MOMENTUM MAPPINGS

数学英语单词(总32页) -CAL-FENGHAI.-(YICAI)-Company One1-CAL-本页仅作为文档封面，使用请直接删除abbreviation 简写符号；简写absolute complement 绝对补集absolute error 绝对误差absolute inequality 绝不等式absolute maximum 绝对极大值absolute minimum 绝对极小值absolute monotonic 绝对单调absolute value 绝对值accelerate 加速acceleration 加速度acceleration due to gravity 重力加速度; 地心加速度accumulation 累积accumulative 累积的accuracy 准确度act on 施于action 作用; 作用力acute angle 锐角acute-angled triangle 锐角三角形add 加addition 加法addition formula 加法公式addition law 加法定律addition law(ofprobability) （概率）加法定律additive inverse 加法逆元; 加法反元additive property 可加性adjacent angle 邻角adjacent side 邻边adjoint matrix 伴随矩阵algebra 代数algebraic 代数的algebraic equation 代数方程algebraic expression 代数式algebraic fraction 代数分式；代数分数式algebraic inequality 代数不等式algebraic number 代数数algebraic operation 代数运算algebraically closed 代数封闭algorithm 算法系统; 规则系统alternate angle （交）错角alternate segment 内错弓形alternating series 交错级数alternative hypothesis 择一假设; 备择假设; 另一假设altitude 高；高度；顶垂线；高线ambiguous case 两义情况；二义情况amount 本利和；总数analysis 分析；解析analytic geometry 解析几何angle 角angle at the centre 圆心角angle at the circumference 圆周角angle between a line and aplane 直与平面的交角angle between two planes 两平面的交角angle bisection 角平分angle bisector 角平分线；分角线angle in the alternatesegment 交错弓形的圆周角angle in the same segment 同弓形内的圆周角angle of depression 俯角angle of elevation 仰角angle of friction 静摩擦角; 极限角angle of greatest slope 最大斜率的角angle of inclination 倾斜角angle of intersection 相交角；交角angle of projection 投射角angle of rotation 旋转角angle of the sector 扇形角angle sum of a triangle 三角形内角和angles at a point 同顶角angular displacement 角移位angular momentum 角动量angular motion 角运动angular velocity 角速度annum(X% per annum) 年（年利率X%）anti-clockwise direction 逆时针方向；返时针方向anti-clockwise moment 逆时针力矩anti-derivative 反导数; 反微商anti-logarithm 逆对数；反对数anti-symmetric 反对称apex 顶点approach 接近；趋近approximate value 近似值approximation 近似；略计；逼近Arabic system 阿刺伯数字系统arbitrary 任意arbitrary constant 任意常数arc 弧arc length 弧长arc-cosine function 反余弦函数arc-sin function 反正弦函数arc-tangent function 反正切函数area 面积Argand diagram 阿根图, 阿氏图argument (1)论证; (2)辐角argument of a complex number 复数的辐角argument of a function 函数的自变量arithmetic 算术arithmetic mean 算术平均；等差中顶；算术中顶arithmetic progression 算术级数；等差级数arithmetic sequence 等差序列arithmetic series 等差级数arm 边array 数组; 数组arrow 前号ascending order 递升序ascending powers of X X 的升幂assertion 断语; 断定associative law 结合律assumed mean 假定平均数assumption 假定；假设asymmetrical 非对称asymptote 渐近asymptotic error constant 渐近误差常数at rest 静止augmented matrix 增广矩阵auxiliary angle 辅助角auxiliary circle 辅助圆auxiliary equation 辅助方程average 平均；平均数；平均值average speed 平均速率axiom 公理axiom of existence 存在公理axiom of extension 延伸公理axiom of inclusion 包含公理axiom of pairing 配对公理axiom of power 幂集公理axiom of specification 分类公理axiomatic theory ofprobability 概率公理论axis 轴axis of parabola 拋物线的轴axis of revolution 旋转轴axis of rotation 旋转轴axis of symmetry 对称轴back substitution 回代bar chart 棒形图；条线图；条形图；线条图base （1）底；（2）基；基数base angle 底角base area 底面base line 底线base number 底数；基数base of logarithm 对数的底basis 基Bayes´ theor em 贝叶斯定理bearing 方位（角）；角方向（角）bell-shaped curve 钟形图belong to 属于Bernoulli distribution 伯努利分布Bernoulli trials 伯努利试验bias 偏差；偏倚biconditional 双修件式; 双修件句bijection 对射; 双射; 单满射bijective function 对射函数; 只射函数billion 十亿bimodal distribution 双峰分布binary number 二进数binary operation 二元运算binary scale 二进法binary system 二进制binomial 二项式binomial distribution 二项分布binomial expression 二项式binomial series 二项级数binomial theorem 二项式定理bisect 平分；等分bisection method 分半法；分半方法bisector 等分线；平分线Boolean algebra 布尔代数boundary condition 边界条件boundary line 界（线）；边界bounded 有界的bounded above 有上界的；上有界的bounded below 有下界的；下有界的bounded function 有界函数bounded sequence 有界序列brace 大括号bracket 括号breadth 阔度broken line graph 折线图calculation 计算calculator 计算器；计算器calculus (1) 微积分学; (2) 演算cancel 消法；相消canellation law 消去律canonical 典型; 标准capacity 容量cardioid 心脏Cartesian coordinates 笛卡儿坐标Cartesian equation 笛卡儿方程Cartesian plane 笛卡儿平面Cartesian product 笛卡儿积category 类型；范畴catenary 悬链Cauchy sequence 柯西序列Cauchy´s principal value柯西主值Cauchy-Schwarz inequality 柯西- 许瓦尔兹不等式central limit theorem 中心极限定理central line 中线central tendency 集中趋centre 中心；心centre of a circle 圆心centre of gravity 重心centre of mass 质量中心centrifugal force 离心力centripedal acceleration 向心加速度centripedal force force 向心力centroid 形心；距心certain event 必然事件chain rule 链式法则chance 机会change of axes 坐标轴的变换change of base 基的变换change of coordinates 坐标轴的变换change of subject 主项变换change of variable 换元；变量的换characteristic equation 特征(征)方程characteristic function 特征(征)函数characteristic of logarithm 对数的首数; 对数的定位部characteristic root 特征(征)根chart 图；图表check digit 检验数位checking 验算chord 弦chord of contact 切点弦circle 圆circular 圆形；圆的circular function 圆函数；三角函数circular measure 弧度法circular motion 圆周运动circular permutation 环形排列; 圆形排列; 循环排列circumcentre 外心；外接圆心circumcircle 外接圆circumference 圆周circumradius 外接圆半径circumscribed circle 外接圆cissoid 蔓叶class 区；组；类class boundary 组界class interval 组区间；组距class limit 组限；区限class mark 组中点；区中点classical theory ofprobability 古典概率论classification 分类clnometer 测斜仪clockwise direction 顺时针方向clockwise moment 顺时针力矩closed convex region 闭凸区域closed interval 闭区间coaxial 共轴coaxial circles 共轴圆coaxial system 共轴系coded data 编码数据coding method 编码法co-domain 上域coefficient 系数coefficient of friction 摩擦系数coefficient of restitution 碰撞系数; 恢复系数coefficient of variation 变差系数cofactor 余因子; 余因式cofactor matrix 列矩阵coincide 迭合；重合collection of terms 并项collinear 共线collinear planes 共线面collision 碰撞column (1)列；纵行；(2) 柱column matrix 列矩阵column vector 列向量combination 组合common chord 公弦common denominator 同分母；公分母common difference 公差common divisor 公约数；公约common factor 公因子；公因子common logarithm 常用对数common multiple 公位数；公倍common ratio 公比common tangent 公切commutative law 交换律comparable 可比较的compass 罗盘compass bearing 罗盘方位角compasses 圆规compasses construction 圆规作图compatible 可相容的complement 余；补余complement law 补余律complementary angle 余角complementary equation 补充方程complementary event 互补事件complementary function 余函数complementary probability 互补概率complete oscillation 全振动completing the square 配方complex conjugate 复共轭complex number 复数complex unmber plane 复数平面complex root 复数根component 分量component of force 分力composite function 复合函数; 合成函数composite number 复合数；合成数composition of mappings 映射构合composition of relations 复合关系compound angle 复角compound angle formula 复角公式compound bar chart 综合棒形图compound discount 复折扣compound interest 复利；复利息compound probability 合成概率compound statement 复合命题; 复合叙述computation 计算computer 计算机；电子计算器concave 凹concave downward 凹向下的concave polygon 凹多边形concave upward 凹向上的concentric circles 同心圆concept 概念conclusion 结论concurrent 共点concyclic 共圆concyclic points 共圆点condition 条件conditional 条件句；条件式conditional identity 条件恒等式conditional inequality 条件不等式conditional probability 条件概率cone 锥；圆锥（体）confidence coefficient 置信系数confidence interval 置信区间confidence level 置信水平confidence limit 置信极限confocal section 共焦圆锥曲congruence (1)全等；(2)同余congruence class 同余类congruent 全等congruent figures 全等图形congruent triangles 全等三角形conic 二次曲; 圆锥曲conic section 二次曲; 圆锥曲conical pendulum 圆锥摆conjecture 猜想conjugate 共轭conjugate axis 共轭conjugate diameters 共轭轴conjugate hyperbola 共轭(直)径conjugate imaginary / complex number 共轭双曲conjugate radical 共轭虚/复数conjugate surd 共轭根式; 共轭不尽根conjunction 合取connective 连词connector box 捙接框consecutive integers 连续整数consecutive numbers 连续数；相邻数consequence 结论；推论consequent 条件；后项conservation of energy 能量守恒conservation of momentum 动量守恒conserved 守恒consistency condition 相容条件consistent 一贯的；相容的consistent estimator 相容估计量constant 常数constant acceleration 恒加速度constant force 恒力constant of integration 积分常数constant speed 恒速率constant term 常项constant velocity 怛速度constraint 约束；约束条件construct 作construction 作图construction of equation 方程的设立continued proportion 连比例continued ratio 连比continuity 连续性continuity correction 连续校正continuous 连续的continuous data 连续数据continuous function 连续函数continuous proportion 连续比例continuous random variable 连续随机变量contradiction 矛盾converge 收敛convergence 收敛性convergent 收敛的convergent iteration 收敛的迭代convergent sequence 收敛序列convergent series 收敛级数converse 逆(定理)converse of a relation 逆关系converse theorem 逆定理conversion 转换convex 凸convex polygon 凸多边形convexity 凸性coordinate 坐标coordinate geometry 解析几何；坐标几何coordinate system 坐标系系定理；系；推论coplanar 共面coplanar forces 共面力coplanar lines 共面co-prime 互质; 互素corollary 系定理; 系; 推论correct to 准确至；取值至correlation 相关correlation coefficient 相关系数correspondence 对应corresponding angles (1)同位角；(2)对应角corresponding element 对应边corresponding sides 对应边cosecant 余割cosine 余弦cosine formula 余弦公式cost price 成本cotangent 余切countable 可数countable set 可数集countably infinite 可数无限counter clockwise direction 逆时针方向；返时针方向counter example 反例counting 数数；计数couple 力偶Carmer´s rule克莱玛法则criterion 准则critical point 临界点critical region 临界域cirtical value 临界值cross-multiplication 交叉相乘cross-section 横切面；横截面；截痕cube 正方体；立方；立方体cube root 立方根cubic 三次方；立方；三次(的) cubic equation 三次方程cubic roots of unity 单位的立方根cuboid 长方体；矩体cumulative 累积的cumulative distributionfunction 累积分布函数cumulative frequecy 累积频数；累积频率cumulative frequency curve 累积频数曲cumulative frequcncydistribution 累积频数分布cumulative frequency polygon 累积频数多边形；累积频率直方图curvature of a curve 曲线的曲率curve 曲线curve sketching 曲线描绘(法) curve tracing 曲线描迹(法) curved line 曲线curved surface 曲面curved surface area 曲面面积cyclic expression 输换式cyclic permutation 圆形排列cyclic quadrilateral 圆内接四边形cycloid 旋输线; 摆线cylinder 柱；圆柱体cylindrical 圆柱形的damped oscillation 阻尼振动data 数据De Moivre´s theorem棣美弗定理De Morgan´s law德摩根律decagon 十边形decay 衰变decay factor 衰变因子decelerate 减速decelaration 减速度decile 十分位数decimal 小数decimal place 小数位decimal point 小数点decimal system 十进制decision box 判定框declarative sentence 说明语句declarative statement 说明命题decoding 译码decrease 递减decreasing function 递减函数；下降函数decreasing sequence 递减序列；下降序列decreasing series 递减级数；下降级数decrement 减量deduce 演绎deduction 推论deductive reasoning 演绎推理definite 确定的；定的definite integral 定积分definition 定义degenerated conic section 降级锥曲线degree (1) 度; (2) 次degree of a polynomial 多项式的次数degree of accuracy 准确度degree of confidence 置信度degree of freedom 自由度degree of ODE 常微分方程次数degree of precision 精确度delete 删除; 删去denary number 十进数denominator 分母dependence (1)相关; (2)应变dependent event(s) 相关事件; 相依事件; 从属事件dependent variable 应变量; 应变数depreciation 折旧derivable 可导derivative 导数derived curve 导函数曲线derived function 导函数derived statistics 推算统计资料; 派生统计资料descending order 递降序descending powers of x x的降序descriptive statistics 描述统计学detached coefficients 分离系数(法)determinant 行列式deviation 偏差; 变差deviation from the mean 离均差diagonal 对角线diagonal matrix 对角矩阵diagram 图; 图表diameter 直径diameter of a conic 二次曲线的直径difference 差difference equation 差分方程difference of sets 差集differentiable 可微differential 微分differential coefficient 微商;微分系数differential equation 微分方程differential mean valuetheorem 微分中值定理differentiate 求...的导数differentiate from firstprinciple 从基本原理求导数differentiation 微分法digit 数字dimension 量; 量网; 维(数)direct impact 直接碰撞direct image 直接像direct proportion 正比例direct tax, direct taxation 直接税direct variation 正变(分) directed angle 有向角directed line 有向直线directed line segment 有向线段directed number 有向数direction 方向; 方位direction angle 方向角direction cosine 方向余弦direction number 方向数direction ratio 方向比directrix 准线Dirichlet function 狄利克来函数discontinuity 不连续性discontinuous 间断(的);连续(的); 不连续(的)discontinuous point 不连续点discount 折扣discrete 分立; 离散discrete data 离散数据; 间断数据discrete random variable 间断随机变数discrete uniformdistribution 离散均匀分布discriminant 判别式disjoint 不相交的disjoint sets 不相交的集disjunction 析取dispersion 离差displacement 位移disprove 反证distance 距离distance formula 距离公式distinct roots 相异根distincr solution 相异解distribution 公布distributive law 分配律diverge 发散divergence 发散(性)divergent 发散的divergent iteration 发散性迭代divergent sequence 发散序列divergent series 发散级数divide 除dividend (1)被除数；(2)股息divisible 可整除division 除法division algorithm 除法算式divisor 除数；除式；因子divisor of zero 零因子dodecagon 十二边形domain 定义域dot 点dot product 点积double angle 二倍角double angle formula 二倍角公式double root 二重根dual 对偶duality (1)对偶性; (2) 双重性due east/ south/ west /north 向东/ 南/ 西/ 北dynamics 动力学eccentric angle 离心角eccentric circles 离心圆eccentricity 离心率echelon form 梯阵式echelon matrix 梯矩阵edge 棱；边efficient estimator 有效估计量effort 施力eigenvalue 本征值eigenvector 本征向量elastic body 弹性体elastic collision 弹性碰撞elastic constant 弹性常数elastic force 弹力elasticity 弹性element 元素elementary event 基本事件elementary function 初等函数elementary row operation 基本行运算elimination 消法elimination method 消去法；消元法ellipse 椭圆ellipsiod 椭球体elliptic function 椭圆函数elongation 伸张；展empirical data 实验数据empirical formula 实验公式empirical probability 实验概率；经验概率empty set 空集encoding 编码enclosure 界限end point 端点energy 能; 能量entire surd 整方根epicycloid 外摆线equal 相等equal ratios theorem 等比定理equal roots 等根equal sets 等集equality 等(式)equality sign 等号equation 方程equation