纳米材料学英文教学PPT.ppt
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纳米科技全英文ppt
STM
the birth of cluster science and the invention of the scanning tunneling microscope (STM). This development led to the discovery of fullerenes in 1985 and carbon nanotubes a few years later. In another development, the synthesis and properties of semiconductor nanocrystals was studied; this led to a fast increasing number of metal and metal oxide nanoparticles and quantum dots. The atomic force microscope was invented six years after the STM was invented. In 2000, the United States National Nanotechnology Initiative was founded to coordinate Federal nanotechnology research and development and is evaluated by the President's Council of Advisors on Science and Technology.
The stone implements
The core plate
A brief introduction to the nanotechnology
材料科学与工程专业英语13-unit 19-20 nanostructured materialsppt课件
• Lithography:光刻 • Etching：刻蚀 • Semiconductor:半导体 • Self-organization:自组装 • Fabrication：构建
• the changes of the chemical properties: increase of the surface to volume ratio
B
4.The colloidal mask is removed.
.
3. The spheres size is reduced and a material B is depo1s3ited.
.
14
.
11
top-down and bottom-up approaches
• Bottoom-up techniques
Bulk materials
– Sol-gel 溶胶-凝胶
– Precipitation 沉淀
– Flame pyrolysis 火焰分解
– Electrodeposition 电沉积
• Ferromagnietic materials:铁磁性材料 • Thermal motion:热运动 • Permanent magnetic:永磁性的 • Paramagnet：顺磁体 • Superparamagnetism： 超顺磁性 • Giant magnetoresistive effect:巨磁阻效应
材料科学与工程专业英语
Special English for Materials Science and Engineering
Part 4 nanostructured materials
Unit19 Nanotechnology and nanostructured materials Unit 20 creation of nanostructured materials
• the changes of the chemical properties: increase of the surface to volume ratio
B
4.The colloidal mask is removed.
.
3. The spheres size is reduced and a material B is depo1s3ited.
.
14
.
11
top-down and bottom-up approaches
• Bottoom-up techniques
Bulk materials
– Sol-gel 溶胶-凝胶
– Precipitation 沉淀
– Flame pyrolysis 火焰分解
– Electrodeposition 电沉积
• Ferromagnietic materials:铁磁性材料 • Thermal motion:热运动 • Permanent magnetic:永磁性的 • Paramagnet：顺磁体 • Superparamagnetism： 超顺磁性 • Giant magnetoresistive effect:巨磁阻效应
材料科学与工程专业英语
Special English for Materials Science and Engineering
Part 4 nanostructured materials
Unit19 Nanotechnology and nanostructured materials Unit 20 creation of nanostructured materials
英文-无机纳米材料光解水ppt课件
▪ in 1971 by Fujishima and Honda
▪ suspended semiconductor particles:
▪ Bard demonstrated the photocatalytic effects
three main strategies
Coat conventional photovoltaic cells with 1 cocatalysts for water splitting or with
protecting layers to inhibit photocorrosion
Development of new metal oxide materials 2 that combine suitable properties for
➢ Electricity is difficult to store and to distribute over long distances.
1 Introduction
▪ Converting the photochemical energy directly into fuel: H2O →1/2 O2(g) + H2(g); ∆G = +237 kJ/mol
Photoelectrochemical devices
▪ The best performing photoelectrochemical devices known today are Tandem cells.
▪ a combination of two or more semiconductors connected in series
▪ Efficiencies between 12.4% and over 18% have been achieved, i.e. about half of the theoretical efficiency limit for these devices.
▪ suspended semiconductor particles:
▪ Bard demonstrated the photocatalytic effects
three main strategies
Coat conventional photovoltaic cells with 1 cocatalysts for water splitting or with
protecting layers to inhibit photocorrosion
Development of new metal oxide materials 2 that combine suitable properties for
➢ Electricity is difficult to store and to distribute over long distances.
1 Introduction
▪ Converting the photochemical energy directly into fuel: H2O →1/2 O2(g) + H2(g); ∆G = +237 kJ/mol
Photoelectrochemical devices
▪ The best performing photoelectrochemical devices known today are Tandem cells.
▪ a combination of two or more semiconductors connected in series
▪ Efficiencies between 12.4% and over 18% have been achieved, i.e. about half of the theoretical efficiency limit for these devices.
英文-无机纳米材料光解水ppt课件
▪ Semiconductors with smaller bandgaps can be used, can absorb a greater fraction of the solar spectrum
Photoelectrochemical devices
Photoelectrochemical devices
▪ in 1971 by Fujishima and Honda
▪ suspended semiconductor particles:
▪ Bard demonstrated the photocatalytic effects
▪ photochemical diodes:
▪ Arthur Nozik formulated the concept
2 Brief history of nanoscale photoelectrochemistry and photocatalysis
▪ Modern nanoscience:
▪ only about 40 years old, began in 1974 with Dingle’s discovery of quantum size effects in thin films
英文无机纳米材料光解水ppt课件
Inorganic nanostructures for photoelectrochemical and photocatalytic
water splitting
Frank E. Osterloh
University of California, Davis Department of Chemistry
▪ Efficiencies between 12.4% and over 18% have been achieved, i.e. about half of the theoretical efficiency limit for these devices.
