Fractures and Dislocations of the Pelvis - Logan Class of 骨折与脱位的骨盆洛根类共14页

2019年5月22日托福阅读答案解析5月22日托福阅读真题Passage 1 Insect Wings文章解析给了一幅翅膀图，各种专业名词，顿时懵圈。

第一段：引入话题，翅膀化石fossil，引发很多猜测speculation。

第二段：讲了原始翅膀protowings，提出了一个theory，讲了翅膀的作用。

第三段：说第一个理论存有问题，protowing需要和身体以某种方式连接hinged，而且需要有肌肉控制翅膀的拍动，所以提出了另外一个理论解释翅膀的起源。

其中很多专业名词，但是题目特别简单(问什么导致了insect最终能飞行，定位在最后一句话finally，larger muscler让昆虫飞起来。

)第四段：支持第二个理论，反对第一种理论的证据是化学传感器chemical-sensing organs不在背上，在legs上。

[第二三段中有EXCEPT题，问第一个理论的problems是什么，两段的开头句逐个对应即可。

]第五段：提出第三个理论，protowings来自于水中的一种昆虫insect的腮gill。

问句：翅膀是怎么从水中到飞行的?答案是通过翅膀产生推动力浮在水面上，当muscle越来越强大，滑的越来越快，最后一飞冲天[有事实信息题]。

第六段：讲飞行的作用：虽然上面的理论还有争议，但是wing 的作用是传播dispersal或avoid predator，尤其考虑到predators 的数量，躲避predator才是最重要的目的[有句子简化题，注意转折关系]。

躲避predator的机制是一种预警机制warning system，通过sense wind or vibration[有事实信息题，定位后能看懂wind即可选出。

]解析：第一篇文章相关动物的描写是三篇中最难的，难点在于：1. 很多专业术语和专有名词，处理时采用首字母缩写，化零为整的方法，注重句子整体意思和句间关系;2. 长难句遍布，很多倒装句和修饰成分，处理时找句子的主干，课下多做长难句的分析练习。

