Gothic novel哥特文学

英美文学名词解释Z英美文学名词解释1. Epic(史诗)Epic, in poetry, refers to a long work dealing with the actions of goods and heroes.2>Epic poems are not merely entertaining stories of legendary or historical heroes; they summarize and express the nature or ideals of an entire nation at a significant or crucial period of its history.3>Beowulf is the greatest national Epic of the Anglo-Saxons.Epic:Epic is a narrative poem on the grand scale and in majestic style concerning the exploits and adventures of a superhuman hero (or heroes) engaged in a quest or some serious endeavor. Among noted epics are Homer’s Iliad and Odyssey, old English Beowulf and Milton’s Paradise Lost.史诗：讲述英雄事迹并反映出这些英雄事迹的社会价值观的长篇叙事诗。

在成为之前，很多史诗都来自于口头传统并通过歌唱和背诵流传。

2. Allegory（寓言）: The word derives from the Greek allegoria. It loosely describes any writing in verse or prose, in which persons, abstract ideas, or events represent not only themselves on literal level, but also stand for something else on the symbolic level. An allegorical reading usually involves moral or spiritual concepts that may be more significant than the actual, literal events described in a narrative. Probably the most famous allegory in English literature is Joh n Bunyan’s Pilgrim’s Progress, a prose narrative symbolically concerning the human soul’s pilgrimage through temptation and doubt to reach salvation.3. Sonnet(十四行诗)A sonnet is a fourteen-line poem in iambic pentameter with a carefully patterned rhyme scheme.It is a lyric poem of 14 lines with a formal or recited and characterized by its presentation of a dramatic or exciting episode in simple narrative form.2>it is one of the most conventional and influential forms of poetry in Europe.3>S hakespeare’s so nnets are well-known. The famous poets are Shakespeare, Sidney, Daniel, Spenser and so on.4. Humanism(人文主义)Humanism is the essence of the Renaissance.2> it emphasizes the dignity of human beings and the importance of the present life. Humanists voiced their beliefs that man was the center of the universe and man did not only have the right to enjoy the beauty of the present life, but had the ability to perfect himself and to perform wonders.In Greek and Roman civilization, man is the measure of all things. Contrary to the medieval philosophy, the humanists believed that it was justified to praise human nature and that human beings are glorious creatures capable of development in the direction of perfection. The world was theirs not to dislike but to question, explore and enjoy. Thus, by emphasizing the value of human beings and the important of the present life, the emphasized that man not only have the right to enjoy the beauty of this life, but have the ability to perfect themselves and create wonders.5. The angel in the house（屋中天使）The Angel in the House is a narrative poem by Coventry Patmore, first published in 1854 and expanded until 1862. Although largely ignored upon publication, it becameenormously popular during the later 19th century and its influence continued well into the twentieth. The poem was an idealized account of Patmore's courtship of his first wife, Emily, whom he believed to be the perfect woman. Angel in the house are usually immensely sympathetic, immensely charming, utterly unselfish.6. Byronic Hero(拜伦式英雄)Byronic hero refers to a proud, mysterious rebel figure of noble origin.2> with immense superiority in his passions and powers, this Byronic Hero would carry on his shoulders the burden of righting all the wrongs in a corrupt and evil society, and would rise single-handedly against any kind of tyrannical rules either in government, in religion, or in moral principles with unconquerable wills and inexhaustible energies. The conflict is usually one of rebellious individuals against outworn social systems and convention. Such a hero appears first in Childe Harold’s pilgrimage and then further developed in later works such as Manfred and Don Juan.3> Byron’s chief contribution to English literature is his creation of the “Byronic Hero”The Byronic hero is an idealized but flawed character exemplified in the life and writings of Lord Byron, characterized by his ex-lover Lady Caroline Lamb as being "mad, bad, and dangerous to know".[1] The Byronic hero first appears in Byron's semi-autobiographical epic narrative poem Childe Harold's Pilgrimage (1812-18).7. Gothic novel(哥特式小说)Gothic novel is a type of romance very popular late in the 18th century and at the beginning of the 19th century.2> Gothic novel emphasizes things which are grotesque, violent, mysterious, supernatural, desolate and horrifying.3> Gothic,originall y in the sense of “medi, not classical”. With its descriptions of the dark, irrational side of human nature, Gothic novel has exerted a great influence over the writers of the Romantic period.Gothic Fiction: Gothic Fiction means a style of writing popular in the late 18th century which produced stories set in lonely frightening places. Gothic Fiction invariably exploits ghosts and monsters and setting such as castles, dungeons and graveyards, which imparts a suitably sinister and terrifying atmosphere. The Gothic Fiction have opened up to later fictions the dark, irrational side of human nature —the savage egoism, the perverse impulses, and the nightmarish terror that lie beneath the controlled and ordered surface of the conscious mind. Gothic Fiction has exerted significant influence on the literature of later generations. The first Gothic Fiction is Horace Walpole’s The Castle of Otranto.8. Naturalism(自然主义)Naturalism is a literary movement related to and sometimes described as an extreme form of realism but which may be more appropriately considered as a parallel to philosophic Naturalism.2) as a more deliberate kind of realism Naturalism usually involves a view of human beings as passive victims of natural forces and social environment. In Naturalism a more documentary-like approach is in evidence, with a great stress on how environment and heredity shape people. 3) As a literary movement, Naturalism was initiated in France. 4) Naturalist fiction aspired to a sociological objectivity, offering detailed and fully researched investigations into unexplored concerns of modern society. One of those significant works of naturalism is Theodore Dreiser’s Sister Carrie.9. The Graveyard School(墓地派诗歌)The Graveyard School refers to a school of poets of the 18th century whose poems are mostly devoted to a sentimental lamentation or meditation on life. Past and present, with death and graveyard as themes.2>Thomas Gray is considered to be the leading figure of this school and hisElegy written in a country churchyard is its most representative work.10. Metaphysical poets(玄学派诗人）It is the name given to a diverse group of 17th century English poets whose work is notable for its ingenious use of intellectual and theological concepts in surprising conceits, strange paradoxes and far-fetched imagery. The leading Metaphysical poet was John Donne, whose colloquial, argumentative abruptness of rhythm and tone distinguishes his style from the conventions of Elizabethan love lyrics.Metaphysical poetry(玄学派诗歌)Metaphysical poetry is commonly used to name the work of the 17th century writers who wrote under the influence of John Donne.2>with a rebellious spirit, the Metaphysical poets tried to break away from the conventional fashion of the Elizabethan love poetry.3>the diction is simple as compared with that of the Elizabethan or the Neoclassical periods, and echoes the words and cadences of common speech.4>the imagery is drawn from actual life.Metaphysical poetry: The poetry of John Donne and other 17th century poets who wrote in a similar style. Metaphysical poetry is characterized by verbal wit and excess, ingenious structure; irregular meter, colloquial language, elaborate imagery, and a drawing together of dissimilar ideas. 玄学诗：约翰?多恩的诗或17世纪其他诗人写的相同风格的诗。