Photoelectrochemical devices
Photoelectrochemical devices
▪ in 1971 by Fujishima and Honda
▪ suspended semiconductor particles:
▪ Bard demonstrated the photocatalytic effects
▪ photochemical diodes:
▪ Arthur Nozik formulated the concept
2 Brief history of nanoscale photoelectrochemistry and photocatalysis
▪ Modern nanoscience:
▪ only about 40 years old, began in 1974 with Dingle’s discovery of quantum size effects in thin films
英文无机纳米材料光解水ppt课件
Inorganic nanostructures for photoelectrochemical and photocatalytic
water splitting
Frank E. Osterloh
University of California, Davis Department of Chemistry
▪ Efficiencies between 12.4% and over 18% have been achieved, i.e. about half of the theoretical efficiency limit for these devices.
nanomaterials纳米材料双语
make a major contribution to utilization of materials
that is sparing of natural resources.
the importance of nanoparticles is due to their
fundamentally novel properties and functions.
I see you, Nemo!
flower NiO
bird’s nest ZnO
Sunflower-Polymer crystal structure
聚对苯二甲酸丙二醇酯(PTT)中添加新型增韧剂(聚丙烯(PP)改性 马来酸酐接枝的乙丙橡胶(EPDM-g-MA))通过双螺杆挤出制得的 样品在偏光显微镜下观察到的晶体形态
4. Natural nanomaterials
Viral capsid
Close-up of the underside of a gecko's foot as it walks on a glass wall. (spatula: 200 × 10-15 nm). "Lotus effect", hydrophobic effect with self-cleaning ability
1. What are Nanomaterials?
describe, in principle, materials of which a single unit is sized (in at least one dimension) between 1 and 1000
nanometers (10−9 metesual
as a quantum size effect.
that is sparing of natural resources.
the importance of nanoparticles is due to their
fundamentally novel properties and functions.
I see you, Nemo!
flower NiO
bird’s nest ZnO
Sunflower-Polymer crystal structure
聚对苯二甲酸丙二醇酯(PTT)中添加新型增韧剂(聚丙烯(PP)改性 马来酸酐接枝的乙丙橡胶(EPDM-g-MA))通过双螺杆挤出制得的 样品在偏光显微镜下观察到的晶体形态
4. Natural nanomaterials
Viral capsid
Close-up of the underside of a gecko's foot as it walks on a glass wall. (spatula: 200 × 10-15 nm). "Lotus effect", hydrophobic effect with self-cleaning ability
1. What are Nanomaterials?
describe, in principle, materials of which a single unit is sized (in at least one dimension) between 1 and 1000
nanometers (10−9 metesual
as a quantum size effect.
纳米技术_英语ppt
6
Structural constituent units （组织机构 单位）——Nanorobots （纳米 机器人)
7
the connection of nure formed of numerous nanorobots 无数的纳米机器人形 成的基本的纤维结构
14
Summary
•The many nanotechnology in theory, not yet applied to the actual. 很多的纳米技术处于理论、实验室阶段尚不能应用于 实际 •Nanotechnology may bring environmental pollution. 纳米技术可能会带来环境污染 •Nanotechnology will bring huge changes to our life. 纳米技术将会给我们的生活带来巨大的变革
12
Control center——Nanomachines (纳米计算机）
Nanotechnology applications developed computer memory chips, and its volume are only a few hundred atoms in size, it is not only almost do not need to spend any energy, and its performance than today's computers many times more powerful. U.S. connecting nanotubes are developing a method of the nanotubes connected using this method can be used as a chip component, play electronic switch, amplification, and the function of the transistor.
纳米材料专业英语
第一章晶体结构缺陷 defect, imperf ectio n 点缺陷 pointdefect线缺陷 line defect, disloc ation面缺陷 interf ace defect体缺陷 volume defect位错排列 disloc ation arrang ement位错线 disloc ation line 刃位错 edge disloc ation螺位错 screwdisloc ation混合位错 mixeddisloc ation晶界 grainbounda ries大角度晶界 high-anglegrainbounda ries小角度晶界 tilt bounda ry, 孪晶界 twin bounda ries位错阵列 disloc ation array位错气团 disloc ation atmosp here位错轴 disloc ation axis 位错胞 disloc ation cell位错爬移 disloc ation climb位错聚结 disloc ation coales cence位错滑移 disloc ation slip 位错核心能量 disloc ation core energy位错裂纹 disloc ation crack位错阻尼 disloc ation dampin g位错密度 disloc ation densit y 原子错位 substi tutio n of a wrongatom 间隙原子 inters titia l atom 晶格空位 vacant lattic e sites间隙位置 inters titia l sites杂质 impuri ties弗伦克尔缺陷 Frenke l disord er 肖脱基缺陷 Schott ky disord er主晶相 the host lattic e 错位原子 mispla ced atoms缔合中心 Associ atedCenter s. 