英语背诵

英语背诵范文大全下面是店铺整理的英语背诵范文大全，希望对大家有帮助。

一、Save the earthHow to protect the environment has become one of the biggest problems in the world .It’s our duty to protect our environment . No matter where we live , we should do something to keep our neighborhood clean and tidy . We can collect waste paper or other waste things for recycling. We should plant more trees and we should prevent those factories from pouring waste water into rivers, lakes and fields. We shouldn’t leave rubbish everywhere and spit in public places . We mustn’t pick the flowers or step on the grass in public. If everyone tries his best to protect the environment , the world will become much more beautiful and our life will be better and better .一、拯救地球如何保护环境已成为世界上最大的问题。

这是我们的责任保护我们的环境。

不管我们居住的地方,我们应该做些事情来保持我们的邻居整洁。

我们可以收集废纸或其他废弃物回收利用。

我们应该种更多的树,我们应该阻止那些工厂从浇注废水流入河流、湖泊和领域。

小学英语背诵110 篇英语阅读理解短文原始资料Passage 1.WoodpeckerPassage 2.A Busy DayPassage 3.The dog and his reflectionPassage 4.An honest boyPassage 5.A birthday partyPassage 6.The Farmer and the Snake Passage 7.Two Young TreesPassage 8.Hong Kong is a nice placePassage 9.WaterPassage 10． Twins' BedroomPassage 11． DogsPassage 12． The Best JobPassage 13． A Clever MonkeyPassage 14． What are stars LikePassage 15． Radio and TelevisionPassage 16． It ’ s cool behind youPassage 17． Father ’ s HobbyPassage 18． I don’ t think soPassage 19． Seven days in a weekPassage 20． My special FriendPassage 21． A Day in My LifePassage 22． The SeaPassage 23． A Good Young Pioneer Passage 24． Sea horsePassage 25． A Cat and a BirdPassage 26． A Flying FoxPassage 27． Flying BirdsPassage 28． AirPassage 29． ClocksPassage 30． SwimmingPassage 31． A missing tigerPassage 32． JimPassage 33． A Chinese BoyPassage 34． Jim ’ s FamilyPassage 35． Our HousePassage 36． Our MonitorPassage 37． My bedroomPassage 38． A Piece of meatPassage 39． Our ClassroomPassage 42． An Old MousePassage 43． A hungry foxPassage 44． Help Each OtherPassage 45． The WeatherPassage 46． What’ s Happening Passage 47． KangaroosPassage 48． A Pair of ShoesPassage 49． We get the Wrong car passage 50． Be politePassage 51． The SunPassage 52． Air JordanPassage 53． The strongest power in the world Passage 54． Who is the GodPassage 55． KitesPassage 56． Teacher's OfficePassage 57． FallPassage 58． PandasPassage 59． Books on " How to "Passage 60． The Pianist and an Old Woman Passage 61． The favorite coatPassage 62． NoisePassage 63． The dietPassage 64． A cheap mealPassage 65． ComputersPassage 66． Two American presidents Passage 67． A second language.Passage 68． A snowman.Passage 69． Lucky and unluckyPassage 70． The Great Wall of China Passage71.Helen ’ s glassesPassage 72． A desertPassage 73． Animal's home.Passage 74． An outingPassage 75． Go fishingPassage 76． The candy kingPassage 77． YawnPassage 78． Two thievesPassage 79． A Giant KitePassage 82． The frog that changes colorPassage 83． The city of San FranciscoPassage 84． Benjamin FranklinPassage 85． Stop writingPassage 86． The robotsPassage 87． A broken mirror and bad luckPassage 88． Hair and BeardPassage 89． A lovely weekendPassage 90． A bridgePassage 91． A yo-yoPassage 92． Funny presentsPassage 93． Fire fighterPassage 94． Excuse mePassage 95． A letter to grandpaPassage 96． HalloweenPassage 97． School NewspaperPassage 98． A letter to you.Passage 99.Why do we need the forestsPassage 100． KitesPassage 101．First AidPassage 102． Our SensesPassage 103．Play baseball with the familyPassage 104．Charlie’-smaile friendPassage 105．Surfing the netPassage 106．Teddy bearPassage 107．TlachtiPassage 108． Olympic GamesPassage 109．Doing ChoresPassage 110． Ancient EgyptPassage 1.WoodpeckerThere are many apple trees in a garden.They ’ re good friends.One day an old tree is ill.There are many pests in the tree． Leaves of the tree turn yellow ． The old tree feelsvery sad and unwell ．Another tree sends for a doctor for him ．At first, they send for a pigeon, but she has no idea about it． Then they send for an oriole, and she can ’ t treat the old tree well ．Then they send for a woodpecker.She is a good doctor ． She pecks a hole in the tree and eats lots of pests．At last the old tree becomes better and better ．Leaves turn green and green.Passage 2.A Busy DayToday is Sunday!On Sundays, I usually play the flute. My father usually reads the newspaper. Mymother usually cleans the house． But today my mother is in bed ． She is ill ． My fatherhas to do the housework ．Now, he is cleaning the house ．“ Sam, can you help me? “ Yes,” Dad! ”Now, we ’ re washing the car． Where’ s my sister, Amy?She is playing my flute ．What a lucky girl!Passage 3.The dog and his reflectionOne day a dog with a piece of meat in his mouth was crossing a plank over a stream ． As he walkedalong,he looked into water,and he saw his reflection ． He thought this was anotherdog carryinga piece of meat．And he felt he would like to have two pieces．So he snapped at the reflection in thewater, and of course, as he opened his mouth, the piece of meat disappeared quickly.Passage 4.An honest boyTony is seven years old．He is an honest and polite boy ．One day, it was Sunday．Tony, his sister andhis mother stayed at home． He was watching TV and his sister was reading books ． His mother waswashing clothes ．Just then, his father came back with a bagof pears． Tony likes pears very much and he wantedto eat one． His mother gave him four an d said,“ Let ’ s sharethem. ” “ Which pear do you want, Tony?” asked his mother．“ The biggest one, mum.” “ What? ” said his mother,“ Yo should be polite and want the smallest one.” “ Should I tellpolite,alie justmum?to be ”Passage 5.A birthday partyToday is Susan’ s birthday．She is nine years old． Her friends are in her home now ． There is abirthday party in the evening ． Look!Mary is listening to the music． And Tom is drinking orangejuice ． Jack and Sam are playing cards on the floor ．Lily and Amy are watching TV ． Someone isknocking at the door ． It ’ s Henry．He brings a big teddy bear for Susan ． The teddy bear isyellow ． Susan is very happy． All the children are happy ． They sing a birthday song for Susan.Passage 6.The Farmer and the SnakeIt was a cold winter day. A farmer found a snake on the ground． It was nearly dead by cold ． TheFarmer was a kind man． He picked up the snake carefully and put it under the coat ．Soon thesnake Began to move and it raised its mouth and bit the farmer ．“ Oh, My god! ” said the farmer,“ I save your life, but you thank me in that way．You must die.” Then he killed the snake with astick ． At last he died, too.Passage 7.Two Young TreesTwo young trees are standing on the top of the hill． Their names are Tim and Alan.One day, it’ s sunny and ．warmSome birds are singing in the trees ．The wind blows, and the trees aretalking ．“ What do you want to be when you grow up?．’’“I ’asksm notTimsure．Ithink I want to bea chair or a desk.” answers Alan,“ Maybe I want to bea toy box or a baseball bat ． I like chil dren. “” What do you want to be when you grow up?” asks Alan ．“ Me?” says Tim,“ I just want to be．aI wanttree to bea house for birds and spiders．I want to have many apples ．And when it ’ s sunny and hot, people and animals can stand under me.”Passage 8.Hon gkong is a nice placeHong Kong is a nice place, especially in summer ． Julyis ahot monthin HongKong.But it’ san excellent time for swimming ． There is a beautiful beach at RepulseBay( 浅水湾 ) ．To get there, you can take a bus from Central ． Lots of people go to the beach onSundays and Saturdays． But if you go on a weekday, it is will be not so crowded.Visitors toHongkong need passports.But people from many countries do not need visas.Hongkong is a niceplace for holiday ．There are many shops.Water is very important for living things ． Without water, there must be no life on the earth ．All theplants and animals need water to drink, to cook food and to clean ourselves ． Water is needed infarms, factories, offices, schools, families and many other places.Water is found in seas, rivers and lakes ． It can be found everywhere in the world, and it also canbe found in the air.This is the twins’ bedroom．Itisanice room．The two beds look the same．This bed is Lily’ s and thatone is Lucy ．’s The twins have one desk and two chairs ． Their clock, books and pencil-boxes areon the desk． Their schoolbags are behind the chairs ． Some nice flowers are on the desk ． Somenice pictures are on the wall ．Is there a kite?Yes, it ’ s under Lily ．The’sbedroom is very nice.Passage 11.DogsOne of the animals that help people a lot is the dog ．In some countries, dogs pull wagons ．In thecold north, dogs pull sleds.There are other ways that dogs help us, too．Policemen use them to look for missing people ．Soldiersuse them to carry letters and medicine .On farms, dogs take care of sheep and keep them in thefields ．At night, they take the sheep home ．Dogs help the blind with work ．Some dogs are good andkind ．Some dogs are good at another skill.Passage 12.Th e Best JobBetty is a lazy girl ． She doesn ’ t study hard, and she doesn’ t help her mother with the housework, either．“ What are you going to be when you grow up, Betty?．”“ YouMother’reaskstoo lazy．No jobwill ever fit you.”“ But I know one,” says the girl,“ I’ m going to be Father Christmas,be Father Christmas?” Mother is surprised,“ But why?”“ Because he works only one day inwhole year.”Passage 13.A Clever MonkeyA little monkey picks up a pumpkin and wants to take ithome.But the p umpkin is toobig. The monkey can’ t take it home.Suddenly he sees a panda riding a bike towards him ．He watches the bike．“ l have a good idea．I canroll the pumpkin ． It likes a wheel.”So he rolls the pumpkin to his home ． When his mother sees the big pumpkin, she is surprised andsays, “ How can you carry it home?” The little monkey answers proudly,lift it, but l can roll“ l can’t it. ” His mother smiles and says,“ What a clever boy!”Passage14． Wh at Are Stars Like?Have you ever wondered about the stars?In some ways, stars are like people ．