哥特小说，属于英语文学派别，是西方通俗文学中惊险神秘小说的一种。

一般被认为随着贺瑞斯·华尔波尔的《奥特朗图堡》而产生。

哥特小说可以说是恐怖电影的鼻祖，更重要的是，它使我们今天习惯地将哥特式与黑暗、恐怖联系在一起。

显著的哥特小说元素包括恐怖，神秘，超自然，厄运，死亡，颓废，住着幽灵的老房子，癫狂，家族诅咒等。

源起据历史文献记载，“哥特式”（Gothic）这个词来自“哥特”（Goths），而“哥特”是生活在罗马帝国东北边界的一个日耳曼部落。

长期以来，“哥特”与罗马帝国边界纠纷不断。

公元376年，该部落开始联合其他部落向罗马帝国大举进攻，并于410年攻克罗马，在城内大肆掠夺，无恶不作。

从那以后，“哥特”便有了“掠夺、野蛮”的含义，虽说他们后来撤离了罗马，在法兰西和意大利建立了哥特式建筑自己的王国。

自公元6世纪起，“哥特”的含义逐步有了扩展，人们开始用它来泛指日耳曼所有部落，其中包括449年以后定居在英格兰的盎格鲁人、撒克逊人和朱特人，而“哥特式”也成为指代中世纪欧洲文化的一个术语。