自由电子 Free Electr ons电子空穴 Electr on Holes伯格斯矢量 Burger s克罗各-明克符号 Kroger Vink notati on 中性原子 neutra l atom原子质量单位 Atomic mass unit (amu) 原子数 Atomic number原子量 Atomic weight波尔原子模型 Bohr atomic model键能 Bondin g energy库仑力 Coulom bic force共价键 Covale nt bond 分子的构型 molecu lar config urati on电子构型 electr onicconfig urati on 负电的 Electr onega tive正电的 Electr oposi tive基态 Ground state氢键 Hydrog en bond 离子键 Ionicbond同位素 Isotop e 金属键 Metall ic bond摩尔 Mole 分子 Molecu le泡利不相容原理 Pauliexclus ion princi ple 元素周期表 Period ic table原子 atom 分子 molecu le分子量 molecu le weight极性分子 Polarmolecu le量子数 quantu m number价电子 valenc e electr on范德华键 van der waalsbond 电子轨道 electr on orbita ls点群 pointgroup对称要素 symmet ry elemen ts各向异性 anisot ropy原子堆积因数 atomic packin g factor(APF)体心立方结构 body-center ed cubic(BCC) 面心立方结构 face-center ed cubic(FCC) 布拉格定律 bragg’s law配位数 coordi natio n number晶体结构 crysta l struct ure 晶系 crysta l system晶体的 crysta lline衍射 diffra ction中子衍射 neutro n diffra ction电子衍射 electr on diffra ction晶界 grainbounda ry 六方密堆积 hexago nal close-packed (HCP)鲍林规则 Paulin g’s rules NaCl型结构 NaCl－type struct ureCsCl型结构 Caesiu m Chlori de struct ure 闪锌矿型结构 Blende-type struct ure 纤锌矿型结构 Wurtzi te struct ure 金红石型结构 Rutile struct ure萤石型结构 Fluori te struct ure 钙钛矿型结构 Perovs kite-type struct ure尖晶石型结构 Spinel-type struct ure 硅酸盐结构 Struct ure of silica tes岛状结构 Island struct ure 链状结构 Chainstruct ure层状结构 Layerstruct ure 架状结构 Framew ork struct ure滑石 talc 叶蜡石 pyroph yllit e高岭石 kaolin ite 石英 quartz长石 feldsp ar 美橄榄石 forste rite各向同性的 isotro pic 各向异性的 anisot ropy晶格 lattic e 晶格参数 lattic e parame ters密勒指数 miller indice s 非结晶的 noncry stall ine多晶的 polycr ystal line多晶形 polymo rphis m单晶 single crysta l 晶胞 unit cell电位 electr on states (化合)价 valenc e电子 electr ons 共价键 covale nt bondin g金属键 metall ic bondin g 离子键 Ionicbondin g极性分子 polarmolecu les 原子面密度 atomic planar densit y衍射角 diffra ction angle合金 alloy配位数 coordi natio n number粒度,晶粒大小 grainsize 显微结构 micros truct ure显微照相 photom icrog raph扫描电子显微镜 scanni ng electr on micros cope(SEM) 透射电子显微镜 Transm issio n electr on micros cope(TEM)重量百分数 weight percen t 四方的 tetrag onal单斜的 monocl inic第二章晶体结构缺陷-固溶体固溶度 solidsolubi lity间隙固溶体 inters titia l solidsoluti on金属间化合物 interm etall ics 转熔型固溶体 perite cticsolidsoluti on无序固溶体 disord eredsolidsoluti on取代型固溶体 Substi tutio nal solidsoluti ons非化学计量化合物 Nonsto ichio metri c compou nd第三章熔体结构熔体结构 struct ure of melt 过冷液体 superc oolin g melt玻璃态 vitreo us state软化温度 soften ing temper ature粘度 viscos ity 表面张力 Surfac e tensio n介稳态过渡相 metast ablephase组织 consti tutio n淬火 quench ing 退火的 soften ed玻璃分相 phasesepara tionin glasse s 体积收缩 volume shrink age第四章固体的表面与界面表面 surfac e 界面 interf ace 惯习面 habitplane同相界面 homoph ase bounda ry 异相界面 hetero phase bounda ry晶界 grainbounda ry 表面能 surfac e energy小角度晶界 low anglegrainbounda ry 大角度晶界 high anglegrainbounda ry 共格孪晶界 cohere nt twin bounda ry 晶界迁移 grainbounda ry migrat ion错配度 mismat ch 驰豫 relaxa tion重构 recons tucti on 表面吸附 surfac e adsorp tion表面能 surfac e energy倾转晶界 titltgrainbounda ry扭转晶界 twistgrainbounda ry 倒易密度 recipr ocaldensit y共格界面 cohere nt bounda ry 半共格界面 semi-cohere nt bounda ry非共格界面 noncoh erent bounda ry 界面能 interf acial free energy应变能 strain energy晶体学取向关系 crysta llogr aphic orient ation 第五章相图相图 phasediagra ms 相 phase组分 compon ent 组元 compoo nent相律 Phaserule 投影图 Projec tiondrawin g浓度三角形 Concen trati on triang le 冷却曲线 Coolin g curve成分 compos ition自由度 freedo m相平衡 phaseequili brium化学势 chemic al potent ial热力学 thermo dynam ics 相律 phaserule吉布斯相律 Gibbsphaserule 自由能 free energy吉布斯自由能 Gibbsfree energy吉布斯混合能 Gibbsenergy of mixing 吉布斯熵 Gibbsentrop y 吉布斯函数 Gibbsfuncti on热力学函数 thermo dynam ics functi on 热分析 therma