They are born ．Theygrow old ．And they die ．A star is born from dust and gas ．Slowly the dust and gas make a ball ．Theball gets very hot ．Then it starts to give off light ．The young star grows into a giant ．Many years goby． The older star begins to get small again ． At last its light goes out ． The star’ s life is over.Passage 15.Radio and TelevisionRadio and television are very popular in the world lions of people watchTV.Perhaps more people listen to the radio.The TV is more useful than the radio.On TV we can see and hear what ishappening in the world ．However,radio isn’ tlost.It is still with us ． And listeners arebecoming more ． That ’s because a transistor radio isn lost .It’is t still with us．It is very easyto carry ． You can put one in your pocket and listen to it on the bus or your bike when you go towork.Passage 16.It ’ s cool behind youIt ’s two o’ clock in the afternoon.The sun is shinning and it’ svery hot.Nancyhas to meet her mother at the train station.Now she ’s walking in the street ．There are no trees and she’s fat．So she feels very hot．But shedoesn’t find a boy walking just behind her ．And she meets a friend and says“ hello ” to him “． Who ’s the boy behind you ？” asks the man ．Now she sees the boy．She is angry and asks,“ Why are you walking behind me, boy?” “ Thereno ’s shade in the street, you know.” answers the boy．“ It ’ s cool behind you, I think.”Passage 17.Father ’ s HobbyMy dad works from Monday to Friday in a bank．he uses the computer to count money.Hisjob is very important in the bank.Dad is also busy at home.At weekends he cooks dinner ． Usually he cooks Italianfood ． On Sundays he makes five pieces of pizza ．Sometimes he cooks chicken and makesChinese food ． My mum watches and helps him ． I help my dad, too ． I wash the dishes.Many people think it is strange for a man to cook． But my dad enjoys his hobby ． Cooking relaxeshim ． He is a weekend cook.Passage 18.I don ’ t think soJack is a good boy but he doesn’ t like to use．Hehisoftenheadsays something withou thinking.Itmakes others unhappy.Mr ． Black teaches math in a school． He’ s old now and he likes children.On the Friday Mr． Blackdoesn ’ t go to work, because he’ s ill in．aAndhospitalJack ’ s mother will see him after dinner．“ Iwant to be there with you. ” says Jack.“ You’ rea rude boy． I can’ t take you there. s’’ say his mother．“ Don’ t worry, mum．I won ’ t do that again．Please believe me．” says Jack．In the hospital,Jack says nothing at first ． When they’ releaving ,he says to Mr .Black,“ You lookfine ． The doctor says you’ re going to die, but I don．’”tthink soPassage 19.Seven days in a weekThere are about fifty-two weeks in a year.And there are seven days in eachweek.The first day of a week is Sunday． The other days of a week between Sunday and Saturday are Monday, Tuesday, Wednesday Thursday and Friday.Monday is thesecond day, Tuesday is the third day, Wednesday is the fourth day,Thursday day,and Friday is the sixth day.What’ s the last day？Do you know? Passage 20.My special FriendI have a friend in the U.S ． His name is Don Adams ． I know him very well, never met him.We write to each other all the time.My letters are is still hard for me to write in English.I received a letter from yesterday.It makes me very happy.He is coming to my country for summer． We are going to see each other for the first time.Passage 21.A Day in My Lifeis the fifth butI have very short.It Dona visit nextMy family lives on this street ．In the morning, my father goes to work and all the children go toschool ．My mother takes us to school everyday ．She does the housework．She always has herlunchat home, and sees her friends in the afternoon． In the evening all the children come homefrom school.They always get home early ． My father goes home from work and he is oftenlate． After supper my two brothers and I do our homework． We go to bed at ten.Passage 22． The SeaWhat do know about the sea？Some people have seen it but others haven ． The sea’tlooks beautiful on a fine sunny day and it can be very tough when there is a strong wind.Whatother things do you know about it?Of course, the sea is very large ．In the world there is moresea than land．If you have swum in the sea, you know that the sea is salty.Rivers carry salt fromthe land into the sea． Some places of the sea are saltier than the otherplaces．Do you know the Dead Sea? It is so salty that you can ’ t sink when you are in thewater!And fish cannot live in it!Passage 23.A Good Young PioneerLi Hua is a Yong Pioneer ． He is going to the park ．Now he is waiting for a bus.Suddenlyhe finds a watch on the ground. He asks some people,“ Whose watch is it?” But the watch isn ’ t theirs．So he gives the watch to a policeman.Now Li Hua gets on the bus ．He is sitting near the window ．An old woman gets on the bus ．Shehas no seat．So he stands up and says,“ Here is a seat for you,． PleaseGrannysit here”Passage 24.Sea horseThere are all kinds of horses in the world ．But one of them you can．’It tdoesnride’ t live on land, butin the sea.It looks like the head of horse ． So the people call it sea horse． In fact,the seahorse is a small fish ． It likes to live in warm water． A sea horse stands up in the water when itswims.Father horse carries the eggs to keep them safe in its pouch． When the eggs are hatched, thebaby horses swim away.Passage 25.A Cat and a BirdThere are three trees near the house．There is a big tree, and two small trees.In the big tree there is a bird ．Can the bird sing?Yes, it can ． What’ s under the big tree?It ’ s a cat.“ I want some food,” thinks the ．cat“Bird, my good friend, Come here!It ’s time to play games” says the cat.“ No today, thank you! ” says the bird,“You can’!Goodbye!tcatchme” Look!The bird is flying!A flying fox is not a fox at all ．It is a bat ． But this bat looks like a fox ． A flying fox is very big ． It likes to eat fruit ． Sometimes the flying fox is called fruit bat.The flying fox flies into fruit trees ． Then the bat eats all the fruit ．So fruit farmers do not like theflying fox.Passage 27.Flying BirdsBirds don’ t fly high up in the sky．The air is too thin.It is hard for birds to breathe in thin air.Thin air doesn’ t hold them up.Birds fly near the ground so that they can see where they are ． The birds look for places theyknow ．Then they do not get lost ． Some birds fly so low over the ocean that the waves oftenhide them． Many birds fly a long distance in the spring and autumn.Passage 28.AirAir is all around us ．It is around us as we walk and play ．From the time we were born air is aroundus on every side．When we sit down, it is around us ．When we go to bed, air is also around us ．We live in air ． We can live without food or water for a few days, but we cannot live for more than a fewminutes without air ．We take in air ．When we are working or running we need more air ． When weare asleep, we need less air．We live in air, but we cannot see it ．We can only feel it when it is moving.Moving air is called wind ．How can we make air move?Here is one way ． Hold an openbook in front of your face, close it quickly．What can you feel?What you feel is air.Passage 29.ClocksThere are many clocks in the Brown．’Theyshouseare in different rooms.A big clock stands in acorner of the sitting room ．It is a very, very old clock, but it still keeps good time．Mr．Brown windsit once a week.Passage 30． SwimmingSwimming is a good sport ．It ’ s popular．People like swimming because the water makes people feel cool ． But if they swim in a wrong place, it is very dangerous．These years, some people died when they were enjoying themselves in water and most of them were students ． Summer holiday will be there again． I want to give you some advice ．First, don’ t get into the water when you are alone．Second, don’ t get into the water if there is a No swimming sign．Third, you should be carefulin the water ． If you remember these, swimming will be safe and it’ s good for your health.Passage 31.A missing tigerWe used to have a cat called Tiger．He was a beautiful tabby with a great deal of character ．He wasa natural hunter, and very soon no mouse dared to show its face in our house.Unfortunately Tiger also used to catch a lot of birds and this made him very unpopular with some ofthe neighbors．Onday day, just after his second birthday, Tiger disappeared ．Perhaps he was run over by a car, for at that time we lived near a busy street ． Although we offered a reward, we never discovered what had happened to him and we never saw him again.Passage 32.JimJim gets up at 6:30．His home is near his school ．He leaves home at 7:30.They begin classat 8:00．He has lunch at home． After lunch he plays games with his classmates, in the afternoon,Jim has three classes． He leaves school at 4:30.Passage 33.A Chinese BoyI ’ m a Chinese boy．My name is Chen Dong ．I am twelve ．I have two sisters．My sisters and Iare all students.My father is a teacher ．He is a Chinese teacher．He teaches in No． 19 Middle School ． My motheris a teacher,too ．She teaches English in the No ． 11 Middle School.Passage 34.Jim’ s FamilyA picture is on my desk ． This is a picture of Jim mily ．’Thesfa man is Jim’ s father．Awoman is behind Jim ． She is his mother． They are teachers．A girl is in the picture,too.She is Jim ’ s sister.Her name is Kate Green.Jim and his sister are in the same school.But theyaren ’ tin the same grade． They look like their mother． They are English.Passage 35.Our HouseOur home is near the school ．We have a house． Itis a good house． The house has three rooms．Oneis a living room ．The other two are bedrooms ．In the living room there is a table and sixchairs.There are some flowers on the table ．There is a garden in front of the house ． Our house isn’ t big, but we like it.Passage 36.Our MonitorThis is Lin ．She is from Beijing．