in one unknown 一元方程equation in two unknowns (variables) 二元方程equation of a straight line 直线方程equation of locus 轨迹方程equiangular 等角(的) equidistant 等距(的) equilateral 等边(的) equilateral polygon 等边多边形equilateral triangle 等边三角形equilibrium 平衡equiprobable 等概率的equiprobable space 等概率空间equivalence 等价equivalence class 等价类equivalence relation 等价关系equivalent 等价(的)error 误差error allowance 误差宽容度error estimate 误差估计error term 误差项error tolerance 误差宽容度escribed circle 旁切圆estimate 估计；估计量estimator 估计量Euclidean algorithm 欧几里德算法Euclidean geometry 欧几里德几何Euler´s formula尤拉公式；欧拉公式evaluate 计值even function 偶函数even number 偶数evenly distributed 均匀分布的event 事件exact 真确exact differential form 恰当微分形式exact solution 准确解；精确解；真确解exact value 法确解；精确解；真确解example 例excentre 外心exception 例外excess 起exclusive 不包含exclusive disjunction 不包含性析取exclusive events 互斥事件exercise 练习exhaustive event(s) 彻底事件existential quantifier 存在量词expand 展开expand form 展开式expansion 展式expectation 期望expectation value, expected value 期望值；预期值experiment 实验；试验experimental 试验的experimental probability 实验概率explicit function 显函数exponent 指数exponential function 指数函数exponential order 指数阶; 指数级express…in terms of…以………表达expression 式；数式extension 外延；延长；扩张；扩充extension of a function 函数的扩张exterior angle 外角external angle bisector 外分角external point of division 外分点extreme point 极值点extreme value 极值extremum 极值face 面factor 因子；因式；商factor method 因式分解法factor theorem 因子定理；因式定理factorial 阶乘factorization 因子分解；因式分解factorization of polynomial 多项式因式分解fallacy 谬误FALSE 假(的)falsehood 假值family 族family of circles 圆族family of concentric circles 同心圆族family of straight lines 直线族feasible solution 可行解；容许解Fermat´s last theorem费尔马最后定理Fibonacci number 斐波那契数；黄金分割数Fibonacci sequence 斐波那契序列fictitious mean 假定平均数figure (1)图(形)；(2)数字final velocity 末速度finite 有限finite dimensional vector space 有限维向量空间finite population 有限总体finite probability space 有限概率空间finite sequence 有限序列finite series 有限级数finite set 有限集first approximation 首近似值first derivative 一阶导数first order differential equation 一阶微分方程first projection 第一投影; 第一射影first quartile 第一四分位数first term 首项fixed deposit 定期存款fixed point 定点fixed point iteration method 定点迭代法fixed pulley 定滑轮flow chart 流程图focal axis 焦轴focal chord 焦弦focal length 焦距focus(foci) 焦点folium of Descartes 笛卡儿叶形线foot of perpendicular 垂足for all X 对所有Xfor each /every X 对每一X force 力forced oscillation 受迫振动form 形式；型formal proof 形式化的证明format 格式；规格formula(formulae) 公式four leaved rose curve 四瓣玫瑰线four rules 四则four-figure table 四位数表fourth root 四次方根fraction 分数；分式fraction in lowest term 最简分数fractional equation 分式方程fractional index 分数指数fractional inequality 分式不等式free fall 自由下坠free vector 自由向量; 自由矢量frequency 频数；频率frequency distribution 频数分布；频率分布frequency distribution table 频数分布表frequency polygon 频数多边形；频率多边形friction 摩擦; 摩擦力frictionless motion 无摩擦运动frustum 平截头体fulcrum 支点function 函数function of function 复合函数；迭函数functional notation 函数记号fundamental theorem ofalgebra 代数基本定理fundamental theorem ofcalculus 微积分基本定理gain 增益；赚；盈利gain perent 赚率；增益率；盈利百分率game （1）对策；（2）博奕Gaussian distribution 高斯分布Gaussian elimination 高斯消去法general form 一般式；通式general solution 通解；一般解general term 通项generating function 母函数; 生成函数generator (1)母线; (2)生成元geoborad 几何板geometric distribution 几何分布geometric mean 几何平均数；等比中项geometric progression 几何级数；等比级数geometric sequence 等比序列geometric series 等比级数geometry 几何；几何学given 给定；已知global 全局; 整体global maximum 全局极大值; 整体极大值global minimum 全局极小值; 整体极小值golden section 黄金分割grade 等级gradient (1)斜率；倾斜率；(2)梯度grand total 总计graph 图像；图形；图表graph paper 图表纸graphical method 图解法graphical representation 图示；以图样表达graphical solution 图解gravitational acceleration 重力加速度gravity 重力greatest term 最大项greatest value 最大值grid lines 网网格线group 组；grouped data 分组数据；分类数据grouping terms 并项；集项growth 增长growth factor 增长因子half angle 半角half angle formula 半角公式half closed interval 半闭区间half open interval 半开区间harmonic mean (1) 调和平均数;(2) 调和中项harmonic progression 调和级数head 正面（钱币）height 高（度）helix 螺旋线hemisphere 半球体；半球heptagon 七边形Heron´s formula希罗公式heterogeneous (1)参差的; (2)不纯一的hexagon 六边形higher order derivative 高阶导数最大公因子；最高公因式；最高公因子Hindu-Arabic numeral 阿刺伯数字histogram 组织图；直方图；矩形图Holder´s Inequality赫耳德不等式homogeneous 齐次的homogeneous equation 齐次方程Hooke´s law虎克定律horizontal 水平的；水平horizontal asymptote 水平渐近线horizontal component 水平分量horizontal line 横线；水平线horizontal range 水平射程hyperbola 双曲线hyperbolic function 双曲函数hypergeometric distribution 超几何分布hypocycloid 内摆线hypotenuse 斜边hypothesis 假设hypothesis testing 假设检验hypothetical syllogism 假设三段论hypotrochoid 次内摆线idempotent 全幂等的identical 全等；恒等identity 等（式）identity element 单位元identity law 同一律identity mapping 恒等映射identity matrix 恒等矩阵identity relation 恒等关系式if and only if/iff 当且仅当；若且仅若if…, th en 若….则；如果…..则illustration 例证；说明image 像点；像image axis 虚轴imaginary circle 虚圆imaginary number 虚数imaginary part 虚部imaginary root 虚根imaginary unit 虚数单位impact 碰撞implication 蕴涵式；蕴含式implicit definition 隐定义implicit function 隐函数imply 蕴涵；蕴含impossible event 不可能事件improper fraction 假分数improper integral 广义积分; 非正常积分impulse 冲量impulsive force 冲力incentre 内力incircle 内切圆inclination 倾角；斜角inclined plane 斜面included angle 夹角included side 夹边inclusion mapping 包含映射inclusive 包含的；可兼的inclusive disjunction 包含性析取；可兼析取inconsistent 不相的(的)；不一致(的)increase 递增；增加increasing function 递增函数increasing sequence 递增序列increasing series 递增级数increment 增量indefinite integral 不定积分idenfinite integration 不定积分法independence 独立；自变independent equations 独立方程independent event 独立事件independent variable 自变量；独立变量indeterminate (1)不定的；(2)不定元；未定元indeterminate coefficient 不定系数；未定系数indeterminate form 待定型；不定型index,indices 指数；指index notation 指数记数法induced operation 诱导运算induction hypothesis 归纳法假设inelastic collision 非弹性碰撞inequality 不等式；不等inequality sign 不等号inertia 惯性；惯量infer 推断inference 推论infinite 无限；无穷infinite dimensional 无限维infinite population 无限总体infinite sequence 无限序列；无穷序列infinite series 无限级数；无穷级数infinitely many 无穷多infinitesimal 无限小；无穷小infinity 无限(大)；无穷(大) inflection (inflexion) point 拐点；转折点inherent error 固有误差initial approximation 初始近似值initial condition 原始条件；初值条件initial point 始点；起点initial side 始边initial value 初值；始值initial velocity 初速度initial-value problem 初值问题injection 内射injective function 内射函数inner product 内积input 输入input box 输入inscribed circle 内切圆insertion 插入insertion of brackets 加括号instantaneous 瞬时的instantaneous acceleration 瞬时加速度instantaneous speed 瞬时速率instantaneous velocity 瞬时速度integer 整数integrable 可积integrable function 可积函数integral 积分integral index 整数指数integral mean value theorem 积数指数integral part 整数部份integral solution 整数解integral value 整数值integrand 被积函数integrate 积；积分；......的积分integrating factor 积分因子integration 积分法integration by parts 分部积分法integration by substitution 代换积分法；换元积分法integration constant 积分常数interaction 相互作用intercept 截距；截段intercept form 截距式intercept theorem 截线定理interchange 互换interest 利息interest rate 利率interest tax 利息税interior angle 内角interior angles on the same side of the transversal 同旁内角interior opposite angle 内对角intermediate value theorem 介值定理internal bisector 内分角internal division 内分割internal energy 内能internal force 内力internal point of division 内分点interpolating polynomial 插值多项式interpolation 插值inter-quartile range 四分位数间距intersect 相交intersection (1)交集；(2)相交；(3)交点interval 区间interval estimation 区间估计；区域估计intuition 直观invalid 失效；无效invariance 不变性invariant (1)不变的；(2)不变量；不变式inverse 反的；逆的inverse circular function 反三角函数inverse cosine function 反余弦函数inverse function 反函数；逆函数inverse cosine function 反三角函数inverse function 反函数；逆映射inverse mapping 反向映射；逆映射inverse matrix 逆矩阵inverse problem 逆算问题inverse proportion 反比例；逆比例inverse relation 逆关系inverse sine function 反正弦函数inverse tangent function 反正切函数inverse variation 反变(分)；逆变(分)invertible 可逆的invertible matrix 可逆矩阵irrational equation 无理方程irrational number 无理数irreducibility 不可约性irregular 不规则isomorphism 同构isosceles triangle 等腰三角形iterate (1)迭代值; (2)迭代iteration 迭代iteration form 迭代形iterative function 迭代函数iterative method 迭代法jet propulsion 喷气推进joint variation 联变(分)；连变(分)kinetic energy 动能kinetic friction 动摩擦known 己知末项L´Hospital´s rule洛必达法则Lagrange interpolating polynomial 拉格朗日插值多项代Lagrange theorem 拉格朗日定理Lami´s law拉密定律Laplace expansion 拉普拉斯展式last term 末项latent root 本征根; 首通径lattice point 格点latus rectum 正焦弦; 首通径law 律；定律law of conservation of momentum 动量守恒定律law of indices 指数律；指数定律law of inference 推论律law of trichotomy 三分律leading coefficient 首项系数leading diagonal 主对角线最小公倍数；最低公倍式least value 最小值left hand limit 左方极限lemma 引理lemniscate 双纽线length 长(度)letter 文字；字母like surd 同类根式like terms 同类项limacon 蜗牛线limit 极限limit of sequence 序列的极限limiting case 极限情况limiting friction 最大静摩擦limiting position 极限位置line 线；行line of action 作用力线line of best-fit 最佳拟合line of greatest slope 最大斜率的直；最大斜率line of intersection 交线line segment 线段linear 线性；一次linear convergence 线性收敛性linear differeantialequation 线性微分方程linear equation 线性方程；一次方程linear equation in two unknowns 二元一次方程；二元线性方程linear inequality 一次不等式；线性不等式linear momentum 线动量linear programming 线性规划linearly dependent 线性相关的linearly independent 线性无关的literal coefficient 文字系数literal equation 文字方程load 负荷loaded coin 不公正钱币loaded die 不公正骰子local maximum 局部极大(值) local minimum 局部极小(值) locus, loci 轨迹logarithm 对数logarithmic equation 对数方程logarithmic function 对数函数logic 逻辑logical deduction 逻辑推论；逻辑推理logical step 逻辑步骤long division method 长除法loop 回路loss 赔本；亏蚀loss per cent 赔率；亏蚀百分率lower bound 下界lower limit 下限lower quartile 下四分位数lower sum 下和lower triangular matrix 下三角形矩阵最小公倍数machine 机械Maclaurin expansion 麦克劳林展开式Maclaurin series 麦克劳林级数magnitude 量；数量；长度；大小major arc 优弧；大弧major axis 长轴major sector 优扇形；大扇形major segment 优弓形；大弓形mantissa 尾数mantissa of logarithm 对数的尾数；对数的定值部many to one 多个对一个many-sided figure 多边形many-valued 多值的map into 映入map onto 映上mapping 映射marked price 标价Markov chain 马可夫链mass 质量mathematical analysis 数学分析mathematical induction 数学归纳法mathematical sentence 数句mathematics 数学matrix 阵; 矩阵matrix addition 矩阵加法matrix equation 矩阵方程matrix multiplication 矩阵乘法matrix operation 矩阵运算maximize 极大maximum absolute error 最大绝对误差maximum point 极大点maximum value 极大值mean 平均(值)；平均数；中数mean deviation 中均差；平均偏差mean value theorem 中值定理measure of dispersion 离差的量度measurement 量度mechanical energy 机械能median (1)中位数；(2)中线meet 相交；相遇mensuration 计量；求积法method 方法method of completing square 配方法method of interpolation 插值法; 内插法method of least squares 最小二乘法; 最小平方法method of substitution 代换法；换元法method of successivesubstitution 逐次代换法; 逐次调替法method of superposition 迭合法metric unit 十进制单位mid-point 中点mid-point formula 中点公式mid-point theorem 中点定理million 百万minimize 极小minimum point 极小点minimum value 极小值Minkowski Inequality 闵可夫斯基不等式minor (1)子行列式；(2)劣；较小的minor arc 劣弧；小弧minor axis 短轴minor of a determinant 子行列式minor sector 劣扇形；小扇形minor segment 劣弓形；小弓形minus 减minute 分mixed number(fraction) 带分数modal class 众数组mode 众数model 模型modulo (1)模; 模数; (2)同余modulo arithmetic 同余算术modulus 模; 模数modulus of a complex number 复数的模modulus of elasticity 弹性模(数) moment arm (1)矩臂; (2)力臂moment of a force 力矩moment of inertia 贯性矩momentum 动量monomial 单项式monotone 单调monotonic convergence 单调收敛性monotonic decreasing 单调递减monotonic decreasingfunction 单调递减函数monotonic function 单调函数monotonic increasing 单调递增monotonic increasingfunction 单调递增函数motion 运动movable pulley 动滑轮multinomial 多项式multiple 倍数multiple angle 倍角multiple-angle formula 倍角公式multiple root 多重根multiplicand 被乘数multiplication 乘法multiplication law (of probability) (概率)乘法定律multiplicative inverse 乘法逆元multiplicative property 可乘性multiplicity 重数multiplier 乘数；乘式multiply 乘multi-value 多值的mulually disjoint 互不相交mutually exclusive events 互斥事件mutually independent 独立; 互相独立mutually perpendicular lines 互相垂直n factorial n阶乘n th derivative n阶导数n th root n次根；n次方根n the root of unity 单位的n次根Napierian logarithm 纳皮尔对数; 自然对数natural logarithm 自然对数natural number 自然数natural surjection 自然满射necessary and sufficient condition 充要条件necessary condition 必要条件negation 否定式negative 负negative angle 负角negative binomialdistribution 负二项式分布negative index 负指数negative integer 负整数negative number 负数negative vector 负向量; 负矢量neighborhood 邻域net 净(值)net force 净力Newton-Cote´s rule牛顿 - 高斯法则Newton-Raphson´s method牛顿 - 纳逊方法Newton´s formula牛顿公式Newton´s law of motion牛顿运动定律Newton´s method牛顿方法n-gon n边形nonagon 九边形non-collinear 不共线non-commutative 非交换的non-linear 非线性non-linear equation 非线性方程non-negative 非负的non-reflexive 非自反的non-singular (1)满秩的; (2)非奇异的non-singular matrix 满秩矩阵non-transitive 非可递的non-trivial 非平凡的non-zero 非零norm 模方; 范数normal (1)垂直的；正交的；法线的 (2)正态的 (3)正常的；正规的normal curve 正态分布曲；常庇分布曲；正规曲；正庇曲normal distribution 正态分布，常态分布normal form 法线式normal reaction 反向法作用力normal to curve 曲线的法线normal vector 法向量normalize 正规化normalized form 标准型notation 记法；记号null 零; 空null hypothesis 零假设; 虚假设null set 空集null vector 零向量number 数number line 数线number pair 数偶number pattern 数型number plane 数平面number system 数系。