l analys is过冷 superc oolin g 过冷度 degree of superc oolin g杠杆定律 leverrule 相界 phasebounda ry相界线 phasebounda ry line 相界交联 phasebounda ry crossl inkin g 共轭线 conjug ate lines相界有限交联 phasebounda ry crossl inkin g 相界反应 phasebounda ry reacti on 相变 phasechange相组成 phasecompos ition共格相 phase-cohere nt金相相组织 phaseconste ntuen t 相衬 phasecontra st相衬显微镜 phasecontra st micros cope相衬显微术 phasecontra st micros copy相分布 phasedistri butio n 相平衡常数 phaseequili brium consta nt相平衡图 phaseequili brium diagra m 相变滞后 phasetransi tionlag相分离 phasesegreg ation相序 phaseorder相稳定性 phasestabil ity 相态 phasestate相稳定区 phasestabil e range相变温度 phasetransi tiontemper ature相变压力 phasetransi tionpressu re 同质多晶转变 polymo rphic transf ormat ion 同素异晶转变allotr opictransf ormat ion 相平衡条件phaseequili brium condit ions显微结构 micros truct ures低共熔体 eutect oid不混溶性 immisc ibili ty第六章扩散下坡扩散 Downhi ll diffus ion 互扩散系数Mutual diffus ion渗碳剂 carbur izing浓度梯度 concen trati on gradie nt浓度分布曲线 concen trati on profil e 扩散流量 diffus ion flux驱动力 drivin g force间隙扩散 inters titia l diffus ion自扩散 self-diffus ion 表面扩散 surfac e diffus ion空位扩散 vacanc y diffus ion 扩散偶 diffus ion couple扩散方程 diffus ion equati on 扩散机理 diffus ion mechan ism扩散特性 diffus ion proper ty 无规行走 Random walk达肯方程 Dark equati on 柯肯达尔效应 Kirken dallequati on本征热缺陷Intrin sic therma l defect本征扩散系数 Intrin sic diffus ion coeffi cient 离子电导率Ion-conduc tivit y 空位机制 Vacanc y concen trati on第七章相变过冷 superc oolin g 过冷度 degree of superc oolin g晶核 nucleu s 形核 nuclea tion形核功 nuclea tionenergy晶体长大 crysta l growth均匀形核 homoge neous nuclea tion非均匀形核 hetero geneo us nuclea tion形核率 nuclea tionrate 长大速率 growth rate热力学函数 thermo dynam ics functi on临界晶核 critic al nucleu s 临界晶核半径 critic al nucleu s radius枝晶偏析 dendri tic segreg ation局部平衡 locali zed equili brium平衡分配系数equili brium distri butio ncoef ficie nt 有效分配系数effect ive distri butio n coeffi cient成分过冷 consti tutio nal superc oolin g 引领（领现相） leadin g phase共晶组织 eutect ic struct ure 层状共晶体 lamell ar eutect ic伪共晶 pseudo eutec tic 离异共晶 divors ed eutect ic表面等轴晶区 chillzone 柱状晶区 column ar zone中心等轴晶区 equiax ed crysta l zone 定向凝固 unidir ectio nal solidi ficat ion 急冷技术 splatc oolin g 区域提纯 zone refini ng单晶提拉法 Czochr alski method晶界形核 bounda ry nuclea tion位错形核 disloc ation nuclea tion晶核长大 nuclei growth斯宾那多分解 spinod al decomp ositi on 有序无序转变 disord ered-ordertransi tion马氏体相变 marten sitephasetransf ormat ion 马氏体 marten site第八、九章固相反应和烧结固相反应 solidstatereacti on 烧结 sinter ing烧成 fire 合金 alloy再结晶 Recrys talli zatio n 二次再结晶 Second ary recrys talli zatio n成核 nuclea tion结晶 crysta lliza tion子晶，雏晶 matted crysta l 耔晶取向 seed orient ation异质核化 hetero geneo us nuclea tion均匀化热处理 homoge nizat ion heat treatm ent 铁碳合金 iron-carbon alloy渗碳体 cement ite铁素体 ferrit e 奥氏体 austen ite共晶反应 eutect ic reacti on 固溶处理 soluti on heat treatm ent。
纳米材料PPT演示课件
11
1. 原子团簇 Atomic Clusters
介于单个原子与固态块体之间的原子集合体，其尺寸一般小 于1nm，约含几个到几百个原子。
“幻数”个原子稳定性(2、8、20、28、50、82、114、126、 184 ····)
气、液、固态的并存与转化 极大的表面/体积比 异常高的化学活性和催化活性 结构的多样性和排列的非周期性 电子的原子壳层、原子簇壳层和能带结构的过渡和转化 光的量子尺寸效应和非线性效应 电导的几何尺寸效应
11/6/2019 6:01 PM
3
What does Nano mean?
“Nano” – derived from an ancient Greek word
“Nanos” meaning DWARF.
“Nano” = One billionth of something “A Nanometer” = One billionth of a meter 10 hydrogen atoms shoulder to shoulder
按表面活性:纳米催化材料、吸附材料、防污环境材料
11/6/2019 6:01 PM
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按照维数划分
零维
指在空间三维方向 均为纳米尺度的颗粒、原 子团簇等
11/6/2019 6:01 PM
一维
指在空间有二维处于纳 米尺度，如纳米丝、纳 米棒、纳米管等
二维
指在空间中有一维 在纳米尺度， 如超薄膜、多层膜、超晶格等
11/6/2019 6:01 PM
5
11/6/2019 6:01 PM
6
纳米材料的发展
最早的纳米材料：
中国古代的铜镜的保护层：纳米氧化锡
中国颗粒
1. 原子团簇 Atomic Clusters
介于单个原子与固态块体之间的原子集合体，其尺寸一般小 于1nm，约含几个到几百个原子。
“幻数”个原子稳定性(2、8、20、28、50、82、114、126、 184 ····)
气、液、固态的并存与转化 极大的表面/体积比 异常高的化学活性和催化活性 结构的多样性和排列的非周期性 电子的原子壳层、原子簇壳层和能带结构的过渡和转化 光的量子尺寸效应和非线性效应 电导的几何尺寸效应
11/6/2019 6:01 PM
3
What does Nano mean?
