2019年西南大学作业答案[0057]《英语词汇学》

Unit 1Check Y our UnderstandingState whether each of the following statements is TRUE or FALSE.a. Fb. Fc. Fd. Fe. TIn-Class Activities1. The word ―wor d‖is diverse in terms of its meaning. Consider its usages in the following contexts:a. May I say a word about that?b. Actions speak louder than words.c. She has kept her word.d. Finally the general gave the word to retreat.e. Let me know if you get word of my wife.f. Word has it they‘re divorcing.ASK:(1) What does ―word‖ mean in each of the contexts?a. Something he would talk aboutb. things that are said, contrasted with things that are donec. the promise one has maded. spoken command or signale. informationf. piece of news; message(2) Do you know of any other usages the word ―word‖ has?2.ASK:(1) Can you summarize the five criteria introduced by David Crystal here?Potential pause :The pause , which happens when you say a sentence, will tend to fallbetween words, and not within words.Indivisibility: The extra items will be added between the words and not within them.Minimal free forms: the smallest units of speech that can meaningfully stand on their own. Phonetic boundaries: It is sometimes possible to tell from the sound of a word where it begins or ends.Semantic units: each word in a sentence has a clear meaning.(2) Do you think these criteria are questionable in any way? Can they be applied to theidentification of zi, the rough Chinese equivalent of the English ―word‖?No, as the above analysis explained. No , they cannot. For example, 流连and 蹒跚，they are danchuci(单纯词) which cannot be analyzed independently.3.ASK:(1) Suppose we want to know what are the ten most frequently used English words. What are they, as far as you can tell? How about Chinese?The, of ,to, and, a, in, is, it, you, that的、一、是、在、了、不、和、有、大、着(2) Are there any similarities and differences between the ten most frequently used words inEnglish and those in Chinese?They are basically functional words. Both have possessive word,(of, 的) number words(a,一), copula words(is, 是), conjunctions(and, 和) and localizers(in, 在).; English has the definite article the and several pronouns, you , that and it which are absent in Chinese.4. According to Ferdinand de Saussure, there is no intrinsic relation between the form of a word and what it stands for. In other words, words are arbitrary (i.e. not motivated) in terms of meaning designation. However, there seem to be abundant cases in natural languages that defy this generalization. For example, onomatopoeic words seem to exist in all the languages known to us. To a lesser degree, the meaning of some words can be partly deduced from their components. For example, ―sl-― is highly suggestive of the meaning of the words that contain it, such as ―slide‖, ―slip‖, and ―slush‖.ASK:(1)Babble, bang, grunt, splash; 噼啪、嗡嗡、滴滴哒、吱嘎吱No, these words are only a small part of English or Chinese vocabulary(2)Football and handball concern the body part which take the ball from one place to another, and basketball is named after a basket into which the ball is put in the begging stage of the game. (3)People have bodily embedded knowledge to infer these motivations of such usage. The first example concerns the metaphor and second metonymy(4) Do you know other types of words or usages that are motivated in one way or another?Some figurative usages are also highly motivated. For example: Necessity is the mother of invention.5. British English (BE for short) and American English (AE for short) are two major varieties of the English language.Though they have fundamental similarities in terms of grammar and vocabulary, they also differ substantially in many ways. On the vocabulary level, several distinct distinctions are found. First, there are differences in the pronunciation of some words, mostly in the vowel sounds, as illustrated in the following table:Some consonants are also pronounced differently. Particularly, in BE，the letter r before a consonant is not pronounced, but that at the end of a word is pronounced if the next word beginswith a vowel, e.g., cart /k: t/, door /d :/, but a member of /☜ memb☜☜f /; in AE, the letter r is pronounced in all positions.Secondly, BE and AE differ in the spelling of some words. Usually, the AE variants are simpler than their British counterparts, as manifested below.A further noticeable difference relates to the lexical meaning of some words. For instance, ―bill‖ means ―bank note‖ in AE but ―a demand for payment of a debt‖ in BE.ASK:(1) Can you supply more words that are pronounced differently in British English and AmericanEnglishhalf, advance, advantage, after, answer, ask, glance, glass, grasp(2) Do you know of any grammatical differences between British English and American English? In American English we say ―graduate from school‖; while in British English, we say ―leave school‖. In American English, it has ―put up price‖, while in British English, it is ―raise price‖(3) Are there special words for which AE and BE have very distinctive spellings?For Chinese characters―博览会‖, British English has ―fair‖ while American English usees trade show. ― Life and elevator‖ , and ―autumn and fall‖ are more examples.(4) Can you find more examples of the same words with different meanings in AE and BE?one billion/ first floor/ pantsone billion(Brit) the number 1000000000000 万亿之数(US) the number 1000000000十亿之数first floorIn British English the floor of a building at street level is the ground floor and the floor above that is the first floor.In US English the street-level floor is the first floor and the one above is the second floorPants(Brit) men's underpants; women's or children's knickers(US) trousers6. The following excerpt comes from Barack Obama‘s speech on Father‘s Day, June 15, 2008. Read it carefully, and pay special attention to his choice of words.The first is setting an example of excellence for our children — because if we want to set high expectations for them, we‘ve got to set high expectations for ourselves. It‘s great if you have a job; it‘s even better if you have a college degree. It‘s a wonderful thing if you are married and living in a home with your children, but don‘t just sit in the house and watch ―Sports Center‖ all weekend long. That‘s why so many children are growing up in front of the television. As fathers and parents, we‘ve got to spend more time with them, and help them with their homework, and replace the video game or the remote control with a book once in a while. That‘s how we build that foundation…..The second thing we need to do as fathers is pass along the value of empathy to our children. Not sympathy, but empathy —the ability to stand in somebody else‘s shoes;to look at the world through their eyes. Sometimes it‘s so easy to get caught up in ―us,‖ that we forget about our obligations to one another. There‘s a culture in our society that says remembering these obligations is somehow soft —that we can‘t show weakness, and so therefore we can‘t show kindness……And the final lesson we must learn as fathers is also the greatest gift we can pass on to our children —and that is the gift of hope.…I‘m not talking about an idle hope that‘s little more than blind optimism or willful ignorance of the problems we face. I‘m talking about hope as that spirit inside us that insists, despite all evidence to the contrary, that something better is waiting for us if we‘re willing to work for it and fight for it. If we are willing to believe.ASK:(1) How does Obama distinguish ―empathy‖ from ―sympathy‖?Empathy means Identification with and understanding of another's situation, feelings.The ability to stand in somebody else‘s shoesSympathy is defined as feeling of pity and sorrow (for sb.)(2) Why does Obama bother to define ―hope‖– a familiar word to all?Hope, according to Obama, is som ething better is waiting for us if we‘re willing to work for it and fight for it. If we are willing to believe. He differentiates hope from what is blind optimism or willful ignorance of the problems we face(3) What other lexical choices impress you deeply as well?―As fathers and parents‖, why not as fathers and mothers,Open to discussionPost-Class Tasks1. What characteristics do functional words have？Read the following excerpt from George W. Bush‘s Farewell Address in 2009 and underline the functional words used in it.Like all who have held this office before me, I have experienced setbacks. There are things I would do differently if given the chance. Yet I have always acted with the best interests of our country in mind. I have followed my conscience and done what I thought was right. You may not agree with some tough decisions I have made. But I hope you can agree that I was willing to make the tough decisions.2. How do you understand receptive and productive lexical knowledge? Use your own examplesto illustrate their differences. Which type of vocabulary is probably the largest for a language user, reading vocabulary, writing vocabulary, listening vocabulary, or speaking vocabulary? Give one reason that convinces you most.For example, we learn that ―word‖can be used to refer to ―rumor‖, and we know it means ―rumor‖ in the sentence ―The word is that he's left the country.(据说他已经离开这个国家了).‖But actually, we will not write the sentence, esp., say the sentence in daily conversations. By this example, we show that receptive lexical knowledge concerns what you learned and productive lexical knowledge concerns what you would put into practice. Reading vocabulary may be the largest type of vocabulary, because you may recognize the meaning of a word without using it in daily exchanges or in academic writing.3. Is lexical competence the same thing as productive lexical knowledge? How do you understand the two concepts on the basis of the discussion in Pre-Class Reading?No, lexical competence covers a larger scope that that of productive lexical knowledge.4. Can we say lexicology is the scientific study of the words in a language? How important is the notion of word equivalent? Read the following excerpt from Barrack Obama‘s V ictory Speech in 2008 and underline the word equivalents. What types of word equivalents are contained in this passage?So let us summon a new spirit of patriotism, of responsibility, where each of us resolves to pitch in and work harder and look after not only ourselves but eachother.Let us remember that, if this financial crisis taught us anything, it's that we cannot have a thriving Wall Street while Main Street suffers.In this country, we rise or fall as one nation, as one people. Let's resist the temptation to fall back on the same partisanship and pettiness and immaturity thathas poisoned our politics for so long.Let's remember that it was a man from this state who first carried the banner of the Republican Party to the White House, a party founded on the values ofself-reliance and individual liberty and national unity.Those are values that we all share. And while the Democratic Party has wona great victory tonight, we do so with a measure of humility and determination toheal the divides that have held back our progress.Language is composed of not just individual words, but also word equivalents, such as word groups (or compound words), chunks such as idioms, formulaic sequences, and so. The latter is attracting more and more scholarly attention these days. Thus, lexicology is more precisely defined as the scientific study of the words and word equivalents in a language.5. Identical systems of stress and rhythm are used by BE and AE. There are, however, a few words that have their stress on a different syllable. Write out the specific pronunciations of the following words:OmittedUnit 2Check Y our UnderstandingState whether each of the following statements is TRUE or FALSE.a. Fb. Fc. Fd. Fe. FIn-Class Activities1.(1) How are the three allomorphs conditioned by their adjoining sounds?S is pronounced as [s] [z and [iz]] when it is respectively attached to a voiceless consonant, a voiced consonant or a vowel, and any words ending with s, z or pronouncing as [s] or [z].(2) Does the plurality morpheme have other allomorphs apart from those mentioned above?Y es, for example,the plural form of sheep remains unchanged, and man has its plural form realized as ―men‖.(3) What about the allomorphs of the morpheme for the past tense in English?The usual allomorphs of the morpheme of the past tense may be realized as [t], [d] and [id]2. In English, there are quite a few prefixes that connote negation. They include a-, un-, in- (ir-, il-), dis-, mis-, non-, de-, and the like.symmetry→asymmetrytypical→atypicalforgettable →unforgettabletie→untiearticulate →inarticulate,discreet →indiscreetmature →immature,partial →impartiallegal →illegallegible →illegiblerelevant →irrelevantreverent →irreverentlike→dislikeable→disableuse →misuselead →misleadsense →nonsensecommercial→noncommercialform→deformconstruction→deconstruction(2) How would you distinguish between un- and non- in terms of their meaning and use? Can weprefix un- to adjectives like ―tall‖, ―ill‖, and ―black‖? Why or why not?Un- is usually prefixed before transitive verbs, such as tie →untie, nouns, such as and adjectives, such as employment→unemployment. Non- is often put before adjectives, such as essential→non-essential, and nouns, such as existence→non-existence. Both of the usage are possible because the word followed the above two prefixes has no ready-made acronyms in English lexical system.3.ASK:(1) Could we cut ―unwomanly‖ into ―unwoman‖ and ―-ly‖?No. unwoman is not a word in English. Un- is usually put before an abstract uncountable noun. (2) Can you analyze the morphological structure of the word ―inaccessibility‖?inaccessibilityinaccessible -ityin- accessibleaccess -ible(3) According to some feminists, words like ―history‖ and ―human‖ encode sex inequality. Do youagree?These words may connate sex inequality at first sight. But, In fact, we go too far if we hold this notion in mind. Both words have been part of our culture.4.ASK:(1) What are the words in the pictures that stem from conversion?Stop, bin, wear, suit(2) Are they instances of partial conversion or complete conversion?complete conversions5.ASK:(1) What words undergo shortening here? What is the full form of PM (or sometimes p.m.)?Tue Tuesday, Sun Sunday, post meridiem.(2) Do you know how the month names are shortened in English?1月January Jan 2月February Feb 3月March Mar. 4月April Apr. 5月May May 6月June Jun. 7月July Jul. 8月August Aug. 9月September Sept. 10月October Oct. 11月November Nov. 12月December Dec.6.ASK:(1) Can you provide more examples instantiating analogy?Marathon--telethon/talkathon, hamburger--shrimpburger-(2) Is this process of word formation also found in Chinese? Support your answer with evidence.无微不至－无胃不治；其乐无穷－棋乐无穷7.(1) What semantic relation holds the two lexemes together in each case?a. flu virus: A caused Bb. safety line :B ensures Ac. night bird: A is the usual time when B is actived. spoon-feeding: A is one of the ways to realize B.e. potato pancake: A is the ingredient of Bf. man-made: B is realize by Ag toilet seat: B is part A.(2) Does ―safety line‖ mean the same as ―safe line‖? Can you come up with similar compounds? NO, the former means that line can keep one safe, whereas the latter means the line is safe.(Y ou can touch it)Security guard and secure guardPost-Class T asks1. Supply the best answer from the four choices marked A, B, C, and D.a.D;b.B;c. D;d. C;e. A;f. D2. Learners need to be able to recognize word parts in words. Read the example and break up the following words into meaningful parts. (e.g. unhappiness -- un/happi/ness)a. intangibilityb. unevenlyin/tangible/ity un/even/lyc. friendlinessd. notwithstandingfriend/ly/ness not/with/stand/inge. overseasf. minimalistover/sea/s minim/al/istg. immigration h. Psychologistimmi/grate/ion psych/ology/isti. occurrences j. assumptionoc/cur/rence as/sumpt/ion3. Study the following Security Tips collected from an American Holliday Inn and exemplify the various processes of word formation with words from the passage.Safe: conversionCheck-out: CompositionDead: conversionV aluable: conversion4. What kinds of adjectives undergo partial conversion? What kinds of verbs often undergo complete conversion?Adjectives like ―poor‖, ―rich‖, ―fat‖, ―sick‖, ―wounded‖, ―deaf‖, ―mute‖, ―Chinese‖, ―Danish‖, ―best‖, ―most‖, ―least‖, ―latest‖, ―accused‖, ―condemned‖, (for) ―good‖, ―thick‖ (and) ―thin‖, etc. undergo partial conversion; stop, pause, halt, look, rest, check, try, taste, smell, etc, often undergo complete conversion.5. Some affixes have not only lexical meanings but affective meanings as well. Some personal nouns formed by the suffix –ling, for example, have derogatory meanings,as in hireling, weakling; some personal nouns taking the suffix –ish are also derogatory, as in mannish, womanish and bookish. Can you provide more examples suffixed with –ling and –ish that are negative in attitude?Prince/princelingUnder/underlingWorld/worldingChild/childishSelf/selfishFool/foolish6. Read the following piece of news. What are the acronyms or initialisms used in this passage? What are their full forms?Obama brings hope for warmer relations to TurkeyANKARA, Turkey – U.S. President Barack Obama is reaching out to Turkey to help him wind down the Iraq war and bring stability to the Middle East. He is also counting on the only Muslim member of NATO to remain a steadfast ally in the Afghanistan conflict.Obama's visit is being closely watched by an Islamic world that harbored deep distrust of his predecessor, George W. Bush.Obama was spending two days in Turkey as he wrapped up an event-packed, eight-day international trip that also saw stops in Britain, France, Germany and the Czech Republic.In his inaugural address in January, Obama pledged to reach out to the Muslim world.At a luncheon Sunday for leaders of the European Union's 27 nations in Prague, he said the West should seek greater cooperation and closer ties with Islamic nations. He suggested one way was by allowing Turkey to join the European Union — a contentious subject for some European countries. French President Nicolas Sarkozy said after Obama's remarks that the decision was the EU's to make, not Washington's.Americans remain unsure of what to make of Islam even as most people in the U.S.think Obama should seek better relations with the Muslim world, according to a Washington Post-ABC News poll. About 55 percent of Americans say they lack a good, basic understanding of the religion, the poll found, and 48 percent have an unfavorableview of it.Obama's trip to Turkey, his final scheduled country visit, ties together themes of earlier stops. He attended the Group of 20 economic summit in London, celebrated NATO's 60th anniversary in Strasbourg, France, and on Saturday visited the Czech Republic, which included a summit of European Union leaders in Prague.Turkey is a member of both the G-20 and NATO and is trying to get into the EU with the help of the U.S.Acronyms: NATOInitialisms: EU, ABC, U.S.Unit 3Keys to the exercises in Check Your Understandinga. False;b. False;c. True;d. False;e. FalseKeys to the exercises in In-class Activities1.(1) Y es. There is some difference between the words ―clean‖and ―cleanly‖in the sentences in Group A. In Sentence A-a, ―clean‖ means ―completely‖, while in Sentence A-b, ―cleanly‖ means ―easily‖.(2) Y es. There is some difference between the words ―clean‖and ―cleanly‖in the sentences in Group A. In Sentence A-a, ―clean‖ means ―completely‖, while in Sentence A-b, ―cleanly‖ means ―easily‖.(3) The words ―high‖ and ―highly‖ cannot be used interchangeably in the two sentences in GroupC. In Sentence C-a, ―high‖ is an adjective and fuctions as the complement, while in Sentence C-b, ―highly‖ is an adverb and functions as the modifier.(4) a1. I felt pretty nervous going into the exam, but after I got started I loosened up some.a2. The woman chairing the meeting speaks prettily.b1. When he saw her, he stopped dead in his tracks.b2. I'm deadly serious. This isn't a game!c1. Someone left the back door wide open.c2. These laws were widely regarded as too strict.2.(1) a. The old man smiled his refusal to the young man request.b. He lived a long life and died a natural death.(2) a. 每听完一个笑话，那个老人都咯咯地笑出他的喜悦之情。