托福考试　复习托福阅读TPO15(试题+答案+译文)第2篇:Mass Extinctions物种灭绝托福阅读原文【1】Cases in which many species become extinct within a geologicallyshort interval of time are called mass extinctions. There was one such event at the end of the Cretaceous period(around 70 million years ago).There was another, even larger, mass extinction at the end of the Permianperiod (around 250 million years ago). The Permian event has attractedmuch less attention than other mass extinctions because mostly unfamiliar species perished at that time.【2】The fossil record shows at least five mass extinctions in which many families of marine organisms died out. The rates of extinction happeningtoday are as great as the rates during these mass extinctions. Many scientists have therefore concluded that a sixth great mass extinction iscurrently in progress.【3】What could cause such high rates of extinction? There are several hypotheses, including warming or cooling of Earth, changes in seasonal fluctuations or ocean currents, and changing positions of the continents. Biological hypotheses include ecological changes brought about by theevolution of cooperation between insects and flowering plants or of bottom-feeding predators in the oceans. Some of the proposedmechanisms required a very brief period during which all extinctions suddenly took place; other mechanisms would be more likely to have taken place more gradually, over an extended period, or at different timeson different continents. Some hypotheses fail to account for simultaneous extinctions on land and in the seas. Each mass extinctionmay have had a different cause.Evidence points to hunting by humansand habitat destruction as the likely causes for the current mass extinction.【4】American paleontologists David Raup and John Sepkoski, who have studied extinction rates in a number of fossil groups, suggest that episodes of increased extinction have recurred periodically, approximately every 26 million years since the mid-Cretaceous period. The late Cretaceous extinction of the dinosaurs and ammonoids was justone of the more drastic in a whole series of such recurrent extinction episodes. The possibility that mass extinctions may recur periodically hasgiven rise to such hypotheses as that of a companion star with along-period orbit deflecting other bodies from their normal orbits, making some of them fall to Earth as meteors and causing widespread devastation upon impact.【5】Of the various hypotheses attempting to account for the late Cretaceous extinctions, the one that has attracted the most attention inrecent years is the asteroid-impact hypothesis first suggested by Luis andWalter Alvarez. According to this hypothesis, Earth collided with an asteroid with an estimated diameter of 10kilometers, or with several asteroids, the combined mass of which was comparable. The force of collision spewed large amounts of debris into the atmosphere, darkeningthe skies for several years before the finer particles settled. The reducedlevel of photosynthesis led to a massive decline in plant life of all kinds,and this caused massive starvation first of herbivores and subsequentlyof carnivores. The mass extinction would have occurred very suddenly under this hypothesis.【6】One interesting test of the Alvarez hypothesis is based on the presence of the rare-earth element iridium (Ir).Earth’s crust contains very little of this element, but most asteroids contain a lot more. Debris throwninto the atmosphere by an asteroid collision would presumably containlarge amounts of iridium, and atmospheric currents would carry this material all over the globe. A search of sedimentary deposits that spanthe boundary between the Cretaceous and Tertiary periods shows that there is a dramatic increase in the abundance of iridium briefly and precisely at this boundary. This iridiumanomaly offers strong support forthe Alvarez hypothesis even though no asteroid itself has ever been recovered.【7】An asteroid of this size would be expected to leave an immense crater,even if the asteroid itself was disintegrated by the impact. The intenseheat of the impact would produce heat-shocked quartz in many types ofrock. Also, large blocks thrown aside by the impact would form secondarycraters surrounding the main crater.To date, several such secondary-craters have been found along Mexico’s Yucatan Peninsula, and heat shocked quartz has been found both in Mexico and in Haiti.A locationcalled Chicxulub, along the Yucatan coast, has been suggested as the primary impact site.托福阅读试题1.Paragraph 1 supports which of the following statements about mass extinctions?A.They take place over a period of 70 million years.B.They began during the Cretaceous period.C.They eliminate many animal species that exist at the time they occur.D.They occur every 250 million years.2.According to paragraph 2, scientists base their belief that a mass extinction is going on at present on which of the following?A.The speed with which mass extinctions are happening today is similarto the speed of past extinctions.B.The number of species that have died out since the last extinction eventis extremely large.C.Mass extinctions occur with regularity and it is time for another one.D.Fossil records of many marine species have disappeared.3.The word extended in the passage is closest in meaning toA.specific.B. unlimited.C.reasonable.D. long.4.According to paragraph 3, each