“Nano” – derived from an ancient Greek word
“Nanos” meaning DWARF.
“Nano” = One billionth of something “A Nanometer” = One billionth of a meter 10 hydrogen atoms shoulder to shoulder
按表面活性:纳米催化材料、吸附材料、防污环境材料
11/6/2019 6:01 PM
10
按照维数划分
零维
指在空间三维方向 均为纳米尺度的颗粒、原 子团簇等
11/6/2019 6:01 PM
一维
指在空间有二维处于纳 米尺度，如纳米丝、纳 米棒、纳米管等
二维
指在空间中有一维 在纳米尺度， 如超薄膜、多层膜、超晶格等
11/6/2019 6:01 PM
5
11/6/2019 6:01 PM
6
纳米材料的发展
最早的纳米材料：
中国古代的铜镜的保护层：纳米氧化锡
中国颗粒
纳米材料专业英语
第一章晶体结构缺陷 defect, imperfection 点缺陷 point defect线缺陷 line defect, dislocation 面缺陷 interface defect体缺陷 volume defect 位错排列 dislocation arrangement位错线 dislocation line 刃位错 edge dislocation螺位错 screw dislocation 混合位错 mixed dislocation晶界 grain boundaries 大角度晶界 high-angle grain boundaries小角度晶界 tilt boundary, 孪晶界 twin boundaries位错阵列 dislocation array 位错气团 dislocation atmosphere位错轴 dislocation axis 位错胞 dislocation cell位错爬移 dislocation climb 位错聚结 dislocation coalescence位错滑移 dislocation slip 位错核心能量 dislocation core energy位错裂纹 dislocation crack 位错阻尼 dislocation damping位错密度 dislocation density 原子错位 substitution of a wrong atom 间隙原子 interstitial atom 晶格空位 vacant lattice sites间隙位置 interstitial sites 杂质 impurities弗伦克尔缺陷 Frenkel disorder 肖脱基缺陷 Schottky disorder主晶相 the host lattice 错位原子 misplaced atoms缔合中心 Associated Centers. 自由电子 Free Electrons电子空穴 Electron Holes 伯格斯矢量 Burgers克罗各-明克符号 Kroger Vink notation 中性原子 neutral atom原子质量单位 Atomic mass unit (amu) 原子数 Atomic number原子量 Atomic weight 波尔原子模型 Bohr atomic model键能 Bonding energy 库仑力 Coulombic force共价键 Covalent bond 分子的构型 molecular configuration电子构型 electronic configuration 负电的 Electronegative正电的 Electropositive 基态 Ground state氢键 Hydrogen bond 离子键 Ionic bond同位素 Isotope 金属键 Metallic bond摩尔 Mole 分子 Molecule泡利不相容原理 Pauli exclusion principle 元素周期表 Periodic table原子 atom 分子 molecule分子量 molecule weight 极性分子 Polar molecule量子数 quantum number 价电子 valence electron范德华键 van der waals bond 电子轨道 electron orbitals点群 point group 对称要素 symmetry elements各向异性 anisotropy 原子堆积因数 atomic packing factor(APF)体心立方结构 body-centered cubic (BCC) 面心立方结构 face-centered cubic (FCC)布拉格定律bragg’s law配位数 coordination number晶体结构 crystal structure 晶系 crystal system晶体的 crystalline 衍射 diffraction中子衍射 neutron diffraction 电子衍射 electron diffraction晶界 grain boundary 六方密堆积 hexagonal close-packed (HCP)鲍林规则Pauling’s rules NaCl型结构 NaCl－type structureCsCl型结构 Caesium Chloride structure 闪锌矿型结构 Blende-type structure 纤锌矿型结构 Wurtzite structure 金红石型结构 Rutile structure萤石型结构 Fluorite structure 钙钛矿型结构 Perovskite-type structure尖晶石型结构 Spinel-type structure 硅酸盐结构 Structure of silicates岛状结构 Island structure 链状结构 Chain structure层状结构 Layer structure 架状结构 Framework structure滑石 talc 叶蜡石 pyrophyllite高岭石 kaolinite 石英 quartz长石 feldspar 美橄榄石 forsterite各向同性的 isotropic 各向异性的 anisotropy晶格 lattice 晶格参数 lattice parameters密勒指数 miller indices 非结晶的 noncrystalline多晶的 polycrystalline 多晶形 polymorphism单晶 single crystal 晶胞 unit cell电位 electron states (化合)价 valence电子 electrons 共价键 covalent bonding金属键 metallic bonding 离子键 Ionic bonding极性分子 polar molecules 原子面密度 atomic planar density衍射角 diffraction angle 合金 alloy 配位数 coordination number粒度,晶粒大小 grain size 显微结构 microstructure显微照相 photomicrograph 扫描电子显微镜 scanning electron microscope (SEM)透射电子显微镜 Transmission electron microscope (TEM)重量百分数 weight percent 四方的 tetragonal 单斜的 monoclinic第二章晶体结构缺陷-固溶体固溶度 solid solubility 间隙固溶体 interstitial solid solution金属间化合物 intermetallics 转熔型固溶体 peritectic solid solution无序固溶体 disordered solid solution取代型固溶体 Substitutional solid solutions非化学计量化合物 Nonstoichiometric compound第三章熔体结构熔体结构 structure of melt 过冷液体 supercooling melt玻璃态 vitreous state 软化温度 softening temperature粘度 viscosity 表面张力 Surface tension介稳态过渡相 metastable phase 组织 constitution淬火 quenching 退火的 softened玻璃分相 phase separation in glasses 体积收缩 volume shrinkage第四章固体的表面与界面表面 surface 界面 interface 惯习面 habit plane同相界面 homophase boundary 异相界面 heterophase boundary晶界 grain boundary 表面能 surface energy小角度晶界 low angle grain boundary 大角度晶界 high angle grain boundary 共格孪晶界 coherent