《英语词汇学教程》参考答案Chapter 1 1. 1. The The three three definitions definitions agree agree that that lexicology lexicology studies studies words. words. Y et, Y et, they they have have different different focuses. focuses. Definition 1 focuses on the meaning and uses of words, while definition 2 on the overall structure and history. Definition 3 regards lexicology as a branch of linguistics and focuses on the semantic structure of the lexicon. It is interesting to note that the three definitions use different names for the object of study. For Definition 1, it is words, for Definition 2 the vocabulary of a language, and for Definition 3 the lexicon. 2. (1) They can go into the room, and if they like, shut the door. (2) You boys are required to give in your homework before 10 o ‘clock. (3) I watch the football match happily and find it very interesting. 3. (1) w hen it follows ‗when it follows ‗-t‘ and ‗-d‘, it is pronounced as [id]; (2) when it follows voiceless consonants, it is pronounced as [t]; (3) when it follows voiced consonants and vowels, it is pronounced as [d]. 4. (1)They are words that can be included in a semantic field of ―tree treeǁǁ. (2)They represent the forms of the verb ―fly flyǁǁ and have a common meaning. (3)They belong to a lexical field of ‗telephone communication ‘. (4)They (4)They are are synonyms, synonyms, related related to to human human visual visual perception. perception. Specifically, Specifically, they they denote denote various various kinds of ―looking lookingǁǁ. 5. (a) ‗blackboard: a board with a dark smooth surface, used in schools for writing with chalk (the primary stress in on black) ; ‗blackbird: a particular kind of bird, which may not necessarily be black in colour (the primary stress in on black); ‗greyhound: a slender, swift dog with keen sight (the primary stress in on black), ‗White House: the residence of the US President in Washington (the primary stress in on black). 0 (b) black ‗board: any board which is black in colour (both words receive primary stress); black ‗bird: bird: any any bird bird which which is is black black in in colour colour (both (both words words receive receive primary primary stress); stress); grey grey ‗‗hound: hound: any any hound that is grey in colour (both words receive primary stress); ‗white ‗house: any house that is painted white (both words receive primary stress). 6. There are 44 orthographic words, i.e. sequences of letters bounded by space. There are 24 open class words and 20 closed class words. 7. (a) The ‗bull bull‘‘ is literal, referring to a male bovine animal. (b) ‗Take the bull by the horn ‘ is an idiom, meaning ‗(having the courage to) deal with someone or something directly. (c) (c) ‗‗Like Like a a bull bull in in a a china china shop shop‘‘ is is an an idiom, idiom, meaning meaning doing doing something something with with too too much much enthusiasm or too quickly or carelessly in a way that may damage things or upset someone. (d) A ‗bull market ‘ is one where prices rise fast because there is a lot of buying of shares in anticipation of profits. 8. cup, mug, glass, tumbler, tankard, goblet, bowl, beaker, wineglass, beer glass, sherry glass They can be organized in a number of ways, for example, by the drinks the vessel is used for. Non-alcoholic: glass, tumbler, cup, mug, beaker, bowl Beer: beer glass, tankard Wine: wineglass, goblet Spirits: sherry glass Chapter 2 1. Lexeme is an abstract linguistic unit with different variants, for example, sing as against sang, sung. Morpheme is the ultimate grammatical constituent, the smallest meaningful unit of language. For example, m oralizers moralizers is an English word composed of four morphemes: moral +lize +er +s . Any concrete realization of a morpheme in a given utterance is called a morph, such as cat, chair , -ing, -s , etc. , etc. Allomorphs are the alternate phonetic forms of the same morpheme, for example, [t], [d] and [id] are allomorphs of the past tense morpheme in English. 2. quick-ly, down-stair-s, four-th, poison-ous, weak-en, world-wide, inter-nation-al-ly, in-ject, pro-trude 3. island, surname, disclose, duckling, cranberry, reading, poets, flavourfulness, famous, subvert 4. (a) [ ə] (b)[ -ai] 5. (1) –‗–‗s, -s (2) -est, -s (3) –ing (4) –ed 6. The connotations are as follows: (1) slang, carrying the connotation of reluctance, (2)informal, carrying the connotation that the speaker speaker is is speaking speaking to to a a child, child, (3) (3) beastie beastie is is used used to to a a small small animal animal in in Scotland, Scotland, carrying carrying the the connotation of disgust, (4) carrying the connotation of formalness, (5) carrying the connotation of light-heartedness. 7. { -əm; ～- n; ～- n; ～-i: ～-s; ～-z; ～-iz} 8. court: polysemy dart: polysemy fleet: homonymy jam: homonymy pad: homonymy steep: homonymy stem: homonymy stuff: polysemy watch: polysemy 9. (1)(1)——(f), (2)(2)——(g), (3)(3)——(c), (4)(4)——(e), (5)(5)——(a), (6)(6)——(d), (7)(7)——(b) 10.(1) unpractical (2) break (3) impractical (4) rout (5) pedals (6) Route(7) raze Chapter 3 1. The history of English can be divided into four periods: the Old, Middle, Early middle and Modern English periods. In Old English period, there is a frequent use of coinages known as ‗kennings kennings‘‘, which refers to to vivid vivid figurative figurative descriptions descriptions often often involving involving compounds. compounds. The The absence absence of of a a wide-ranging wide-ranging vocabulary vocabulary of of loanwords loanwords force force people people to to rely rely more more on on word-formation word-formation processes processes based based on on native elements. The latter period of Old English was characterized by the introduction of a number number of of ‗‗loan loan translations translations‘‘. . Grammatical Grammatical relationships relationships in in Old Old English English were were expressed expressed by by the use of inflectional endings. And Old English is believed to contain about 24,000 different lexical items. In In Middle Middle English English period, period, English English grammar grammar and and vocabulary vocabulary changed changed greatly. greatly. In In grammar, grammar, English English changed changed from from a a highly highly inflected inflected language language to to an an analytic analytic language. language. In In vocabulary vocabulary English was characterized by the loss of a large part of the Old English word-stock and the addition of thousands of words from French and Latin. In In Early Early Modern Modern English English period, period, English English vocabulary vocabulary grew grew very very fast fast through through extensive extensive borrowing and expansion of word-formation patterns. And there were a great many semantic changes, as old words acquire new meanings. Modern Modern English English is is characterized characterized with with three three main main features features of of unprecedented unprecedented growth growth of of scientific vocabulary, the assertion of American English as a dominant variety of the language, and the emergence of other varieties known as ‗New Englishes ‘. 2. appeareth appeareth in in (a) (a) becomes becomes appeared appeared in in (b), (b), and and dreame dreame becomes becomes dream. dream. The The passive passive were were departed departed becomes becomes the the active active had had gone. gone. With With the the change change of of word word forms, forms, (b) (b) looks looks simple simple morphologically. 3. barf: American slang kerchief: French mutton: French cadaver: Latin goober: Kongo leviathan: Latin ginseng: Chinese taffy: North American kimono: Japanese whisky: Irish caddy: Malay sphere: Latin algebra: Arabic giraffe: African 4. train: train: meaning meaning changed changed from from the the trailing trailing part part of of a a gown gown to to a a wide wide range range of of extended extended meanings. deer: meaning narrowed from ‗beast ‘ or ‗animal ‘ to ‗a particular kind of animal ‘knight: meaning ameliorated from ‗boy, manservant ’ to ‗a man in the UK who has been given an honor of knighthood ‘meat: meaning narrowed down from ‗food ‘ to ‗the edible flesh of animals and the edible part of fruit ‘. hose: meaning extended from ‗leg covering ‘ to ‗a long tube for carrying water ‘. 5. sell: specialized hound: specialized starve: specialized wife: specialized loaf: specialized 6. American English British English Fall Autumn candy sweet corn Maize semester term apartment flat Dresser Dressing table Street car Tram car Chapter 4 1. read+-i+-ness dis-+courage+-ing kind+heart+-ed un-+doubt+-ed+-ly stock+room+-s pre-+pack+-age+-ed 2. book: books(n.); books(v.), booking, booked forget: forgets, forgot, forgotten short: shortter, shortest snap: snaps, snapping, snapped take: takes, taking, took, taken goose: geese heavy: heavier, heaviest 3. –ish: meaning ‗having the nature of , like ‘de-: meaning ‗the opposite of ‘-ify: meaning ‗make, become ‘-dom: means ‗the state of ‘il-(im-/in-): meaning ‗the opposite of, not ‘-able: meaning ‗that can or must be ‘ mis-: meaning ‗wrongly or badly ‘-sion(-tion):meaning ‗the state/process of ‘pre-: meaning ‗prior to ‘-ment: meaning ‗the action of ‘re-: meaning ‗again again‘‘under-: meaning ‗not enough ‘-al: meaning ‗the process or state of ‘4. a. They are endocentric compounds. They have the ―Adj + N ǁ structure, in which adjectives are are used used to to modify modify nouns nouns ‗‗line, line, line, line, neck, neck, room room‘‘. . Hotline Hotline means means ‗‗a telephone telephone number number that that people people can can call call for for information information‘‘. . Mainline Mainline means means ‗‗an an important important railway railway line line between between two two cities cities‘‘. Redneck means ‗a person from the southern US ‘. Darkroom means ‗a room with very little in it, used for developing photographs ‘. b. b. They They are are endocentric endocentric compounds. compounds. They They have have the the ――N N + + N ‘ structure. structure. Bookshelf Bookshelf means means ‗‗a shelf for keeping books ‘. Breadbasket means ‗a container for serving bread ‘. Mailbox means ‗a a box box for for putting putting letters letters in in when when they they delivered delivered to to a a house house‘‘. . Wineglass Wineglass means means ‗‗a a glass glass for for drinking wine ‘. c. They are endocentric compounds. They have the ―N + N ‘ structure. Letterhead means ‗the head of a letter (i.e. the name and address of an organization printed at the top of a letter)‘. Roadside means ‗the area at the side of a road ‘. Keyhole means ‗the hole in a lock for putting the key in ‘. Hilltop means ‗the top of a hill ‘. d. They are exocentric compounds. Dropout means ‗a person who leaves school before they have finished their studies. Go-between means ‗a person who takes messages between people ‘. Turnout means ‗the number of people who come to an event event‘‘. Standby means ‗a person or thing that can always be used if needed ‘. e. e. They They are are endocentric endocentric compounds. compounds. They They have have the the ――Adj Adj + + N-ed N-edǁǁ structure, structure, in in which which adjectives are used to modify the N-ed. f. They are endocentric compounds. They have the ―N + Adj ǁ structure, meaning As Adj As N. 5. in-: not, the opposite of en-: to put into the condition of dis-: not, the opposite of un-: not, the opposite of inter-: between, among mis-: wrongly or badly over-: too much re-: again post-: after 6. a. a young dog; piglet b. a female editor; hostess c. a place for booking tickets; refinery d. one who is kicked; trainee e. the state of being put up; output 7. unbelievable: un- (prefix), -able (suffix) inexhaustible: in- (prefix), -ible(suffix) multinational: multi (prefix)-, -al(suffix) teleshopping: tele- (prefix), -ing (suffix) 8. a. Initialism b. Blending c. Compounding d. conversion 9. a. compounding, affixation b. compounding, affixation c. compounding, shortening d. compounding, affixation 10. a. consumable, comprehensible, exchangeable, permissible b. absorbent, assistant, different, participant c. constructor, liar, beggar, editor, developer d. elementary, stationary, brewery, mockery Chapter 5 1. (a) connotation (b) formality (c) dialect (d) connotation 2. water rainwater, brine, tap water, mineral water, spring water, purified water, aerated water, ………….. .. 3. (a) keeping (b) feeling of admiration or respect 4. (a) hyponymy (b) meronymy 5. (a) light beer, strong beer (b) heavy coffee, strong coffee, weak coffee 6. amateur —dabbler, funny funny——ridiculous, occupation occupation——profession, small small——little, famous famous——renowned, fiction fiction——fable, smell smell——scent 7. These words refer to different kinds of pictures or diagrams. Drawing: picture or diagram made with a pen, pencil, or crayon. Cartoon refers to ‗an amusing drawing in a newspaper or magazine ‘. Diagram Diagram refers refers to to a a simple simple drawing drawing using using lines lines to to explain explain where where something something is, is, how how something something works, etc. Illustration refers to a drawing or picture in a book, magazine etc. to explain something. Sketch refers to a simple picture that is drawn quickly and does not have many details. 8.(a) gradable (b) non-gradable, reversive (c) gradable (d) non-gradable, reversive (e) gradable (f) non-gradable 9.(a) antonym (b) hyponymy (c) antonym (d) synonymy (e) meronymy Chapter 6 1. 1) literal expression 2) idiom 3) literal expression 4) idiom 5) idiom 6) literal expression 2. 1) die 2) something that makes a place less attractive 3) suddenly realize or understand something 4) make one‘s friends disappoint 5) continue to argue something that has already been decided and is not important 6) react quickly so as to get an advantage 3. 1) gradually reduce the amount of time, money, etc. 2) give support and encouragement to someone in a game, competition, etc 3) give something to the person it belongs to 4) annoy 5) fail because a part is weak or incorrect 6) try to find out the facts about something 7) live under the rule of someone 8) talk to someone in order to find out his opinions, ideas, feelings etc. 9) give someone a warning or secret information about something Chapter 7 1.General dictionaries include all of the elements of a lexicon, including meanings, pronunciations, usages, and histories of the words of their language. Specialized dictionaries are restricted to one variety or to one type of entryword. 2.They are different in that different media are used. Print dictionaries do not use electric power and can be used in all kinds of light. Electronic dictionaries are easy to carry. . 3.Open to discussion. 4.Open to discussion. 5.(a) symbolise  is a person, an object, an event, etc. that represents a more general quality or (b) symbol of sth is a person, an object, an event, etc. that represents a more general quality or  is a sign, number, letter, etc. that has a fixed meaning, especially in situation; symbol for sth is a sign, number, letter, etc. that has a fixed meaning, especially in science, mathematics and music (a)/sim/sim‘‘bɔlik/ and /sim‘ba:lik/ (b)represent (c)2 (d)Yes. We know that form the label [VN] and the examples. Chapter 8 1.vertically challenged—short sanitation engineer—garbage collector women‘‘s toilet ladies‘‘ cloak room—womenethnic cleansing--genocide ladies2.(1)They differ in connotation. Politician implies disapproval while statesman implies approval. (2)They differ in connotation. Inexpensive sounds indirect. implies approval. (3) They differ in connotation. flatter implies disapproval, while praise i mplies approval. scholar is neutral. (4) They differ in connotation. pedant implies disapproval, s cholar3.(1) buttocks — buns (2) nonsense — bullshit (3) prison — can (4) cocaine — coke 4.(a).Turn off the lights, please.(b) Would you please turn off the lights? 5. Answers vary from person to person. 6. (1) on a formal occasion. (2) when the speaker is seeing a friend off (3) when the speaker is angry and wants the addressee to leave (4) when the speaker is talking with a close friend. 7. gateway, firewall, virus, bookmark, address, DOS, cyberspace, profiler, browser, login 8. They differ in the terms they used, as they are different jargons. Chapter 9 1. knife: an object with a sharp blade for cutting things clothes: things we wear to keep our bodies warm; building: a structure made of a strong material, having roof, walls, windows, and doors 2. She attacked every weak point in my argument. He withdrew his offensive remarks. I hit back at his criticism. She produced several illustrations to buttress her argument. I braced myself for the onslaught. 3. The suffix–ee is typically attached to a verb meaning ‗one who is the object of the verb ‘. This meaning meaning is is considered considered as as the the core core meaning meaning of of the the form. form. So, So, trainee means means ‗‗one one who who is is being being trained ‘. But the background knowledge associated with the verb may modulate the meaning of the suffix. Suffix –ee in standee moves away from the core meaning and is deprived of the ‗object ‘ meaning. So ‗standee ‘ means ‗one who stands ‘. 4. 4. In In ‗‗good good baby baby ‘, , ‗‗good ‘ means means ‗‗well-behaved, well-behaved, not not causing causing trouble trouble ‘; ; in in ‗‗good good parent parent ‘, , ‗‗good ‘ means ‗kind, generous, considerate, etc .‘5. (1) is used to show sad feelings while (2) is used as an apology. 。