of the following has been proposed asa possible cause of mass extinctions EXCEPTA.habitat destruction.B.continental movement.C.fierce interspecies competition.D.changes in Earth's temperature.5.Paragraph 3 supports which of the following ideas about mass extinctions?A.Scientists know the exact causes of most mass extinctions.B.Mass extinctions are unlikely to happen again in the future.C.Insects, flowering plants, and bottom-feeding predators in the oceanstend to be the first organisms to disappear during episodes of mass extinctions.D.Some mass extinctions occurred on land and in the seas at the sametime.6.Which of the sentences below best expresses the essential informationin the underlined sentence （Paragraph 4）in the passage? Incorrect choices change the meaning in important ways or leave out essential information.A.Based on their studies of extinction rates of numerous fossil groups, paleontologists David Raup and John Sepkoski have determined that mass extinctions occur about every 26 million years.B.David Raup and John Sepkoski studied extinction rates of numerous fossil groups and suggest that mass extinctions during the Cretaceousperiod continued for 26 million years.C.Studies that paleontologists David Raup and John Sepkoski conductedof various fossil groups have revealed that extinction rates have increasedover the past 26 million years.D.The studies conducted by paleontologists David Raup and John Sepkoski of the fossil remains of species suggest that the extinction rateof species started to increase by the middle of the Cretaceous period.7.According to paragraph 4, what aspect of extinction episodes does the companion-star hypothesis supposedly clarify?A.Their location.B.Their frequency.C.Their duration.D.Their severity.8.The phrase account for in the passage(Paragraph 5)is closest in meaning toA.describe.B.challenge.C.explain.D.test.9.According to paragraph 6, what made iridium a useful test of the Alvarez hypothesis?A.Its occurrence in a few locations on Earth against several locations onother planets.B.Its occurrence in limited quantities on Earth against its abundance in asteroids.C.Its ability to remain solid at extremely high temperatures.D.Its ease of detection even in very small amounts.10.In stating that no asteroid itself has ever been recovered, the author emphasizes which of the following?A.The importance of the indirect evidence for a large asteroid.B.The fact that no evidence supports the asteroid impact hypothesis.C.The reason many researchers reject the Alvarez hypothesis.D.The responsibility of scientists for not making the effort to discover theasteroid itself.11.The word intense（Paragraph 7）in the passage is closest in meaningtoA.sudden.B.unusual.C.immediate.D. extreme.12.What is the purpose of paragraph 7 in the passage?A.It proposes a decisive new test of the Alvarez hypothesis.B.It presents additional supporting evidence for the Alvarez hypothesis.C.It explains why evidence relating to the Alvarez hypothesis is hard tofind.D.It shows how recent evidence has raised doubts about the Alvarez hypothesis.13. Look at the four squares [■] that indicate where the following sentence could be added to the passage. Where would the sentence bestfit? In general, it is believed that these two extinctions resulted from drastic environmental changes that followed meteorite impacts or massive volcanic eruptions.■Cases in which many species become extinct within a geologically shortinterval of time are called mass extinctions. ■There was one such eventat the end of the Cretaceous period (around 70 million years ago). ■There was another, even larger, mass extinction at the end of the Permian period (around 250 million years ago). ■The Permian event has attracted muchless attention than other mass extinctions because mostly unfamiliar species perished at that time.14. Directions: An introductory sentence for a brief summary of the passage is provided below. Complete the summary by selecting the THREE answer choices that express the most important ideas in the passage. Some sentences do not belong in the summary because theyexpress ideas that are not presented in the passage or are minor ideas inthe passage. This question is worth 2 points.There have been many attempts to explain the causes of mass extinctions.A.Asteroid impacts, evolutionary developments, and changes in Earth'sclimate and in the positions of the continents have all been proposed aspossible causes of mass extinctions.B.Researchers have observed 26-million-year cycles in extinction rates ofa number of fossil groups that could all be attributed to the same cause.C.According to the Alvarez hypothesis, much of the iridium originally present on Earth was thrown into the atmosphere as a result of an asteroid impact that also caused a mass extinction.D.The unusual distribution of iridium on Earth and the presence of cratersand heat-shocked quartz are central to the theory that an asteroid impactcaused the late Cretaceous event.E.The collision between Earth and a large asteroid resulted in massive damage and generated enough heat to cause irreversible changes inEarth's atmosphere.F.There was a particularly large mass extinction that occurred around 250million years ago at the end of the Permian period, whose cause couldnot be determined.托福阅读答案1.以mass extinctions做关键词定位至第一句，说大量生物在短时间内灭绝的这种现象叫做大灭绝事件，C是原文的同义替换，所以是正确答案。