abbreviation?简写符号；简写absolute complement?绝对补集absolute error?绝对误差absolute inequality?绝不等式absolute maximum?绝对极大值absolute minimum?绝对极小值absolute monotonic?绝对单调absolute value?绝对值accelerate?加速acceleration?加速度acceleration due to gravity?重力加速度; 地心加速度accumulation?累积accumulative?累积的accuracy?准确度act on?施于action?作用; 作用力acute angle?锐角acute-angled triangle?锐角三角形add?加addition?加法addition formula?加法公式addition law?加法定律addition law(of probability)?（概率）加法定律additive inverse?加法逆元; 加法反元additive property?可加性adjacent angle?邻角adjacent side?邻边adjoint matrix?伴随矩阵algebra?代数algebraic?代数的algebraic equation?代数方程algebraic expression?代数式algebraic fraction?代数分式；代数分数式algebraic inequality?代数不等式algebraic number?代数数algebraic operation?代数运算algebraically closed?代数封闭algorithm?算法系统; 规则系统alternate angle?（交）错角alternate segment?内错弓形alternating series?交错级数alternative hypothesis?择一假设; 备择假设; 另一假设altitude?高；高度；顶垂线；高线ambiguous case?两义情况；二义情况amount?本利和；总数analysis?分析；解析analytic geometry?解析几何angle?角angle at the centre?圆心角angle at the circumference?圆周角angle between a line and a plane?直与平面的交角angle between two planes?两平面的交角angle bisection?角平分angle bisector?角平分线；分角线angle in the alternate segment?交错弓形的圆周角angle in the same segment?同弓形内的圆周角angle of depression?俯角angle of elevation?仰角angle of friction?静摩擦角; 极限角angle of greatest slope?最大斜率的角angle of inclination?倾斜角angle of intersection?相交角；交角angle of projection?投射角angle of rotation?旋转角angle of the sector?扇形角angle sum of a triangle?三角形内角和angles at a point?同顶角angular displacement?角移位angular momentum?角动量angular motion?角运动angular velocity?角速度annum(X% per annum)?年（年利率X%）anti-clockwise direction?逆时针方向；返时针方向anti-clockwise moment?逆时针力矩anti-derivative?反导数; 反微商anti-logarithm?逆对数；反对数anti-symmetric?反对称apex?顶点approach?接近；趋近approximate value?近似值approximation?近似；略计；逼近Arabic system?阿刺伯数字系统arbitrary?任意arbitrary constant?任意常数arc?弧arc length?弧长arc-cosine function?反余弦函数arc-sin function?反正弦函数arc-tangent function?反正切函数area?面积Argand diagram?阿根图, 阿氏图argument?(1)论证; (2)辐角argument of a complex number?复数的辐角argument of a function?函数的自变量arithmetic?算术arithmetic mean?算术平均；等差中顶；算术中顶arithmetic progression?算术级数；等差级数arithmetic sequence?等差序列arithmetic series?等差级数arm?边array?数组; 数组arrow?前号ascending order?递升序ascending powers of X?X 的升幂assertion?断语; 断定associative law?结合律assumed mean?假定平均数assumption?假定；假设asymmetrical?非对称asymptote?渐近asymptotic error constant?渐近误差常数at rest?静止augmented matrix?增广矩阵auxiliary angle?辅助角auxiliary circle?辅助圆auxiliary equation?辅助方程average?平均；平均数；平均值average speed?平均速率axiom?公理axiom of existence?存在公理axiom of extension?延伸公理axiom of inclusion?包含公理axiom of pairing?配对公理axiom of power?幂集公理axiom of specification?分类公理axiomatic theory of probability?概率公理论axis?轴axis of parabola?抛物线的轴axis of revolution?旋转轴axis of rotation?旋转轴axis of symmetry?对称轴back substitution?回代bar chart?棒形图；条线图；条形图；线条图base?（1）底；（2）基；基数base angle?底角base area?底面base line?底线base number?底数；基数base of logarithm?对数的底basis?基Bayes′ theorem?贝叶斯定理bearing?方位（角）；角方向（角）bell-shaped curve?钟形图belong to?属于Bernoulli distribution?伯努利分布Bernoulli trials?伯努利试验bias?偏差；偏倚biconditional?双修件式; 双修件句bijection?对射; 双射; 单满射bijective function?对射函数; 只射函数billion?十亿bimodal distribution?双峰分布binary number?二进数binary operation?二元运算binary scale?二进法binary system?二进制binomial?二项式binomial distribution?二项分布binomial expression?二项式binomial series?二项级数binomial theorem?二项式定理bisect?平分；等分bisection method?分半法；分半方法bisector?等分线；平分线Boolean algebra?布尔代数boundary condition?边界条件boundary line?界（线）；边界bounded?有界的bounded above?有上界的；上有界的bounded below?有下界的；下有界的bounded function?有界函数bounded sequence?有界序列brace?大括号bracket?括号breadth?阔度broken line graph?折线图calculation?计算calculator?计算器；计算器calculus?(1) 微积分学; (2) 演算cancel?消法；相消canellation law?消去律canonical?典型; 标准capacity?容量cardioid?心脏Cartesian coordinates?笛卡儿坐标Cartesian equation?笛卡儿方程Cartesian plane?笛卡儿平面Cartesian product?笛卡儿积category?类型；范畴catenary?悬链Cauchy sequence?柯西序列Cauchy′s principal value?柯西主值Cauchy-Schwarz inequality?柯西- 许瓦尔兹不等式central limit theorem?中心极限定理central line?中线central tendency?集中趋centre?中心；心centre of a circle?圆心centre of gravity?重心centre of mass?质量中心centrifugal force?离心力centripedal acceleration?向心加速度centripedal force force?向心力centroid?形心；距心certain event?必然事件chain rule?链式法则chance?机会change of axes?坐标轴的变换change of base?基的变换change of coordinates?坐标轴的变换change of subject?主项变换change of variable?换元；变量的换characteristic equation?特征(征)方程characteristic function?特征(征)函数characteristic of logarithm?对数的首数; 对数的定位部characteristic root?特征(征)根chart?图；图表check digit?检验数位checking?验算chord?弦chord of contact?切点弦circle?圆circular?圆形；圆的circular function?圆函数；三角函数circular measure?弧度法circular motion?圆周运动circular permutation?环形排列; 圆形排列; 循环排列circumcentre?外心；外接圆心circumcircle?外接圆circumference?圆周circumradius?外接圆半径circumscribed circle?外接圆cissoid?蔓叶class?区；组；类class boundary?组界class interval?组区间；组距class limit?组限；区限class mark?组中点；区中点classical theory of probability?古典概率论classification?分类clnometer?测斜仪clockwise direction?顺时针方向clockwise moment?顺时针力矩closed convex region?闭凸区域closed interval?闭区间coaxial?共轴coaxial circles?共轴圆coaxial system?共轴系coded data?编码数据coding method?编码法co-domain?上域coefficient?系数coefficient of friction?摩擦系数coefficient of restitution?碰撞系数; 恢复系数coefficient of variation?变差系数cofactor?余因子; 余因式cofactor matrix?列矩阵coincide?迭合；重合collection of terms?并项collinear?共线collinear planes?共线面collision?碰撞column?(1)列；纵行；(2) 柱column matrix?列矩阵column vector?列向量combination?组合common chord?公弦common denominator?同分母；公分母common difference?公差common divisor?公约数；公约common factor?公因子；公因子common logarithm?常用对数common multiple?公位数；公倍common ratio?公比common tangent?公切commutative law?交换律comparable?可比较的compass?罗盘compass bearing?罗盘方位角compasses?圆规compasses construction?圆规作图compatible?可相容的complement?余；补余complement law?补余律complementary angle?余角complementary equation?补充方程complementary event?互补事件complementary function?余函数complementary probability?互补概率complete oscillation?全振动completing the square?配方complex conjugate?复共轭complex number?复数complex unmber plane?复数平面complex root?复数根component?分量component of force?分力composite function?复合函数; 合成函数composite number?复合数；合成数composition of mappings?映射构合composition of relations?复合关系compound angle?复角compound angle formula?复角公式compound bar chart?综合棒形图compound discount?复折扣compound interest?复利；复利息compound probability?合成概率compound statement?复合命题; 复合叙述computation?计算computer?计算机；电子计算器concave?凹concave downward?凹向下的concave polygon?凹多边形concave upward?凹向上的concentric circles?同心圆concept?概念conclusion?结论concurrent?共点concyclic?共圆concyclic points?共圆点condition?条件conditional?条件句；条件式conditional identity?条件恒等式conditional inequality?条件不等式conditional probability?条件概率cone?锥；圆锥（体）confidence coefficient?置信系数confidence interval?置信区间confidence level?置信水平confidence limit?置信极限confocal section?共焦圆锥曲congruence?(1)全等；(2)同余congruence class?同余类congruent?全等congruent figures?全等图形congruent triangles?全等三角形conic?二次曲圆锥曲conic section?二次曲圆锥曲conical pendulum?圆锥摆conjecture?猜想conjugate?共轭conjugate axis?共轭conjugate diameters?共轭轴conjugate hyperbola?共轭(直)径conjugate imaginary / complex number?共轭双曲conjugate radical?共轭虚/复数conjugate surd?共轭根式; 共轭不尽根conjunction?合取connective?连词connector box?捙接框consecutive integers?连续整数consecutive numbers?连续数；相邻数consequence?结论；推论consequent?条件；后项conservation of energy?能量守恒conservation of momentum?动量守恒conserved?守恒consistency condition?相容条件consistent?一贯的；相容的consistent estimator?相容估计量constant?常数constant acceleration?恒加速度constant force?恒力constant of integration?积分常数constant speed?恒速率constant term?常项constant velocity?怛速度constraint?约束；约束条件construct?作construction?作图construction of equation?方程的设立continued proportion?连比例continued ratio?连比continuity?连续性continuity correction?连续校正continuous?连续的continuous data?连续数据continuous function?连续函数continuous proportion?连续比例continuous random variable?连续随机变量contradiction?矛盾converge?收敛convergence?收敛性convergent?收敛的convergent iteration?收敛的迭代convergent sequence?收敛序列convergent series?收敛级数converse?逆(定理)converse of a relation?逆关系converse theorem?逆定理conversion?转换convex?凸convex polygon?凸多边形convexity?凸性coordinate?坐标coordinate geometry?解析几何；坐标几何coordinate system?坐标系系定理；系；推论coplanar?共面coplanar forces?共面力coplanar lines?共面co-prime?互质; 互素corollary?系定理; 系; 推论correct to?准确至；取值至correlation?相关correlation coefficient?相关系数correspondence?对应corresponding angles?(1)同位角；(2)对应角corresponding element?对应边corresponding sides?对应边cosecant?余割cosine?余弦cosine formula?余弦公式cost price?成本cotangent?余切countable?可数countable set?可数集countably infinite?可数无限counter clockwise direction?逆时针方向；返时针方向counter example?反例counting?数数；计数couple?力偶Carmer′s rule?克莱玛法则criterion?准则critical point?临界点critical region?临界域cirtical value?临界值cross-multiplication?交叉相乘cross-section?横切面；横截面；截痕cube?正方体；立方；立方体cube root?立方根cubic?三次方；立方；三次(的)cubic equation?三次方程cubic roots of unity?单位的立方根cuboid?长方体；矩体cumulative?累积的cumulative distribution function?累积分布函数cumulative frequecy?累积频数；累积频率cumulative frequency curve?累积频数曲cumulative frequcncy distribution?累积频数分布cumulative frequency polygon?累积频数多边形；累积频率直方图curvature of a curve?曲线的曲率curve?曲线curve sketching?曲线描绘(法)curve tracing?曲线描迹(法)curved line?曲线curved surface?曲面curved surface area?曲面面积cyclic expression?输换式cyclic permutation?圆形排列cyclic quadrilateral?圆内接四边形cycloid?旋输线; 摆线cylinder?柱；圆柱体cylindrical?圆柱形的damped oscillation?阻尼振动data?数据De Moivre′s theorem?棣美弗定理De Morgan′s law?德摩根律decagon?十边形decay?衰变decay factor?衰变因子decelerate?减速decelaration?减速度decile?十分位数decimal?小数decimal place?小数位decimal point?小数点decimal system?十进制decision box?判定框declarative sentence?说明语句declarative statement?说明命题decoding?译码decrease?递减decreasing function?递减函数；下降函数decreasing sequence?递减序列；下降序列decreasing series?递减级数；下降级数decrement?减量deduce?演绎deduction?推论deductive reasoning?演绎推理definite?确定的；定的definite integral?定积分definition?定义degenerated conic section?降级锥曲线degree?(1) 度; (2) 次degree of a polynomial?多项式的次数degree of accuracy?准确度degree of confidence?置信度degree of freedom?自由度degree of ODE?常微分方程次数degree of precision?精确度delete?删除; 删去denary number?十进数denominator?分母dependence?(1)相关; (2)应变dependent event(s)?相关事件; 相依事件; 从属事件dependent variable?应变量; 应变数depreciation?折旧derivable?可导derivative?导数derived curve?导函数曲线derived function?导函数derived statistics?推算统计资料; 派生统计资料descending order?递降序descending powers of x?x的降序descriptive statistics?描述统计学detached coefficients?分离系数(法) determinant?行列式deviation?偏差; 变差deviation from the mean?离均差diagonal?对角线diagonal matrix?对角矩阵diagram?图; 图表diameter?直径diameter of a conic?二次曲线的直径difference?差difference equation?差分方程difference of sets?差集differentiable?可微differential?微分differential coefficient?微商; 微分系数differential equation?微分方程differential mean value theorem?微分中值定理differentiate?求...的导数differentiate from first principle?从基本原理求导数differentiation?微分法digit?数字dimension?量; 量网; 维(数)direct impact?直接碰撞direct image?直接像direct proportion?正比例direct tax, direct taxation?直接税direct variation?正变(分)directed angle?有向角directed line?有向直线directed line segment?有向线段directed number?有向数direction?方向; 方位direction angle?方向角direction cosine?方向余弦direction number?方向数direction ratio?方向比directrix?准线Dirichlet function?狄利克来函数discontinuity?不连续性discontinuous?间断(的);连续(的); 不连续(的)discontinuous point?不连续点discount?折扣discrete?分立; 离散discrete data?离散数据; 间断数据discrete random variable?间断随机变数discrete uniform distribution?离散均匀分布discriminant?判别式disjoint?不相交的disjoint sets?不相交的集disjunction?析取dispersion?离差displacement?位移disprove?反证distance?距离distance formula?距离公式distinct roots?相异根distincr solution?相异解distribution?公布distributive law?分配律diverge?发散divergence?发散(性)divergent?发散的divergent iteration?发散性迭代divergent sequence?发散序列divergent series?发散级数divide?除dividend?(1)被除数；(2)股息divisible?可整除division?除法division algorithm?除法算式divisor?除数；除式；因子divisor of zero?零因子dodecagon?十二边形domain?定义域dot?点dot product?点积double angle?二倍角double angle formula?二倍角公式double root?二重根dual?对偶duality?(1)对偶性; (2) 双重性due east/ south/ west /north?向东/ 南/ 西/ 北dynamics?动力学eccentric angle?离心角eccentric circles?离心圆eccentricity?离心率echelon form?梯阵式echelon matrix?梯矩阵edge?棱；边efficient estimator?有效估计量effort?施力eigenvalue?本征值eigenvector?本征向量elastic body?弹性体elastic collision?弹性碰撞elastic constant?弹性常数elastic force?弹力elasticity?弹性element?元素elementary event?基本事件elementary function?初等函数elementary row operation?基本行运算elimination?消法elimination method?消去法；消元法ellipse?椭圆ellipsiod?椭球体elliptic function?椭圆函数elongation?伸张；展empirical data?实验数据empirical formula?实验公式empirical probability?实验概率；经验概率empty set?空集encoding?编码enclosure?界限end point?端点energy?能; 能量entire surd?整方根epicycloid?外摆线equal?相等equal ratios theorem?等比定理equal roots?等根equal sets?等集equality?等(式)equality sign?等号equation?方程equation in one unknown?一元方程equation in two unknowns? (variables)?二元方程equation of a straight line?直线方程equation of locus?轨迹方程equiangular?等角(的) equidistant?等距(的)equilateral?等边(的)equilateral polygon?