词汇学练习参考答案I. Some of the following statements are true, and others are false. Mark your answer by writing T or F in the bracket at the end of each sentences.1. T2. F3. F4. T5. F6. F7. T8. T9. F 10. F 11. T 12. F 13. T 14. F15. T 16. T 17. T 18. T 19. F 20. F 21. F 22. F 23. T 24. F 25. F 26. T27. T 28. F 29. F 30. F 31. T 32. F 33. F 34. T 35.T 36. F 37. F 38. F 39. F40. T 41. F 42. T 43. F 44. T 45. F 46. F 47. T 48. T 49. F 50. T 51. T 52. F53. F 54. T 55. F 56. T 57. T 58. F 59. F 60. T 61. T 62. T 63. F 64. T 65. T66. F 67. T 68. F 69. T 70. T 71. F 72. F 73. T 74. T 75. F 76. T 77. T 78. F79. T 80. F 81. T 82. T 83. T 84. F 85. T 86. T 87. T 88. F 89. T 90. F 91. T92. F 93. F 94. T 95. F 96. T 97. T 98. T 99. F 100. F 101. T 102. T 103. T104. T 105. F 106. T 107. T 108. T 109. F 110. F 111. F 112. T 113. T 114. T115. F 116. F 117. T 118. T 119. F 120. F 121. T 122. F 123. F 124. F 125. T126. F 127. FII. The following are multiple-choice questions. Mark your answer by circling A, B, C, or D which best completes the sentence.1. C2. B3. A4. B5. D6. B7. D8. B9. B 10. D 11. A 12. D 13. A 14. A15. B 16. C 17. C 18. B 19. D 20. D 21. A 22. D 23. B 24. C 25. B 26. A27. A 28. B 29. C 30. B 31. B 32. D 33. C 34. D 35. C 36. B 37. A 38. B39. B 40. B 41. B 42. C 43. B 44. C 45. C 46. B 47. C 48. C 49. B 50. D51. D 52. B 53. C 54. A 55. A 56. B 57. B 58. C 59. A 60. D 61. D 62. A63. D 64. C 65. B 66. A 67. A 68. D 69. C 70. D 71. D 72. D 73. A 74. D75. D 76. A 77. C 78. A 79. D 80. D 81. B 82. D 83. D 84. D 85. B 86. A87. B 88. C 89. C 90. A 91. B 92. C 93. B 94. A 95. C 96. D 97. D 98. B199. B 110. C 101. A 102. A 103. B 104. B 105. C 106. C 107. DIII. 连线题Section A1. J2. A3. B4. H5. E6. D7. F8. I9. G 10. CSection B1. G2. E3. H4. F5. I6. C7. B8. J9. A 10. DSection C1. D2. B3. E4. G5. A6. C7. F8. I9. J 10. HIV. 填空题Section A1. aliens2. intrinsic3. Denizens4. common5. stable6. Conversion7. polysemy8. compounding9. pejorative 10. Reference 11. arbitrary12. imperfect 13. reversative 14. French 15. lexical 16. extension/generalization 17. 1500Section B18. mositure 19. rigid 20. deserted 21. innocent 22. old-fshioned 23. loosen 24. completely 25. similarity 26. indifferent 27. fruitful 28. special 29. essential 30. depressed/sadV. Complete the following sentences by choosing phrases from the list and using them intheir proper forms.Section A31. stood out against 32. approve of 33. get over with 34. looking into35. come up with 36. comply with 37. cashed in on 38. go without39. will profit by/from 40. put down toSection B41. close 42. cold 43. narrow 44. cardinal 45. burning 46. capital47. circumstantial 48. cool 49. double-minded 50. fair 51. green-eyed52. happy 53. hollow 54. open-ended 55. random 56. roundVI.1. b2. i3. c4. f5. a6. h7. e8. d9. g 10. j 11. r 12. p 13.s 14. k 15. o 16. m 17. l 18. n 19. qIX分析题（问题）1. As homonyms are identical in sound or spelling, particularly homophones, they are often employed to create puns for desired effect of, say, humor, sarcasm or ridicule. Consider the following conversation that takes place between a waitress and a customer in a restaurant: “You are not eating the fish,”the waitress said to him, “Anything wrong with it?”“Long time no sea,”the man replied.：Long time no see is usually said as a form of greeting between two friends when they meet 答案after a long time of separation. Here the customer cleverly employed the structure of the idiom to2his advantage to criticize in a humorous way the bad quality of the food served at the restaurant.Long time no sea implies that the “sea food kept for a long time is not fit for eating.”（问题）2. Collocation can affect the meaning of words答案：Collocation refers to the words before or after the word in discussion, and collocative meaning consists of the associations the word acquires in its collocation. Words with the same conceptual meaning may have different meanings due to the range of words they may collocate with. In other words, collocation can affect the meanings of words. For example, “pretty”and “handsome”share the conceptual meaning of “good looking”, but are distinguished by the range of nouns they collocate with: pretty girl (boy/woman/flower) and handsome man (car/airline, etc.).（问题）3. The “pen”is mightier than the “sword”.Explain what “pen”and “sword”mean respectively using the theory of motivation.答案：(1). Motivation accounts for the connection between the linguistic symbol and its meaning. (2). Semantic motivation, one of the four major types of motivation, explains the connection between the literal sense and figurative sense of the word. (3). In this sentence, “pen”reminds one of the tool to write with, thus suggesting writing; “sword”reminds one of the weapon to fight with, thus suggesting war.（问题）4. Connotative meaning is not stable. Comment on this statement with one example.答案：(1).Connotative meaning, known as connotation, refers to the overtones or associations suggested by the conceptual meaning. (2). Connotative meanings are not given in the dictionary,but associated with the word in actual context to particular readers or speakers. Thus they are unstable, varying considerably according to culture, historical period and the experience of the individual. (3). For example, the word “home”may remind one child of warmth, safety or love, while to another child who is often scolded or beaten at home, it may mean indifference, hatred, or even hell.（问题）5. Grammatical meaning, lexical meaning, stylistic meaning, affective meaning, connotative meaning, collocative meaning, conceptual meaning, associative meaning, denotative meaning, formal, neutral, informal, appreciative, pejorative答案：Meaning—grammatical meaning—lexical meaning—conceptual meaning(denotative meaning)—associative meaning—connotative meaning—collocative meaning—stylistic meaning(formal, neutral, informal)—affective meaning(appreciative, pejorative)（问题）6. Analyze the morphological structures of the following words and point out the types of the morphemes.recollection, nationalist, unearthly3答案：(1). Each of the three words consists of three morphemes, recollection (re+collection), nationalist (nation+al+ist), unearthly (un+earth+ly).(2). Of the nine morphemes, only “collect”, “nation”and “earth”are free morphemes as they can exist by themselves.(3) All the rest re-, -ion, -al, -ist, un- and-ly are bound as none of them can stand alone aswords.（问题）7. Analyze and comment on the following.He has been sick since this fall.Tell what “sick”and “fall”mean respectively and explain why they take on those meanings in modern American English.答案：(1). ”sick”means “ill”and “fall”means “autumn”in present American English;(2). These words no longer have such meanings in presnet British English;(3). American English has revived the old meaning of “sick”and that of “fall”. This is the revival of archaic or obsolete words.（问题）8. Find blends from the following sentence and give the explanation of which types of blendings they belong to respectively.“There is a set of hi-fi in the motel. ”答案：(1). Blends: hi+fi=high+fidelity, motel=motor+hotel;(2). hi+fi: head+head, motel: head+tail.（问题）9. Explain the rhetoric use of homonyms in B's speech. Give the two possible Chinese translations.A. “What color would you paint the sun and the wind?”B. “The sun rose and the wind blue.”答案：(1). Rose can be defined in two ways: color of rose and the past form of the verb rise.(2). Blue in two ways too: the color blue and the past form of the verb blow (in pronunciation).a). 粉红的太阳，蓝色的风。

西南大学网络与继续教育学院课程代码： 0057 学年学季：20192单项选择题1、Only the headwaiter has some professional hotel ________ so the service is rather slow an. training. instructing. learning. teaching2、The earliest known native language of England is ________.. Celtic. Scottish. Saxon. Anglian3、Which of the following word is NOT a compound?（）. darkroom. wet day. small talk. hot dog4、“ex-”in ex-husband reads ________ and means ________../Iks/, “former”. /eks/, “former”./Iks/, “out”./eks/, “out”5、Overjoyed to see his long-lost friend, Jimmy ________ a toast to the health of them all.. suggested. spoke. proposed. raised6、Which of the following words has gone through the semantic change of pejoration?（）. nice. vulgar. picture7、When it comes to a family quarrel, Mr. Smith just ________.. bury his head in the earth. bury his head in the sand. bury his head in the water. bury his head in the garden8、They all thought that she and her boyfriend were ________.. birds of a kind. birds of a type. birds of a breed. birds of a feather9、We’ve all experienced unpleasant moments at which we have to _______.. chew the bullet. bite the bullet. bite bullets. munch the bullet10、It is in the ________ that English became regularized and standardized.. Late Modern English Period. Middle English Period. borrowing processes of Greek element. Early Modern English Period11、I waited for Tom for ages, but he didn’t _________.. turn in. turn up. turn on. turn out12、The antonym of “fresh” in “fresh bread” is ________.. faded. stale. stuffy13、Choked traffic has been a(n) ________ to urban transportation system.. archenemy. main enemy. major enemy. primary enemy14、American women were ________ the right to vote until 1920 after many years of hard strug. refused. ignored. neglected. denied15、Which of the following words has gone through the semantic change of melioration? ______. manuscript. marshal. bread. cunning16、Flying in an airplane was once thought to be an impossible ________.. task. problem. promise. profession17、The scientists realized it would be too ________ to ship all people in one boat because. dangerous. risky. daring. bold18、I took the children to the zoo to ________ for the party they missed yesterday.. make away. make up. make it. make of19、Didn’t you hear? Old Tom just ________. Are you going to his funeral?. kicked a pail. kicked the bucket. kicked a bucket. kicked the pail20、John complained that there were several pages ________.. missing. leaking. losing. dropping判断题21、invest and gamble share the same conceptual meaning, but differ in affective meaning. A.√. B.×22、over has the same meaning in the two sentences “Sam lives over the hill” and “Sam tu. A.√. B.×23、In English vocabulary, there are no infixes at all.. A.√. B.×24、An idiom is structurally invariable, thus no changes can be made in its actual use.. A.√. B.×25、In AmE, the letter “t”in water, writing, meter are pronounced closer to /d/.. A.√. B.×26、With the aid of jargons, people of certain field can communicate effectively and economi. A.√. B.×27、Words in a language are loosely or arbitrarily organized without a structure.. B.×28、Words slim and skinny have similar denotations but different in connotations.. A.√. B.×29、There is no principled clear-cut between the lexicon of a language and its grammar.. A.√. B.×30、The synchronic approach to word meaning focuses on the semantic changes over time.. A.√. B.×31、The meaning of words can be equated with what they refer to in the real world.. A.√. B.×32、Words loved, cherished, fainted and swirled all share the same grammatical meaning. A.√. B.×33、In standard AmE, the letter r is pronounced wherever it appears as in bar, board, p. A.√. B.×34、Celtic is a branch of the Indo-European Language Family.. A.√. B.×35、Lexicology is focused exclusively on lexical words or contents words.. A.√. B.×36、Communal knowledge is the part of knowledge that is common to a community of people, exa. A.√. B.×37、The synchronic approach to word meaning is more important than the diachronic approach.. B.×38、Man is a word, a root, a stem and a free morpheme as well.. A.√. B.×39、According to the prototype theory, there exist no clear-cut boundaries between cognitive. A.√. B.×40、The prototype of a category is independent from context.. A.√. B.×主观题41、melioration参考答案：Melioration refers to the process whereby words with humble origins are graduall y used “a woman”, but now it is used to refer to the female ruler of a state.42、semantic loan参考答案：A semantic loan is a word or expression that has developed a new meaning or new meani English word “dream”, for instance, which originally meant joy, music, has taken it43、jargon参考答案：Jargon are languages peculiar to a trade, profession, or other group. For example, R44、morpheme参考答案：Morpheme is the minimal unit of meaning or grammatical function that cannot be furthe45、root参考答案：A root is the morpheme in a word functioning as the core of the meaning. For example, i “ed”crossed out, but “like”carries the meaning common to both “dislike”,46、polysemy参考答案：Polysemy refers to semantic phenomenon where a single word or phrase has several mean when used as a noun and it means quite differently when it is used as a verb.47、subjectification参考答案：Subjectification refers to the process by which the meaning of a given word changes from meant “true”or “real”, which are objective descriptive, such as , very knight mean evaluation. When I say “It is very hot”, the degree of “hotness”is out of my ow48、clipping参考答案：Clippings are forms abbreviated from larger words but share a common function with w “gymnasium” all have their clipped form “ad”, “exam”, “gym”.49、What is a compound and what is a free phrase? How can compound and free phrases be disti参考答案：Compounds refer to words formed by compounding or combining two or more stems. Free p idiomatic meaning. Compounds are similar to free phrases in structure, but compounds features, semantic features and grammatical features.1) Phonetic difference: Stress in compounds tends to fall on the initial element while t Compounds Free phrases'green house green 'house'blackboard black 'board'White House white 'houseThis rule of distinction is not always reliable.e.g. scholar 'activist, Mansion 'Avenue, May 'Flowers, silk 'tie.2) Semantic differences: A compound is a semantic gestalt/gəˈʃtɑ:lt/ that expresses ae.g. green house: a building with glass walls and roof for the cultivation and exhibi while the free phrase green house means a house in green color.The meanings of the constituents in compounds form an inseparable semantic whole. The considerable amount of compounds are transparent in meaning, that is, their meaning is th scarlet fever, etc.3) Grammatical difference: A compound is supposed to perform a single grammatical ro compounds,blackboard and White House cannot be modified by the adverb very, but50、Make an account of the mechanisms of semantic change.参考答案：There are altogether five mechanisms of meaning changes.1) Melioration, also known as amelioration or elevation of meaning, is the process whereby words we.g. knight: Anglo-Saxon origin, “a boy”, but through military and feudal associations, acquired the m2) pejoration or degradation is the process by which the meaning of words become negative or less f churl and hussy are good cases in point for the illustration of pejoration. These words have been conside3) Generalization of meaning, also called extension, widening or broadening, refers to the extension features in the history of words.e.g. noviceOriginally meant “a person admitted to a probationary membership in a religious community”, but to4) Specialization, also known as narrowing or restriction, the opposite of generalization, is the proce which used to have a more general sense becomes restricted in its application and conveys only a specialThe word girl, for example, was used to refer to any young person in Middle English but is restricted observed in the word fowl, which is now usually restricted to “farmyard hen” with its old meaning of “bir5) Subjectification is the process by which the meaning of a given word changes from relatively objee.g. very, originally, French word vrai meaning “true” or “real”; the very knight: true knightNowadays if we say that “Lexicology is very interesting”, we use the word very in a much more subj51、A politician thinks of the next election. A statesman, of the next generation.参考答案：政客们思考的是下一届竞选，政治家思考的是下一代人民。

