were real. Maybe the contrast was too obvious for him. He vacillated between different perceptions of his life.All in all, all kinds of conflicts in Willy’s life are inevitable. Willy is only a representative of such people. In Arthur Miller’s mind, he just wants to express that the society is full of the cruel disordered competition of capitalist market economy. This kind of competition caused a value which viewed profits and wealth as the most important things. Consequently, these conflicts in Willy’s life are universal and inevitable. And his tragedy is caused by these conflicts. These conflicts are not only the part of Willy’s life but also a part of the society in 1940s.Now we can safely get the conclusion that Willy’s tragedy is inevitable. That isn’t the final aim for which Arthur Miller to write this play, it has a deeper implication.Plays are s of society. Through all kinds plays we can peek at every aspects of reality. Art derives from life but it is beyond life. Meanwhile, the implication of art is the reflection of life and an instrument to guide life. Death of a salesman is a great work which makes readers deeply thinking.American dramatist Arthur Miller exposed the cruelty of disorderly competition under the capitalist market economic system in America through the play. In this play people establish a value of money as successful criterion which makes people cold-blood. It destroys the good and honest nature of human being to some extent. Meanwhile Miller expresses an idea that the weak are the prey of the strong in Death of a salesman. Consequently, the inevitability of Willy Loman’s tragedy has its representativeness. In America there is thousands of Willy working hard for a vain future. Miller wants to arouse the public attention through the play.There is some practical significance of the play. The practical significance is not only for America but also for China. The first, the government should pay a great attention to the education about shaping good values. Profit should not be the only social standard. Then, we should have a rational knowledge to success. Success is not all-powerful. Success is different from happiness. It’s not rational to be crazy for success ignoring other factors in life. In the next place, governments should create the Medicare insurance program for the elderly. Maybe it is one of the measures to reduce the tragedy of Willy Loman. The last, a great attention should be paid to thefamily education. The pattern of Willy’s is failure. Parents should set a good example to children. In one word, some measures should be taken to reduce the tragedy of Willy in society.All in all, the conflicts from society and individuals are both unavoidable. All the conflicts are rooted in objective reality which isn’t influenced by individual will. The inevitability of conflicts determines the inevitability of Willy’s tragedy. The inevitability of the tragedy makes the study of practical significance necessary.5. ConclusionThis thesis discusses the inevitability of Willy Loman’s tragedy in Death of a salesman. To analyze the inevitability of Willy Loman is mainly from two aspects, the social background and the conflicts in Willy’s life. Through the analysis of the social reality, the readers get to know that the tragedy is rooted in society. There is a close relationship between the social real ity and the tragedy. Willy Loman is just a representative of the age. From the analysis of the conflicts in Willy’s life, we learn that the all the conflicts are unavoidable. Conflicts are the most important factors in Willy’s tragedy. The tragedy is inevitable automatically because of the unavoidable conflicts.All in all, Willy Loman’s tragedy is inevitable. The social reality and the conflicts cause Willy’s tragedy. It is of great significance to study the inevitability of Willy Loman’s tragedy and excavate its practical significance and academic values to guide our life.Bibliography[1] Miller, Arthur. Death of a Salesman [M]. London: Penguin, 2000.。