等边多边形equilateral triangle?等边三角形equilibrium?平衡equiprobable?等概率的equiprobable space?等概率空间equivalence?等价equivalence class?等价类equivalence relation?等价关系equivalent?等价(的)error?误差error allowance?误差宽容度error estimate?误差估计error term?误差项error tolerance?误差宽容度escribed circle?旁切圆estimate?估计；估计量estimator?估计量Euclidean algorithm?欧几里德算法Euclidean geometry?欧几里德几何Euler′s formula?尤拉公式；欧拉公式evaluate?计值even function?偶函数even number?偶数evenly distributed?均匀分布的event?事件exact?真确exact differential form?恰当微分形式exact solution?准确解；精确解；真确解exact value?法确解；精确解；真确解example?例excentre?外心exception?例外excess?起exclusive?不包含exclusive disjunction?不包含性析取exclusive events?互斥事件exercise?练习exhaustive event(s)?彻底事件existential quantifier?存在量词expand?展开expand form?展开式expansion?展式expectation?期望expectation value, expected value?期望值；预期值experiment?实验；试验experimental?试验的experimental probability?实验概率explicit function?显函数exponent?指数exponential function?指数函数exponential order?指数阶; 指数级express…in terms of…?以………表达expression?式；数式extension?外延；延长；扩张；扩充extension of a function?函数的扩张exterior angle?外角external angle bisector?外分角external point of division?外分点extreme point?极值点extreme value?极值extremum?极值face?面factor?因子；因式；商factor method?因式分解法factor theorem?因子定理；因式定理factorial?阶乘factorization?因子分解；因式分解factorization of polynomial?多项式因式分解fallacy?谬误FALSE?假(的)falsehood?假值family?族family of circles?圆族family of concentric circles?同心圆族family of straight lines?直线族feasible solution?可行解；容许解Fermat′s last theorem?费尔马最后定理Fibonacci number?斐波那契数；黄金分割数Fibonacci sequence?斐波那契序列fictitious mean?假定平均数figure?(1)图(形)；(2)数字final velocity?末速度finite?有限finite dimensional vector space?有限维向量空间finite population?有限总体finite probability space?有限概率空间finite sequence?有限序列finite series?有限级数finite set?有限集first approximation?首近似值first derivative?一阶导数first order differential equation?一阶微分方程first projection?第一投影; 第一射影first quartile?第一四分位数first term?首项fixed deposit?定期存款fixed point?定点fixed point iteration method?定点迭代法fixed pulley?定滑轮flow chart?流程图focal axis?焦轴focal chord?焦弦focal length?焦距focus(foci)?焦点folium of Descartes?笛卡儿叶形线foot of perpendicular?垂足for all X?对所有Xfor each /every X?对每一Xforce?力forced oscillation?受迫振动form?形式；型formal proof?形式化的证明format?格式；规格formula(formulae)?公式four leaved rose curve?四瓣玫瑰线four rules?四则four-figure table?四位数表fourth root?四次方根fraction?分数；分式fraction in lowest term?最简分数fractional equation?分式方程fractional index?分数指数fractional inequality?分式不等式free fall?自由下坠free vector?自由向量; 自由矢量frequency?频数；频率frequency distribution?频数分布；频率分布frequency distribution table?频数分布表frequency polygon?频数多边形；频率多边形friction?摩擦; 摩擦力frictionless motion?无摩擦运动frustum?平截头体fulcrum?支点function?函数function of function?复合函数；迭函数functional notation?函数记号fundamental theorem of algebra?代数基本定理fundamental theorem of calculus?微积分基本定理gain?增益；赚；盈利gain perent?赚率；增益率；盈利百分率game?（1）对策；（2）博奕Gaussian distribution?高斯分布Gaussian elimination?高斯消去法general form?一般式；通式general solution?通解；一般解general term?通项generating function?母函数; 生成函数generator?(1)母线; (2)生成元geoborad?几何板geometric distribution?几何分布geometric mean?几何平均数；等比中项geometric progression?几何级数；等比级数geometric sequence?等比序列geometric series?等比级数geometry?几何；几何学given?给定；已知global?全局; 整体global maximum?全局极大值; 整体极大值global minimum?全局极小值; 整体极小值golden section?黄金分割grade?等级gradient?(1)斜率；倾斜率；(2)梯度grand total?总计graph?图像；图形；图表graph paper?图表纸graphical method?图解法graphical representation?图示；以图样表达graphical solution?图解gravitational acceleration?重力加速度gravity?重力greatest term?最大项greatest value?最大值grid lines?网网格线group?组；grouped data?分组数据；分类数据grouping terms?并项；集项growth?增长growth factor?增长因子half angle?半角half angle formula?半角公式half closed interval?半闭区间half open interval?半开区间harmonic mean?(1) 调和平均数; (2) 调和中项harmonic progression?调和级数head?正面（钱币）height?高（度）helix?螺旋线hemisphere?半球体；半球heptagon?七边形Heron′s formula?希罗公式heterogeneous?(1)参差的; (2)不纯一的hexagon?六边形higher order derivative?高阶导数?最大公因子；最高公因式；最高公因子Hindu-Arabic numeral?阿刺伯数字histogram?组织图；直方图；矩形图Holder′s Inequality?赫耳德不等式homogeneous?齐次的homogeneous equation?齐次方程Hooke′s law?虎克定律horizontal?水平的；水平horizontal asymptote?水平渐近线horizontal component?水平分量horizontal line?横线；水平线horizontal range?水平射程hyperbola?双曲线hyperbolic function?双曲函数hypergeometric distribution?超几何分布hypocycloid?内摆线hypotenuse?斜边hypothesis?假设hypothesis testing?假设检验hypothetical syllogism?假设三段论hypotrochoid?次内摆线idempotent?全幂等的identical?全等；恒等identity?等（式）identity element?单位元identity law?同一律identity mapping?恒等映射identity matrix?恒等矩阵identity relation?恒等关系式if and only if/iff?当且仅当；若且仅若if…, then?若….则；如果…..则illustration?例证；说明image?像点；像image axis?虚轴imaginary circle?虚圆imaginary number?虚数imaginary part?虚部imaginary root?虚根imaginary unit?虚数单位impact?碰撞implication?蕴涵式；蕴含式implicit definition?隐定义implicit function?隐函数imply?蕴涵；蕴含impossible event?不可能事件improper fraction?假分数improper integral?广义积分; 非正常积分impulse?冲量impulsive force?冲力incentre?内力incircle?内切圆inclination?倾角；斜角inclined plane?斜面included angle?夹角included side?夹边inclusion mapping?包含映射inclusive?包含的；可兼的inclusive disjunction?包含性析取；可兼析取inconsistent?不相的(的)；不一致(的) increase?递增；增加increasing function?递增函数increasing sequence?递增序列increasing series?递增级数increment?增量indefinite integral?不定积分idenfinite integration?不定积分法independence?独立；自变independent equations?独立方程independent event?独立事件independent variable?自变量；独立变量indeterminate?(1)不定的；(2)不定元；未定元indeterminate coefficient?不定系数；未定系数indeterminate form?待定型；不定型index,indices?指数；指index notation?指数记数法induced operation?诱导运算induction hypothesis?归纳法假设inelastic collision?非弹性碰撞inequality?不等式；不等inequality sign?不等号inertia?惯性；惯量infer?推断inference?推论infinite?无限；无穷infinite dimensional?无限维infinite population?无限总体infinite sequence?无限序列；无穷序列infinite series?无限级数；无穷级数infinitely many?无穷多infinitesimal?无限小；无穷小infinity?无限(大)；无穷(大)inflection (inflexion) point?拐点；转折点inherent error?固有误差initial approximation?初始近似值initial condition?原始条件；初值条件initial point?始点；起点initial side?始边initial value?初值；始值initial velocity?初速度initial-value problem?初值问题injection?内射injective function?内射函数inner product?内积input?输入input box?输入inscribed circle?内切圆insertion?插入insertion of brackets?加括号instantaneous?瞬时的instantaneous acceleration?瞬时加速度instantaneous speed?瞬时速率instantaneous velocity?瞬时速度integer?整数integrable?可积integrable function?可积函数integral?积分integral index?整数指数integral mean value theorem?积数指数integral part?整数部份integral solution?整数解integral value?整数值integrand?被积函数integrate?积；积分；......的积分integrating factor?积分因子integration?积分法integration by parts?分部积分法integration by substitution?代换积分法；换元积分法integration constant?积分常数interaction?相互作用intercept?截距；截段intercept form?截距式intercept theorem?截线定理interchange?互换interest?利息interest rate?利率interest tax?利息税interior angle?内角interior angles on the same side of the transversal?同旁内角interior opposite angle?内对角intermediate value theorem?介值定理internal bisector?内分角internal division?内分割internal energy?内能internal force?内力internal point of division?内分点interpolating polynomial?插值多项式interpolation?插值inter-quartile range?四分位数间距intersect?相交intersection?(1)交集；(2)相交；(3)交点interval?区间interval estimation?区间估计；区域估计intuition?直观invalid?失效；无效invariance?不变性invariant?(1)不变的；(2)不变量；不变式inverse?反的；逆的inverse circular function?反三角函数inverse cosine function?反余弦函数inverse function?反函数；逆函数inverse cosine function?反三角函数inverse function?反函数；逆映射inverse mapping?反向映射；逆映射inverse matrix?逆矩阵inverse problem?逆算问题inverse proportion?反比例；逆比例inverse relation?逆关系inverse sine function?反正弦函数inverse tangent function?反正切函数inverse variation?反变(分)；逆变(分) invertible?可逆的invertible matrix?可逆矩阵irrational equation?无理方程irrational number?无理数irreducibility?不可约性irregular?不规则isomorphism?同构isosceles triangle?等腰三角形iterate?(1)迭代值; (2)迭代iteration?迭代iteration form?迭代形iterative function?迭代函数iterative method?迭代法jet propulsion?喷气推进joint variation?联变(分)；连变(分) kinetic energy?动能kinetic friction?动摩擦known?己知?末项L′Hospital′s rule?洛必达法则Lagrange interpolating polynomial?拉格朗日插值多项代Lagrange theorem?拉格朗日定理Lami′s law?拉密定律Laplace expansion?拉普拉斯展式last term?末项latent root?本征根; 首通径lattice point?格点latus rectum?正焦弦; 首通径law?律；定律law of conservation of momentum?动量守恒定律law of indices?指数律；指数定律law of inference?推论律law of trichotomy?三分律leading coefficient?首项系数leading diagonal?主对角线?最小公倍数；最低公倍式least value?最小值left hand limit?左方极限lemma?引理lemniscate?双纽线length?长(度)letter?文字；字母like surd?同类根式like terms?同类项limacon?蜗牛线limit?极限limit of sequence?序列的极限limiting case?极限情况limiting friction?最大静摩擦limiting position?极限位置line?线；行line of action?作用力线line of best-fit?最佳拟合line of greatest slope?最大斜率的直；最大斜率line of intersection?交线line segment?线段linear?线性；一次linear convergence?线性收敛性linear differeantial equation?线性微分方程linear equation?线性方程；一次方程linear equation in two unknowns?二元一次方程；二元线性方程linear inequality?一次不等式；线性不等式linear momentum?线动量linear programming?线性规划linearly dependent?线性相关的linearly independent?线性无关的literal coefficient?文字系数literal equation?文字方程load?负荷loaded coin?不公正钱币loaded die?不公正骰子local maximum?局部极大(值)local minimum?局部极小(值)locus, loci?轨迹logarithm?对数logarithmic equation?对数方程logarithmic function?对数函数logic?逻辑logical deduction?逻辑推论；逻辑推理logical step?逻辑步骤long division method?长除法loop?回路loss?赔本；亏蚀loss per cent?赔率；亏蚀百分率lower bound?下界lower limit?下限lower quartile?下四分位数lower sum?下和lower triangular matrix?下三角形矩阵?最小公倍数machine?机械Maclaurin expansion?麦克劳林展开式Maclaurin series?麦克劳林级数magnitude?量；数量；长度；大小major arc?优弧；大弧major axis?长轴major sector?优扇形；大扇形major segment?优弓形；大弓形mantissa?尾数mantissa of logarithm?对数的尾数；对数的定值部many to one?多个对一个many-sided figure?多边形many-valued?多值的map into?映入map onto?映上mapping?映射marked price?标价Markov chain?马可夫链mass?质量mathematical analysis?数学分析mathematical induction?数学归纳法mathematical sentence?数句mathematics?数学matrix?阵; 矩阵matrix addition?矩阵加法matrix equation?矩阵方程matrix multiplication?矩阵乘法matrix operation?矩阵运算maximize?极大maximum absolute error?最大绝对误差maximum point?极大点maximum value?极大值mean?平均(值)；平均数；中数mean deviation?中均差；平均偏差mean value theorem?中值定理measure of dispersion?离差的量度measurement?量度mechanical energy?机械能median?(1)中位数；(2)中线meet?相交；相遇mensuration?计量；求积法method?方法method of completing square?配方法method of interpolation?插值法; 内插法method of least squares?最小二乘法; 最小平方法method of substitution?代换法；换元法method of successive substitution?逐次代换法; 逐次调替法method of superposition?迭合法metric unit?十进制单位mid-point?中点mid-point formula?中点公式mid-point theorem?中点定理million?百万minimize?极小minimum point?极小点minimum value?极小值Minkowski Inequality?闵可夫斯基不等式minor?(1)子行列式；(2)劣；较小的minor arc?劣弧；小弧minor axis?短轴minor of a determinant?子行列式minor sector?劣扇形；小扇形minor segment?劣弓形；小弓形minus?减minute?分mixed number(fraction)?带分数modal class?众数组mode?众数model?模型modulo?(1)模; 模数; (2)同余modulo arithmetic?同余算术modulus?模; 模数modulus of a complex number?复数的模modulus of elasticity?弹性模(数)moment arm?(1)矩臂; (2)力臂moment of a force?力矩moment of inertia?贯性矩momentum?动量monomial?单项式monotone?单调monotonic convergence?单调收敛性monotonic decreasing?单调递减monotonic decreasing function?单调递减函数monotonic function?单调函数monotonic increasing?单调递增monotonic increasing function?单调递增函数motion?运动movable pulley?动滑轮multinomial?多项式multiple?倍数multiple angle?倍角multiple-angle formula?倍角公式multiple root?多重根multiplicand?被乘数multiplication?乘法multiplication law (of probability)?(概率)乘法定律multiplicative inverse?乘法逆元multiplicative property?可乘性multiplicity?重数multiplier?乘数；乘式multiply?乘multi-value?多值的mulually disjoint?互不相交mutually exclusive events?互斥事件mutually independent?独立; 互相独立mutually perpendicular lines?互相垂直n factorial?n阶乘n th derivative?n阶导数n th root?n次根；n次方根n the root of unity?单位的n次根Napierian logarithm?纳皮尔对数; 自然对数natural logarithm?自然对数natural number?自然数natural surjection?自然满射necessary and sufficient condition?充要条件necessary condition?必要条件negation?否定式negative?负negative angle?负角negative binomial distribution?负二项式分布negative index?负指数negative integer?负整数negative number?负数negative vector?负向量; 负矢量neighborhood?邻域net?净(值)net force?净力Newton-Cote′s rule?牛顿- 高斯法则Newton-Raphson′s method?牛顿- 纳逊方法Newton′s formula?牛顿公式Newton′s law of motion?牛顿运动定律Newton′s method?牛顿方法n-gon?n边形nonagon?九边形non-collinear?不共线non-commutative?非交换的non-linear?非线性non-linear equation?非线性方程non-negative?非负的non-reflexive?非自反的non-singular?(1)满秩的; (2)非奇异的non-singular matrix?满秩矩阵non-transitive?非可递的non-trivial?非平凡的non-zero?非零norm?模方; 范数normal?(1)垂直的；正交的；法线的(2)正态的(3)正常的；正规的normal curve?正态分布曲；常庇分布曲；正规曲；正庇曲normal distribution?正态分布，常态分布normal form?法线式normal reaction?反向法作用力normal to curve?曲线的法线normal vector?法向量normalize?正规化normalized form?标准型notation?记法；记号null?零; 空null hypothesis?零假设; 虚假设null set?空集null vector?零向量number?数number line?数线number pair?数偶number pattern?数型number plane?数平面number system?数系numeral?数字；数码numeral system?记数系统numerator?分子numerical?数值的；数字的numerical analysis?数字分析numerical expression?数字式numerical integration?数值积分法numerical method?计算方法；数值法objective function?目标函数oblique?斜的oblique asymptote?斜渐近线oblique cone?斜圆锥oblique impact?斜向碰撞oblique triangle?斜三角形obtuse angle?钝角。