twin boundary 晶界迁移 grain boundary migration错配度 mismatch 驰豫 relaxation重构 reconstuction 表面吸附 surface adsorption表面能 surface energy 倾转晶界 titlt grain boundary扭转晶界 twist grain boundary 倒易密度 reciprocal density共格界面 coherent boundary 半共格界面 semi-coherent boundary非共格界面 noncoherent boundary 界面能 interfacial free energy应变能 strain energy 晶体学取向关系 crystallographic orientation 第五章相图相图 phase diagrams 相 phase 组分 component 组元 compoonent 相律 Phase rule 投影图 Projection drawing浓度三角形 Concentration triangle 冷却曲线 Cooling curve成分 composition 自由度 freedom相平衡 phase equilibrium 化学势 chemical potential热力学 thermodynamics 相律 phase rule吉布斯相律 Gibbs phase rule 自由能 free energy吉布斯自由能 Gibbs free energy 吉布斯混合能 Gibbs energy of mixing 吉布斯熵 Gibbs entropy 吉布斯函数 Gibbs function热力学函数 thermodynamics function 热分析 thermal analysis过冷 supercooling 过冷度 degree of supercooling杠杆定律 lever rule 相界 phase boundary相界线 phase boundary line 相界交联 phase boundary crosslinking共轭线 conjugate lines 相界有限交联 phase boundary crosslinking相界反应 phase boundary reaction 相变 phase change相组成 phase composition 共格相 phase-coherent金相相组织 phase constentuent 相衬 phase contrast相衬显微镜 phase contrast microscope 相衬显微术 phase contrast microscopy 相分布 phase distribution 相平衡常数 phase equilibrium constant相平衡图 phase equilibrium diagram 相变滞后 phase transition lag相分离 phase segregation 相序 phase order相稳定性 phase stability 相态 phase state相稳定区 phase stabile range 相变温度 phase transition temperature相变压力phase transition pressure 同质多晶转变polymorphic transformation同素异晶转变allotropic transformation 相平衡条件phase equilibrium conditions显微结构 microstructures 低共熔体 eutectoid不混溶性 immiscibility第六章扩散下坡扩散 Downhill diffusion 互扩散系数 Mutual diffusion渗碳剂 carburizing 浓度梯度 concentration gradient浓度分布曲线 concentration profile 扩散流量 diffusion flux驱动力 driving force 间隙扩散 interstitial diffusion自扩散 self-diffusion 表面扩散 surface diffusion空位扩散 vacancy diffusion 扩散偶 diffusion couple扩散方程 diffusion equation 扩散机理 diffusion mechanism扩散特性 diffusion property 无规行走 Random walk达肯方程 Dark equation 柯肯达尔效应 Kirkendall equation本征热缺陷 Intrinsic thermal defect 本征扩散系数 Intrinsic diffusion coefficient 离子电导率 Ion-conductivity 空位机制 Vacancy concentration第七章相变过冷 supercooling 过冷度 degree of supercooling晶核 nucleus 形核 nucleation形核功 nucleation energy 晶体长大 crystal growth均匀形核 homogeneous nucleation 非均匀形核 heterogeneous nucleation形核率 nucleation rate 长大速率 growth rate热力学函数 thermodynamics function临界晶核 critical nucleus 临界晶核半径 critical nucleus radius枝晶偏析 dendritic segregation 局部平衡 localized equilibrium平衡分配系数 equilibrium distributioncoefficient 有效分配系数 effective distribution coefficient成分过冷 constitutional supercooling 引领（领现相） leading phase共晶组织 eutectic structure 层状共晶体 lamellar eutectic伪共晶 pseudoeutectic 离异共晶 divorsed eutectic表面等轴晶区 chill zone 柱状晶区 columnar zone中心等轴晶区 equiaxed crystal zone 定向凝固 unidirectional solidification 急冷技术 splatcooling 区域提纯 zone refining单晶提拉法 Czochralski method 晶界形核 boundary nucleation位错形核 dislocation nucleation 晶核长大 nuclei growth斯宾那多分解spinodal decomposition 有序无序转变disordered-order transition马氏体相变 martensite phase transformation 马氏体 martensite第八、九章固相反应和烧结固相反应 solid state reaction 烧结 sintering烧成 fire 合金 alloy再结晶 Recrystallization 二次再结晶 Secondary recrystallization成核 nucleation 结晶 crystallization子晶，雏晶 matted crystal 耔晶取向 seed orientation异质核化heterogeneous nucleation 均匀化热处理homogenization heat treatment铁碳合金 iron-carbon alloy 渗碳体 cementite铁素体 ferrite 奥氏体 austenite共晶反应 eutectic reaction 固溶处理 solution heat treatment。
纳米材料简介PPT课件
光学、热学、电学、磁学、力学以及化学方面的性质和大块固体
时相比将会有显著的不同。
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C 3 hapter
纳米材料的纳米效应
1、量子尺寸效应
2、小尺寸效应 3、表面效应 4、宏观量子隧道效应 5、库仑阻塞和量子隧穿 6、介电陷域效应
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表面效应
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布朗运动
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单壁碳纳米管弯曲
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聚合物纳米管
纳米粒子表面积大、表面活性中心多，为催化剂提供了必要条件。 目前纳米粉材如铂黑、银、氧化铝和氧化铁等广泛用于高分子聚合 物氧化、还原及合成反应的催化剂。如用纳米镍粉作为火箭固体燃 料反应催化剂，燃烧效率提高100倍；以粒度小于100nm的镍和铜锌合金的纳米材料为主要成分制成加氢催化剂，可使有机物的氢化 率达到传统镍催化剂的10倍；用纳米TiO2制成光催化剂具有很强的 氧化还原能力，可分解废水中的卤代烃、有机酸、酚、硝基芳烃、 取代苯胺及空气中的甲醇、甲醛、丙酮等污染物。