但这时，“哥特式”还没有摆脱“掠夺、野蛮”的含义。

这可从“中世纪”（公元7世纪至13世纪）被称为“黑暗时代”（theDarkAges）得到见证。

当时的英国评论家内森·德雷克即有这样的评论话语：“欧洲基督教黑暗时代是以粗暴、凶残的征服者的野蛮和无知为特征的。

”到了公元18世纪，“哥特式”依旧保留着“野蛮”的词义。

据这个时候问世的塞缪尔·约翰逊编撰的《英语词典》所下的定义，“哥特”这个词仍旧表示“未开化者，缺乏一般知识者，野蛮人”。

哥特式小说起源于18世纪后期的英国，开山鼻祖是霍勒斯·沃波尔。

他的《奥特兰托城堡》创立了早期古典哥特式小说的模式。

哥特式小说的出现，既与当时英国墓园派诗人的“哥特式”情结有关，也与埃德蒙·伯克(EdmundBurke，1729—1797）的“哥特式”美学标准有联系。

Colonial Period:1.American Puritanism（p16）It is the practices and beliefs of the Puritans.,who were the first immigrants moved to American continent in the 17th century. They werea group of serious, religious people, advocating highly religious andmoral principles. They wanted to purity their religious beliefs and practices. They accepted the doctrine of predestination original sin and total depravity and limited atonement through a special infusion of grace from God. As a culture heritage, Puritanism did have a profound influence on the early American mind.Romanticism Period:2.Romanticism(p32)the literature term was first applied to the writers of the 18th century in Europe who broke away from the formal rules of classical writing. When it was used in American literature it referred to the writers of the middle of the 19th century who stimulated（刺激）the sentimental emotions of their readers. They wrote of the mysterious of life, love, birth and death.The Romantic writers expressed themselves freely and without restraint.They wrote all kinds of materials, poetry, essays, plays, fictions, history, works of travel, and biography.3.American Romantism(P34)①it is one of the most important periods in the history of American literature that stretches from the 18th century to the outbreak of the civil war. It started with the publication of Washington Irving‟s The Sketch Book and ended with Walt Whitman‟s Leaves of Grass.②being a period of the great flowering of American literature, it is also called “the American Renaissance ”.③American romantic works emphasize the imaginative and emotional qualities of nature literature. The strong tendency to eulogize the individual and common man was typical of this period. Most importantly, the writings of American Romanticism are typically American. Works concentrate on unique characteristics of the American land.⑤Romanticists include such literary figures as Washington Irving, Ralph Waldo Emerson, Henry David Thoreau, William Cullen Bryant, Henry Wordsworth Longfellow, Nathaniel Hawthorne, Edgar Allan Poe, Herman Melville, Walt Whitman and some others.4.Gothic tradition (哥特传统)Gothic novel or Gothic romance is a story of terror and suspense, usually set in a gloomy old castle or monastery very popular late in the 18th century and at the beginning of the 19th century.In an extended sense, many novels do not have a medievalzed setting, but share a comparably sinister, grotesque, or claustrophobic atmosphere have been classed as Gothic. It contributed to the new emotional climate of Romanticism.5.Transcendentalism (先验说,超越论)(p47)It is a philosophic and literary movement that flourished in New England, particular at Concord, as a reaction against Rationalism and Calvinism (理性主义and喀尔文主义). Mainly it stressed intuitive understanding of God, without the help of the church, and advocated independence of the mind,stress the importance of the Over-soul, the Individual and Nature.The representative writers are Emerson and Thoreau.6.Stream of consciousness（意识流）：It is one of the modern literarytechniques. It is the style of writing that attempts to imitate the natural flow of a character‟s thoughts, feelings, reflections, memories, and mental images as the character experiences them. It was first used in 1922 by the Irish novelist James Joyce. Those novels broke through the bounds of time and space, and depicted vividly and skillfully the unconscious activity of the mind fast changing and flowing incessantly。

gothic fiction名词解释
哥特小说（Gothic Fiction）是一种起源于18世纪末期英国的文学流派，
通常以神秘、恐怖、超自然和死亡为主题。

这种小说通常发生在荒凉、偏僻的地方，如古老的城堡、修道院或荒野，并涉及到幽灵、诅咒、复仇和魔法等元素。

哥特小说的风格往往具有神秘、压抑和阴森的气氛，旨在通过描写人类的恐惧和不确定性来探索人性的深度。

这种小说也经常涉及到社会和道德的议题，如阶级斗争、不道德行为和道德沦丧等。

著名哥特小说家包括英国作家威廉·戈德文（William Godwin）、安·莱基（Ann Radcliffe）和美国作家纳撒尼尔·霍桑（Nathaniel Hawthorne）。