ADS 2011 EM Basics (v2 October 2011)LAB EXERCISE 2 EM Basics (Momentum)Topics: EM simulation in ADS, focusing on Momentum, including substrate andport setups, 3D viewing, visualization, and more.Audience: Engineers who have a basic working knowledge of ADS 2011, have completed the prerequisite course, or who require EM training.Prerequisites: Completion of the course, Workspaces and Simulation Tools or equivalent experience, including ADS layout skills.Objectives: Be able to set up and run EM simulations from ADS layout,including creating a substrate and defining Technology layers and materials.Table of Contents: Lab 21.Create a New Workspace and Layout 32.Define Dielectric Materials: Technology File 43.Draw a layout: 2 metal strips and a via 54.Open the EM Simulation Setup 65.Add a new Substrate 66.Define strip conductors (metal) 87.Add a Substrate Layer 98.Map a Via and Intruded Conductor 99.Importing Substrates 1110.EM Setup: Yellow Caution Signs 1111.Selecting Pins and Defining Ports 12ing the 3D EM Preview 1313.Defining Frequency Plan, Output Plan, and Mesh Options 1414.EM Model and Simulation 1515.EM Simulation Data 1616.Optional: Visualization of Current 17Copyright 2011 Agilent TechnologiesCopyright 2011 Agilent Technologies1. Create a New Workspace and Layouta. In the ADS Main window, use the wizard to create a new workspace: File > New > Workspace or use the icon. Name the workspace and library: My_EM_wrk - add only the Analog/RF library as shown here and finish.b. Create a new layout using the default cell name: cell1, as shown here.c. In the Layout window, select Options > Technology > Material Definitions . When the dialog appears, select the Dielectrics tab – notice it is empty. Of course, if you are using a PDK or library with substrates already setup, then you might be able to see some materials listed here. This lab will show you howto create materials for use with a substrate.2.Define Dielectric Materials: Technology Filea.Click the Add Dielectric button and a default name (Dielectric_1) will beadded. Next, change the Real value = 6 (Permittivity) as shown here and click Apply. You could set other values but this is enough.click on Alumina fromthe list of pre-defineddielectrics. Click OKand your two dielectricsshould appear.Notice that you can changethe type, but leave it asSvensson/Djordjvic.Copyright 2011 Agilent TechnologiesCopyright 2011 Agilent Technologiesc. Next, select the Conductors tab and click Add Conductor . The default will be added (Conductor_1). Then click Add From Database and select Gold , then click OK to add it and click Apply . With the materials added, click OK .3. Draw a layout: 2 metal strips and a viaa. In the layout window, draw this simple design using three layers and the values in mils shown here. Change the entry layer as needed to draw two rectangles (use Cond and Cond2) and a centered circle (use Hole). Note thatthe colors shown may be different than your colors – it is not important.Copyright 2011 Agilent Technologiesb. Save the layout when you have finished – you will add pins/ports later.4. Open the EM Simulation Setupa. Select the EM Simulation Setup icon in layout to open the EM Setup dialog (shown here).b. Notice the yellow caution signs next to the Substrate and Ports icons. This means that these two items have not beenspecified and you cannot run the simulation yet. Read through the Setup Overview quickly then close the EM setup. Next, you will open theSubstrate editor and define a substrate for your layout.5. Add a new Substratea. NOTE on substrates: You can use or copy substrates from anylibrary in your workspace. But for this workshop you will create a new substrate so that you are more familiar with how the editor works. b. In the Layout window, click the Substrate Editor icon and click OK. Then click OK again to use the default name (Substrate1) for your substrate.c. Notice that a Template for 25 mil Alumina will be used – this is a starting point.d.This is the substrate editor with a 3-D like view of the layers for this template,including a conductor (cond) and the boundary conditions. This is always a starting point for new substrates. Read the information on the right about how to add, delete, or select items but do not do anything yet.The steps that follow will guide you through the creation of the stack-up and mappings shown here, using library Technology materials – this picture showswhat the substrate will look like after you follow the steps.NOTE: You can define materials (dielectrics, conductors, etc.) in the Substrate Editor because it gives you access to the Technology file as you will see.However, defining them first, in the Technology file is recommended.Copyright 2011 Agilent Technologies6.Define strip conductors (metal)Now you will define the cond drawing layer to be a strip conductor: Gold.a.Click on the cond strip in the graphical substrate editor on the left - it willbecome outlined and the properties will appear on the right. You always have to click on the 3D substrate drawing to see the properties. Next, set layer cond Material = Gold by using the drop-down arrow button for Material to change cond from perfect conductor to Gold.NOTE: the box for Only pins and pin shapes from layer is only checked if you are mapping pins (vias) but no other metals or conductors.b.Next, click the Edit Materials button with three dots […] next to the drop downarrow for Material. This shows the Technology file material.Notice you could add surface roughness for conductors used in Momentum simulations – but do not. This is only to show how the EM substrate editor works. If you use a library PDK, then all the materials from that PDK would appear.c.Cancel the Material Definitions dialog.Copyright 2011 Agilent TechnologiesCopyright 2011 Agilent Technologies7. Add a Substrate Layera. Use the cursor and right-click in the Alumina substrate area as shown here. Then click Insert Substrate Layer Above as shown. Immediately, another Alumina substrate is added and you have two Alumina layers.b. On the right panel, use the drop-down arrow button to select the Dielectric_1 material (you defined this in the library’s technology earlier). Set the Thickness to 30 mils – press Enter and you will see it.8. Map a Via and Intruded Conductora. Again, use the cursor and right-click on Dielectric_1 as shown here. When themenu appears, select Map Conductor Via . Immediately, you will see the hole layer appear automatically. On the right, set the Conductor Via Material toPERFECT_CONDUCTOR as shown here. The via is now mapped as the hole drawing layer through Dielectric _1.This means that the hole drawing layer is now considered a via – you will seethis in the 3D preview.Copyright 2011 Agilent Technologiesb. Move your cursor to the interface above Dielectric-1 as shown here, and right-click.c. Select the command Map Conductor Layer and another strip conductor will appear: cond2. With cond2 selected, go to the panel on the right and set the Material to Conductor_1. Also, and click to set the Operation to Intrude into substrate and set the Position to Above interface .d. Also, set the metal Thickness to 0.5 mil as shown.At this point, you have defined the two layer Alumina substrate with a via and 2 metal conductors, including thick metal for Cond2. Now it is ready for a layout to be viewed or solved.e. If you have any problems, unmap / delete as needed. Or, close the editor and begin again. But if you have the correct setup, then Save it using the icon shown here. NOTE: Substrates you define and save can be used forother cells or workspaces.Copyright 2011 Agilent TechnologiesNow it’s time to set the ports but first you should see the commands for importing substrate files into ADS from other ADS versions.9. Importing Substratesa. In the Substrate Editor window, select the comamnd File > Import shown here, and look at each dialog that appears for each command.Do not select anything at this time. This is only to show that you can easily use any other available substrates and you can also modify them and save them in your workspace library or other library.b. Cancel the dialogs when finished – it’s time for the Ports. Then close the Substrate Editor.10. EM Setup: Yellow Caution Signsa. In layout, click on the EM Setup icon. You should see that only the Ports have the yellow caution sign. Also, the Main window should show the Substrate and the EM setup. Right-click and use Filter View if you don’t see the substrate.b. If your Main window and EM setup window look like this, then you are ready tocontinue. If not, go back and check your work.11.Selecting Pins and Defining Portsa.In the layout window, select the Insert Pinicon and insert two pins (P1 and P2) as shownhere – you do NOT need to change layers.b.Go to the EM Setup window and click the Ports icon.c.Notice that the S-parameters ports area is empty as shown here. This meansno ports have been specified. Click the green Refresh Pins and Ports button – it will automatically recognize layout pins and they will appear as shown here – these layout pins will become EM ports next.d.Now that the pins are recognized, clickthe Auto-create new ports button.Immediately, two ports are createdbased on the pins in layout. Also, theseports are automatically set to TMLcalibration (Transmission LineCalibration) – this is the default type,with 50 Ohms as the referenceimpedance.NOTE: You can also select pinsindividually in the Layout Pins field anduse the Create Portbutton to createthem separately.Copyright 2011 Agilent TechnologiesCopyright 2011 Agilent Technologiese. Use your cursor to click in the fields shown here. This is how you can change port settings for your designs. But do not make any changes for this lab.f. Click the Save icon to save this EM setup.12. Using the 3D EM Previewa. With the substrate and the ports now complete, you can preview the layout in the 3D viewer . Also, there are no more yellow caution signs.b. Click the 3D EM Preview icon shown here – this the same 3D viewer that can be launched from layout.c. Take a few minutes to look at the object – try rotating it with your cursor, click on layer names, or try changing various Options. After the simulation, you will use Visulization in this same viewer to see the currents. Close the viewerwhen you have finished.Copyright 2011 Agilent Technologies13. Defining Frequency Plan, Output Plan, and Mesh Optionsa. In the EM Setup window, click the Frequency plan icon and set the Fstop to 2 GHz using your cursor in the field. This is how you set values in these fields.b. Then click the Output plan icon and look at the Dataset name and Template that will be used. You can change these for your designs but these defaults will be used for this lab.c. Now, before running the simulation, you can look at the Options in the EM setup window where the Mesh controls are located. Most of the time, you will not have to adjust the settings, but some designs may require it – so you should know where they are located.d. Click the Options icon and go to the Mesh tab as shown here – but do NOT make any changes for this lab. Also, do NOT simulate yet.e. Notice the options you have - you can control the mesh here, you can save the setup with a name, you can run the simulation and more. You can also choose to preprocess the geometry or substrate. This is an advantage if you make any changes and want to see the intermediate results before simulation. Again, do make and changes and do NOTsimulate yet.Copyright 2011 Agilent Technologies14. EM Model and Simulationa. In the EM Setup window, click the Model/Symbol icon.b. In the EM Model section, check the box to Create EM Model when simulation is launched .Leave the Symbol area alone – you will use that in the next lab exercise.c. Now, click the Simulate button at the bottom of the Model/Symbol setup. The simulation will start and you can watch the Job status window – look at the information the Momentum simulator reports and click OK if prompted.d. When finished, look at the Main window and you will see the emModel created in the cell – click on the icon and examine it as shown here. Then close the emModel dialog – also close the Job window.Copyright 2011 Agilent Technologies15. EM Simulation Dataa. When the simulation is finished, the Data Display with the default template results will appear. Notice that the Data Display has three pages – look them over and also notice that the default dataset is the adaptive data: the cell name ends with: _a . This is correct and this is the one you want to use.b. Look closely at the at the traces and you will see red points and a blue trace. The red points are the explicit simulation data points and the blue trace is the adaptive trace data determined from those points. Try changing the datasets and you will see it clearly. Also, move the slider to the port 2 orientation and the plotted data will change to S(2,1).c. Save and close the Data Display when finished.d. Look at the ADS 2011 Main window. It should show all the items you created, including the EM Model, the EM Setup, the layout, the substrate and the data display. Save the layout window.You should now have a good basic understanding of: how to set up an EM substrate, assign the ports to the pins in your layout, run a Simulation, examine the mesh and data, and plot the currents.Copyright 2011 Agilent Technologies16. Optional: Visualization of CurrentDo this only if you have time – you will visualize current in the next lab exercise so this step is only is you have finished the other steps quickly. a. Click the Visualization icon in layout as shown here.b. When the window opens, go to the bottom left and click Solution Setup and, under Frequency,select 2 GHz . Then go to the Plot Properties (Arrow tab) and Enable the arrows and click the Animate box. You should see the animated surface currents – rotate the object as desired.c. When finished, close the Visualization window, then Save and Close all the windows and dialogs: Visualization, Layout, EM Setup, etc. Use the Main window command, File > Close All , to do this easily.END OF LAB EXERCISE微波EDA网视频培训教程推荐微波EDA网()成立于2004年底，专注于微波、射频和硬件工程师的培养，现已发展成为国内最大的微波射频和无线通信人才培养基地。