试题一第一部分选择题I. Each of the statements below is followed by four alternative answers. Choose the one that would best complete the statement and put the letter in the bracket。

(30％）1。

In Old English there was _______ agreement between sound form.A。

moreB. littleC。

lessD。

gradual2.Both LDCE and CCELD are _______。

A。

general dictionariesB. monolingual dictionariesC. both A and BD。

neither A and B3。

The word ”MINISKIRT" is _______。

A。

morphologically motivatedB. etymologically motivatedC. semantically motivatedD. none of the above4。

The most important way of vocabulary development in present—day English is _______。

A。

borrowingB。

semantic changeC。

creation of new wordsD. all the above5。

Generalization is a process by which a word that originally had a specialized meaning has now become ________.A。

generalizedB。

expandedC. elevatedD。

词汇学练习参考答案I. Some of the following statements are true, and others are false. Mark your answer by writing T or F in the bracket at the end of each sentences.1. T2. F3. F4. T5. F6. F7. T8. T9. F 10. F 11. T 12. F 13. T 14. F15. T 16. T 17. T 18. T 19. F 20. F 21. F 22. F 23. T 24. F 25. F 26. T27. T 28. F 29. F 30. F 31. T 32. F 33. F 34. T 35.T 36. F 37. F 38. F 39. F40. T 41. F 42. T 43. F 44. T 45. F 46. F 47. T 48. T 49. F 50. T 51. T 52. F53. F 54. T 55. F 56. T 57. T 58. F 59. F 60. T 61. T 62. T 63. F 64. T 65. T66. F 67. T 68. F 69. T 70. T 71. F 72. F 73. T 74. T 75. F 76. T 77. T 78. F79. T 80. F 81. T 82. T 83. T 84. F 85. T 86. T 87. T 88. F 89. T 90. F 91. T92. F 93. F 94. T 95. F 96. T 97. T 98. T 99. F 100. F 101. T 102. T 103. T104. T 105. F 106. T 107. T 108. T 109. F 110. F 111. F 112. T 113. T 114. T115. F 116. F 117. T 118. T 119. F 120. F 121. T 122. F 123. F 124. F 125. T126. F 127. FII. The following are multiple-choice questions. Mark your answer by circling A, B, C, or D which best completes the sentence.1. C2. B3. A4. B5. D6. B7. D8. B9. B 10. D 11. A 12. D 13. A 14. A15. B 16. C 17. C 18. B 19. D 20. D 21. A 22. D 23. B 24. C 25. B 26. A27. A 28. B 29. C 30. B 31. B 32. D 33. C 34. D 35. C 36. B 37. A 38. B39. B 40. B 41. B 42. C 43. B 44. C 45. C 46. B 47. C 48. C 49. B 50. D51. D 52. B 53. C 54. A 55. A 56. B 57. B 58. C 59. A 60. D 61. D 62. A63. D 64. C 65. B 66. A 67. A 68. D 69. C 70. D 71. D 72. D 73. A 74. D75. D 76. A 77. C 78. A 79. D 80. D 81. B 82. D 83. D 84. D 85. B 86. A87. B 88. C 89. C 90. A 91. B 92. C 93. B 94. A 95. C 96. D 97. D 98. B99. B 110. C 101. A 102. A 103. B 104. B 105. C 106. C 107. DIII. 连线题Section A1. J2. A3. B4. H5. E6. D7. F8. I9. G 10. CSection B1. G2. E3. H4. F5. I6. C7. B8. J9. A 10. DSection C1. D2. B3. E4. G5. A6. C7. F8. I9. J 10. HIV. 填空题Section A1. aliens2. intrinsic3. Denizens4. common5. stable6. Conversion7. polysemy8. compounding9. pejorative 10. Reference 11. arbitrary12. imperfect 13. reversative 14. French 15. lexical 16. extension/generalization 17. 1500Section B18. mositure 19. rigid 20. deserted 21. innocent 22. old-fshioned 23. loosen 24. completely 25. similarity 26. indifferent 27. fruitful 28. special 29. essential 30. depressed/sadV. Complete the following sentences by choosing phrases from the list and using them in their proper forms.Section A31. stood out against 32. approve of 33. get over with 34. looking into35. come up with 36. comply with 37. cashed in on 38. go without39. will profit by/from 40. put down toSection B41. close 42. cold 43. narrow 44. cardinal 45. burning 46. capital47. circumstantial 48. cool 49. double-minded 50. fair 51. green-eyed52. happy 53. hollow 54. open-ended 55. random 56. roundVI.1. b2. i3. c4. f5. a6. h7. e8. d9. g 10. j 11. r 12. p 13.s 14. k 15. o 16. m 17. l 18. n 19. qIX分析题（问题）1. As homonyms are identical in sound or spelling, particularly homophones, they are often employed to create puns for desired effect of, say, humor, sarcasm or ridicule. Consider the following conversation that takes place between a waitress and a customer in a restaurant: “You are not eating the fish,” the waitress said to him, “Anything wrong with it?”“Long time no sea,” the man replied.答案：Long time no see is usually said as a form of greeting between two friends when they meet after a long time of separation. Here the customer cleverly employed the structure of the idiom tohis advantage to criticize in a humorous way the bad quality of the food served at the restaurant. Long time no sea implies that the “sea food kept for a long time is not fit for eating.”（问题）2. Collocation can affect the meaning of words答案：Collocation refers to the words before or after the word in discussion, and collocative meaning consists of the associations the word acquires in its collocation. Words with the same conceptual meaning may have different meanings due to the range of words they may collocate with. In other words, collocation can affect the meanings of words. For example, “pretty”and “handsome” share the conceptual meaning of “good looking”, but are distinguished by the range of nouns they collocate with: pretty girl (boy/woman/flower) and handsome man (car/airline, etc.).（问题）3. The “pen” is mightier than the “sword”.Explain what “pen” and “sword” mean respectively using the theory of motivation.答案：(1). Motivation accounts for the connection between the linguistic symbol and its meaning.(2). Semantic motivation, one of the four major types of motivation, explains the connection between the literal sense and figurative sense of the word. (3). In this sentence, “pen” reminds one of the tool to write with, thus suggesting writing; “sword” reminds one of the weapon to fight with, thus suggesting war.（问题）4. Connotative meaning is not stable. Comment on this statement with one example.答案：(1).Connotative meaning, known as connotation, refers to the overtones or associations suggested by the conceptual meaning. (2). Connotative meanings are not given in the dictionary, but associated with the word in actual context to particular readers or speakers. Thus they are unstable, varying considerably according to culture, historical period and the experience of the individual. (3). For example, the word “home” may remind one child of warmth, safety or love, while to another child who is often scolded or beaten at home, it may mean indifference, hatred, or even hell.（问题）5. Grammatical meaning, lexical meaning, stylistic meaning, affective meaning, connotative meaning, collocative meaning, conceptual meaning, associative meaning, denotative meaning, formal, neutral, informal, appreciative, pejorative答案：Meaning—grammatical meaning—lexical meaning—conceptual meaning(denotative meaning)—associative meaning—connotative meaning—collocative meaning—stylistic meaning(formal, neutral, informal)—affective meaning(appreciative, pejorative)（问题）6. Analyze the morphological structures of the following words and point out the types of the morphemes.recollection, nationalist, unearthly答案：(1). Each of the three words consists of three morphemes, recollection (re+collection), nationalist (nation+al+ist), unearthly (un+earth+ly).(2). Of the nine morphemes, only “collect”, “nation” and “earth” are free morphemes as theycan exist by themselves.(3) All the rest re-, -ion, -al, -ist, un- and-ly are bound as none of them can stand alone aswords.（问题）7. Analyze and comment on the following.He has been sick since this fall.Tell what “sick” and “fall” mean respectively and explain why they take on those meanings in modern American English.答案：(1). ”sick” means “ill” and “fall” means “autumn” in present American English;(2). These words no longer have such meanings in presnet British English;(3). American English has revived the old meaning of “sick” and that of “fall”. This is therevival of archaic or obsolete words.（问题）8. Find blends from the following sentence and give the explanation of which types of blendings they belong to respectively.“There is a set of hi-fi in the motel. ”答案：(1). Blends: hi+fi=high+fidelity, motel=motor+hotel;(2). hi+fi: head+head, motel: head+tail.（问题）9. Explain the rhetoric use of homonyms in B’s speech. Give the two possible Chinese translations.A. “What color would you paint the sun and the wind?”B. “The sun rose and the wind blue.”答案：(1). Rose can be defined in two ways: color of rose and the past form of the verb rise.(2). Blue in two ways too: the color blue and the past form of the verb blow (in pronunciation).a). 粉红的太阳，蓝色的风。