这些作家的作品对后来的恐怖、悬疑和奇幻文学产生了深远的影响。

名词解释：哥特小说
哥特小说是一种文学流派，起源于18世纪末的英国。

它以其独特的风格和主题而闻名，通常涉及令人毛骨悚然的情节、神秘的氛围和超自然元素。

这些小说的特点是以恐怖、罪恶、死亡和超自然现象为中心，同时也探索人类的内心世界和情感。

哥特小说的主题经常涉及到古老的城堡、幽暗的地下室、荒凉的墓地以及其他令人毛骨悚然的地点。

这些场景通常被用来传达一种不安全和不稳定的感觉，让读者感受到恐惧和紧张。

常见的情节包括幽灵、诅咒、疯狂科学家、吸血鬼和僵尸等超自然元素。

哥特小说的角色通常是痛苦的、受折磨的个体，他们经历了各种恐怖的事件和心理折磨。

这些角色往往具有复杂的内心世界，他们的内心和外貌之间存在冲突和对立。

他们的冲突通常来自于他们对社会规范的反叛和对禁忌的探索。

哥特小说的语言风格通常是华丽、诗意和描述性的，以强调情感和情绪。

作家经常使用象征和隐喻来传达主题和情节，使读者陷入一种悬疑和恐怖的氛围中。

此外，哥特小说还经常探索人类对死亡和永恒的恐惧，以及个体与社会之间的冲突。

哥特小说在文学史上占据了重要的地位，对后来的恐怖小说和奇幻小说产生了深远影响。

它不仅仅是一种娱乐形式，更是一个反映社会和文化背景的载体。

通过揭示人性的黑暗面和对超自然的探索，哥特小说提醒我们人类内心的复杂性和对未知的恐惧。

总而言之，哥特小说是一种以恐怖、罪恶和超自然元素为特征的文学流派。

它通过独特的风格和主题描绘了人类内心的黑暗面，同时也探索了个体与社会之间的冲突。

哥特小说的影响延续至今，成为了文学史上不可忽视的一部分。

英国文学哥特式小说Gothic is a term originally refers to aGermanic tribe living in northern Europe in third CenturyAfter the West Rome empire was perished,the Italian used the term to refer to the medieval Gothic style of architecture. .In the eighteenth Century, it became a name of new novel.This kind of novel often use medieval castles or temples as backgrounds to describe murder or persecution. The atmosphere of the Novel is often gloomy and strained, filled with madness,violence, superstition and the spirit of vengeance.The Gothic novel had a wide influence in British literature and provided reference for many writers. In "Jane Eyre", Charlotte Bronte decorated the Gothic form with a realistic content and dramatic emotion.And with its breaktaking power,the novel demostrated female’s rebellion against patriarchy and finally realized the equaility between man and women. The novel had surpassed the mainstream literature tradition of Victorian age and achieved the perfect combination of realism and romanticism. Extensive use of the Gothic style to show the characteristics of horror, mystery and supernatural.From the very beginning,Jane Eyre demostrated a typical gothic atmosphere. Jane was clapped in a ghastly red house where her uncle died by her cruel aunt .Putting in a room like this, of course she would be frightened and restless. Then, Jane was sent to Lowood school.Not only was this school harsh but also the living conditions extremely bad so that many orphans were infected with typhoid and malaria and died.Jane's friend Helen Burns died in her very arms. This environment often gave Jane a feeling of the terror of death. After her graduation from Lowoodschool, Jane became a governess and came toThornfield .It was an old castle and its typical Gothic environment fashioned an atmosphere of terror and mysterious. Firstly the strange laughter in the attic ,then Rochester’s room caught fire in the middle of a night, and Mason’s brother was badly b itten in the midnight , all of which makes Jane feels the gloomy and horror of Thornfield. In addition to that, the main character Rochester in the novel also has a Gothic style. Rochester is not handsome: he was of medium height, broad chest,black face , thick eyebrows with a broad forehead.In the first place,Jane thought Rochester is a mysterious, cold, harsh man, too profound to be understood. Charlotte’s description of Rochester accord with Gothic style.。