ADS momentum 总结（绝对实用*全部精华）1、momentum求解模式有：常规mode（MW mode）和RF mode，其中RF mode适用于频率较低时，仿真速度较快。

两种mode的切换在momentum RF菜单的enable RF mode和disable RF mode。

2、momentum中substrate的设置：分为介质层（substrate layer）的设置和金属层（metallization）的设置。

介质层的设置比较简单，在金属层的设置中采用映射（map）的概念，将layout中画的各个层（比如cond，cond2，resi，hole等）映射到电路板中具体的金属层中。

每个层的属性可以为strip（带状线）或slot（开槽线），还有一种是过孔（via），过孔层应将其映射到对应的两个金属层之间的介质层中。

3、momentum中options preference的常用设置：网格（Grid）的间距和显示，端口（port）和地（ground）在layout中的显示大小，layout窗口背景色（background color），丝印层文字的显示大小，layout的单位（unit）等。

基本上我就只用到这些，不过还有很多其他的设置。

4、在momentum RF菜单的Post processing->Visualization中可以观看所建模型的3D效果图，并可以直观的看电流的分布，S参数等。

不过这个3D操作起来还是没有HFSS爽5、momentum网格剖分（mesh）：可以对不同层，不同的单元（primitive）进行不同规格的网格剖分，以节省仿真时间。

6、momentum S parameter仿真中的频率扫描：这里需要注意的是选择自适应（adaptive）扫描（AFS：adaptive frequency Sweep）时，将生成两个数据文件，一个是以layout名字_mom 命名的文件，其中只包含所设置的频率扫描点，在显示时默认显示这些点的连线，也可以修改trace options只让他显示扫描的几个点，还有一个以layout名字_mom _a命名，这里除了上述频点以外，还内插了很多频点。

