神经系统(解剖)—英语复习整理

神经系统（解剖）整理一、名解1.Circle of Willis（Circulus Arteriosus）*Is formed by the posterior cerebral, posterior communicating, internal carotid, anterior cerebral and anterior communicating arteries.(由前交通动脉、大脑前动脉、颈内动脉末端、后交通动脉和大脑后动脉吻合而成）*Forms an important means of collateral circulation in the event of obstruction. (如若颈内动脉阻塞，则会建立侧支循环）2.Cavernous sinus（海绵窦）*Surrounds the sella turicica and the body of the sphenoid bone.（位于蝶鞍点和蝶骨体周围）*Contains, within the sinus, the internal carotid artery, its periarterial plexus, and the abducent nerve (CN VI)(窦内有颈内动脉、周围动脉从和展神经通过）*Contains, within the lateral wall of the sinus, the oculomotor nerve(CN III), the trochlear nerve(CN IV), the ophthalmic nerve(CN V-1) and the maxillary branches(CN V-2) of the trigeminal nerve(CN V).(窦外侧壁自上而下有动眼神经、滑车神经、眼神经和上颌神经通过）*Receives blood from the superior and the inferior ophthalmic veins of the orbit. (静脉血供与上、下眶的眼静脉吻合）*related disease：cavernous sinus thrombosis and thousand-year-eye(相关疾病：海绵窦血栓与“千年眼”）3.Cranial epidural space（硬膜外间隙）*A potential space between the dura mater and the bones of the cranial vault. (位于硬脑膜和颅穹隆骨之间的潜在裂隙）*Contains the meningeal arteries and veins(内含脑膜中动脉及其静脉）*Epidural hemorrhage (hematoma)Typically result from the rupture of the middle meningeal artery that lies between the dura mater and the inner table of the skull.(出血：位于颅骨和硬膜之间的脑膜中动脉破裂）4.Subdural space（硬膜下间隙）*A potential space between the dura mater and the arachnoid.(位于硬脑膜和蛛网膜之间的潜在裂隙）*Subdural hemorrhage (hematoma)Results from rupture of the superior cerebral veins, the “bridging”veins that drain into the superior sagittal sinus.(出血：由于大脑上静脉【进入上矢状窦的桥静脉】破裂引起）5.Subatachnoid space（蛛网膜下隙）*Located between the pia mater and the arachnoid.(位于软脑膜和蛛网膜之间）*Contains CSF.(内含脑脊液）*Subarachnoid hemorrhageDue to rupture of cerebral arteries and veins that cross the subarachnoid space，the circle of Willis.(出血：由于穿过蛛网膜下隙的一些脑动静脉破裂引起，一般是Willis环)6.Cervical enlargement (颈膨大)*From C5-T1(由第5颈节到第1胸节)*The source of brachial plexus(臂丛的来源)7.Lumbosacral enlargement（腰骶膨大）*From L1-S3（由第1腰节到第3骶节）*The source of lumbar plexus and sacral plexus（腰丛和骶丛的来源）8.Conus medullaris（脊髓圆锥）*The tapered, conical portion of the spinal cord inferior to the lumbar enlargement.（脊髓在腰膨大前的圆锥形的一部分）*Below the S2 or S3（在骶2或3以下）9.Cauda equina（马尾）*The spinal nerve root at the lumbar part, sacral part and tail part.（是腰、骶、尾部的脊神经根）*Is located in the intervertebral foramina.（在椎管里面）*Usually founded from L2-S5.（一般位于腰2到骶5段）10.Brain stem（脑干）*A small part located between the spinal cord and diencephalon.（是位于脊髓和间脑之间的较小部分）*Consist of medulla, pons and midbrain, from inferior to superior part.（自下而上由延髓、脑桥和中脑3部分组成）11.Decussation of pyramid（锥体交叉）*Located at the spinomedullary junction.（位于延髓和脊髓的交界处）*Consists of crossing corticospinal fibers.（由皮质脊髓束的大部分纤维交叉而形成）12.Trapezoid body（斜方体）*Formed by decussating fibers of the ventral cochlear nuclei.（由腹侧的蜗核发出的交叉纤维组成）*Contains the acoustic striae, medial lemnisci, exiting abducent (CN VI) fibers, and aberrant corticobulbar fibers.（包括听纹、内测丘系、传出的展神经纤维和传出的皮质延髓纤维）13.Medial lemniscus（内侧丘系）*Consists of the arcuate fibers from gracile nucleus and cuneate nucleus. （由薄束核和楔束核发出的弓状纤维组成）*Mediates contralateral posterior column modalities to the ventral posterolateral nucleus of the thalamus.（传导对侧躯干以及上下肢的意识性本体感觉和精细触觉于背侧丘脑的腹后外侧核）14.Decussation of the medial lemniscus（内侧丘系交叉）*Formed by decussating internal arcuate fibers.（由内侧交叉的弓状纤维组成）*Decussating location:Between the midline and inferior olivary nucleus—medullaThe ventral edge of tegmentum—ponsThe lateral side of red nucleus—midbrain（交叉位置：在延髓，位于中线和下橄榄核之间；在脑桥，位于被盖腹侧边缘；在中脑，移行于红核的外侧。