She studies very hard.In class she can answer the teacher’ s questionsvery quic kly ．Lin loves her classmates and often helps them with their lessons.Everybody says she is a very good monitor.Passage 37.My bedroomThis is my bed room ．There are two windows in it． Near the window there are some red flowers ．A map of China is on the wall ．You can see four shoes and a basketball under my bed．Thereare trousers and a coat on the bed．Many schoolbooks are on my desk.And there are three lights in my bedroom ． One is on my desk, and the other two are near my bed.Passage 38.A Piece of meatA dog has a large piece of meat in his mouth． Near the water he looks down andsees himself in the water ． He thinks it is another dog ． That dog has also a large piece of meat in his mouth ．He says to himself,“ I want to get his meat.Then I can have two pieces.” He opens his mouth to bark and his meat goes down into the water.Passage 39.Our ClassroomOur classroom is bright and clean ．But it is not big ． There are twenty-three desks and chairs init． They are new ．There ’ s a big desk in front of the classroom ． It’ s for our teachers.There are five pictures on the right wall ． There ’ s a mapof the world and a map of China on theleft wall.Beside the window there’ s a bookshelf．There are many books on it ． Our classroom is verynice.We have lessons here． We like our classroom.Passage 40． Our schoolThis is our school ． There are many classrooms init. There are eight hundred students and sixty — nine teachers in our school ． There are manytrees and flowers in it ． All the teachers and students like our school very much.We cometo schoolat seven.We have four classes in the morning and two in theafternoon.Our classroom is big and clean ． We have lessons here．We do our homework at home.All the students study hard.It ’ nesfi today．Tom and his family are at a park ．The man in white is his father ．He is standing bythe lake and looking at the boats ． The woman in blue is his mother ．She is sitting on thegrass． Beside his mother is Alice, his sister ． She is eating cake．The park is big, and there aremany trees and flowers init． They are having a good time.Passage 42.An Old MouseAn old woman has a cat ．The cat is now very old ．She cannot run fast, and she cannot bite．One daythe old cat sees a mouse．she jumps and catches the mouse.But she cannot bite it．So the mouse gets out of her mouth and runs away.Then the old woman is very angry because the cat cannot kill the mouse ．She begins to beat the cat． The cat says to her,“ Don’．tBebeatfriendlymeto me． When I was young, I did go od work for you.”Passage 43.A hungry foxA hungry fox is from a forest． He arrives at a village ． He wants to find some food ．He comes to a house and pulls the door ．But it locked ．He sees there is a hen inside.“ Hello I’ll come to visit you,” he tells．“theI knowhen that you are ill ．Come out and let metake your temperature.”“ Thank you, ” says the hen.“I have a headache． But if I come out, you will kill me.”Passage 44.Help Each OtherLook!Kate is flying a bird kite．Oh, her kite is in the tree ．And it is broken. She can ’ t climb upthe tree． Li Lei and Jim are coming here ． Li Lei is helping her ． He is getting the kite from the tree．But he can ’ t get down．Jim is helping Li Lei． Li Lei is jumping to the wall． They are getting down from the wall.Kate, Jim, and Li Lei are mending the kite under the tree ．They are goodfriends.Passage 45.The WeatherThe weather in Shanghai is not always good ．In winter it is often cold and wet ．In summer it is very hot．Spring is very beautiful． It is not very cold, but we have a lot of rain in spring． Autumn is thebest season． The days are clear and dry and it is sunny and warm all the time.The weather in Shanghai is sometimes warmer than in Beijing． But in summer it is cooler inBeijing than in Shanghai.Passage 46.Wh at ’ s Happening?It is in autumn ． A young man comes to a forest ．He’ s walking beside the forest． On his right is ariver ． On his left is the forest ． Suddenly he sees two green eyes looking at him from the trees ． Atiger is getting ready to jump on him.What does he do?He must jump into the river ．In the river there is a big crocodile．Its mouth is verybig ．The young man closes his eyes． The tiger jumps over him.And the young man openshis eyes． Now the tiger is in the mouth of the crocodile.Passage 47.KangaroosThere are many kangaroos in Australia and not onlyin zoos.You can see them everywhere outside of the cities and towns ．When theywant to have a rest on their tails, kangaroos are also very good at looking after theirbabies． mother kangaroos keep their babies safe in their pockets.Passage 48.A Pair of ShoesOne day an old man is taking the train to his hometown .One of his shoes falls onto the ground, butthe train starts.He cannot pick it up,then he takes off the other and throws it near thefallen shoe．A boy beside him asks him,“ Why do you do that?” He answers,“ If a man picks t he may get a pair of shoes.”Passage 49． We get the Wrong car!One day my wife and I go shopping at a shop ．We stop the car in front of the shop ． An hour laterwe come back to the car with many things ． But we can not open the car door ．“ Oh, dear,” says mywife ．“ What shall we do?” “ Let ’ s ask that policeman!” The policeman．Acomesfew to help us minutes later, he gets the door open． Just at that moment a man comes up and shouts, “ Why are youopening my car door?” We look at the number of the car and our faces turn red.Passage 50． Thank you.Many people like to say“ Thank you ” when others help them or say something kindto them． It is a very good habit.You should say“ Thankyou ” when someone passes you the salt on the table, when someone iswalking ahead of you keeps the door open for you, when someone says you have done your workwell, or you have bought something nice or your city is very beautiful ． Thank you is used notonly between friends,but also between parents and children, brother and sister ．Let ’ s learn tosay Thank you.Passage 51． The SunThere is nothing more important in life than the sun ．Without the sun all living things on Earth woulddie.The sun is a star．In the sky there are thousands of stars like the sun ．They are as large as the sun andashot as the sun． At night you can see many stars, but in day-time you c an only see one star- thesun． The sun is much nearer to us than any other stars． That is why it looks like the biggest andbrightest of all the stars ． The distance of the sun from the Earth is as much as 150 millionkilometers ．Most of the stars are thousands of light years away form the Earth ．Do you know what alight year is?Nothing in the world travels faster than light.It travels 300,000 kilometers asecond． One light year is the distance that light travels in one year.Passage 52． Air JordanMichael Jordan(1963-)is one of the most famous basketball players in the world． He was born inBrooklyn, New York． He didn ’ t like to talk about himself． He was also very short． He didn ’ t playvery well when he joined the basketball team in his high school at first． But the next year thingschanged greatly for him, as he grew much taller ．Michael Jordan became famous when he joined theuniversity basketball team in North Carolina ． Michael used his quickness and strength to reach thebasket again and again．He played so well that people call him Air Jordan． After college,Michael became a member of the Chicago Bull basketball team ．The NBA was very surprised atthis high-flying player.He was named Rookie of the year in 1985 and the most Valuable Playerin 1987 ． He once set a record by getting 63 points in one game.Passage 53． The Strongest Power in the World.One day a great general asks his soldiers,“ What is the strongest power in the world?”soldiers put up their hands ．They want to answer the question ．The general asks the first man tospeak． The first man is younger than the other three, and he． He say’s,not“strongMyun is the strongest．It can kill anyone.” “．ThankNext, youplease.” The second man is very strong．Hesays,”I don ’ think that’．strueSoldiers use guns． So a soldier is the strongest.” The third man says, Soldiers use guns, but our general gives orders． So I think our general is the strongest.” The four man is the oldest．He says,” Love is the strongest．With love, people don’ t need guns. ” The genera says nothing． He takes out a medal and gives it to him.Passage 54． Who is the God?Tom likes sweets very much ．But his mother never gives him any, because she thinks they are badfor his teeth ． But when Tom ’ s uncle gives him some, she always lets him eat the sweets．She wantsto make her brother happy.One evening, a few days before Tom’ s birthday, heprayingwas in his bedroom．“ Please,God, ” he shouted．“ Let them give me a bog box of sweets as my birthday present.” His heard this and came into the room ．“ Why are you shouting, Tom?” she．“askedGo can hear youquite well, even when you talk quietly.” “ I know, ” answered the clever boy,“ but m next room can ’ t. ”Passage 55． Kites.Do you know how to fly a kite?Do you know how to make a kite?Can you describe the shapes ofkites?Today, people all over the world make and fly kites for fun.Kite were the first flying machines ．People in China used kites as fly machines more than 2000 yearsago． In Marco Polo ’ s report, the Chinese used big kites to carry people up into the sky.The idea of kites helped people to make planes ． In 1894 in Australia, Lawrence Hargrave made fourvery big kites ． These four kites lifted him 5 metres into the air． Today, the wings of planes are justlike kites.Now people around the world use kites in festivals ．Kites can have all kinds of colors and shapes, butthe most important thing is to fly well.Passage 56． A n interesting newspaperEvery morning Mike goes to work by train ． As he has a long trip, he always buys a newspaper ． Ithelps to make the time pass more quickly.。