【西南大学】[0057]《英语词汇学》试卷总分:100 得分:100第1题,【单项选择题】In the 19th century, gold was first ________ in California.A.discoveredB.uncoveredC.recoveredD.incovered正确答案:A第2题,【单项选择题】“lose face” is a(n) _________.A.alienB.translation loanC.denizenD.semantic loan正确答案:B第3题,【单项选择题】The United Nations has appealed for help from the ________ community.A.intra-nationalB.in-nationalC.internationalD.within-national正确答案:C第4题,【单项选择题】Come on! Cheer up! Don’t just sit here as stiff as a ________.A.kingB.queenC.patientD.poker正确答案:D第5题,【单项选择题】You were not seriously injured. Don’t make a _________ out of a _________.A.mountain, molehillB.molehill, mountainC.hill, molehillD.mount, molehill正确答案:A第6题,【单项选择题】Which of the following words is INCORROCT in word formation?A.unhorseB.unmannedC.unfrostD.unhappy正确答案:C第7题,【单项选择题】The figure of speech employed in “My father is a sanitary engineer”is ________.A.hyperboleB.metonymyC.litotesD.euphemism正确答案:D第8题,【单项选择题】After a meal in a restaurant, you ask the waiter for the _________.A.billB.noteC.receiptD.menu正确答案:A第9题,【单项选择题】Words with such clusters as “ch”, “ph”, “pn”, “rh” as in chasm, phone, pneumatic and rhetoric are most probably of _________ origin.tinB.GreekC.ChineseD.German正确答案:A第10题,【单项选择题】If they _______ our offer, we will ________ their goods.A.reject, refuseB.refuse, rejectC.reject, rejectD.refuse, refuse正确答案:B第11题,【单项选择题】We eventually ran out of patience with his ________ behaviour.A.childB.childishC.childyD.childlike正确答案:B第12题,【单项选择题】He was ________ of having asked such a silly question.A.ashamedB.miserableC.sorryD.guilty正确答案:A第13题,【单项选择题】I took only a _________ of beans with me and left.A.handB.handyC.handedD.handful正确答案:D第14题,【单项选择题】The missiles missed their _________, so the research group did not reach its _________.A.target, targetB.goal, goalC.target, goalD.goal, target正确答案:C第15题,【单项选择题】Contrary ________ public opinion, this area has long been a heaven for all forms of insect life.A.toB.withC.atD.for正确答案:A第16题,【单项选择题】No new ideas _______ from the meeting.A.submergedB.emergedC.mergedD.immerged正确答案:B第17题,【单项选择题】Which of the following words has gone through the semantic change of subjectification?A.maidB.cornC.veryD.gossip正确答案:C第18题,【单项选择题】Having lost the match, the team went home in ________ spirits.A.darkB.deepC.lowD.empty正确答案:C第19题,【单项选择题】The Old English word stān means ________ in modern English.A.stoneB.stainC.staligD.stole正确答案:A第20题,【单项选择题】After his recovery from illness, he ________ his former position.A.assumedB.presumedC.consumedD.resumed正确答案:D第21题,【单项选择题】In “Elizabeth could hear voices through the open door”, the word door means ________.A.the moveable barrier in the entrance to a building, room, cupboard, car, etc.B.the panel boardC.the channel to a certain placeD.None of the above正确答案:A第22题,【单项选择题】Among the synonymous group, old man, daddy, dad, father and male parent, ________ would most probably used by a lawyer in the court.A.dadB.old manC.fatherD.male parent正确答案:D第23题,【单项选择题】Which of the following usually appears in poems?A.horseB.steedC.gee-geeD.nag正确答案:D第24题,【单项选择题】The main characters in the novel seem so true to life, but actually, they are entirely ________.A.imaginaryB.imaginativeC.imaginedD.imaginable正确答案:A第25题,【单项选择题】Mrs. Smith is afraid that she and her husband don’t see ________ on New Year Resolutions.A.face to faceB.eye to eyeC.back to backD.heart to heart正确答案:B第26题,【判断题】Many words in English vocabulary are compositional.A.√B.×正确答案:√第27题,【判断题】In the Middle English period, English lost most of its inflections.A.√B.×正确答案:√第28题,【判断题】deer originally refers to a wild animal of any kind.A.√B.×正确答案:√第29题,【判断题】Latin element was first brought into English by Germanic tribes.A.√B.×正确答案:×第30题,【判断题】time and tide used to be synonymous to each other.A.√B.×正确答案:√第31题,【判断题】VIP is an acronym, formed by taking the first letters of a series of words and pronounced as a single word.A.√B.×正确答案:×第32题,【判断题】London dialect began to spread as Standard English in the Middle English period.A.√B.×正确答案:√第33题,【判断题】Among apple, Fuji apple, fruit and food, fruit is the basic level category and the rest are the subordinate categories.A.√B.×正确答案:×第34题,【判断题】Farewell is shortened from Fare thee well.A.√B.×正确答案:√第35题,【判断题】Comparatively speaking, ask is more formal than interrogate.A.√B.×正确答案:×第36题,【判断题】The meanings of a word form a network in which each meaning enjoys the same status.A.√B.×正确答案:×第37题,【判断题】house is the superordinate of wall, roof, floor, etc.A.√B.×正确答案:×第38题,【判断题】“Just a second!” is a case of litotes (understatement).A.√B.×正确答案:√第39题,【判断题】fall, meaning Autumn, is converted from the verb fall which means “drop or come down under the influence gravity”.A.√B.×正确答案:×第40题,【判断题】In the sentence, “I presume that you are Dr. Livingstone”, presume can be replaced by “suppose”.A.√B.×正确答案:√第41题,【判断题】air-conditioner is a word derived from adding –er to air-condition.A.√B.×正确答案:×第42题,【判断题】A word, car for example, may mean differently to different people.A.√B.×正确答案:√第43题,【判断题】Compared with horse, gee-gee is stylistically more formal.A.√B.×正确答案:×第44题,【判断题】Words with peculiar clusters, such as “ch”, “ph”, “pn”, “rh”,“ism”, “ize” etc. are most probably Greek in origin.A.√B.×正确答案:√第45题,【判断题】Conventionally, native element of English vocabulary refers to the words of Anglo-Saxon Origin.A.√B.×正确答案:√第46题,【解释题】alien正确答案:alien: Alien refer to a word borrowed from a foreign language without assimilation, i.e. no change of the foreign sound and spelling. For examples, “coup d’état”, “résumé”, “régime”, etc. are all Aliens of French borrowings.第47题,【解释题】stem正确答案:A stem refers to a word with all its inflectional suffixes have been removed. For example, in the word “disliked”, if the inflectional suffix “ed” is removed, we have its stem “dislike”.第48题,【解释题】meronymy正确答案:Meronymy refers to the part-whole sense relationship. For example, the word “body” and “head”, “arm”, “leg”, etc. have a part-whole relationship; technically, this relationship is called “meronymy”.第49题,【解释题】generalization正确答案:Generalization refers to the extension of the word range, or the widening of the semantic scope. For example, “manuscript”originally means “something handwritten”; presently, its semantic scope has been widened to be “a copy of a book, a piece of music, etc. before it has been printed”.第50题,【解释题】clipping正确答案:Clippings are forms abbreviated from larger words but share a common function with words they are clipped from. For example, “advertisement”, “examination”, “gymnasium” all have their clipped form “ad”, “exam”, “gym”.第51题,【问答题】What is antonymy and what are its different types?正确答案:Antonymy refers to the relationship between two or rarely more words of the same language, belonging to the same part of speech, identical in style and nearly identical in distribution, associated and used together so that their denotative meanings render contrary or contradictory notions. There are three types of antonymy1) Complementary antonymy refers to the relation between two words that the denial of one member implies the assertion of the other, and vice versa.e.g. male vs. Female; alive vs. dead; boy vs. girl; odd vs. evenThe relation between the members of the pair of complementary antonyms can be best represented in the following diagram: 2) Gradable antonymy refers to the relation between two words that the two words in question are the two extremes between which different degrees of grades can be distinguished. See more examples as the following:good vs. bad; fat vs. skinny; wide vs. narrow; fast vs. slowMany pairs of gradable antonyms contain one marked term and one unmarked, e.g. old/young, heavy/light, fast/slow where the second term is more restricted in distribution than the first. The relation between members of the pair of gradable antonymy can be represented in the following way: 3) Relational antonymy refers to the relation between the two items do not constitute a positive-negative opposition, and the existence of one of the pair presupposes the existence of the other, or one of them cannot be used without suggesting the other. See more examples as the following:e.g. predecessor vs. successor; parent vs. child; teacher vs. student lend vs. borrow; employer vs. employee; buy vs. sell第52题,【问答题】Make an account of the mechanisms of semantic change.正确答案:There are altogether five mechanisms of meaning changes.1) Melioration, also known as amelioration or elevation of meaning, is the process whereby words with humble origins are gradually used in positive, or at least neutral contexts.e.g. knight: Anglo-Saxon origin, “a boy”, but through military and feudal associations, acquired the meaning of title of rank.2) pejoration or degradation is the process by which the meaning of words become negative or less favorable. Previously mentioned words such as silly, idiot, moron, imbecile, villain, churl and hussy are good cases in point for the illustration of pejoration. These words have been considered so offensive that they are hardly used in daily speeches.3) Generalization of meaning, also called extension, widening or broadening, refers to the extension of the word range, or the widening the semantic scope of words. It is one of the most common features in the history of words.e.g. noviceOriginally meant “a person admitted to a probationary membership in a religious community”, but today it refers generally to “a beginner”4) Specialization, also known as narrowing or restriction, the opposite of generalization, is the process whereby a word of wide meaning acquires a narrow or specialized sense. In other words, a word which used to have a more general sense becomes restricted in its application and conveys only a special concept in present-day English.The word girl, for example, was used to refer to any young person in Middle English but is restricted to young females from the Early Modern Period on. Specialization of meaning can alsobe observed in the word fowl, which is now usually restricted to “farmyard hen” with its old meaning of “bird” only retains in a few expressions like the fowls of the air and wild fowl.5) Subjectification is the process by which the meaning of a given word changes from relatively objective to increasingly subjective.e.g. very, originally, French word vrai meaning “true” or “real”; the very knight: true knightNowadays if we say that “Lexicology is very interesting”, we use the word very in a much more subjective sense because someone else may disagree with our personal evaluation.第53题,【翻译题】He was brainwashed into believing money made defines the means. 正确答案:他被洗脑了，相信为了钱可以使用一切手段。

（完整版）英语词汇学英语词汇学习题3及答案试题三第一部分选择题I. Each of the statements below is followed by four alternative answers. Choose the one that would best complete the statement and put the letter in the bracket.(30%)1.According to the degree of similarity, homonyms can be classified into ( )A. perfect homonymsB. homonymsC. homophonesD. all the above2.Transfer as a mode of semantic change can be illustrated by the example ( )A. ad for “advertisement”B. dish for “food"C. fond for “affectionate”D. an editorial for “an editorial article"3.It is a general belief that the meaning does not exist in the word itself, but it rather spreads over ( )A. the reader’s interpretationB. the neighbouring wordsC. the writer's intentionD. the etymology of the word4.Which of the following is a prefix of time and order?A. extra-B. pro-C. re-D. semi-5.Which of the following dictionaries is not a specialized dictionary?A. The Oxford Dictionary of English EtymologyB. Chamber's Encyclopedic English DictionaryC. Longmont Dictionary of Phrasal VerbsD. Webster's New Dictionary of Synonyms6.Which of the following statements is Not true?A. Reference is the relationship between language and the world.B. The relationship between a word and its referent is arbitrary.C. Concept is universal to all men alike.D. Sense denotes the relationships outside the language.7.The words which occur before or after a word and may affect its meaning form ( )A. physical contextB. grammatical contextC. lexical contextD. linguistic context8."Smith is an architect. He designed World Trade Center. "The clue provided in the context is ( )A. definitionB. explanationC. exampleD. hyponym9.The term "vocabulary" is used in different ways because of all the following reasons EXCEPT that ( )A. it can refer to the common core of a languageB. it can refer to the total number of the words in a languageC. it can represent all the words used in a certain historicalperiodD. it can stand for words in given dialect or field10.The idiom "a dark horse" is a ( )A. simileB. metaphorC. metonymyD. personification11.An idiom differs from a free phrase in that the former is ( ) and the latter is not.A. structurally changeableB. semantically analyzableC. structurally fixedD. easily understood12.We can work out the meaning of heliocentric and geocentric according to ( )A. morphological structureB. relevant detailsC. grammatical structureD. physical context13.What causes the a mbiguity of the sentence ”I like Mary better than Janet"? ( )A. VocabularyB. SituationC. StructureD. None of the above14.Early Modern English refers to the language spoken ( )A. from 1066 to 1500B. from 1150 to 1500C. from 1500 to 1700D. from 1600 to 180015.Affixes added to the end of words to indicate grammatical relationships are known as ( )A. bound rootsB. free morphemesC. inflectional morphemesD. derivational affixes第二部分非选择题Ⅱ.Complete the following statements with proper words or expressions according to the course book. (10%)16._________________ meaning refers to the part of speech, tenses of verbs, etc.17.The word __________ has the old meaning "servant" and the elevated meaning "head of a ministry".18.The relationship between sound and meaning is arbitrary or ______________.19.When a word with more than one meaning is used in unclear context, it creates _______________.20.Almost all affixes are __________morphemes because few can be used as independent words.Ⅲ.Match the words in Column A with those in Column B according to 1)rhetorical features of the idioms; 2)sense relations;3)assimilation degree; 4)characteristics of the basic word stock and 5)motivation.(10%)A B21.reiteration ( ) A. high and low22.repetition ( ) B. pick and choose23.juxtaposition ( ) C. face to face24.perfect homonym ( ) D. Failure is the mother of success.25.personification ( ) E. hiss26.portus ( ) F. bear; bear/doc/0511810664.html,e ( ) G. twitter28.heart ( ) H. cat29.birds ( ) I. port30.snakes ( ) J. heart and soulⅣ.Study the following words and expressions and identify 1) types of context clues; 2) typesof word formation; 3) types of word-meaning changes and 4) rhetorical features of idioms.(10%)31.making a restatement of a new word or concept in familiar words ( )32.sitcom ( )33.the usual amenities such as a pub, a post office and a school ( )34.form cradle to grave ( )35.might and main ( )36.fax ( )37.disobey,impolite, ( )38.hussy:"housewife"→"a woman of low morals"( )39.disease:"discomfort"→"illness"( )40.fond:"foolish"→"affectionate"( )Ⅴ.Define the following terms.(10%)41.dictionary42.pejoration43.idioms nominal in nature44.Germanic45.allomorphⅥ.Answer the following questions. Y our answers should be clear and short. Write your answers in the space given below.(12%)46.What are the stylistic features of idioms?47.How would you explain the difference between back formation and suffixation? Give examples to illustrate your point.48. How do you distinguish inflectional affixes and derivational affixes?Ⅶ.Analyze and comment on the following. Write your answers in the space given below.(18%)/doc/0511810664.html,ment on the following pairs of sentences in terms of superordinate and subordinates.a. The man said he would come to our school next week.b. The visiting scholar said he would visit our university next Monday.50.Analyes the morphological structures of the following words and point out the types of the morphemes.unbearable, international, ex-prisoner试题参考答案Ⅰ.Each of the statements below is followed by four alternative answers. Choose the one that would best complete the statement and put the letter in the bracket.(30%)1.D2.B3.B4.C5.B6.D7.C8.C9.A 10.B11.C 12.A 13.C 14.C 15.CⅡ.Complete the following statements with proper words orexpressions according to the course book.(10%)16. Grammatical 17. minister 18. conventional 19. ambiguity 20. boundⅢ.Match the words in Column A with those in Column B. (10%)21.B 22.C 23.A 24.F 25.D26.I 27.H 28.J 29.G 30.EⅣ.Study the following words and expressions and identify 1)types of context clues; 2)types of word formation; 3)types of word-meaning changes and 4)rhetorical features of idioms.(10%)31.explanation32.head+head blending33.hyponymy/hyponym34.figure of speech; metonymy35.phonetic manipulation/alliteration36.back clipping37.affixation, prefixation or negative prefixes38.degradation39.narrowing40.elevationⅤ.Define the following terms.(10%)41. Dictionary is a book which presents in alphabetical order the words of a language, with information as to their spelling, pronunciation, meaning usage, etc.42. Degradation or pejoration of meaning is the opposite of semantic elevation. It is a process whereby words of good origin fall into ill reputation or non-affective words come to be used in derogatory sense.43.(1)Each idiom has a noun as the key word.(2)Each functions as a noun/also knows asnoun idioms.44.a term used to refer to a branch of the Indo-European language family, which consists of English, German, Dutch, etc.45.one of the variants that realize a morphemeⅥ.Answer the following questions.(12%)46.(1)Many idioms were created in different professions, so they were trade-or profession-related, colloquial and informal.(2)Now most become a part of the common core, neither formal nor informal.(3)There are still many colloquialisms, slang expressions, literary expressions comparatively small in number.47.A)Suffixation is the formation of new words by adding suffixes to bases.B)Back-formation is considered to be the opposite process of suffixation; it's the method of creating words by removing the supposed suffixes.48.Inflectional affixes are affixes (1) attached to the end of words; (2) to indicate grammatical relationships, while derivational affixes are affixes; (3) added to other morphemes; (4) to create new words.Ⅶ.Answer the following questions. Your answers should be clear and short Write your answers in the space given below.(18%)49.要点：Superordinate Subordinate1) man scholar2) come visit3) school university4) week Monday50.1)Each of the three words consists of three morphemesunbearable(un+bear+able), international (inter+nation+al), ex-prisoner(er+prison+er).2)Of the nine morphemes, only bear, nation and prison are free morphemes as they can exist by themselves.3)All the rest un-,-able,inter-,-al, ex-and-er are bound as none of them can stand alone as words.。