2024年10版小学三年级上册英语第4单元真题试卷[有答案]考试时间：100分钟（总分:120）A卷一、综合题(共计100题共100分)1. 填空题：My ________ (玩具名称) is a great way to express my creativity.2. 填空题：My teacher is __________ (鼓励的) during exams.3. 听力填空题：I enjoy learning about different languages. One language I want to learn is __________.4. 填空题：Did you hear the _____ (小狗) barking at the squirrel?5. 填空题：My aunt loves to __________. (收集邮票)6. 听力题：The smallest particle of a compound is a ______.7. 填空题：My sister collects ____ from different countries. (玩具名称)8. 填空题：She is a _____ (记者) who investigates important issues.9. 选择题：What do we call a journey to a place?A. TripB. WalkC. RunD. Jump10. 选择题：What do you call a person who plays an instrument?A. SingerB. DancerC. MusicianD. Painter11. 选择题：What is the capital city of Samoa?A. ApiaB. Pago PagoC. MulifanuaD. Lalomanu12. 听力题：My brother likes to ride his ____ (skateboard) in the park.13. 听力题：The chemical formula for table salt is __________.14. 选择题：What do we call the process of making food ready to eat?A. CookingB. CleaningC. EatingD. Baking答案:A15. 填空题：The _____ (丰收) time is exciting for farmers.16. 听力题：A mixture of sand and salt can be separated by ________.17. 选择题：What is the term for the movement of the Earth around the sun?A. RotationB. RevolutionC. OrbitD. Spin答案: B18. 选择题：Which of these is a type of tree?A. RoseB. OakC. DaisyD. Tulip19. 听力题：Bases feel slippery and taste _______.20. 听力题：She sings _____ (beautifully).21. ts can grow from __________ (插枝). 填空题：Some pla22. 填空题：The chameleon can change its _______ (颜色).23. 听力题：I _____ (love/hate) to swim in the pool.24. 选择题：What do we call the act of creating a new idea or product?A. InnovationB. InventionC. ImaginationD. Ideation答案：A25. ens have __________ (风景秀丽) views. 填空题：Some pla26. 听力题：All living things are made up of _____ (cells).27. 填空题：My aunt enjoys taking pictures of ____.28. 听力题：The chemical formula for cobalt chloride is _____.29. 填空题：This student, ______ (这个学生), is preparing for a competition.30. 填空题：I enjoy participating in ______ at school.31. 听力题：I found a ________ in my pocket.My dad takes care of the ________ in our backyard.33. 选择题：What is the past tense of "go"?A. GoesB. GoneC. WentD. Going答案:C34. 填空题：The __________ was a time when the world faced a global pandemic. (流感大流行)35. 选择题：What is 15 + 15?A. 25B. 30C. 35D. 40答案:B36. 听力题：Momentum is the product of an object's mass and its ______ (velocity).37. 听力题：The rain is ___. (pouring)38. 填空题：In summer, the weather is usually _______ (炎热).39. 听力题：The bison lives in the _____.40. 填空题：_____ (花卉销售) supports local economies.41. 选择题：What do you call a group of birds?A. PackB. FlockC. SwarmD. Pod42. 听力题：My ______ loves to share her knowledge.At night, I read a _______ (名词) before going to bed. It helps me to _______ (动词) well.44. 填空题：My friend has a new ________ (拼图). It has 100 pieces and is very ________ (挑战).45. 填空题：Chemical reactions often produce _______ as a byproduct. (气体)46. 听力题：I want to learn how to ______ (ski).47. 听力题：The clouds are _______ (rolling) in.48. 选择题：Which of these is a type of fish?A. SalmonB. ChickenC. BeefD. Pork49. 填空题：My favorite fruit is _______ (菠萝).50. 填空题：The __________ (历史人物) like Nelson Mandela have inspired many.51. 填空题：The _____ (小羊) is very fluffy.52. 填空题：We play hide and ______ (找) in the garden.53. 听力题：Carbon dioxide is made up of carbon and ______.54. 选择题：What color are strawberries?A. BlueB. RedC. GreenD. Yellow答案:BDifferent plants have different ______ (生长条件).56. 填空题：My ________ (玩具名称) is perfect for imaginative play.57. 听力题：A bee makes ____.58. 选择题：What do we call the frozen form of water?A. IceB. SteamC. SnowD. Rain答案:A59. 填空题：My favorite dessert to bake is ______.60. 选择题：What is the name of the famous statue in Rio de Janeiro?A. Christ the RedeemerB. Statue of LibertyC. DavidD. Venus de Milo答案: A61. 听力题：__________ change involves a change in state, not in composition.62. hills) provide scenic views. 填空题：The ____63. 听力题：We seek ________ (collaboration) with partners.64. 听力题：My friend is a ______. She loves to act in plays.65. 听力题：An animal that changes colors is a ______.66. 填空题：The _____ (青蛙) croaks loudly at night. It is a common sound near ponds. 青蛙在夜晚呱呱叫。