英语单词背诵方法十三种简单又有效的英语单词背诵方法一、运用读音规则记忆法英语是拼音文字，根据英语这一特点，使语音与单词中的字母有机的结合，以增强单词的记忆。

就是利用英语国际音标来识记单词。

国际音标是标识标记英语语音的符号系统。

如果熟悉并掌握国际音标及规则字母、字母组合的发音,就可以根据音标来直接拼写英语单词,尤其是一些比较长又难于识记的单词.例如：pronunciation(n.发音),就可以根据其音标来正确书写单词。

单词的读音与字母及其组合的发音之间又有着密切的联系。

比如：cow，how，now等词中的字母组合ow都发/au/这个音;cake，these，five，note等词中的元音字母都发该字母名称音等。

对于一些长串字母组成的单词，可采用按读音分节的方法进行记忆。

如：computer可分为com/k?m/、pu/pju:/、ter/t?/三部分，important可分为im/im/、por/p/、tant/t?nt/三个部分。

英语单词之间有时候读音完全相同或极为相似,这样一来,我们可以通过比较、观察,找出它们的同异之处,来进一步加深印象,增强记忆效果。

例如:/tu:/-two,too/si:/-sea,see/mi:t/-meet,meat/f:/-for,four/raIt/-right,write英语中有些单词的读音被直接替换成了汉语词汇,这是因为起先在汉语中还没有跟这个单词相对应的词汇,掌握音译词后,我们就很快根据读音记住这个单词了。

例如:tank坦克，jeep吉普，Changjing长江，jacket夹克衫，NewYork纽约。

因此，教师必须帮助学生详细地总结、熟记和使用字母及字母组合的发音规则，学生一旦掌握了这个识记单词的方法，记单词时就不需要一个字母一个字母地去死记硬背。

就可以节约大量的记词时间，而且效果较为持久，既增强了兴趣、信心，又增加了成功感，为进一步学习英语打下坚实基础。

背诵英语的十一种方法背诵英语是英语学习的重要一环，因为它能够提高语言的口语流利程度和词汇量，让学生学会抓住语言的重点和语言的思维逻辑。

然而，许多英语学习者容易卡在背诵英语的过程中，这是因为大部分人并不知道背诵英语的正确方法。

那么，下面介绍背诵英语的十一种方法，帮助学生有效提高背诵效率。

第一种方法：分段记忆分段记忆是将一个较长的单元段落分成若干部分，每个单元段落作为一个单元进行背诵。

这样可以减轻大脑的负担，提高记忆效果。

第二种方法：口语训练口语训练是通过快速朗读句子或段落，可以提高语音语调和发音，并让单词和短语在口腔记忆中印象更深刻，从而加深记忆。

第三种方法：重复记忆重复记忆是反复多次背诵单词或句子，这种方法会让词汇更容易被记住并牢记在大脑中。

第四种方法：“说出来”将单词或短语用口述出来，能够将背诵过程转化为语言输出，并使其更深入人心。

第五种方法：音乐记忆有些学生喜欢用歌曲记忆，这种方法可以让词汇更好地被理解和记住，同时也能降低学习英语的压力。

第六种方法：联想记忆联想记忆是用一种比较好记的事物与需要记忆的单词和短语进行联系，从而在联想的过程中实现记忆。

第七种方法：视觉记忆视觉记忆是运用对视觉刺激敏感的过程，将重要单词和短语和图像进行关联记忆，这种方法也会让记忆更加深入。

第八种方法：分组记忆分组记忆是将需要记忆的单词进行分类，每个类别中单词的相似性高，从而使记忆过程更加条理化。

第九种方法：应用记忆将背诵的英文单词和短语应用到实际生活中，可以巩固语言记忆，提高口语表达流利度。

第十种方法：机械记忆机械记忆是单纯的反复背诵和写，通过多次强化，以达到提高记忆的效果。

第十一种方法：情境记忆情境记忆是通过将单词和短语置于一个具有真实情景的环境中，让学生更容易想起单词和短语，并提高口语表达的流利度。

总而言之，以上为大家介绍的背诵英语的十一种方法，每种方法的适用性取决于个人的记忆能力和口语水平，学生们可以根据自己的情况进行选择和搭配使用。

背诵英语的十一种方法背诵不但可以帮助同学们掌握大量的英语基础知识，而且可以培养大家丰富的语感，进行听、说、读、写各项活动。

小编在这里整理了十一种背诵英文的方法，希望能帮助到大家。

1一口气背诵法一口气内将一个句子尽可能多读几遍，将一段对话尽可能用最少的气读完，经过这样的反复操练，你会发现原来背诵很容易，而且通过这样的训练可以让你讲英语底气十足、气势逼人!2影子背诵法“影子”(Shadow)背诵法也是目前最有效的背诵方法之一。