论英美文学中的哥特因子哥特(goth)本是用来指中世纪建筑(哥特式建筑)和艺术(哥特式艺术)的具有贬义的词。

与新哥特主义反对新古典主义类似,作为西方通俗文学中惊险神秘小说的一个特色鲜明派别,哥特小说(gothic novel)也是赞美人类从极端情感中得到的乐趣及至高哲学来对抗理性及既定的逻辑方式,其显著元素包括恐怖、神秘、超自然、厄运、死亡、颓废、住着幽灵的老房子、癫狂以及家族诅咒等。

也因此,哥特小说在西方文学史上的地位并不高,被后来的许多评论家认为是贩卖神秘的赝制品。

著名的文学理论家埃文斯爵士甚至将其归入格调不高、非主流的情节小说。

①然而,纵观英美文学发展的脉络,却不难发现其中存在着一个广泛而持久的哥特因子,有学者甚至将其誉为欧洲文学的第三源头。

如艾米莉•勃朗特就在《呼啸山庄》中运用了大量的哥特式艺术手法来烘托主题、构造情节、塑造人物形象、刻画环境、揭示人物的心理冲突,为作品增添了无穷的魅力。

而在莎士比亚的创作中,哥特因子也相当明显。

在《哈姆雷特》和《麦克白》中,不仅有阴森的城堡、寂静的黑夜,还出现了谋杀、鬼魂和凶兆等恐怖场面。

此外,雪莱的诗歌、福克纳的小说等众多英美文学经典作品中都能找到不少哥特因子,并对其后的文学创作产生了极其深远的影响。

也因此,在《牛津简明英国文学史》中有这样的描述:哥特式小说这一批评式术语涵盖了大量的反常性作品,这些作品表现了自然力和超自然力的聚合与冲突。

这类小说在18世纪的最后几年进入繁荣期,它的影响的余波,它的耸人听闻的手法的重要方面,从勃朗特到狄更斯时期直至当代的英语文学,可以连续的被感受到。

②一哥特式场景:在封闭场所中渲染神秘诡异哥特(goth)一词来自日尔曼民族一个部落的名称。

意大利人法萨里用哥特一词来指称中世纪的一种建筑风格高耸的尖顶、厚重的石壁、狭窄的窗户、染色的玻璃、幽暗的内部、阴森的地道甚至地下藏尸所等。

③所以,早期哥特小说在静态场景氛围的营造上往往选择与哥特式古堡相联,地点多为幽闭的城堡、地牢、修道院等封闭式场所。

Gothic is a term originally refers to aGermanic tribe living in northern Europe in third CenturyAfter the West Rome empire was perished,the Italian used the term to refer to the medieval Gothic style of architecture. .In the eighteenth Century, it became a name of new novel.This kind of novel often use medieval castles or temples as backgrounds to describe murder or persecution. The atmosphere of the Novel is often gloomy and strained, filled with madness,violence, superstition and the spirit of vengeance.The Gothic novel had a wide influence in British literature and provided reference for many writers. In "Jane Eyre", Charlotte Bronte decorated the Gothic form with a realistic content and dramatic emotion.And with its breaktaking power,the novel demostrated female’s rebellion against patriarchy and finally realized the equaility between man and women. The novel had surpassed the mainstream literature tradition of Victorian age and achieved the perfect combination of realism and romanticism. Extensive use of the Gothic style to show the characteristics of horror, mystery and supernatural.From the very beginning,Jane Eyre demostrated a typical gothic atmosphere. Jane was clapped in a ghastly red house where her uncle died by her cruel aunt .Putting in a room like this, of course she would be frightened and restless. Then, Jane was sent to Lowood school.Not only was this school harsh but also the living conditions extremely bad so that many orphans were infected with typhoid and malaria and died.Jane's friend Helen Burns died in her very arms. This environment often gave Jane a feeling of the terror of death. After her graduation from Lowoodschool, Jane became a governess and came to Thornfield .It was an old castle and its typical Gothic environment fashioned an atmosphere of terror and mysterious. Firstly the strange laughter in the attic ,then Rochester’s room caught fire in the middle of a night, and Mason’s brother was badly bitten in the midnight , all of which makes Jane feels the gloomy and horror of Thornfield. In addition to that, the main character Rochester in the novel also has a Gothic style. Rochester is not handsome: he was of medium height, broad chest,black face , thick eyebrows with a broad forehead.In the first place,Jane thought Rochester is a mysterious, cold, harsh man, too profound to be understood. Charlotte’s description of Rochester accord with Gothic style.。