英语词汇学第一部分选择题I. Each of the statements below is followed by four alternative answers .Choose the one that would best complete the statement and put the letter in the bracket（30％）1. Degradation can be illustrated by the following example[ ]A. lewd → ignorantB. silly → foolishC. last → pleasureD. knave → boy2. Homophones are often employed to create puns for desired effects of: [ ]A. humourB. sarcasmC. ridiculeD. all the above3. The four major modes of semantic change are _____. [ ]A. extension, narrowing, elevation and degradationB. extension, generalization, elevation and degradationC. extension, narrowing, specialization and degradationD. extension, elevation, amelioration and degradation4. The use of one name for that of another associated with it is rhetorically called _____. [ ]A. synecdocheB. metonymyC. substitutionD. metaphor5. Idioms adjectival in nature function as _____. [ ]A. adjectivesB. attributesC. modifiersD. words6. Grammatical context refers to _____ in which a word is used. [ ]A. vocabularyB. grammarC. semantic patternD. syntactic structure7. In the idiom 'in good feather', we change 'good' into 'high, full' without changing meaning. This change of constituent is known as _____ . [ ]A. additionB. replacementC. position-shiftingD. variation8. The word "laconic" is _____. [ ]A. onomatopoeically motivatedB. morphologically motivatedC. semantically motivatedD. etymologically motivated9. CCELD is distinctive for its _____. [ ]A. clear grammar codesB. language notesC. usage notesD. extra columns10.Which of the following words is NOT formed through clipping? [ ]A. DormB. motelC. GentD. Zoo11.Old English has a vocabulary of about _____ words. [ ]A. 30,000 to 40,000B. 50,000 to 60,000C. 70,000 to 80,000D. 80,000 to 90,00012. _____ are bound morphemes because they cannot be used as separate words. [ ]A. RootsB. StemsC. AffixesD. Compounds13. Besides French words, English also absorbed as many as 2,500 words of _____ in the Middle English period. [ ]A. Dutch originB. Danish originC. Latin originD. Greek origin14. A word is a symbol that _____ . [ ]A. is used by the same speech communityB. represents something else in the worldC. is both simple and complex in natureD.shows different ideas in different sounds15.Some words in the basic word stock are said to be stable because they _____. [ ]A. are complex words.B. are technical wordsC. refer to the commonest things in life.D. denote the most important concepts.第二部分非选择题II. Complete the following statements with proper words or expressions according to the course book（10％）16. The same idiom may show _____ differences when it is used in different meanings including affective meaning.17. LDCE is a _____ dictionary.18. Antonyms are classified on the basis of _____.19. The opposite of semantic elevation in meaning change is called _____.20. Pronouns and numerals enjoy nation-wide use and stability, but have limited _____.III. Match the words or expressions in Column A with those in Column B according to 1）types of meaning changes;2）types of meaning;3）language branches and 4）features of idioms（10％）21. grammatical meaning ( ) A. Scottish22. reading-lamp ( ) B. neither fish, flesh, nor fowl23. pen ( ) C. morphologically motivated24. alliteration ( ) D. head of a state25. difference in connotation ( ) E. answer/ respond26. elevation ( ) F. etymologically motivated27. degradation ( ) G. garage ( a place for storing cars)28. narrowing ( ) H. thing (any object or event)29. extension ( ) I. part of speech30. Celtic ( ) J. knave (a dishonest person)IV. Study the following words and expressions and identify 1）types of bound morphemes underlined;2）types of word formations;3）types of meaning and 4）types of meaning of idioms.（10％）31. heart and soul ( )32. father—male parent ( )33. mother—female parent ( )34. city-bred ( )35. lip-reading to lip-read ( )36. headache ( )37. antecedent ( )38. preview ( )39. receive ( )40. called ( )V. Define the following terms（10％）41. specialized dictionary42. collocative meaning43. transfer44. morpheme45. old EnglishVI. Answer the following questions. Your answers should be clear and short Write your answers in the space given below.（12％）46.What's the fundamental difference between radiation and concatenation? Illustrate your points.47. What is dismembering?48. What is collocative meaning? Give one example to illustrate your point.VII. Analyze and comment on the following. Write your answers in the space given below.（18％）49. The ‘pen' is mightier than the ‘sword'.Explain what 'pen' and 'sword' mean respectively using the theory of motivation.50. Study the following sentence, paying special attention to the words in italics. If you find anything wrong, please explain why and then improve the sentence.(100 words)The police were ordered to stop drinking about midnight.英语词汇学第一部分选择题I．Each of the statements below is followed by four alternative answers. Choose the one that would best complete the statement and put the letter in the bracket. (30%)1. B2. D3. A4. B5. A6. D7. B8. D9. D 10. B11. B 12. C 13. A 14. B 15. C第二部分非选择题II. Complete the following statements with proper words or expressions according to the course book. (10%)16. stylistic17.monolingual18.semantic opposition19. degradation 或 pejoration20.productivity and collocabilityIII. Match the words or expressions in Column A with those in Column B according to 1) types of meaning changes;2)types of meaning;3)language branches and 4) features of idioms. (10%)21. I 22. C 23. F 24. B 25. E26. D 27. J 28. G 29. H 30. AIV. Study the following words and expressions and identify 1) types of bound morphemes underlined;2) types of word formation；3）types of meaning and 4) types of meaning of idioms.(10%)31. adverb idiom/ idiom adverbial in nature32. conceptual meaning33. conceptual meaning34. n+v-ed35. backformation36. n+v37. bound root38. prefix39. bound root40. inflectional affix/morphemeV. Define the following terms.(10%)41. Specialized dictionary refers to a dictionary which concentrates on a particular area of language or knowledge. (内容1.5分；语言0.5分)42. Collocative meaning is that part of the word meaning suggested by the words before or after the word in discussion. (内容1.5分；语言0.5分)43. Words which were used to designate one thing but later changed to mean something else have experienced the process of semantic transfer.44. the minimal meaningful unit of a language.45. the language used in England from 450 to 1150.VI. Answer the following questions. Your answers should be clear and short. Write your answers in the space given below.(12%)46. 要点： Radiation Concatenationi) primary meaning i) first senseii）次要意义由主要意义辐射 ii）由此意义连续转换；特点为链接iii）名词语义互不依赖 iii）最后意义与第一意义失去联系的迹象47. 要点：（1）break up an idiom into pieces（2分）（2）an unusual case of using idioms（1分）（3）in literature or popular press for special effect（1分）注：语言扣分不得超过1分（语法扣1分，拼写扣0.5分）48. Collocative meaning consists of the associations a word acquires in its collocation. In other words, it is that part of the word-meaning suggested by words before or after the word in discussion. For example, 'pretty' and 'handsome' share the conceptual meaning of 'good looking', but are distinguished by the range of nouns they collocate with:pretty handsomeVII. Analyze and comment on the following. Write your answers in the space given below. (18%) 49. 答案要点1）Motivation accounts for the connection between the linguistic symbol and its meaning.（2分）2）Semantic motivation, one of the four major types of motivation, explains the connection between the literal sense and figurative sense of the word.(3分)3）In this sentence, 'pen' reminds one of the tool to write with, thus suggesting writing; 'sword' reminds one of the weapon to fight with, thus suggesting war.(4分)50.要点：（1）it is ambiguous（2分）（2）ambiguity caused by the structure（2分）（3）stop drinking can be understood as1）police stop drinking by themselves (1分 )2）police stop people drinking (1分)（4）improvement（3分）1）The police were ordered to stop people drinking about midnight.2）The police were ordered to stop drinking by themselves about midnight.。

英语词汇学作业答案1、American women were ________ the right to vote until 1920 after many years of hard struggle.1.A. ignored2.B. neglected3.C. denied4.D. refused2、The antonym of soft is in “a ________ voice”and in “a ________ cushion”.1.A. rough, hard2.B. rough, rough3.C. hard, rough4.D. hard, hard3、The figure of speech employed in “My father is a sanitary engineer”is _________.1.A. hyperbole2.B. euphemism3.C. litotes4.D. metonymy4、Mrs. Smith is afraid that she and her husband don’t see _________ on New Year Resolutions.1.A. face to face2.B. eye to eye3.C. back to back4.D. heart to heart5、Among the synonymous group, old man, daddy, dad, father and male parent, _______ would most probably used by a lawyer in the court.1.A. dad2.B. old man3.C. father4.D. male parent6、Our teacher is now not with us. Aha! When the ________ is away, the ________ will play.1.A. tiger, monkeys2.B. cat, mice3.C. hawk, birds4.D. old, young7、I could give an opinion ________, but I would rather think about it.1.A. off the sleeve2.B. off the cuffs3.C. off the cuff4.D. off the sleeves8、Choked traffic has been a(n) ________ to urban transportation system.1.A. archenemy2.B. primary enemy3.C. main enemy4.D. major enemy9、Which one of the following abbreviations means “and so on”? ________.1.A. i.e.2.B. e.g.3.C. etc.4.D. viz.10、“ex-”in ex-husband reads ________ and means _______.1.A. /iks/, “out”2.B. /iks/, “former”3.C. /eks/, “out”4.D. /eks/, “former”11、Our work calls for mutual support. We shouldn’t ________ each other's efforts.1.A. activate2.B. interact3.C. counteract4.D. active12、I am not sure whether I should fly to London or take the train. I’m really caught between two________.1.A. choices2.B. options3.C. alternatives4.D. stools13、Hey! Don’t sit there and count your ________. You need to work really hard.1.A. chicken2.B. chickens3.C. duck4.D. ducks14、The figure of speech employed in “The past isa bucket of ashes”is _________.1.A. metaphor2.B. euphemism3.C. irony4.D. litotes15、When the crowd saw the prize-fighter stretched out on the canvas, shouts and cheers ________ from it.1.A. broke up2.B. b roke forth3.C. broke through4.D. break upon16、persona non grata means ________.1.A. someone who is not acceptable or welcome2.B. someone who is slim3.C. someone who does not take the leading role4.D. someone who has graduated with no degree17、The figure of speech employed in “I haven’t seen you for ages”is ________.1.A. metaphor2.B. hyperbole3.C. irony4.D. metonymy18、Communication is the process of ________ a message from a source to an audience via a channel.1.A. transmitting2.B. submitting3.C. transforming4.D. switching19、Johnson had already ________ in an intimate book.1.A. thrown out the beans2.B. thrown out his beans3.C. spilled the beans4.D. spilled his beans20、Free medical treatment in this country covers sickness of mind as well as ________ sicknesses.1.A. normal2.B. ordinary3.C. average4.D. regular21、For an English word, the shift of stress mayindicate a change of part of speech; export is a perfect exampleT22、dies, died, dying, dead, etc. are different word forms of the same lexeme DIE.F23、The figurative use of words is an important cause for words to develop new meaningsT24、An idiom is semantically integrated, thus an idiom cannot be understood even if you know all its componentsF25、In the sentence, “More hands are needed on the farm”, metonymy is employedT26、air-conditioner is a word derived from adding -er to air-conditionF27、house is the superordinate of wall, roof, floor, etc.F28、According to cognitive semantics, our mind can be explored via the study of linguistic meanings T29、Word equivalents are a necessary part for lexicology and all phrases fall within the range of lexicologyT30、Compared with horse, gee-gee is stylistically more formal.F31、In standard AmE, the letter r is pronounced wherever it appears as in bar, board, park, etcT32、The most important role for derivation is word class transformation.T33、Lexical semantics is not only a subset of lexicology, but also a subset of semantics.T34、“sense”, as a term in semantics, denotes the relationship between words within language.T36、Celtic is a branch of the Indo-European Language Family.F37、de-urbanization is a word composed of 5 morphemes, all of which are bound onesF38、Human languages have originated from human’s natural cries for pain, anger and joy, etcF39、The word nice has gone through a semantic change called “generalizationF40、Answering the question “Will you marry me?”with “Yes, I will”, the speaker is using substitutionF35、Absolute synonyms are not easy to found in any language41、Define the following term and give examples when needed.lexemeLexeme is an abstract unit of meaning with all its grammatical inflectional endings wiped out. Most ofthe words listed in the dictionary are lexemes42、Define the following term and give examples when needed.grammarGrammar is a set of rules or regularities applied to form complex expressions via simpler ones. 43、Define the following term and give examples when needed.polysemyPolysemy refers to semantic phenomenon where a single word or phrase has several meanings. 44、Define the following term and give examples when needed.generalizationGeneralization refers to the extension of the word range, or the widening of the semantic scope. 45、Define the following term and give examples when needed.context of situationContext of situation refers to the immediate environment of the text.46、Define the following term and give examples when needed.function wordA function word is a word that contributes to the major structure of a sentence. It belongs to the close-class elements of the vocabulary of a given language in the sense that their numbers is small and fixed.47、Define the following term and give examples when needed.clippingClippings are forms abbreviated from larger words but share a common function with words they areclipped from.48、Define the following term and give examples when needed.affixAn affix is the morpheme added to a root and contributes to the meaning of a word as a whole.Forexample,"dis-" in "dishonest" is an affix.49、Answer the following question with appropriate illustration.What are the characteristics of native element in English vocabulary?The following are the 7 general characteristics of native (Aglo-Saxon) elements:1. All-national character. Native element is shared by all the native speakers, regardless of whether he is a king under the crown, a fisherman on the sea or a vagrant on the street.2. Monosyllabicity. Most of the native element in Modem English has only one syllable. e.g. sun, cow, go, run, etc.3. Productivity. Most of the native elements are monosyllabic or root words and are semantically basic. Thus, they are productive in the sense that clusters of words are derived or compounded from them. For example, the word hand, has brought such derivatives and compounds as handy, handle, handkerchief, handiwork, handicraft, handful, handbook, handbarrow, handcuff, etc.4. Collocational extensiveness. The native element has a wide range of collocation. Many native words enter quite a number of expressions, idioms, phrases and proverbial sayings. For example, the word heel is found in the following units: Achilles’ heel (a vulnerable point), heel over head or head over heels (upside down), cool one’s he els (be kept waiting), show a clean pair of heels, take to one’s heels (run away), turn on one’s heels (turn sharply round), etc.5. Semantic polysemy. The native words are highly polysemic because they have gonethrough semantic changes due to their frequent use in daily life. For example, the verb tell conveys the following meanings: make known, express, explain, utter, confide in order, distinguish, count, reveal, scold, etc.6. High-frequency value. The native element forms the bulk of the most frequent elements used in any style of speech. Every writer uses considerably more native words than borrowed ones. Corpus investigations show that about 90 percent of the words in Shakespeare’s works and 94 percent of words in King James Bible are native words.7. Stylistic neutrality. Most native words are stylistically neutral and are equally fit to be used in a lecture, a poem, or when speaking to a child. This can be observed by a simple comparison, for example begin (neutral) vs. commence (formal).50、Answer the following question with appropriate illustration.What is the context and its role in shaping word meaning?Word meaning is sensitive to context, speakers and hearers usually rely heavily on context in constructing and interpreting word meaning. Contextual information can exert two major effects. More specifically, it influences the interpretation of a word, on the one hand, and speeds up lexical access, on the other. In most cases, the contextual aspect plays a crucial role in recognizing the specific meaning of a word.1. Context has the crucial role to resolve ambiguity.e.g. Please give me a hamburger, a cup of cola, and some chips.[a small piece of wood, the potato chip, or electronic circuit]I saw a tattoo of dragon on the back of that naked young guy,The big John has been accustomed to the constant tattoos,Hearing the sound of tattoo, soldiers returned to the quarter as quickly as possible.[tattoo1 a signal sounded on a drum or bugle to summon soldiers or sailors to their quarters at night;tattoo2 a display of military exercises offered as evening entertainment;tattoo3 a design that is drawn on someone’s skin using needles to make little holes and filling them with colored dye.]2. Context gives rise to the joking effect of puns.e.g. A: Why can’t a bicycle stand on its own?B: Because it is two-tired.[a thick piece of rubber of vehicles, to having used a lot of energy and wanting a rest]3. Context is beneficial to the understanding of deixis.There are three major kinds of deixis, that is, person deixis (I, you, we), spatial deixis (here, there), and temporal deixis (now, yesterday).e.g. I didn’t see her yesterday. It only with the contextual information can the reader know whom the personal deixis her refers to. And the same is the case with the deixises in the following example:Only contextual information can provides clues to the understanding of I, her and yesterday.51、Translate the following into Chinese and pay special attention to the bold typed part.His behavior means that you should stay a bit longer他的行为表明，你得再呆一段时间。