纳米材料简介
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CONTENTS
1
什么是纳米
2
什么是纳米材料
3 纳米材料的纳米效应
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纳米材料的分类
5
纳米材料的应用
6 纳米材料与未来社会
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1 什么是纳米
纳米（nanometer）：长度单位，即10-9m。 纳米有多大？
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2 什么是纳米材料
纳米级结构材料简称为纳米材料(nanometer material)，是指其结
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大事件
959年 ， 著 名 物 理 学 家Fra bibliotek、 诺 贝 尔
奖获得者理查德· 费曼预言， 人类可以用小的机器制作更小 的机器，最后将变成根据人类
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2021/3/5
Co/Cu(111) H.C. Monoharan, C.P. Lutz, D.M. Eigler Nature 403 (2000) 512
• Association: the bias was raised to 500 mV for 10 s
• It is not possible to break the C-H and C-C bonds with a single electron process at this voltage, especially as their bond energies are about 2 and 3 times higher than the C-I bond.
Pried them apart into iodine and phenyl (C6H5) by injecting electrons from the STM tip (a).
Used the tip to pull the iodine away (b and c) and draw the phenyl molecules closer together (d).
MIX-AND-MATCH molecule: Atomic engineers eventually hope to create molecules from scratch, adding atoms exactly as needed to perform specific functions. This molecule, with 18 cesium and 18 iodine atoms, was built--one atom at a time--with a STM
2021/3/5
Atomic Scale Bond Breaking & Nanochemistry
(a e) C6H5I C6H5 + I, (f) 2C6H5 C12H10
S.-W. Hla, L. Bartels, G. Meyer, & Karl-Heinz Rieder, PRL 85(2000)2777
20. 表面纳米化学 - 局部化学反应
The application of a bias voltage between the tip of a scanning probe microscope and a semiconductor surface modifies the bandstructure locally. At a certain bias threshold the redoxpotential of an electrochemical reaction is reached and thus a local surface reaction may get possible.
2021/3/5
纳米科技是传统学科在纳米尺度上的交差与深入
micrometer
Solid State Physics
Device miniaturization
Length Scale
Biology
Self assembly of complex functional units
Nanoscience & Technology
2021/3/5
The shortest achievable distance between the centers of two phenyls is 3.9 6 Å, as determined from the STM images.
STM induced H desorption from Si(100)
Atomic Engineering
Scientific American: December 1999
A carbon nanotube has been transformed into a writing implement. Using an atomic force microscope with a nanotube tip, researchers at Stanford University removed hydrogen atoms from the top of a silicon base. The exposed silicon oxidized, leaving behind a visible tracing.
Introduction to the Nanoworld
Nanochemistry
Lecture Outline
Nanochemistry on Surfaces Surface Chemistry with the STM Atomic Scale Chemical Analysis Pathways to molecular engineering NanoChemistry in Catalysis Computing with Molecules
• Nanochemistry is the use of synthetic chemistry to make nanoscale building blocks of desired shape, size, composition and surface structure, charge and functionality with an optional target to control self-assembly of these building blocks at various scale-lengths.
2021/3/5
Nanochemistry on Surfaces
Demonstration of the nanostructuring capabilities
2021/3/5
Surface Chemistry with the STM
Adsorbed several C6H5I molecules resting on a terraced Cu (111) substrate at 20 K.
Bonding the two by adding another shot of electrons (e).
To prove that the phenyls were chemically joined, they pulled one, and the other followed (f).
“Nature’s Way”
nanometer
2021/3/5
Chemistry
Assembly, macromolecules
What is nanochemistry?
• Nanochemistry is the science of tools, technologies, and methodologies for chemical synthesis, analysis, and biochemical diagnostics, performed in nanolitre to femtolitre domains.
2021/3/5
Towards Single Molecule Engineering
• Positioning the STM tip right above the molecule at fixed height and switching the sample bias to 1.5 V for several seconds. Thereby electrons of up to 1.5 eV are injected into the molecule.