把录音机的声音开到很大，跟着录音进行背诵，就像影子一样，和录音保持你能跟上的速度，一般保持相差2~3个单词的距离，你的耳朵和嘴巴全部用起来了，这样印象也就特别深刻!而且，你的听力也得到了大幅度的提升!3零碎时间背诵法零碎时间学习英语最有效!将收集到的好句子、对话抄在小纸条上或卡片上，随身携带，利用每日三餐前后、睡觉前、等车、上学、放学路上，不断地刺激大脑，再难的句子都能背出来。

4同声传译背诵法请你的伙伴说中文，你立刻脱口而出英文;说英文，你立刻脱口而出中文。

通过中英文自由转换帮助背诵，效果特别好!与此同时还可以快速提高你的口译能力。

5想象背诵法没有语言环境就自己创造语言环境!背句子的时候花一点时间先想一下，想象你在什么时候、什么地方可以将用到这个句子，再开始背诵，想象可以帮助加深记忆，这样不但让你更有兴趣背诵，背起来更容易，同时也开发了你的想象力。

6卖弄背诵法背诵了很多句子和对话，如果没有机会使用，很快就淡忘了，所以一定要找机会将学过的英语卖弄出去。

你可以向老外炫耀、向朋友炫耀、向老师炫耀、向家长炫耀、向同学炫耀，找不到人就对着镜子、对着墙壁炫耀。

甚至对着天空炫耀。

通过炫耀，学过的英语将真正成为你自己的财富!7听写背诵法一边放录音，一边将你听到的句子和对话一字不漏地写下来，这是背诵的最高境界!因为在听写的过程中，你的大脑将声音转化为文字，大大地加强了你的记忆!自己写出来的东西很容易就能背出来，听写背诵法让记忆力和听力同步增长!8先倾听后背诵学语言模仿是关键，所以在背之前要先听，而且要反复听，这样能够学到标准的发音。

英语的单词背诵方法
1. 分类背诵法：将单词按照同一个词性、同一个主题或同一个首字母拼音进行分类，然后分别背诵。

例如，将形容词按照前缀、后缀等分类，将动词按照时态进行分类。

2. 记忆联想法：将单词与自己熟悉的事物或者场景联系起来，形成有趣的联想，以此来记忆。

例如，将单词“umbrella”与雨
伞联系起来，形成的联想可以是一只雨伞漂浮在海面上，形成了一个大露天吸烟区。

3. 利用音乐记忆法：利用歌曲的节奏和曲调，将单词歌唱出来。

这种方法会帮助人们更快地记忆单词和词组。

4. 口诀记忆法：将单词编成口诀或故事，以此来记忆。

例如，“I before E, except after C”这个口诀可以帮助人们记住拼写，即i在e之前，除非在c之后。

5. 反复背诵法：一遍、两遍、三遍…… 口胡单词，不断地反
复背诵，直到记住为止。

这种方法可以加深记忆，并让单词更加自然地出现在人们的脑海中。

英语背诵十大技巧背诵英语是学英语过程中必不可少的一部分。

通过背诵英语，可以提高英语的听说读写各个方面的能力，并且拓宽英语词汇量，还有加深对英语语法的理解。

因此，掌握一些有效的英语背诵技巧对学习英语非常重要。

以下是英语背诵的十大技巧：1. 看准材料在开始背诵之前，首先要看准材料。

材料要与背诵的目标相符，确保你背的是你想背的材料。

2. 列出词汇表将你要背诵的英语材料的关键词写在一份词汇表上，然后逐一背诵。

这样不仅可以提高记忆效率，而且可以使你更好地理解材料的含义。

3. 将材料划分为小部分尤其是长篇文章，将它们划分为小部分会使背诵更容易。

一次将整篇文章背出来很难，但如果将它们分成小段再去背诵，就会变得简单得多。

4. 听写英语材料听写英语材料是另一个有效的背诵技巧。

通过听写，你可以练习单词的拼写并加深对单词的理解，同时也可以锻炼你的听力。

5. 运用联想记忆联想记忆可以帮助你更快地记忆材料，比如将英语单词与图像或者场景联系起来。

这个技巧尤其适用于那些比较抽象的英语单词。

6. 重复背诵重复背诵是背诵技巧中最基本和最重要的一个。

通过反复背诵，你可以加深对材料的理解和记忆，使记忆更加深刻和牢固。

7. 采用引导词使用一些引导词能够帮助你更好地回忆起背诵的材料。

例如，当你背诵一首诗歌时，使用一些关键词或者短语可以帮助你想起整首诗。

8. 在实践中使用英语将背诵的英语用到实践中，这能够帮助你更好地理解和记忆，也能够提高你的英语口语和写作水平。

9. 利用网络资源现在有各种各样的学习英语的网站和应用程序，利用这些网络资源并能帮助你学习英语，同时也能够提供一些有价值的背诵资源。

10. 随时随地背诵随时随地背英语非常重要，比如在坐汽车、等地铁、排队等待的时候可以利用这些碎片时间来背英语。

这样做往往比集中背诵更有效率。

综上所述，这些英语背诵的技巧可以大大提高你学习英语的效率和质量。

这些技巧不仅适用于学生，也适用于任何人学习英语的人。

英语背诵的七大技巧1、“一口气”背诵法一口气内将一个句子尽可能多读几遍，将一段对话尽可能用最少的气读完，经过这样的反复操练，你会发现原来背诵很容易，而且通过这样的训练可以让你)底气十足、气势逼人！2、“影子”（Shadow）背诵法“影子”（Shadow）背诵法也是目前最有效的背诵方法之一。

把录音机的声音开到很大，跟着录音进行背诵，就像影子一样，和录音保持你能跟上的速度，一般保持相差2~3个单词的距离，你的耳朵和嘴巴全部用起来了，这样印象也就特别深刻！而且，你的听力也得到了大幅度的提升！3、零碎时间背诵法零碎时间学习英语最有效！将收集到的好句子、对话抄在小纸条上或卡片上，随身携带，利用每日三餐前后、睡觉前、等车、上学、放学路上，不断地刺激大脑，再难的句子都能背出来。

4、同声传译背诵法请你的partner说中文，你立刻脱口而出英文；说英文，你立刻脱口而出中文。

通过中英文自由转换帮助背诵，效果特别好！与此同时还可以快速提高你的口译能力。

5、想象背诵法没有语言环境就自己创造语言环境！背句子的时候花一点时间先想一下，想象你在什么时候、什么地方可以将用到这个句子，再开始背诵，想象可以帮助加深记忆，这样不但让你更有兴趣背诵，背起来更容易，同时也开发了你的想象力。