1、American women were ________ the right to vote until 1920 after many years of hard struggle.1.A. ignored2.B. neglected3.C. denied4.D. refused2、The antonym of soft is in “a ________ voice”and in “a ________ cushion”.1.A. rough, hard2.B. rough, rough3.C. hard, rough4.D. hard, hard3、The figure of speech employed in “My father is a sanitary engineer”is _________.1.A. hyperbole2.B. euphemism3.C. litotes4.D. metonymy4、Mrs. Smith is afraid that she and her husband don’t see _________ on New Year Resolutions.1.A. face to face2.B. eye to eye3.C. back to back4.D. heart to heart5、Among the synonymous group, old man, daddy, dad, father and male parent, _______would most probably used by a lawyer in the court.1.A. dad2.B. old man3.C. father4.D. male parent6、Our teacher is now not with us. Aha! When the ________ is away, the ________ will play.1.A. tiger, monkeys2.B. cat, mice3.C. hawk, birds4.D. old, young7、I could give an opinion ________, but I would rather think about it.1.A. off the sleeve2.B. off the cuffs3.C. off the cuff4.D. off the sleeves8、Choked traffic has been a(n) ________ to urban transportation system.1.A. archenemy2.B. primary enemy3.C. main enemy4.D. major enemy9、Which one of the following abbreviations means “and so on”? ________.1.A. i.e.2.B. e.g.3.C. etc.4.D. viz.10、“ex-”in ex-husband reads ________ and means _______.1.A. /iks/, “out”2.B. /iks/, “former”3.C. /eks/, “out”4.D. /eks/, “former”11、Our work calls for mutual support. We shouldn’t ________ each other's efforts.1.A. activate2.B. interact3.C. counteract4.D. active12、I am not sure whether I should fly to London or take the train. I’m really caught between two ________.1.A. choices2.B. options3.C. alternatives4.D. stools13、Hey! Don’t sit there and count your ________. You need to work really hard.1.A. chicken2.B. chickens3.C. duck4.D. ducks14、The figure of speech employed in “The past is a bucket of ashes”is _________.1.A. metaphor2.B. euphemism3.C. irony4.D. litotes15、When the crowd saw the prize-fighter stretched out on the canvas, shouts and cheers ________ from it.1.A. broke up2.B. b roke forth3.C. broke through4.D. break upon16、persona non grata means ________.1.A. someone who is not acceptable or welcome2.B. someone who is slim3.C. someone who does not take the leading role4.D. someone who has graduated with no degree17、The figure of speech employed in “I haven’t seen you for ages”is ________.1.A. metaphor2.B. hyperbole3.C. irony4.D. metonymy18、Communication is the process of ________ a message from a source to an audience via a channel.1.A. transmitting2.B. submitting3.C. transforming4.D. switching19、Johnson had already ________ in an intimate book.1.A. thrown out the beans2.B. thrown out his beans3.C. spilled the beans4.D. spilled his beans20、Free medical treatment in this country covers sickness of mind as well as ________ sicknesses.1.A. normal2.B. ordinary3. C. average4. D. regular21、For an English word, the shift of stress may indicate a change of part of speech; export is a perfect exampleT22、dies, died, dying, dead, etc. are different word forms of the same lexeme DIE.F23、The figurative use of words is an important cause for words to develop new meaningsT24、An idiom is semantically integrated, thus an idiom cannot be understood even if you know all its componentsF25、In the sentence, “More hands are needed on the farm”, metonymy is employedT26、air-conditioner is a word derived from adding -er to air-conditionF27、house is the superordinate of wall, roof, floor, etc.F28、According to cognitive semantics, our mind can be explored via the study of linguistic meaningsT29、Word equivalents are a necessary part for lexicology and all phrases fall within the range of lexicologyT30、Compared with horse, gee-gee is stylistically more formal.F31、In standard AmE, the letter r is pronounced wherever it appears as in bar, board, park, etcT32、The most important role for derivation is word class transformation.T33、Lexical semantics is not only a subset of lexicology, but also a subset of semantics.T34、“sense”, as a term in semantics, denotes the relationship between words within language.T36、Celtic is a branch of the Indo-European Language Family.F37、de-urbanization is a word composed of 5 morphemes, all of which are bound onesF38、Human languages have originated from human’s natural cries for pain, anger and joy, etcF39、The word nice has gone through a semantic change called “generalizationF40、Answering the question “Will you marry me?”with “Yes, I will”, the speaker is usingsubstitutionF35、Absolute synonyms are not easy to found in any language41、Define the following term and give examples when needed.lexemeLexeme is an abstract unit of meaning with all its grammatical inflectional endings wiped out. Most of the words listed in the dictionary are lexemes42、Define the following term and give examples when needed.grammarGrammar is a set of rules or regularities applied to form complex expressions via simpler ones.43、Define the following term and give examples when needed.polysemyPolysemy refers to semantic phenomenon where a single word or phrase has several meanings.44、Define the following term and give examples when needed.generalizationGeneralization refers to the extension of the word range, or the widening of the semantic scope.45、Define the following term and give examples when needed.context of situationContext of situation refers to the immediate environment of the text.46、Define the following term and give examples when needed.function wordA function word is a word that contributes to the major structure of a sentence. It belongs to the close-classelements of the vocabulary of a given language in the sense that their numbers is small and fixed.47、Define the following term and give examples when needed.clippingClippings are forms abbreviated from larger words but share a common function with words they are clippedfrom.48、Define the following term and give examples when needed.affixAn affix is the morpheme added to a root and contributes to the meaning of a word as a whole.Forexample,"dis-" in "dishonest" is an affix.49、Answer the following question with appropriate illustration.What are the characteristics of native element in English vocabulary?The following are the 7 general characteristics of native (Aglo-Saxon) elements:1. All-national character. Native element is shared by all the native speakers, regardless of whether he is a king under the crown, a fisherman on the sea or a vagrant on the street.2. Monosyllabicity. Most of the native element in Modem English has only one syllable. e.g. sun, cow, go, run, etc.3. Productivity. Most of the native elements are monosyllabic or root words and are semantically basic. Thus, they are productive in the sense that clusters of words are derived or compounded from them. For example, the word hand, has brought such derivatives and compounds as handy, handle, handkerchief, handiwork, handicraft, handful, handbook, handbarrow, handcuff, etc.4. Collocational extensiveness. The native element has a wide range of collocation. Many native words enter quite a number of expressions, idioms, phrases and proverbial sayings. For example, the word heel is found in the following units: Achilles’ heel (a vulnerable point), heel over head or head over heels (upside down), cool one’s heels (be kept waiting), show a clean pair of heels, take to one’s heels (run away),turn on one’s heels (turn sharply round), etc.5. Semantic polysemy. The native words are highly polysemic because they have gonethrough semantic changes due to their frequent use in daily life. For example, the verb tell conveys the following meanings: make known, express, explain, utter, confide in order, distinguish, count, reveal, scold, etc.6. High-frequency value. The native element forms the bulk of the most frequent elements used in any style of speech. Every writer uses considerably more native words than borrowed ones. Corpus investigations show that about 90 percent of the words in Shakespeare’s works and 94 percent of words in King James Bible are native words.7. Stylistic neutrality. Most native words are stylistically neutral and are equally fit to be used in a lecture, a poem, or when speaking to a child. This can be observed by a simple comparison, for example begin (neutral) vs. commence (formal).50、Answer the following question with appropriate illustration.What is the context and its role in shaping word meaning?Word meaning is sensitive to context, speakers and hearers usually rely heavily on context in constructing and interpreting word meaning. Contextual information can exert two major effects. More specifically, it influences the interpretation of a word, on the one hand, and speeds up lexical access, on the other. In most cases, the contextual aspect plays a crucial role in recognizing the specific meaning of a word.1. Context has the crucial role to resolve ambiguity.e.g. Please give me a hamburger, a cup of cola, and some chips.[a small piece of wood, the potato chip, or electronic circuit]I saw a tattoo of dragon on the back of that naked young guy,The big John has been accustomed to the constant tattoos,Hearing the sound of tattoo, soldiers returned to the quarter as quickly as possible.[tattoo1 a signal sounded on a drum or bugle to summon soldiers or sailors to their quarters at night;tattoo2 a display of military exercises offered as evening entertainment;tattoo3 a design that is drawn on someone’s skin using needles to make little holes and filling them with colored dye.]2. Context gives rise to the joking effect of puns.e.g. A: Why can’t a bicycle stand on its own?B: Because it is two-tired.[a thick piece of rubber of vehicles, to having used a lot of energy and wanting a rest]3. Context is beneficial to the understanding of deixis.There are three major kinds of deixis, that is, person deixis (I, you, we), spatial deixis (here, there), and temporal deixis (now, yesterday).e.g. I didn’t see her yesterday. It only with the contextual information can the reader know whom the personal deixis her refers to. And the same is the case with the deixises in the following example:Only contextual information can provides clues to the understanding of I, her and yesterday.51、Translate the following into Chinese and pay special attention to the bold typed part.His behavior means that you should stay a bit longer他的行为表明，你得再呆一段时间。

【西南●最新版】[0057]《英语词汇学》网上作业及课程考试复习资料（有答案）[0057]《英语词汇学》第一次作业[论述题]《英语词汇学》第一次作业DefinitionsDefine the following terms with illustrative examples.1. metonymy2. dialect3. translation loan4. oxymoron5. clipping6. conversion7. hyponymy 8. compounding9. doublets 10. specialization of meaning参考答案：《英语词汇学》第一次作业参考答案1. metonymy: Metonymy is one way of meaning transference whereby the name of one thingis changed for that of another, to which it is related by association of ideas.For example, when I say "I am reading Shakespeare (meaning Shakespeare's works),I am using metonymy.2. dialect: Dialect refers to a variety of a language peculiar to some districts andhaving no normalized literary form. For example, Shanghai dialect is spoken peculiarly in Shanghai but there's no literary work peculiarly written in Shanghai dialect.3. translation loans: Translation loans are words and expressions formed from thematerial already existing in the English language but according to patterns taken from another language by way of literal morpheme-for-morpheme translation.Examples are "land-reform”, "mutual-aid” team, "national bourgeoisie”, etc.4. oxymoron: Oxymoron is a figure of speech in which two terms that are ordinarily contradictory are combined into one expression for effect, e.g. cruel kindness, a clever fool, etc.5. clipping: Clipping refers to the word forming process by which a word of two ormore syllables is shortened without a change in its function taking place. F or example, "advertisement”, "examination”, "gymnasium”all have their clipped form "ad”, "exam”, "gym”.6. conversion: Conversion is the word forming process whereby a word is changed fromone part of speech into another without the addition of an affix. For example, the verb "release” corresponds to a noun "release”.7. hyponymy: Hyponymy refers to the relationship which obtains between general andspecific lexical items (between the genus and the species). The latter is included in the former. The general lexical item is called the superordinate or the upper term, and the specific item the hyponym or the lower term. For example, a cat is a hyponym of the superordinate animal.8. compounding: Compounding is the word forming process by which two or even morewords are joined to form a new entity. F or example,"darkroom (meaning ‘a room used for photographic processing') is formed by joining "dark” and "room” intoa new word.9. doublets: Doublets are pairs of words (or group of three), which have arisen from the same original form but have in the course of linguistic development acquired different forms and meanings. E.g. coffee, café; name, noun, etc.10. specialization of meaning: Specialization of meaning is a process whereby a wordof wide meaning acquires a narrower sense, in which it is applicable only to some of the objects it had previously denoted, or a word of wide usage is restricted in its application and comes to be used only in a special sense. For example, "m eat” originally meant food and drink in general but it presently means flesh of animal used as food.第二次作业[判断题]《英语词汇学》第二次作业True or False DecisionDecide whether the following statements are T (true) or F (false).1.Every word is a unity of sound and meaning, and it is these aspectsthat make communication possible.参考答案：正确/doc/c92972889.html,pared with "calculate”, "work out” is more formal in meaning.参考答案：错误[判断题]3.In the word "modify”, the root is "mod”, the stem is"modi” andthe suffix is "-fy”.参考答案：正确[判断题]4.There are more native words than borrowed words in the Englishvocabulary.参考答案：错误[判断题]5."Sept” in "September” means "nine”.参考答案：错误[判断题]6.Every word has two aspects: the outer aspect ― written form and theinner aspec t ― sound.参考答案：错误[判断题]7.The vocabulary of any language never remains stable, but isconstantly changing.参考答案：正确8.Some affixes are free morphemes while some others are boundmorphemes.参考答案：错误[判断题]9.Absolute synonyms can be found in ordinary life, e.g. begin ―commence.参考答案：错误[判断题]10.If polysemy is viewed synchronically, it is understood as the growthand development.参考答案：错误[判断题]11.Simile, metaphor and personification are figures of speech basedon resemblances.参考答案：正确[判断题]12.The person saying "We are short of hands at harvest”, he is usingmetonymy.参考答案：错误[判断题]13.Phonologically, compounds can often be identified as having a mainstress on the first element and secondary stress on the second element.。

西南大学网络与继续教育学院课程名称：《英语词汇学》课程代码：0057 学年学季：20192单项选择题1、Only the headwaiter has some professional hotel ________ so the service is rather slow and inefficient.training【√】instructinglearningteaching2、The earliest known native language of England is ________.Celtic 【√】ScottishSaxonAnglian3、Which of the following word is NOT a compound（）darkroomwet day【√】small talkhot dog4、“ex-”inex-husbandreads ________ and means ________./Iks/, “former”/eks/, “former”【√】/Iks/, “out”/eks/, “out”5、Overjoyed to see his long-lost friend, Jimmy ________ a toast to the health of them all.suggestedspokeproposed 【√】raised6、Which of the following words has gone through the semantic change of pejoration （）queennicevulgar【√】picture7、When it comes to a family quarrel, Mr. Smith just ________.bury his head in the earthbury his head in the sand【√】bury his head in the waterbury his head in the garden8、They all thought that she and her boyfriend were ________.birds of a kindbirds of a typebirds of a breedbirds of a feather【√】9、W e’ve all experienced unpleasant moments at which we have to _______. chew the bulletbite the bullet【√】bite bulletsmunch the bullet10、It is in the ________ that English became regularizedand standardized. Late Modern English Period【√】Middle English Periodborrowing processes of Greek elementEarly Modern English Period11、I waited for Tom for ages, but he didn’t _________.turn inturn up【√】turn onturn out12、T he antonym of “fresh” in “fresh bread” is ________.fadedstale【√】tiredstuffy13、Chokedtraffichasbeena(n) ________ to urban transportation system. archenemy【√】main enemymajor enemyprimary enemy。