骨科英语试题及答案一、选择题（每题2分，共20分）1. Which of the following is not a common fracture type?A. Simple fractureB. Compound fractureC. Greenstick fractureD. Sprain2. The term "osteoporosis" refers to:A. A bone infectionB. A bone tumorC. A decrease in bone densityD. A bone fracture3. Which of the following is a symptom of osteoarthritis?A. RednessB. SwellingC. Joint pain and stiffnessD. Fever4. The primary function of the spine is to:A. Support the body weightB. Facilitate blood circulationC. Aid in respirationD. Assist in digestion5. The correct English term for "骨折" is:A. Bone breakB. Bone injuryC. FractureD. Bone disease6. The "ACL" in orthopedics stands for:A. Anterior cruciate ligamentB. Anterior cervical ligamentC. Anterior central ligamentD. Anterior cervical ligament7. What does "MRI" stand for in medical terms?A. Magnetic resonance imagingB. Medical radiology imagingC. Medical research imagingD. Medical radio imaging8. The most common site for a bone tumor is:A. SkullB. FemurC. HumerusD. Tibia9. Which of the following is a non-surgical treatment for fractures?A. CastingB. SurgeryC. AmputationD. Transfusion10. The term "osteotomy" refers to the surgical cutting of:A. MuscleB. LigamentC. BoneD. Tendon二、填空题（每空1分，共10分）1. The most common type of bone fracture is the __________ fracture.2. The medical term for a dislocation of the shoulder is__________.3. In orthopedics, "scoliosis" refers to a __________ of the spine.4. A __________ is a device used to immobilize a fractured limb.5. The process of bone healing is known as __________.6. The English term for "骨关节炎" is __________.7. The abbreviation "CT" stands for __________.8. A __________ is a type of joint replacement surgery.9. The English term for "骨密度" is __________.10. The most common cause of osteoporosis is __________.三、简答题（每题5分，共20分）1. What are the three main types of bone fractures?2. Describe the function of the knee joint.3. Explain the difference between osteoporosis and osteoarthritis.4. What are the common symptoms of a sprain?四、翻译题（每题5分，共10分）1. 翻译以下句子："The patient has a history of osteoporosis and is at high risk for fractures."2. 翻译以下句子："After a thorough examination, theorthopedic surgeon recommended an osteotomy to correct the deformity."五、论述题（共40分）1. Discuss the importance of physical therapy in the treatment and rehabilitation of orthopedic patients. (15分)2. Explain the role of orthopedic surgery in the management of traumatic injuries. (15分)3. Describe the process of bone healing and the factors that can affect it. (10分)答案：一、选择题1-5 D C C A C6-10 A A B A C二、填空题1. Simple2. Dislocation3. Lateral curvature4. Cast5. Ossification6. Osteoarthritis7. Computed Tomography8. Arthroplasty9. Bone density10. Aging三、简答题1. The three main types of bone fractures are simple, compound, and comminuted fractures.2. The knee joint is a complex hinge joint that allows for flexion and extension of the leg and contributes to stability and support during movement.3. Osteoporosis is a condition characterized by a decrease in bone density, while osteoarthritis is a degenerative joint disease that involves the breakdown of cartilage and bone at the joint's surface.4. Common symptoms of a sprain include pain, swelling, bruising, and limited range of motion.四、翻译题1. The patient has a history of osteoporosis and is at high risk for fractures.翻译：患者有骨质疏松症的病史，骨折风险较高。