数学词汇中英文对照abbreviation 简写符号；简写abscissa 横坐标absolute complement 绝对补集absolute error 绝对误差absolute inequality 绝不等式absolute maximum 绝对极大值absolute minimum 绝对极小值absolute monotonic 绝对单调absolute value 绝对值accelerate 加速acceleration 加速度acceleration due to gravity 重力加速度; 地心加速度accumulation 累积accumulative 累积的accuracy 准确度act on 施于action 作用; 作用力acute angle 锐角acute-angled triangle 锐角三角形add 加addition 加法addition formula 加法公式addition law 加法定律addition law(of probability) （概率）加法定律additive inverse 加法逆元; 加法反元additive property 可加性adjacent angle 邻角adjacent side 邻边adjoint matrix 伴随矩阵algebra 代数algebraic 代数的algebraic equation 代数方程algebraic expression 代数式algebraic fraction 代数分式；代数分数式algebraic inequality 代数不等式algebraic number 代数数algebraic operation 代数运算algebraically closed 代数封闭algorithm 算法系统; 规则系统alternate angle （交）错角alternate segment 内错弓形alternating series 交错级数alternative hypothesis 择一假设; 备择假设; 另一假设altitude 高；高度；顶垂线；高线ambiguous case 两义情况；二义情况amount 本利和；总数analysis 分析；解析analytic geometry 解析几何angle 角angle at the centre 圆心角angle at the circumference 圆周角angle between a line and a plane 直 与平面的交角angle between two planes 两平面的交角angle bisection 角平分angle bisector 角平分线 ；分角线angle in the alternate segment 交错弓形的圆周角angle in the same segment 同弓形内的圆周角angle of depression 俯角angle of elevation 仰角angle of friction 静摩擦角; 极限角angle of greatest slope 最大斜率的角angle of inclination 倾斜角angle of intersection 相交角；交角angle of projection 投射角angle of rotation 旋转角angle of the sector 扇形角angle sum of a triangle 三角形内角和angles at a point 同顶角angular displacement 角移位angular momentum 角动量angular motion 角运动angular velocity 角速度annum(X% per annum) 年（年利率X%）anti-clockwise direction 逆时针方向；返时针方向anti-clockwise moment 逆时针力矩anti-derivative 反导数; 反微商anti-logarithm 逆对数；反对数anti-symmetric 反对称apex 顶点approach 接近；趋近approximate value 近似值approximation 近似；略计；逼近Arabic system 阿刺伯数字系统arbitrary 任意arbitrary constant 任意常数arc 弧arc length 弧长arc-cosine function 反余弦函数arc-sin function 反正弦函数arc-tangent function 反正切函数area 面积Argand diagram 阿根图, 阿氏图argument (1)论证; (2)辐角argument of a complex number 复数的辐角argument of a function 函数的自变量arithmetic 算术arithmetic mean 算术平均；等差中顶；算术中顶arithmetic progression 算术级数；等差级数arithmetic sequence 等差序列arithmetic series 等差级数arm 边array 数组; 数组arrow 前号ascending order 递升序ascending powers of X X 的升幂assertion 断语; 断定associative law 结合律assumed mean 假定平均数assumption 假定；假设asymmetrical 非对称asymptote 渐近asymptotic error constant 渐近误差常数at rest 静止augmented matrix 增广矩阵auxiliary angle 辅助角auxiliary circle 辅助圆auxiliary equation 辅助方程average 平均；平均数；平均值average speed 平均速率axiom 公理axiom of existence 存在公理axiom of extension 延伸公理axiom of inclusion 包含公理axiom of pairing 配对公理axiom of power 幂集公理axiom of specification 分类公理axiomatic theory of probability 概率公理论axis 轴axis of parabola 拋物线的轴axis of revolution 旋转轴axis of rotation 旋转轴axis of symmetry 对称轴back substitution 回代bar chart 棒形图；条线图；条形图；线条图base （1）底；（2）基；基数base angle 底角base area 底面base line 底线base number 底数；基数base of logarithm 对数的底basis 基Bayes´theorem 贝叶斯定理bearing 方位（角）；角方向（角）bell-shaped curve 钟形图belong to 属于Bernoulli distribution 伯努利分布Bernoulli trials 伯努利试验bias 偏差；偏倚biconditional 双修件式; 双修件句bijection 对射; 双射; 单满射bijective function 对射函数; 只射函数billion 十亿bimodal distribution 双峰分布binary number 二进数binary operation 二元运算binary scale 二进法binary system 二进制binomial 二项式binomial distribution 二项分布binomial expression 二项式binomial series 二项级数binomial theorem 二项式定理bisect 平分；等分bisection method 分半法；分半方法bisector 等分线 ；平分线Boolean algebra 布尔代数boundary condition 边界条件boundary line 界（线）；边界bounded 有界的bounded above 有上界的；上有界的bounded below 有下界的；下有界的bounded function 有界函数bounded sequence 有界序列brace 大括号bracket 括号breadth 阔度broken line graph 折线图calculation 计算calculator 计算器；计算器calculus (1) 微积分学; (2) 演算cancel 消法；相消canellation law 消去律canonical 典型; 标准capacity 容量cardioid 心脏Cartesian coordinates 笛卡儿坐标Cartesian equation 笛卡儿方程Cartesian plane 笛卡儿平面Cartesian product 笛卡儿积category 类型；范畴catenary 悬链Cauchy sequence 柯西序列Cauchy´s principal value 柯西主值Cauchy-Schwarz inequality 柯西- 许瓦尔兹不等式central limit theorem 中心极限定理central line 中线central tendency 集中趋centre 中心；心centre of a circle 圆心centre of gravity 重心centre of mass 质量中心centrifugal force 离心力centripedal acceleration 向心加速度centripedal force force 向心力centroid 形心；距心certain event 必然事件chain rule 链式法则chance 机会change of axes 坐标轴的变换change of base 基的变换change of coordinates 坐标轴的变换change of subject 主项变换change of variable 换元；变量的换characteristic equation 特征(征)方程characteristic function 特征(征)函数characteristic of logarithm 对数的首数; 对数的定位部characteristic root 特征(征)根chart 图；图表check digit 检验数位checking 验算chord 弦chord of contact 切点弦circle 圆circular 圆形；圆的circular function 圆函数；三角函数circular measure 弧度法circular motion 圆周运动circular permutation 环形排列; 圆形排列; 循环排列circumcentre 外心；外接圆心circumcircle 外接圆circumference 圆周circumradius 外接圆半径circumscribed circle 外接圆cissoid 蔓叶class 区；组；类class boundary 组界class interval 组区间；组距class limit 组限；区限class mark 组中点；区中点classical theory of probability 古典概率论classification 分类clnometer 测斜仪clockwise direction 顺时针方向clockwise moment 顺时针力矩closed convex region 闭凸区域closed interval 闭区间coaxial 共轴coaxial circles 共轴圆coaxial system 共轴系coded data 编码数据coding method 编码法co-domain 上域coefficient 系数coefficient of friction 摩擦系数coefficient of restitution 碰撞系数; 恢复系数coefficient of variation 变差系数cofactor 余因子; 余因式cofactor matrix 列矩阵coincide 迭合；重合collection of terms 并项collinear 共线collinear planes 共线面collision 碰撞column (1)列；纵行；(2) 柱column matrix 列矩阵column vector 列向量combination 组合common chord 公弦common denominator 同分母；公分母common difference 公差common divisor 公约数；公约common factor 公因子；公因子common logarithm 常用对数common multiple 公位数；公倍common ratio 公比common tangent 公切 commutative law 交换律comparable 可比较的compass 罗盘compass bearing 罗盘方位角compasses 圆规compasses construction 圆规作图compatible 可相容的complement 余；补余complement law 补余律complementary angle 余角complementary equation 补充方程complementary event 互补事件complementary function 余函数complementary probability 互补概率complete oscillation 全振动completing the square 配方complex conjugate 复共轭complex number 复数complex unmber plane 复数平面complex root 复数根component 分量component of force 分力composite function 复合函数; 合成函数composite number 复合数；合成数composition of mappings 映射构合composition of relations 复合关系compound angle 复角compound angle formula 复角公式compound bar chart 综合棒形图compound discount 复折扣compound interest 复利；复利息compound probability 合成概率compound statement 复合命题; 复合叙述computation 计算computer 计算机；电子计算器concave 凹concave downward 凹向下的concave polygon 凹多边形concave upward 凹向上的concentric circles 同心圆concept 概念conclusion 结论concurrent 共点concyclic 共圆concyclic points 共圆点condition 条件conditional 条件句；条件式conditional identity 条件恒等式conditional inequality 条件不等式conditional probability 条件概率cone 锥；圆锥（体）confidence coefficient 置信系数confidence interval 置信区间confidence level 置信水平confidence limit 置信极限confocal section 共焦圆锥曲congruence (1)全等；(2)同余congruence class 同余类congruent 全等congruent figures 全等图形congruent triangles 全等三角形conic 二次曲 ; 圆锥曲conic section 二次曲 ; 圆锥曲conical pendulum 圆锥摆conjecture 猜想conjugate 共轭conjugate axis 共轭conjugate diameters 共轭轴conjugate hyperbola 共轭(直)径conjugate imaginary / complex number 共轭双曲 conjugate radical 共轭虚/复数conjugate surd 共轭根式; 共轭不尽根conjunction 合取connective 连词connector box 捙接框consecutive integers 连续整数consecutive numbers 连续数；相邻数consequence 结论；推论consequent 条件；后项conservation of energy 能量守恒conservation of momentum 动量守恒conserved 守恒consistency condition 相容条件consistent 一贯的；相容的consistent estimator 相容估计量constant 常数constant acceleration 恒加速度constant force 恒力constant of integration 积分常数constant speed 恒速率constant term 常项constant velocity 怛速度constraint 约束；约束条件construct 作construction 作图construction of equation 方程的设立continued proportion 连比例continued ratio 连比continuity 连续性continuity correction 连续校正continuous 连续的continuous data 连续数据continuous function 连续函数continuous proportion 连续比例continuous random variable 连续随机变量contradiction 矛盾converge 收敛convergence 收敛性convergent 收敛的convergent iteration 收敛的迭代convergent sequence 收敛序列convergent series 收敛级数converse 逆(定理)converse of a relation 逆关系converse theorem 逆定理conversion 转换convex 凸convex polygon 凸多边形convexity 凸性coordinate 坐标coordinate geometry 解析几何；坐标几何coordinate system 坐标系系定理；系；推论coplanar 共面coplanar forces 共面力coplanar lines 共面co-prime 互质; 互素corollary 系定理; 系; 推论correct to 准确至；取值至correlation 相关correlation coefficient 相关系数correspondence 对应corresponding angles (1)同位角；(2)对应角corresponding element 对应边corresponding sides 对应边cosecant 余割cosine 余弦cosine formula 余弦公式cost price 成本cotangent 余切countable 可数countable set 可数集countably infinite 可数无限counter clockwise direction 逆时针方向；返时针方向counter example 反例counting 数数；计数couple 力偶Carmer´s rule 克莱玛法则criterion 准则critical point 临界点critical region 临界域cirtical value 临界值cross-multiplication 交叉相乘cross-section 横切面；横截面；截痕cube 正方体；立方；立方体cube root 立方根cubic 三次方；立方；三次(的)cubic equation 三次方程cubic roots of unity 单位的立方根cuboid 长方体；矩体cumulative 累积的cumulative distribution function 累积分布函数cumulative frequecy 累积频数；累积频率cumulative frequency curve 累积频数曲cumulative frequcncy distribution 累积频数分布cumulative frequency polygon 累积频数多边形；累积频率直方图curvature of a curve 曲线的曲率curve 曲线curve sketching 曲线描绘(法)curve tracing 曲线描迹(法)curved line 曲线curved surface 曲面curved surface area 曲面面积cyclic expression 输换式cyclic permutation 圆形排列cyclic quadrilateral 圆内接四边形cycloid 旋输线; 摆线cylinder 柱；圆柱体cylindrical 圆柱形的damped oscillation 阻尼振动data 数据De Moivre´s theorem 棣美弗定理De Morgan´s law 德摩根律decagon 十边形decay 衰变decay factor 衰变因子decelerate 减速decelaration 减速度decile 十分位数decimal 小数decimal place 小数位decimal point 小数点decimal system 十进制decision box 判定框declarative sentence 说明语句declarative statement 说明命题decoding 译码decrease 递减decreasing function 递减函数；下降函数decreasing sequence 递减序列；下降序列decreasing series 递减级数；下降级数decrement 减量deduce 演绎deduction 推论deductive reasoning 演绎推理definite 确定的；定的definite integral 定积分definition 定义degenerated conic section 降级锥曲线degree (1) 度; (2) 次degree of a polynomial 多项式的次数degree of accuracy 准确度degree of confidence 置信度degree of freedom 自由度degree of ODE 常微分方程次数degree of precision 精确度delete 删除; 删去denary number 十进数denominator 分母dependence (1)相关; (2)应变dependent event(s) 相关事件; 相依事件; 从属事件dependent variable 应变量; 应变数depreciation 折旧derivable 可导derivative 导数derived curve 导函数曲线derived function 导函数derived statistics 推算统计资料; 派生统计资料descending order 递降序descending powers of x x的降序descriptive statistics 描述统计学detached coefficients 分离系数(法)determinant 行列式deviation 偏差; 变差deviation from the mean 离均差diagonal 对角线diagonal matrix 对角矩阵diagram 图; 图表diameter 直径diameter of a conic 二次曲线的直径difference 差difference equation 差分方程difference of sets 差集differentiable 可微differential 微分differential coefficient 微商; 微分系数differential equation 微分方程differential mean value theorem 微分中值定理differentiate 求...的导数differentiate from first principle 从基本原理求导数differentiation 微分法digit 数字dimension 量; 量网; 维(数)direct impact 直接碰撞direct image 直接像direct proportion 正比例direct tax, direct taxation 直接税direct variation 正变(分)directed angle 有向角directed line 有向直线directed line segment 有向线段directed number 有向数direction 方向; 方位direction angle 方向角direction cosine 方向余弦direction number 方向数direction ratio 方向比directrix 准线Dirichlet function 狄利克来函数discontinuity 不连续性discontinuous 间断(的);连续(的); 不连续(的) discontinuous point 不连续点discount 折扣discrete 分立; 离散discrete data 离散数据; 间断数据discrete random variable 间断随机变数discrete uniform distribution 离散均匀分布discriminant 判别式disjoint 不相交的disjoint sets 不相交的集disjunction 析取dispersion 离差displacement 位移disprove 反证distance 距离distance formula 距离公式distinct roots 相异根distincr solution 相异解distribution 公布distributive law 分配律diverge 发散divergence 发散(性)divergent 发散的divergent iteration 发散性迭代divergent sequence 发散序列divergent series 发散级数divide 除dividend (1)被除数；(2)股息divisible 可整除division 除法division algorithm 除法算式divisor 除数；除式；因子divisor of zero 零因子dodecagon 十二边形domain 定义域dot 点dot product 点积double angle 二倍角double angle formula 二倍角公式double root 二重根dual 对偶duality (1)对偶性; (2) 双重性due east/ south/ west /north 向东/ 南/ 西/ 北dynamics 动力学eccentric angle 离心角eccentric circles 离心圆eccentricity 离心率echelon form 梯阵式echelon matrix 梯矩阵edge 棱；边efficient estimator 有效估计量effort 施力eigenvalue 本征值eigenvector 本征向量elastic body 弹性体elastic collision 弹性碰撞elastic constant 弹性常数elastic force 弹力elasticity 弹性element 元素elementary event 基本事件elementary function 初等函数elementary row operation 基本行运算elimination 消法elimination method 消去法；消元法ellipse 椭圆ellipsiod 椭球体elliptic function 椭圆函数elongation 伸张；展empirical data 实验数据empirical formula 实验公式empirical probability 实验概率；经验概率empty set 空集encoding 编码enclosure 界限end point 端点energy 能; 能量entire surd 整方根epicycloid 外摆线equal 相等equal ratios theorem 等比定理equal roots 等根equal sets 等集equality 等(式)equality sign 等号equation 方程equation in one unknown 一元方程equation in two unknowns (variables) 二元方程equation of a straight line 直线方程equation of locus 轨迹方程equiangular 等角(的)equidistant 等距(的)equilateral 等边(的)equilateral polygon 等边多边形equilateral triangle 等边三角形equilibrium 平衡equiprobable 等概率的equiprobable space 等概率空间equivalence 等价equivalence class 等价类equivalence relation 等价关系equivalent 等价(的)error 误差error allowance 误差宽容度error estimate 误差估计error term 误差项error tolerance 误差宽容度escribed circle 旁切圆estimate 估计；估计量estimator 估计量Euclidean algorithm 欧几里德算法Euclidean geometry 欧几里德几何Euler´s formula 尤拉公式；欧拉公式evaluate 计值even function 偶函数even number 偶数evenly distributed 均匀分布的event 事件exact 真确exact differential form 恰当微分形式exact solution 准确解；精确解；真确解exact value 法确解；精确解；真确解example 例excentre 外心exception 例外excess 起exclusive 不包含exclusive disjunction 不包含性析取exclusive events 互斥事件exercise 练习exhaustive event(s) 彻底事件existential quantifier 存在量词expand 展开expand form 展开式expansion 展式expectation 期望expectation value, expected value 期望值；预期值experiment 实验；试验experimental 试验的experimental probability 实验概率explicit function 显函数exponent 指数exponential function 指数函数exponential order 指数阶; 指数级express…in terms of…以………表达expression 式；数式extension 外延；延长；扩张；扩充extension of a function 函数的扩张exterior angle 外角external angle bisector 外分角external point of division 外分点extreme point 极值点extreme value 极值extremum 极值face 面factor 因子；因式；商factor method 因式分解法factor theorem 因子定理；因式定理factorial 阶乘factorization 因子分解；因式分解factorization of polynomial 多项式因式分解fallacy 谬误FALSE 假(的)falsehood 假值family 族family of circles 圆族family of concentric circles 同心圆族family of straight lines 直线族feasible solution 可行解；容许解Fermat´s last theorem 费尔马最后定理Fibonacci number 斐波那契数；黄金分割数Fibonacci sequence 斐波那契序列fictitious mean 假定平均数figure (1)图(形)；(2)数字final velocity 末速度finite 有限finite dimensional vector space 有限维向量空间finite population 有限总体finite probability space 有限概率空间finite sequence 有限序列finite series 有限级数finite set 有限集first approximation 首近似值first derivative 一阶导数first order differential equation 一阶微分方程first projection 第一投影; 第一射影first quartile 第一四分位数first term 首项fixed deposit 定期存款fixed point 定点fixed point iteration method 定点迭代法fixed pulley 定滑轮flow chart 流程图focal axis 焦轴focal chord 焦弦focal length 焦距focus(foci) 焦点folium of Descartes 笛卡儿叶形线foot of perpendicular 垂足for all X 对所有Xfor each /every X 对每一Xforce 力forced oscillation 受迫振动form 形式；型formal proof 形式化的证明format 格式；规格formula(formulae) 公式four leaved rose curve 四瓣玫瑰线four rules 四则four-figure table 四位数表fourth root 四次方根fraction 分数；分式fraction in lowest term 最简分数fractional equation 分式方程fractional index 分数指数fractional inequality 分式不等式free fall 自由下坠free vector 自由向量; 自由矢量frequency 频数；频率frequency distribution 频数分布；频率分布frequency distribution table 频数分布表frequency polygon 频数多边形；频率多边形friction 摩擦; 摩擦力frictionless motion 无摩擦运动frustum 平截头体fulcrum 支点function 函数function of function 复合函数；迭函数functional notation 函数记号fundamental theorem of algebra 代数基本定理fundamental theorem of calculus 微积分基本定理gain 增益；赚；盈利gain perent 赚率；增益率；盈利百分率game （1）对策；（2）博奕Gaussian distribution 高斯分布Gaussian elimination 高斯消去法general form 一般式；通式general solution 通解；一般解general term 通项generating function 母函数; 生成函数generator (1)母线; (2)生成元geoborad 几何板geometric distribution 几何分布geometric mean 几何平均数；等比中项geometric progression 几何级数；等比级数geometric sequence 等比序列geometric series 等比级数geometry 几何；几何学given 给定；已知global 全局; 整体global maximum 全局极大值; 整体极大值global minimum 全局极小值; 整体极小值golden section 黄金分割grade 等级gradient (1)斜率；倾斜率；(2)梯度grand total 总计graph 图像；图形；图表graph paper 图表纸graphical method 图解法graphical representation 图示；以图样表达graphical solution 图解gravitational acceleration 重力加速度gravity 重力greatest term 最大项greatest value 最大值grid lines 网网格线group 组；grouped data 分组数据；分类数据grouping terms 并项；集项growth 增长growth factor 增长因子half angle 半角half angle formula 半角公式half closed interval 半闭区间half open interval 半开区间harmonic mean (1) 调和平均数; (2) 调和中项harmonic progression 调和级数head 正面（钱币）height 高（度）helix 螺旋线hemisphere 半球体；半球heptagon 七边形Heron´s formula 希罗公式heterogeneous (1)参差的; (2)不纯一的hexagon 六边形higher order derivative 高阶导数highest common factor(H.C.F) 最大公因子；最高公因式；最高公因子Hindu-Arabic numeral 阿刺伯数字histogram 组织图；直方图；矩形图Holder´s Inequality 赫耳德不等式homogeneous 齐次的homogeneous equation 齐次方程Hooke´s law 虎克定律horizontal 水平的；水平horizontal asymptote 水平渐近线horizontal component 水平分量horizontal line 横线 ；水平线 horizontal range 水平射程hyperbola 双曲线hyperbolic function 双曲函数hypergeometric distribution 超几何分布hypocycloid 内摆线hypotenuse 斜边hypothesis 假设hypothesis testing 假设检验hypothetical syllogism 假设三段论hypotrochoid 次内摆线idempotent 全幂等的identical 全等；恒等identity 等（式）identity element 单位元identity law 同一律identity mapping 恒等映射identity matrix 恒等矩阵identity relation 恒等关系式if and only if/iff 当且仅当；若且仅若if…, then 若….则；如果…..则illustration 例证；说明image 像点；像image axis 虚轴imaginary circle 虚圆imaginary number 虚数imaginary part 虚部imaginary root 虚根imaginary unit 虚数单位impact 碰撞implication 蕴涵式；蕴含式implicit definition 隐定义implicit function 隐函数imply 蕴涵；蕴含impossible event 不可能事件improper fraction 假分数improper integral 广义积分; 非正常积分impulse 冲量impulsive force 冲力incentre 内力incircle 内切圆inclination 倾角；斜角inclined plane 斜面included angle 夹角included side 夹边inclusion mapping 包含映射inclusive 包含的；可兼的inclusive disjunction 包含性析取；可兼析取inconsistent 不相的(的)；不一致(的) increase 递增；增加increasing function 递增函数increasing sequence 递增序列increasing series 递增级数increment 增量indefinite integral 不定积分idenfinite integration 不定积分法independence 独立；自变independent equations 独立方程independent event 独立事件independent variable 自变量；独立变量indeterminate (1)不定的；(2)不定元；未定元indeterminate coefficient 不定系数；未定系数indeterminate form 待定型；不定型index,indices 指数；指index notation 指数记数法induced operation 诱导运算induction hypothesis 归纳法假设inelastic collision 非弹性碰撞inequality 不等式；不等inequality sign 不等号inertia 惯性；惯量infer 推断inference 推论infinite 无限；无穷infinite dimensional 无限维infinite population 无限总体infinite sequence 无限序列；无穷序列infinite series 无限级数；无穷级数infinitely many 无穷多infinitesimal 无限小；无穷小infinity 无限(大)；无穷(大)inflection (inflexion) point 拐点；转折点inherent error 固有误差initial approximation 初始近似值initial condition 原始条件；初值条件initial point 始点；起点initial side 始边initial value 初值；始值initial velocity 初速度initial-value problem 初值问题injection 内射injective function 内射函数inner product 内积input 输入input box 输入inscribed circle 内切圆insertion 插入insertion of brackets 加括号instantaneous 瞬时的instantaneous acceleration 瞬时加速度instantaneous speed 瞬时速率instantaneous velocity 瞬时速度integer 整数integrable 可积integrable function 可积函数integral 积分integral index 整数指数integral mean value theorem 积数指数integral part 整数部份integral solution 整数解integral value 整数值integrand 被积函数integrate 积；积分；......的积分integrating factor 积分因子integration 积分法integration by parts 分部积分法integration by substitution 代换积分法；换元积分法integration constant 积分常数interaction 相互作用intercept 截距；截段intercept form 截距式intercept theorem 截线定理interchange 互换interest 利息interest rate 利率interest tax 利息税interior angle 内角interior angles on the same side of the transversal 同旁内角interior opposite angle 内对角intermediate value theorem 介值定理internal bisector 内分角internal division 内分割internal energy 内能internal force 内力internal point of division 内分点interpolating polynomial 插值多项式interpolation 插值inter-quartile range 四分位数间距intersect 相交intersection (1)交集；(2)相交；(3)交点interval 区间interval estimation 区间估计；区域估计intuition 直观invalid 失效；无效invariance 不变性invariant (1)不变的；(2)不变量；不变式inverse 反的；逆的inverse circular function 反三角函数inverse cosine function 反余弦函数inverse function 反函数；逆函数inverse cosine function 反三角函数inverse function 反函数；逆映射inverse mapping 反向映射；逆映射inverse matrix 逆矩阵inverse problem 逆算问题inverse proportion 反比例；逆比例inverse relation 逆关系inverse sine function 反正弦函数inverse tangent function 反正切函数inverse variation 反变(分)；逆变(分)invertible 可逆的invertible matrix 可逆矩阵irrational equation 无理方程irrational number 无理数irreducibility 不可约性irregular 不规则isomorphism 同构isosceles triangle 等腰三角形iterate (1)迭代值; (2)迭代iteration 迭代iteration form 迭代形iterative function 迭代函数iterative method 迭代法jet propulsion 喷气推进joint variation 联变(分)；连变(分)kinetic energy 动能kinetic friction 动摩擦known 己知L.H.S. 末项L´Hospital´s rule 洛必达法则Lagrange interpolating polynomial 拉格朗日插值多项代Lagrange theorem 拉格朗日定理Lami´s law 拉密定律Laplace expansion 拉普拉斯展式last term 末项latent root 本征根; 首通径lattice point 格点latus rectum 正焦弦; 首通径law 律；定律law of conservation of momentum 动量守恒定律law of indices 指数律；指数定律law of inference 推论律law of trichotomy 三分律leading coefficient 首项系数leading diagonal 主对角线least common multiple, lowest common multiple (L.C.M) 最小公倍数；最低公倍式least value 最小值left hand limit 左方极限lemma 引理lemniscate 双纽线length 长(度)letter 文字；字母like surd 同类根式like terms 同类项limacon 蜗牛线limit 极限limit of sequence 序列的极限limiting case 极限情况limiting friction 最大静摩擦limiting position 极限位置line 线；行line of action 作用力线line of best-fit 最佳拟合line of greatest slope 最大斜率的直 ；最大斜率line of intersection 交线line segment 线段linear 线性；一次linear convergence 线性收敛性linear differeantial equation 线性微分方程linear equation 线性方程；一次方程linear equation in two unknowns 二元一次方程；二元线性方程linear inequality 一次不等式；线性不等式linear momentum 线动量linear programming 线性规划linearly dependent 线性相关的linearly independent 线性无关的literal coefficient 文字系数literal equation 文字方程load 负荷loaded coin 不公正钱币loaded die 不公正骰子local maximum 局部极大(值)local minimum 局部极小(值)locus, loci 轨迹logarithm 对数logarithmic equation 对数方程logarithmic function 对数函数logic 逻辑logical deduction 逻辑推论；逻辑推理logical step 逻辑步骤long division method 长除法loop 回路loss 赔本；亏蚀loss per cent 赔率；亏蚀百分率lower bound 下界lower limit 下限lower quartile 下四分位数lower sum 下和lower triangular matrix 下三角形矩阵lowest common multiple(L.C.M) 最小公倍数machine 机械Maclaurin expansion 麦克劳林展开式Maclaurin series 麦克劳林级数magnitude 量；数量；长度；大小major arc 优弧；大弧major axis 长轴major sector 优扇形；大扇形major segment 优弓形；大弓形mantissa 尾数mantissa of logarithm 对数的尾数；对数的定值部many to one 多个对一个many-sided figure 多边形many-valued 多值的map into 映入map onto 映上mapping 映射marked price 标价Markov chain 马可夫链mass 质量mathematical analysis 数学分析mathematical induction 数学归纳法mathematical sentence 数句mathematics 数学matrix 阵; 矩阵matrix addition 矩阵加法matrix equation 矩阵方程matrix multiplication 矩阵乘法matrix operation 矩阵运算maximize 极大maximum absolute error 最大绝对误差maximum point 极大点maximum value 极大值mean 平均(值)；平均数；中数mean deviation 中均差；平均偏差mean value theorem 中值定理measure of dispersion 离差的量度measurement 量度mechanical energy 机械能median (1)中位数；(2)中线meet 相交；相遇mensuration 计量；求积法method 方法method of completing square 配方法method of interpolation 插值法; 内插法method of least squares 最小二乘法; 最小平方法method of substitution 代换法；换元法method of successive substitution 逐次代换法; 逐次调替法method of superposition 迭合法metric unit 十进制单位mid-point 中点mid-point formula 中点公式mid-point theorem 中点定理million 百万minimize 极小minimum point 极小点minimum value 极小值Minkowski Inequality 闵可夫斯基不等式minor (1)子行列式；(2)劣；较小的minor arc 劣弧；小弧minor axis 短轴minor of a determinant 子行列式minor sector 劣扇形；小扇形minor segment 劣弓形；小弓形minus 减minute 分mixed number(fraction) 带分数modal class 众数组mode 众数model 模型modulo (1)模; 模数; (2)同余modulo arithmetic 同余算术modulus 模; 模数modulus of a complex number 复数的模modulus of elasticity 弹性模(数)moment arm (1)矩臂; (2)力臂moment of a force 力矩moment of inertia 贯性矩momentum 动量monomial 单项式monotone 单调monotonic convergence 单调收敛性monotonic decreasing 单调递减monotonic decreasing function 单调递减函数monotonic function 单调函数monotonic increasing 单调递增monotonic increasing function 单调递增函数motion 运动movable pulley 动滑轮multinomial 多项式multiple 倍数multiple angle 倍角multiple-angle formula 倍角公式multiple root 多重根multiplicand 被乘数multiplication 乘法multiplication law (of probability) (概率)乘法定律multiplicative inverse 乘法逆元multiplicative property 可乘性multiplicity 重数multiplier 乘数；乘式multiply 乘multi-value 多值的mulually disjoint 互不相交mutually exclusive events 互斥事件mutually independent 独立; 互相独立mutually perpendicular lines 互相垂直n factorial n阶乘n th derivative n阶导数n th root n次根；n次方根n the root of unity 单位的n次根Napierian logarithm 纳皮尔对数; 自然对数natural logarithm 自然对数natural number 自然数natural surjection 自然满射necessary and sufficient condition 充要条件necessary condition 必要条件negation 否定式negative 负negative angle 负角negative binomial distribution 负二项式分布negative index 负指数negative integer 负整数negative number 负数negative vector 负向量; 负矢量neighborhood 邻域net 净(值)net force 净力Newton-Cote´s rule 牛顿- 高斯法则Newton-Raphson´s method 牛顿- 纳逊方法Newton´s formula 牛顿公式Newton´s law of motion 牛顿运动定律Newton´s method 牛顿方法n-gon n边形nonagon 九边形non-collinear 不共线non-commutative 非交换的non-linear 非线性。