《英语词汇学教程》参考答案(注：参考答案仅供参考。

有些题目的答案并非是唯一的)Chapter 11. The three definitions agree that lexicology studies words. Y et, they have different focuses. Definition 1 focuses on the meaning and uses of words, while definition 2 on the overall structure and history. Definition 3 regards lexicology as a branch of linguistics and focuses on the semantic structure of the lexicon. It is interesting to note that the three definitions uses different names for the object of study. For Definition 1, it is words, for Definition 2 the vocabulary of a language, and for Definition 3 the lexicon.2. (1) They can go into the room, and if they like, shut the door.(2) Y ou boys are required to give in your homework before 10 o‘clock.(3) I watch the football match happily and find it very interesting.3. (1) when it follows ‗-t‘ and ‗-d‘, it is pronounced as [id];(2) when it follows voiceless consonants, it is pronounced as [t];(3) when it follows voiced consonants and vowels, it is pronounced as [d].4. (1)They are words that can be included in a semantic field of ―tree‖.(2)They represent the forms of the verb ―fly‖ and have a common meaning.(3)They belong to a lexical field of ‗telephone communication‘..(4)They are synonyms, related to human visual perception. Specifically, they denote variouskinds of ―looking‖.5. (a) ‗blackboard: a board with a dark smooth surface, used in schools for writing with chalk (the primary stress in on black) ; ‗blackbird: a particular kind of bird, which may not necessarily be black in colour (the primary stress in on black); ‗greyhound: a slender, swift dog with keen sight (the primary stress in on black), ‗White House: the residence of the US President in Washington (the primary stress in on black). 0(b) black ‗board: any board which is black in colour (both words receive primary stress); black ‗bird: any bird which is black in colour (both words receive primary stress); grey ‗hound: any hound that is grey in colour (both words receive primary stress); ‗white ‗house: any house that is painted white (both words receive primary stress).6. There are 44 orthographic words, i.e. sequences of letters bounded by space. There are 24 open class words and 20 closed class words.7. (a) The ‗bull‘ is literal, referring to a male bovine animal.(b) ‗Take the bull by the horn‘ is an idiom, meaning ‗(having the courage to) deal with someoneor something directly.(c) ‗Like a bull in a china shop‘is an idiom, meaning doing something with too muchenthusiasm or too quickly or carelessly in a way that may damage things or upset someone.(d) A‗bull market‘is one where prices rise fast because there is a lot of buying of shares inanticipation of profits.8. cup, mug, glass, tumbler, tankard, goblet, bowl, beaker, wineglass, beer glass, sherry glass They can be organized in a number of ways, for example, by the drinks the vessel is used for.Non-alcoholic: glass, tumbler, cup, mug, beaker, bowlBeer: beer glass, tankardWine: wineglass, gobletSpirits: sherry glassChapter 21.Lexeme is an abstract linguistic unit with different variants, for example, sing as against sang,sung.Morpheme is the ultimate grammatical constituent, the smallest meaningful unit of language.For example, moralizers is an English word composed of four morphemes: moral+lize+er+s.Any concrete realization of a morpheme in a given utterance is called a morph, such as cat, chair, -ing, -s, etc.Allomorphs are the alternate phonetic forms of the same morpheme, for example, [t], [d] and [id] are allomorphs of the past tense morpheme in English.2. quick-ly, down-stair-s, four-th, poison-ous, weak-en,world-wide, inter-nation-al-ly, in-ject, pro-trude3. island, surname, disclose, duckling, cranberry,reading, poets, flavourfulness, famous, subvert4.(a)[ ə](b)[ -ai]5. (1) –‗s, -s(2) -est, -s(3) –ing(4) –ed6. The connotations are as follows:(1) slang, carrying the connotation of reluctance, (2)informal, carrying the connotation that the speaker is speaking to a child, (3) beastie is used to a small animal in Scotland, carrying the connotation of disgust, (4) carrying the connotation of formalness, (5) carrying the connotation of light-heartedness.7. { -əm; ～- n; ～- n; ～-i: ～-s; ～-z; ～-iz}8. court: polysemy dart: polysemyfleet: homonymy jam: homonymypad: homonymy steep: homonymystem: homonymy stuff: polysemywatch: polysemy9. (1)—(f), (2)—(g), (3)—(c), (4)—(e), (5)—(a), (6)—(d), (7)—(b)10.(1) unpractical(2) break(3) impractical(4) rout(5) pedals(6) Route(7) razeChapter 31.The history of English can be divided into four periods: the Old, Middle, Early middle andModern English periods.In Old English period, there is a frequent use of coinages known as ‗kennings‘, which refers to vivid figurative descriptions often involving compounds. The absence of a wide-ranging vocabulary of loanwords force people to rely more on word-formation processes based on native elements. The latter period of Old English was characterized by the introduction of a number of ‗loan translations‘. Grammatical relationships in Old English were expressed by the use of inflectional endings. And Old English is believed to contain about 24,000 different lexical items.In Middle English period, English grammar and vocabulary changed greatly. In grammar, English changed from a highly inflected language to an analytic language. In vocabulary English was characterized by the loss of a large part of the Old English word-stock and the addition of thousands of words from French and Latin.In Early Modern English period, English vocabulary grew very fast through extensive borrowing and expansion of word-formation patterns. And there was a great many semantic changes, as old words acquire new meanings.Modern English is characterized with three main features of unprecedented growth of scientific vocabulary, the assertion of American English as a dominant variety of the language, and the emergence of other varieties known as ‗New Englishes‘.2.appeareth in (a) becomes appeared in (b), and dreame becomes dream. The passive weredeparted becomes the active had gone. With the change of word forms, (b) looks simple morphologically.3.barf: American slang kerchief: French mutton: Frenchcadaver: Latin goober: Kongo leviathan: Latinginseng: Chinese taffy: North American kimono: Japanesewhisky: Irish caddy: Malay sphere: Latinalgebra: Arabic giraffe: African4.t rain: meaning changed from the trailing part of a gown to a wide range of extendedmeanings.deer: meaning narrowed from ‗beast‘ or ‗animal‘ to ‗a particular kind of animal‘knight: meaning ameliorated from ‗boy, manservant’ to ‗a man in the UK who has been givenan honor of knighthood‘meat: meaning narrowed down from ‗food‘ to ‗the edible flesh of animals and the edible part of fruit‘.hose: meaning extended from ‗leg covering‘ to ‗a long tube for carrying water‘.5.sell: specialized hound: specializedstarve: specialized wife: specializedloaf: specialized6.American English British EnglishFall Autumncandy sweetcorn Maizesemester termapartment flatDresser Dressing tableStreet car Tram carChapter 41. read+-i+-ness dis-+courage+-ing kind+heart+-edun-+doubt+-ed+-ly stock+room+-s pre-+pack+-age+-ed2.book: books(n.); books(v.), booking, bookedforget: forgets, forgot, forgottenshort: shortter, shortestsnap: snaps, snapping, snappedtake: takes, taking, took, takengoose: geeseheavy: heavier, heaviest3.–ish: meaning ‗having the nature of , like‘de-: meaning ‗the opposite of‘-ify: meaning ‗make, become‘-dom: means ‗the state of ‘il-(im-/in-): meaning ‗the opposite of, not‘-able: meaning ‗that can or must be‘mis-: meaning ‗wrongly or badly‘-sion(-tion):meaning ‗the state/process of‘pre-: meaning ‗prior to‘-ment: meaning ‗the action of‘re-: meaning ‗again‘under-: meaning ‗not enough‘-al: meaning ‗the process or state of‘4. a. They are endocentric compounds. They have the ―Adj + N‖ structure, in which adjectivesare used to modify nouns ‗line, line, neck, room‘. Hotline means ‗a telephone number that people can call for information‘. Mainline means ‗an important railway line between two cities‘. Redneck means ‗a person from the southern US‘. Darkroom means ‗a room with very little in it, used for developing photographs‘.b. They are endocentric compounds. They have the ―N + N‘ structure. Bookshelf means ‗ashelf for keeping books‘. Breadbasket means ‗a container for serving bread‘. Mailbox means ‗a box for putting letters in when they delivered to a house‘. Wineglass means ‗a glass for drinking wine‘.c. They are endocentric compounds. They have the ―N + N‘ structure. Letterhead means ‗thehead of a letter (i.e. the name and address of an organization printed at the top of a letter)‘.Roadside means ‗the area at the side of a road‘. Keyhole means ‗the hole in a lock for putting the key in‘. Hilltop means ‗the top of a hill‘.d. They are exocentric compounds. Dropout means ‗a person who leaves school before theyhave finished their studies. Go-between means ‗a person who takes messages between people‘.Turnout means ‗the number of people who come to an event‘. Standby means ‗a person or thing that can always be used if needed‘.e. They are endocentric compounds. They have the ―Adj + N-ed‖structure, in whichadjectives are used to modify the N-ed.f. They are endocentric compounds. They have the ―N + Adj‖ structure, meaning As Adj AsN.5.in-: not, the opposite ofen-: to put into the condition ofdis-: not, the opposite ofun-: not, the opposite ofinter-: between, amongmis-: wrongly or badlyover-: too muchre-: againpost-: after6. a. a young dog; pigletb. a female editor; hostessc. a place for booking tickets; refineryd. one who is kicked; traineee. the state of being put up; output7. unbelievable: un- (prefix), -able (suffix)inexhaustible: in- (prefix), -ible(suffix)multinational: multi (prefix)-, -al(suffix)teleshopping: tele- (prefix), -ing (suffix)8. a. initialismb. blendingc. compoundingd. conversion9. a. compounding, affixationb. compounding, affixationc. compounding, shorteningd. compounding, affixation10.a. consumable, comprehensible, exchangeable, permissibleb. absorbent, assistant, different, participantc. constructor, liar, beggar, editor, developerd. elementary, stationary, brewery, mockeryChapter 51. (a) connotation (b) formality(c) dialect (d) connotation2. waterrainwater, brine, tap water, mineral water, spring water, purified water, aerated water, ……..3. (a) keeping(b) feeling of admiration or respect4. (a) hyponymy(b) meronymy5. (a) light beer, strong beer(b) heavy coffee, strong coffee, weak coffee6. amateur—dabbler, funny—ridiculous, occupation—profession,small—little, famous—renowned, fiction—fable, smell—scent7. These words refer to different kinds of pictures or diagrams. Drawing: picture or diagram made with a pen, pencil, or crayon. Cartoon refers to ‗an amusing drawing in a newspaper or magazine‘. Diagram refers to a simple drawing using lines to explain where something is, how something works, etc. Illustration refers to a drawing or picture in a book, magazine etc. to explain something. Sketch refers to a simple picture that is drawn quickly and does not have many details.8.(a) gradable (b) non-gradable, reversive (c) gradable(d) non-gradable, reversive (e) gradable (f) non-gradable9.(a) antonym (b) hyponymy (c) antonym(d) synonymy (e) meronymyChapter 61. 1) literal expression 2) idiom3) literal expression 4) idiom5) idiom 6) literal expression2. 1) die2) something that makes a place less attractive3) suddenly realize or understand something4) make one‘s friends disappoint5) continue to argue something that has already been decided and is not important6) react quickly so as to get an advantage3. 1) gradually reduce the amount of time, money, etc.2) give support and encouragement to someone in a game, competition, etc3) give something to the person it belongs to4) annoy5) fail because a part is weak or incorrect6) try to find out the facts about something7) live under the rule of someone8) talk to someone in order to find out his opinions, ideas, feelings etc.9) give someone a warning or secret information about somethingChapter 71.General dictionaries include all of the elements of a lexicon, including meanings,pronunciations, usages, and histories of the words of their language. Specialized dictionaries are restricted to one variety or to one type of entryword.2.They are different in that different media are used. Print dictionaries do not use electric powerand can be used in all kinds of light. Electronic dictionaries are easy to carry. .3.Open to discussion.4.Open to discussion.5.(a) symbolise(b) symbol of sth is a person, an object, an event, etc. that represents a more general quality orsituation; symbol for sth is a sign, number, letter, etc. that has a fixed meaning, especially in science, mathematics and music(a)/sim‘bɔlik/ and /sim‘ba:lik/(b)represent(c)2(d)Y es. We know that form the label [VN] and the examples.Chapter 81.vertically challenged—shortsanitation engineer—garbage collectorethnic cleansing--genocideladies‘ cloak room—women‘s toilet2.(1)They differ in connotation. Politician implies disapproval while statesman impliesapproval.(2)They differ in connotation. Inexpensive sounds indirect.(3) They differ in connotation. flatter implies disapproval, while praise implies approval.(4) They differ in connotation. pedant implies disapproval, scholar is neutral.3.(1) buttocks — buns (2) nonsense — bullshit(3) prison — can (4) cocaine — coke4.(a).Turn off the lights, please.(b) Would you please turn off the lights?5. Answers vary from person to person.6. (1) on a formal occasion.(2) when the speaker is seeing a friend off(3) when the speaker is angry and wants the addressee to leave(4) when the speaker is talking with a close friend.7. gateway, firewall, virus, bookmark, address, DOS, cyberspace, profiler, browser, login8. They differ in the terms they used, as they are different jargons.Chapter 91. knife: an object with a sharp blade for cutting thingsclothes: things we wear to keep our bodies warm;building: a structure made of a strong material, having roof, walls, windows, and doors2. She attacked every weak point in my argument.He withdrew his offensive remarks.I hit back at his criticism.She produced several illustrations to buttress her argument.I braced myself for the onslaught.3. The suffix–ee is typically attached to a verb meaning ‗one who is the object of the verb‘. This meaning is considered as the core meaning of the form. So, trainee means ‗one who is being trained‘. But the background knowledge associated with the verb may modulate the meaning of the suffix. Suffix –ee in standee moves away from the core meaning and is deprived of the ‗object‘meaning. So ‗standee‘ means ‗one who stands‘.4. In ‗good baby‘, ‗good‘means ‗well-behaved, not causing trouble‘; in ‗good parent‘, ‗good‘means ‗kind, generous, considerate, etc.‘5. (1) is used to show sad feelings while (2) is used as an apology.。

2019年自考《英语词汇学》试题Chapter 1 Basic Concept of Words and Vocabulary1. Which of the following statements is CORRECT?A. The English language is noted for its modest borrowings.B. Loan words only refer to those borrowings in form.C. Loan words are all unrecognizable as being foreign in origin.D. Loan words can be grouped according to manner of borrowing.2. The term "vocabulary "is used in different ways because of all the following reasons EXCEPT that_____.A. it can refer to the common core of a languageB. it can refer to the total number of the words in a languageC. it can represent all the words used in a certain historical periodD. it can stand for words in a given dialect or field3. A word is a symbol that________.A. is used by the same speech communityB. represents something else in the worldC. is both simple and complex in natureD. shows different ideas in different sounds4. Some words in the basic word stock are said to be stable because theyA. are complex words.B. are technical wordC. refer to the commonest things in life.D. denote the most important concepts.5. The basic word stock forms the common____of the language.6. The relationship between sound and meaning is arbitrary or____. 7．Pronouns and numerals enjoy nation-wide use and stability, but have limited_____________Chapter 2 The Development of the English Vocabulary1. __is considered to be a highly-inflected language.A Old English B. Middle EnglishC. Early Modem EnglishD. Late Modem English2. The introduction of______ at the end of the'-6th century had a great impact on the English vocabulary.A. printing, B Christianity C. French words D. all the above3. Though still at work today, ___can hardly compare with what it was in the past.A. word-formationB. borrowingC. derivationD. conversion4. Early Modern English refers to the language spokenA. from 1066 to 1500B. from 1150 to 1500C. from 1500 to 1700D. from 1600 to 18005. Old English has a vocabulary of about_______words.A. 30,000 to 40,000B. 50,000 to 60,000C. 70,000 to 80,000D. 80,000 to 90,0006. Besides French words, English also absorbed as many as 2,500 wordsof___ in the Middle English period.A. Dutch originB. Danish originC. Latin originD. Greek origin概念：Germanic，Old English简答：Is it true that archaic and obsolete words in English will remain for ever out of use?Chapter 3 Word Formation I1. A morpheme that can stand alone as a word is thought to be----- .A. affixationalB. derivationalC. freeD. bound2. Affixes added to the end of words to indicate grammatical relationships are known as____A. bound rootsB. free morphemesC. inflectional morphemesD. derivational affixes3. ______are bound morphemes because they cannot be used as separate words.A. RootsB. StemsC. Affixes D, Compounds4. Bound morphemes include two types: bound root and____5. Almost all affixes are_____________ morphemes because few can be used as independent words.概念：morphs，allomorph，morpheme简答：1。