）*Conveys posterior column modalities to the ventral posterolateral nucleus. （传导后柱的深感觉至腹后外侧核）15.Spinal lemniscus（脊髓丘系）*Contains the lateral and anterior spinothalamic tracts and the spinotectal tract.（包含脊髓丘脑前束和脊髓丘脑侧束和脊髓顶盖束）*Conveys the sense of pain, temperature and touch from contralateral trunk and the upper and lower limbs.（传导对侧躯干以及上下肢的温觉、痛觉和粗略触觉）16.Pyramids（锥体）*Constitute the base of the medulla.（由延髓的基底部构成）*Contain uncrossed corticospinal fibers.（包括不交叉的皮质脊髓纤维）17.Trigeminal lemniscus（三叉丘系）*Consists of fibers from the pontine trigeminal nucleus and The spinal trigeminal nucleus which cross to the contralateral side.（由三叉神经脑桥核和三叉神经脊束核发出的纤维交叉至对侧而组成）*Conveys the sense of pain, temperature and touch from facial part, teeth, oral cavity and nasal cavity.（传导头面部、牙和口、鼻腔的痛温觉和触觉）18.Tonsil of cerebellum（小脑扁桃体）*The most medial area of the inferior surface of the cerebellum sits just above the foramen magnum.（位于小脑下表面最内侧，枕骨大孔上方）*In the event of an acute rise in intracranial pressure, it is pushed into the foramen magnum, the resulting pressure on the medulla compromises the respiratory center and may result in death.（颅内压增高，可嵌入枕骨大孔，压迫延髓导致呼吸中枢受累，危及生命）19.Cerebrocerebellum（大脑小脑）*Located at the lateral part of hemisphere.（位于半球的外侧部）*Afferent source—the cerebral cortex Efferent site—the motor cortex（主要传入来源：大脑皮质广泛部位；主要传出目标：运动皮质）*Related nuclei—the dentate nucleus（有关小脑核团：齿状核）*Functions: Regulate the beginning, planning and coordinating of fine motor, including the strength, directions and range of motor, which will lead to dyataxia resulting from pathology.（功能：影响大脑对精细运动的起始、计划与协调，包括确定运动的力量、方向以及范围，小脑病变会引起共济失调）20.Pineal body（松果体）*An endocrine glands producing melatonin, which can suppress the gonad and regulate the biological clock.（为内分泌腺，可以产生褪黑激素，具有抑制性腺和调节生物钟的功能）*Located at the epithalamus.（位于上丘脑）21.Basal nuclei（基底核）*Consists of subcortical nuclei（gray matter） within the cerebral hemispheres （位于大脑半球的深面，包藏在皮质下核【即灰质】中）*Connected with the cerebral cortex, brain stem and thalamus.（与大脑皮层、脑干和丘脑相连）*Contains four main components—caudate nucleus, putamen, globus pallidus and amygdala.（包括四个主要部分：尾状核、壳、苍白球、杏仁体）22.Caudate nucleus（尾状核）*C-shaped, part of the striatum, together with the putamen.（“C“型，与壳共同组成纹状体，是纹状体的一部分）*Can be divided into head, body and tail, 3 parts, surrounding the lentiform nucleus and dorsal thalamus.（分为头、体、尾三部分，围绕豆状核和背侧丘脑）23.Lentiform nucleus（豆状核）*Consists of the putamen and the globus pallidus.（由壳和苍白球组成）*Located at the lateral side of caudate nucleus and dorsal thalamus, the deep site of insula. Triangle-shaped can be found on the horizontal section.（位于尾状核和背侧丘脑的外侧，岛叶的深部，水平切面呈三角形）24.Corpus striatum（纹状体）*Part of the basic nuclei.（基底核的一部分）*Consists of the caudate nucleus and the lentiform nucleus.（由豆状核和尾状核组成）*Neostriatum—consists of the caudate nucleus and the putamen, which are similarin structure and connections and have a common embryologic origin.（新纹状体由尾状核和壳组成，二者的胚胎起源类似，位于海马旁回沟）*Paleostriatum—consists of the globus pallidus（苍白球较为古老，称旧纹状体）25.Pupillary light reflexes（瞳孔对光反射）*Result when light shined into one eye causes both pupils to constrict.（光照一侧眼的瞳孔，可引起两眼瞳孔缩小的反射，称瞳孔对光反射。