nms方法范文NMS (Nadamomentum Search) 方法是一种用于随机初始化神经网络权重的优化算法。

它是由Nada Ameer于2024年提出的，并成功应用于深度学习模型的训练中。

NMS方法在一定程度上解决了初始化神经网络权重时遇到的问题，进而提高了训练的稳定性和收敛速度。

在传统的神经网络训练中，初始化权重是非常重要的一步。

如果权重初始化不恰当，会导致训练过程中出现梯度消失或爆炸的问题，使得模型无法收敛。

此外，不恰当的权重初始化也会导致模型在训练初期表现较差，延缓了训练的进程。

NMS方法主要通过修改传统的随机初始化权重的方法来提高模型的训练效果。

传统的随机初始化方法通常是在给定的范围内随机生成权重值，这种方法对于浅层网络来说可能是有效的，但对于深层网络来说效果并不理想。

因为深层网络中的很多层都是通过梯度传播来更新权重的，如果初始权重的分布不合适，可能导致梯度无法传播，从而使得模型无法收敛。

NMS方法通过引入“动量”来修改传统的随机初始化权重方法。

具体来说，NMS方法在每个神经元的权重初始化时，根据一个随机生成的动量大小将权重分布在一个较小的范围内。

这样做的好处是，权重的初始分布变得更加紧凑，梯度的传播变得更加容易。

通过这种方式，NMS方法可以保证在训练前期，模型的表现相对较好，从而加快了训练的进程。

除了修改权重初始化方法外，NMS方法还引入了一种新的训练策略，即“Nadamomentum”。

Nadamomentum是一种结合了动量法和自适应学习率方法的优化算法。

通过使用Nadamomentum算法，在训练过程中，模型可以更好地探索权重空间并找到全局最优解。

与传统的随机梯度下降方法相比，Nadamomentum具有更好的收敛性和稳定性。

总而言之，NMS方法通过修改传统的权重初始化方法和引入自适应学习率优化算法，提高了神经网络模型的训练效果。

它使得模型在训练初期表现更好，收敛速度更快。