6、卖弄背诵法背诵了很多句子和对话，如果没有机会使用，很快就淡忘了，所以一定要找机会将学过的英语卖弄出去。

你可以向老外炫耀、向朋友炫耀、向老师炫耀、向家长炫耀、向同学炫耀，找不到人就对着镜子、对着墙壁炫耀。

甚至对着天空炫耀。

通过炫耀，学过的英语将真正成为你自己的财富！7、听写背诵法一边放录音，一边将你听到的句子和对话一字不漏地写下来，这是背诵的最高境界！因为在听写的过程中，你的大脑将声音转化为文字，大大地加强了你的记忆！自己写出来的东西很容易就能背出来，听写背诵法让记忆力和听力同步增长！。

英语经典背诵五十篇The Language of MusicA painter hangs his or her finished pictures on a wall, and everyone can see it. A composer writes a work, but no one can hear it until it is performed. Professional singers and players have great responsibilities, for the composer is utterly dependent on them. A student of music needs as long and as arduous a training to become a performer as a medical student needs to become a doctor. Most training is concerned with technique, for musicians have to have the muscular proficiency of an athlete or a ballet dancer. Singers practice breathing every day, as their vocal chords would be inadequate without controlled muscular support. String players practice moving the fingers of the left hand up and down, while drawing the bow to and fro with the right arm—two entirely different movements.Singers and instruments have to be able to get every note perfectly in tune. Pianists are spared this particular anxiety, for the notes are already there, waiting for them, and it is the pia no tuner’s responsibility to tune the instrument for them. But they have their own difficulties; the hammers that hit the string have to be coaxed not to sound like percussion, and each overlapping tone has to sound clear.This problem of getting clear texture is one that confronts student conductors: they have to learn to know every note of the music and how it should sound, and they have to aim at controlling these sound with fanatical but selfless authority.Technique is of no use unless it is combined with musical knowledge and understanding. Great artists are those who are so thoroughly at home in the language of music that they can enjoy performing works written in any century.Schooling and EducationIt is commonly believed in United States that school is where people go to get an education. Nevertheless, it has been said that today children interrupt their education to go to school. The distinction between schooling and education implied by this remark is important.Education is much more open-ended and all-inclusive than schooling. Education knows no bounds. It can take place anywhere, whether in the shower or in the job, whether in a kitchen or on a tractor. It includes both the formal learning that takes place in schools and the whole universe of informal learning. The agents of education can range from a revered grandparent to the people debating politics on the radio, from a child to a distinguished scientist. Whereas schooling has a certain predictability, education quite often produces surprises. A chance conversation with a stranger may lead a person to discover how little is known of other religions. People are engaged in education from infancy on. Education, then, is a very broad, inclusive term. It is a lifelong process, a process that starts long before the start of school, and one that should be an integral part of one’s entire life.Schooling, on the other hand, is a specific, formalized process, whose general pattern varies little from one setting to the next. Throughout a country, children arrive at school at approximately the same time, take assigned seats, are taught by an adult, use similar textbooks, do homework, take exams, and so on. The slices of reality that are to be learned, whether they are the alphabet or an understanding of the working of government, have usually been limited by the boundaries of the subject being taught. For example, highschool students know that there not likely to find out in their classes the truth about political problems in their communities or what the newest filmmakers are experimenting with. There are definite conditions surrounding the formalized process of schooling.The Definition of “Price”Prices determine how resources are to be used. They are also the means by which products and services that are in limited supply are rationed among buyers. The price system of the United States is a complex network composed of the prices of all the products bought and sold in the economy as well as those of a myriad of services, including labor, professional, transportation, and public-utility services. The interrelationships of all these prices make up the ―system‖ of prices. The price of any particular product or service is linked to a broad, complicated system of prices in which everything seems to depend more or less upon everything else.If one were to ask a group of randomly selected individuals to define ―price‖, many would reply that price is an amount of money paid by the buyer to the seller of a product or service or, in other words that price is the money values of a product or service as agreed upon in a market transaction. This definition is, of course, valid as far as it goes. For a complete understanding of a price in any particular transaction, much more than the amount of money involved must be known. Both the buyer and the seller should be familiar with not only the money amount, but with the amount and quality of the product or service to be exchanged, the time and place at which the exchange will take place and payment will be made, the form of money to be used, the credit terms and discounts that apply to the transaction, guarantees on the product or service, delivery terms, return privileges, and other factors. In other words, both buyer and seller should be fully aware of all the factors that comprise the total ―package‖ being exchanged for the asked-for amount of money in order that they may evaluate a given price.ElectricityThe modern age is an age of electricity. People are so used to electric lights, radio, televisions, and telephones that it is hard to imagine what life would be like without them. When there is a power failure, people grope about in flickering candlelight, cars hesitate in the streets because there are no traffic lights to guide them, and food spoils in silent refrigerators.Yet, people began to understand how electricity works only a little more than two centuries ago. Nature has apparently been experimenting in this field for million of years. Scientists are discovering more and more that the living world may hold many interesting secrets of electricity that could benefit humanity.All living cell send out tiny pulses of electricity. As the heart beats, it sends out pulses of record; they form an electrocardiogram, which a doctor can study to determine how well the heart is working. The brain, too, sends out brain waves of electricity, which can be recorded in an electroencephalogram. The electric currents generated by most living cells are extremely small – often so small that sensitive instruments are needed to record them. But in some animals, certain muscle cells have become so specialized as electrical generators that they do not work as muscle cells at all. When large numbers of these cell are linked together, the effects can be astonishing.The electric eel is an amazing storage battery. It can seed a jolt of as much as eight hundred volts of electricity through the water in which it live. ( An electric house current is only one hundred twenty volts.) As many as four-fifths of all the cells in the elect ric eel’sbody are specialized for generating electricity, and the strength of the shock it can deliver corresponds roughly to length of its body.The Beginning of DramaThere are many theories about the beginning of drama in ancient Greece. The on most widely accepted today is based on the assumption that drama evolved from ritual. The argument for this view goes as follows. In the beginning, human beings viewed the natural forces of the world-even the seasonal changes-as unpredictable, and they sought through various means to control these unknown and feared powers. Those measures which appeared to bring the desired results were then retained and repeated until they hardened into fixed rituals. Eventually stories arose which explained or veiled the mysteries of the rites. As time passed some rituals were abandoned, but the stories, later called myths, persisted and provided material for art and drama.Those who believe that drama evolved out of ritual also argue that those rites contained the seed of theater because music, dance, masks, and costumes were almost always used, Furthermore, a suitable site had to be provided for performances and when the entire community did not participate, a clear division was usually made between the "acting area" and the "auditorium." In addition, there were performers, and, since considerable importance was attached to avoiding mistakes in the enactment of rites, religious leaders usually assumed that task. Wearing masks and costumes, they often impersonated other people, animals, or supernatural beings, and mimed the desired effect-success in hunt or battle, the coming rain, the revival of the Sun-as an actor might. Eventually such dramatic representations were separated from religious activities.Another theory traces the theater''s origin from the human interest in storytelling. According to this vies tales (about the hunt, war, or other feats) are gradually elaborated, at first through the use of impersonation, action, and dialogue by a narrator and then through the assumption of each of the roles by a different person. A closely related theory traces theater to those dances that are primarily rhythmical and gymnastic or that are imitations of animal movements and sounds.TelevisionTelevision-----the most pervasive and persuasive of modern technologies, marked by rapid change and growth-is moving into a new era, an era of extraordinary sophistication and versatility, which promises to reshape our lives and our world. It is an electronic revolution of sorts, made possible by the marriage of television and computer technologies.The word "television", derived from its Greek (tele: distant) and Latin (visio: sight) roots, can literally be interpreted as sight from a distance. Very simply put, it works in this way: through a sophisticated system of electronics, television provides the capability of converting an image (focused on a special photoconductive plate within a camera) into electronic impulses, which can be sent through a wire or cable. These impulses, when fed into a receiver (television set), can then be electronically reconstituted into that same image.Television is more than just an electronic system, however. It is a means of expression, as well as a vehicle for communication, and as such becomes a powerful tool for reaching other human beings.The field of television can be divided into two categories determined by its means of transmission. First, there is broadcast television, which reaches the masses through broad-based airwave transmission of television signals. Second, there is nonbroadcast television, which provides for the needs of individuals or specific interest groups through controlled transmission techniques.Traditionally, television has been a medium of the masses. We are most familiar with broadcast television because it has been with us for about thirty-seven years in a form similar to what exists today. During those years, it has been controlled, for the most part, by the broadcast networks, ABC, NBC, and CBS, who have been the major purveyors of news, information, and entertainment. These giants of broadcasting have actually shaped not only television but our perception of it as well. We have come to look upon the picture tube as a source of entertainment, placing our role in this dynamic medium as the passive viewer.Andrew CarnegieAndrew Carnegie, known as the King of Steel, built the steel industry in the United States, and , in the process, became one of the wealthiest men in America. His success resulted in part from his ability to sell the product and in part from his policy of expanding during periods of economic decline, when most of his competitors were reducing their investments.Carnegie believed that individuals should progress through hard work, but he also felt strongly that the wealthy should use their fortunes for the benefit of society. He opposed charity, preferring instead to provide educational opportunities that would allow others to help themselves. "He who dies rich, dies disgraced," he often said.Among his more noteworthy contributions to society are those that bear his name, including the Carnegie Institute of Pittsburgh, which has a library, a museum of fine arts, and a museum of national history. He also founded a school of technology that is now part of Carnegie-Mellon University. Other philanthrophic gifts are the Carnegie Endowment for International Peace to promote understanding between nations, the Carnegie Institute of Washington to fund scientific research, and Carnegie Hall to provide a center for the arts.Few Americans have been left untouched by Andrew Carnegie''s generosity. His contributions of more than five million dollars established 2,500 libraries in small communities throughout the country and formed the nucleus of the public library system that we all enjoy today.American RevolutionThe American Revolution was not a sudden and violent overturning of the political and social framework, such as later occurred in France and Russia, when both were already independent nations. Significant changes were ushered in, but they were not breathtaking. What happened was accelerated evolution rather than outright revolution. During the conflict itself people went on working and praying, marrying and playing. Most of them were not seriously disturbed by the actual fighting, and many of the more isolated communities scarcely knew that a war was on.America''s War of Independence heralded the birth of three modern nations. One was Canada, which received its first large influx of English-speaking population from the thousands of loyalists who fled there from the United States. Another was Australia, which became a penal colony now that America was no longer available for prisoners and debtors. The third newcomer-the United States-based itself squarely on republican principles.Yet even the political overturn was not so revolutionary as one might suppose. In some states, notably Connecticut and Rhode Island, the war largely ratified a colonial self-rule already existing. British officials, everywhere ousted, were replaced by a home-grown governing class, which promptly sought a local substitute for king and Parliament.SuburbanizationIf by "suburb" is meant an urban margin that grows more rapidly than its already developed interior, the process of suburbanization began during the emergence of the industrial city in the second quarter of the nineteenth century. Before that period the citywas a small highly compact cluster in which people moved about on foot and goods were conveyed by horse and cart. But the early factories built in the 1840''s were located along waterways and near railheads at the edges of cities, and housing was needed for the thousands of people