The Ultimate Ullman Reaction
2021/3/5
Physical Review Letters 85 (2000) 2777
Experiments
The experiments were performed with a homebuilt UHV-STM operated at 20 K using electrochemically etched W tips. The Cu(111) surface was cleaned by cycles of sputtering with Ne ions and annealing up to 800 K. The iodobenzene (Aldrich 98%) was first purified by several freeze-pump-thaw cycles with liquid nitrogen and then small amounts were dosed onto a cooled Cu(111) sample through an aperture in the radiation shield of the STM. The energy transfer from a single electron causes the breaking of the C-I bond. It is not possible to break the C-H and C-C bonds with a single electron process at this voltage
This idea is demonstrated on metaldichalcogenides (e.g. WSe2) under ambient conditions. At a tip material dependent bias threshold, the surface is etched locally. It is thought that this is a consequence of a water splitting reaction in an adsorbed water film, where nascent oxygen and hydrogen ions are formed. The oxygen modifies the surface towards soluble oxides. Thus nanostructuring can be achieved by applying potential to the tip of scanning probe microscopes. Due to the sharp threshold the bias voltage controls the modification of the surface and allows such switching between surface modification and surface mapping.
Co/Cu(111) H.C. Monoharan, C.P. Lutz, D.M. Eigler Nature 403 (2000) 512
• Association: the bias was raised to 500 mV for 10 s
• It is not possible to break the C-H and C-C bonds with a single electron process at this voltage, especially as their bond energies are about 2 and 3 times higher than the C-I bond.
Pried them apart into iodine and phenyl (C6H5) by injecting electrons from the STM tip (a).
Used the tip to pull the iodine away (b and c) and draw the phenyl molecules closer together (d).
MIX-AND-MATCH molecule: Atomic engineers eventually hope to create molecules from scratch, adding atoms exactly as needed to perform specific functions. This molecule, with 18 cesium and 18 iodine atoms, was built--one atom at a time--with a STM
2021/3/5
Atomic Scale Bond Breaking & Nanochemistry
(a e) C6H5I C6H5 + I, (f) 2C6H5 C12H10
S.-W. Hla, L. Bartels, G. Meyer, & Karl-Heinz Rieder, PRL 85(2000)2777
20. 表面纳米化学 - 局部化学反应
The application of a bias voltage between the tip of a scanning probe microscope and a semiconductor surface modifies the bandstructure locally. At a certain bias threshold the redoxpotential of an electrochemical reaction is reached and thus a local surface reaction may get possible.
2021/3/5
纳米科技是传统学科在纳米尺度上的交差与深入
micrometer
Solid State Physics
Device miniaturization
Length Scale
Biology
Self assembly of complex functional units
Nanoscience & Technology
2021/3/5
The shortest achievable distance between the centers of two phenyls is 3.9 6 Å, as determined from the STM images.
STM induced H desorption from Si(100)
Atomic Engineering
Scientific American: December 1999
A carbon nanotube has been transformed into a writing implement. Using an atomic force microscope with a nanotube tip, researchers at Stanford University removed hydrogen atoms from the top of a silicon base. The exposed silicon oxidized, leaving behind a visible tracing.
Introduction to the Nanoworld
Nanochemistry
Lecture Outline
Nanochemistry on Surfaces Surface Chemistry with the STM Atomic Scale Chemical Analysis Pathways to molecular engineering NanoChemistry in Catalysis Computing with Molecules
• Nanochemistry is the use of synthetic chemistry to make nanoscale building blocks of desired shape, size, composition and surface structure, charge and functionality with an optional target to control self-assembly of these building blocks at various scale-lengths.
2021/3/5
Nanochemistry on Surfaces
Demonstration of the nanostructuring capabilities
2021/3/5
Surface Chemistry with the STM
Adsorbed several C6H5I molecules resting on a terraced Cu (111) substrate at 20 K.
Bonding the two by adding another shot of electrons (e).
To prove that the phenyls were chemically joined, they pulled one, and the other followed (f).
“Nature’s Way”
nanometer
2021/3/5
Chemistry
Assembly, macromolecules
What is nanochemistry?
• Nanochemistry is the science of tools, technologies, and methodologies for chemical synthesis, analysis, and biochemical diagnostics, performed in nanolitre to femtolitre domains.
2021/3/5
Towards Single Molecule Engineering
• Positioning the STM tip right above the molecule at fixed height and switching the sample bias to 1.5 V for several seconds. Thereby electrons of up to 1.5 eV are injected into the molecule.
The Ultimate Ullman Reaction
2021/3/5
Physical Review Letters 85 (2000) 2777
Experiments
The experiments were performed with a homebuilt UHV-STM operated at 20 K using electrochemically etched W tips. The Cu(111) surface was cleaned by cycles of sputtering with Ne ions and annealing up to 800 K. The iodobenzene (Aldrich 98%) was first purified by several freeze-pump-thaw cycles with liquid nitrogen and then small amounts were dosed onto a cooled Cu(111) sample through an aperture in the radiation shield of the STM. The energy transfer from a single electron causes the breaking of the C-I bond. It is not possible to break the C-H and C-C bonds with a single electron process at this voltage
This idea is demonstrated on metaldichalcogenides (e.g. WSe2) under ambient conditions. At a tip material dependent bias threshold, the surface is etched locally. It is thought that this is a consequence of a water splitting reaction in an adsorbed water film, where nascent oxygen and hydrogen ions are formed. The oxygen modifies the surface towards soluble oxides. Thus nanostructuring can be achieved by applying potential to the tip of scanning probe microscopes. Due to the sharp threshold the bias voltage controls the modification of the surface and allows such switching between surface modification and surface mapping.