drawn by the prospect of employment. In time, the factories were surrounded by proliferating mill towns of apartments and row houses that abutted the older, main cities. As a defense against this encroachment and to enlarge their tax bases, the cities appropriated their industrial neighbors. In 1854, for example, the city of Philadelphia annexed most of Philadelphia County. Similar municipal maneuvers took place in Chicago and in New York. Indeed, most great cities of the United States achieved such status only by incorporating the communities along their borders.With the acceleration of industrial growth came acute urban crowding and accompanying social stress-conditions that began to approach disastrous proportions when, in 1888, the first commercially successful electric traction line was developed. Within a few years the horse-drawn trolleys were retired and electric streetcar networks crisscrossed and connected every major urban area, fostering a wave of suburbanization that transformed the compact industrial city into a dispersed metropolis. This first phase of mass-scale suburbanization was reinforced by the simultaneous emergence of the urban Middle Class, whose desires for homeownership in neighborhoods far from the aging inner city were satisfied by the developers of single-family housing tracts.Types of SpeechStandard usage includes those words and expressions understood, used, and accepted by a majority of the speakers of a language in any situation regardless of the level of formality. As such, these words and expressions are well defined and listed in standard dictionaries. Colloquialisms, on the other hand, are familiar words and idioms that are understood by almost all speakers of a language and used in informal speech or writing, but not considered appropriate for more formal situations. Almost all idiomatic expressions are colloquial language. Slang, however, refers to words and expressions understood by a large number of speakers but not accepted as good, formal usage by the majority. Colloquial expressions and even slang may be found in standard dictionaries but will be so identified. Both colloquial usage and slang are more common in speech than in writing.Colloquial speech often passes into standard speech. Some slang also passes into standard speech, but other slang expressions enjoy momentary popularity followed by obscurity. In some cases, the majority never accepts certain slang phrases but nevertheless retains them in their collective memories. Every generation seems to require its own set of words to describe familiar objects and events. It has been pointed out by a number of linguists that three cultural conditions are necessary for the creation of a large body of slang expressions. First, the introduction and acceptance of new objects and situations in the society; second, a diverse population with a large number of subgroups; third, association among the subgroups and the majority population.Finally, it is worth noting that the terms "standard" "colloquial" and "slang" exist only as abstract labels for scholars who study language. Only a tiny number of the speakers of any language will be aware that they are using colloquial or slang expressions. Most speakers of English will, during appropriate situations, select and use all three types of expressions.ArchaeologyArchaeology is a source of history, not just a bumble auxiliary discipline. Archaeological data are historical documents in their own right, not mere illustrations to written texts, Just as much as any other historian, an archaeologist studies and tries to reconstitute the process that has created the human world in which we live - and us ourselves in so far as weare each creatures of our age and social environment. Archaeological data are all changes in the material world resulting from human action or, more succinctly, the fossilized results of human behavior. The sum total of these constitutes what may be called the archaeological record. This record exhibits certain peculiarities and deficiencies the consequences of which produce a rather superficial contrast between archaeological history and the more familiar kind based upon written records.Not all human behavior fossilizes. The words I utter and you hear as vibrations in the air are certainly human changes in the material world and may be of great historical significance. Yet they leave no sort of trace in the archaeological records unless they are captured by a dictaphone or written down by a clerk. The movement of troops on the battlefield may "change the course of history," but this is equally ephemeral from the archaeologist''s standpoint. What is perhaps worse, most organic materials are perishable. Everything made of wood, hide, wool, linen, grass, hair, and similar materials will decay and vanish in dust in a few years or centuries, save under very exceptional conditions. In a relatively brief period the archaeological record is reduce to mere scraps of stone, bone, glass, metal, and earthenware. Still modern archaeology, by applying appropriate techniques and comparative methods, aided by a few lucky finds from peat-bogs, deserts, and frozen soils, is able to fill up a good deal of the gap.MuseumsFrom Boston to Los Angeles, from New York City to Chicago to Dallas, museums are either planning, building, or wrapping up wholesale expansion programs. These programs already have radically altered facades and floor plans or are expected to do so in thenot-too-distant future.In New York City alone, six major institutions have spread up and out into the air space and neighborhoods around them or are preparing to do so.The reasons for this confluence of activity are complex, but one factor is a consideration everywhere - space. With collections expanding, with the needs and functions of museums changing, empty space has become a very precious commodity.Probably nowhere in the country is this more true than at the Philadelphia Museum of Art, which has needed additional space for decades and which received its last significant facelift ten years ago. Because of the space crunch, the Art Museum has become increasingly cautious in considering acquisitions and donations of art, in some cases passing up opportunities to strengthen its collections.Deaccessing - or selling off - works of art has taken on new importance because of the museum''s space problems. And increasingly, curators have been forced to juggle gallery space, rotating one masterpiece into public view while another is sent to storage.Despite the clear need for additional gallery and storage space, however," the museum has no plan, no plan to break out of its envelope in the next fifteen years," according to Philadelphia Museum of Art''s president.Skyscrapers and EnvironmentIn the late 1960''s, many people in North America turned their attention to environmental problems, and new steel-and-glass skyscrapers were widely criticized. Ecologists pointed out that a cluster of tall buildings in a city often overburdens public transportation and parking lot capacities.Skyscrapers are also lavish consumers, and wasters, of electric power. In one recent year, the addition of 17 million square feet of skyscraper office space in New York City raised the peak daily demand for electricity by 120, 000 kilowatts-enough to supply the entire city of Albany, New York, for a day.Glass-walled skyscrapers can be especially wasteful. The heat loss (or gain)through a wall of half-inch plate glass is more than ten times that through a typical masonry wall filled with insulation board. To lessen the strain on heating and air-conditioning equipment, builders of skyscrapers have begun to use double-glazed panels of glass, and reflective glasses coated with silver or gold mirror films that reduce glare as well as heat gain. However, mirror-walled skyscrapers raise the temperature of the surrounding air and affect neighboring buildings.Skyscrapers put a severe strain on a city''s sanitation facilities, too. If fully occupied, the two World Trade Center towers in New York City would alone generate 2.25 million gallons of raw sewage each year-as much as a city the size of Stanford, Connecticut , which has a population of more than 109, 000.A Rare Fossil RecordThe preservation of embryos and juveniles is a rate occurrence in the fossil record. The tiny, delicate skeletons are usually scattered by scavengers or destroyed by weathering before they can be fossilized. Ichthyosaurs had a higher chance of being preserved than did terrestrial creatures because, as marine animals, they tended to live in environments less subject to erosion. Still, their fossilization required a suite of factors: a slow rate of decay of soft tissues, little scavenging by other animals, a lack of swift currents and waves to jumble and carry away small bones, and fairly rapid burial. Given these factors, some areas have become a treasury of well-preserved ichthyosaur fossils.The deposits at Holzmaden, Germany, present an interesting case for analysis. The ichthyosaur remains are found in black, bituminous marine shales deposited about 190 million years ago. Over the years, thousands of specimens of marine reptiles, fish and invertebrates have been recovered from these rocks. The quality of preservation is outstanding, but what is even more impressive is the number of ichthyosaur fossils containing preserved embryos. Ichthyosaurs with embryos have been reported from 6 different levels of the shale in a small area around Holzmaden, suggesting that a specific site was used by large numbers of ichthyosaurs repeatedly over time. The embryos are quite advanced in their physical development; their paddles, for example, are already well formed. One specimen is even preserved in the birth canal. In addition, the shale contains the remains of many newborns that are between 20 and 30 inches long.Why are there so many pregnant females and young at Holzmaden when they are so rare elsewhere? The quality of preservation is almost unmatched and quarry operations have been carried out carefully with an awareness of the value of the fossils. But these factors do not account for the interesting question of how there came to be such a concentration of pregnant ichthyosaurs in a particular place very close to their time of giving birth.The Nobel AcademyFor the last 82years, Sweden''s Nobel Academy has decided who will receive the Nobel Prize in Literature, thereby determining who will be elevated from the great and the near great to the immortal. But today the Academy is coming under heavy criticism both from the without and from within. Critics contend that the selection of the winners often has less to do with true writing ability than with the peculiar internal politics of the Academy and of Sweden itself. According to Ingmar Bjorksten , the cultural editor for one of the country''s two major newspapers, the prize continues to represent "what people call a very Swedish exercise: reflecting Swedish tastes."The Academy has defended itself against such charges of provincialism in its selection by asserting that its physical distance from the great literary capitals of the world actuallyserves to protect the Academy from outside influences. This may well be true, but critics respond that this very distance may also be responsible for the Academy''s inability to perceive accurately authentic trends in the literary world.Regardless of concerns over the selection process, however, it seems that the prize will continue to survive both as an indicator of the literature that we most highly praise, and as an elusive goal that writers seek. If for no other reason, the prize will continue to be desirable for the financial rewards that accompany it; not only is the cash prize itself considerable, but it also dramatically increases sales of an author''s books.the war between Britain and FranceIn the late eighteenth century, battles raged in almost every corner of Europe, as well as in the Middle East, south Africa ,the West Indies, and Latin America. In reality, however, there was only one major war during this time, the war between Britain and France. All other battles were ancillary to this larger conflict, and were often at least partially related to its antagonist’ goals and strategies. France s ought total domination of Europe . this goal was obstructed by British independence and Britain’s efforts throughout the continent to thwart Napoleon; through treaties. Britain built coalitions (not dissimilar in concept to today’s NATO) guaranteeing Briti sh participation in all major European conflicts. These two antagonists were poorly matched, insofar as they had very unequal strengths; France was predominant on land, Britain at sea. The French knew that, short of defeating the British navy, their only hope of victory was to close all the ports of Europe to British ships. Accordingly, France set out to overcome Britain by extending its military domination from Moscow t Lisbon, from Jutland to Calabria. All of this entailed tremendous risk, because France did not have the military resources to control this much territory and still protect itself and maintain order at home.French strategists calculated that a navy of 150 ships would provide the force necessary to defeat the British navy. Such a force would give France a three-to-two advantage over Britain. This advantage was deemed necessary because of Britain’s superior sea skills and technology because of Britain’s superior sea skills and technology, and also because Britain would be fighting a defensive war, allowing it to win with fewer forces. Napoleon never lost substantial impediment to his control of Europe. As his force neared that goal, Napoleon grew increasingly impatient and began planning an immediate attack.Evolution of sleepSleep is very ancient. In the electroencephalographic sense we share it with all the primates and almost all the other mammals and birds: it may extend back as far as the reptiles.There is some evidence that the two types of sleep, dreaming and dreamless, depend on the life-style of the animal, and that predators are statistically much more likely to dream than prey, which are in turn much more likely to experience dreamless sleep. In dream sleep, the animal is powerfully immobilized and remarkably unresponsive to external stimuli. Dreamless sleep is much shallower, and we have all witnessed cats or dogs cocking their ears to a sound when apparently fast asleep. The fact that deep dream sleep is rare among pray today seems clearly to be a product of natural selection, and it makes sense that today, when sleep is highly evolved, the stupid animals are less frequently immobilized by deep sleep than the smart ones. But why should they sleep deeply at all? Why should a state of such deep immobilization ever have evolved?Perhaps one useful hint about the original function of sleep is to be found in the fact that dolphins and whales and aquatic mammals in genera seem to sleep very little. There is, by and large, no place to hide in the ocean. Could it be that, rather than increasing an。

经典英语短文背诵第一天：THE NEWSPAPER 报纸Nowadays the newspaper possesses [pə'zes] considerable value. Everybody should read it. It supplies us with a variety of news every day. It tells us the political [pə'litikəl] situation of the world. If we form the habit of reading the newspaper, we shall (will) get enough knowledge to cope with our circumstance['sə:kəmstəns].Though students have to do the homework everyday, they should spare at least one or two hours to read newspaper. In this way, they can not only increase knowledge, but also keep up with the times. In a word, reading newspaper is of great benefit to students.现今报纸拥有极大的价值，人人都应该看它。

它每天提供我们各种类类的消息。

它告诉我们世界政治局势。

如果我们养成看报的习惯，我们就能得到足够的知识来因应我们的环境。

学生虽然每天须做功课，但他们至少应该匀出一两个小时来看报。

哪些，他们不但能增加知识而且也能赶上时代。

总而言之，看报对学生很有益处。

第二天：MY DAIL Y LIFE 我的日常生活Though my daily life is extremely monotonous[mə'nɔtənəs], I try hard to adapt myself to it. Why? Because I intend to be a good student. I wish to render['rendə]报答service to my country.I get up at six o’clo ck every day. After I wash my face and brush my teeth, I begin to review my lessons. I go to school at seven o’clock.After school is over, I return home. We usually have supper at seven o’clock.Then I begin to do my homework. I want to finish it before I go to bed.虽然我的日常生活十分单调，但我却竭力设法去适应它。