研究生英语(人大版第三版)u12background3

1.Unit OneA Question of Degree对学位的质疑Perhaps we should rethink an idea fast becoming an undisputed premise of American life that a college degree is necessary(and perhaps even a sufficient) precondition for success.I do not wish to quarrel with the assumptions made about the benefits of orthodox education.I want only to expose its false god:the four-year, all-purpose,degree-granting college,aimed at the so-called college-age population and by now almost universally accepted as the stepping-stone to“meaningful”and “better”jobs.What is wrong with the current college/work cycle can be seen in the following anomalies:we are selling college to the youth of American as a take-off pad for the material good life.College is literally advertised and packaged as a means for getting more money through“better”jobs at the same time that Harvard graduates are taking jobs as taxi drivers.This situation is perversion of the true spirit of a university，a perversion of a humane social ethic and，at bottom，a patent fraud.To take the last point first,the economy simply is not geared to guaranteeing these presumptive “better”jobs;the colleges are not geared to training for such jobs;and the ethical propriety of the entire enterprise is very questionable.We are by definition(rather than by analysis)establishing two kinds of work:work labeled“better”because it has a degree requirement tagged to it and nondegree work,which,through this logic, becomes automatically“low level”.This process is also destroying our universities.The“practical curriculum”must become paramount;the students must become servants of big business and big government.Under these conditions the university can no longer be an independent source of scientific and philosophic truth-seeking and moral criticism.Finally,and most important，we are destroying the spirit of youth by making college compulsory at adolescence,when it may be least congruent with emotional and physical needs;and we are denying college as an optional and continuing experience later in life,when it might be most congruent with intellectual and recreational needs.Let me propose an important step to reverse these trends and thus help restore freedom and dignity to both our colleges and our workplaces.We should outlaw employment discrimination based on college degrees.This would simply be another facet of our“equal-opportunity”policy and would add college degrees to sex,age, race,religion and ethnic group as inherently unfair bases for employment selection.People would，wherever possible，demonstrate their capacities on the job.Where that proved impractical，outside tests could still serve.The medical boards，bar exams，mechanical，mathematical and verbal aptitude tests might still be used by various enterprises.The burden of proof of their legitimacy，however，would remain with the using agencies.So too would the costs.Where the colleges were best equipped to impart a necessary skill they would do so，but only where it would be natural to the main thrust of a university endeavor.The need for this rethinking and for this type of legislation may best be illustrated by a case study.Joe V.is a typical liberal-arts graduate，fired by imagination art and literature.He took a job with a large New York City Bank，where he had the opportunity to enter the“assistant manager training program”.The trainees rotated among different bank departments to gain technical know-how and experience and also received classroom instruction，including some sessions on“how to write a business letter.”The program was virtually restricted to college graduates. At the end of the line，the trainees became assistant bank managers：a position consisting largely of giving simple advice to bank customers and a modest amount of supervision of employees.Joe searched for some connection between the job and the training program，on the one hand，and his college-whetted appetites and skills on the other.He found nothing.In giving Joe preference for the training program,the bank had bypassed a few enthusiastic aspirants already dedicated to a banking career and daily demonstrating their competence in closely related jobs.After questioning his superiors about the system,Joe could only conclude that the“top brass”had some very diffuse and not-too-well–researched or even well-thought-out conceptions about college men. The executives admitted that a college degree did not of itself ensure the motivation or the verbal or social skills needed.Nor were they about what skills were most desirable for their increasing diverse branches.Yet they clung to the college prerequisite.Business allows the colleges to act as recruiting,screening and training agencies for them because it saves money and time.Why colleges allow themselves to act as servicing agents may not be as apparent.One reason may be that colleges are increasingly becoming conventional bureaucracies.It is inevitable,therefore,that they should respond to the first and unchallenged law of bureaucracy:expand!The more that college’s can persuade outside institutions to restrict employment in favor of theirclientele,the stronger is the college’s hold and attraction.This rational becomes even clearer when we understand that the budgets of public universities hang on the number of students“serviced”.Seen from this perspective,then,it is perhaps easier to understand why such matters as“university independence”or“the propriety”of using the public bankroll to support enterprises that are expected to make private profits, can be dismissed.Conflict of interest is difficult to discern when the interests involved are your own.What is equally questionable is whether a college degree,as such,is proper evidence that new skills that are truly needed will be delivered.A friend who works for Manpower Training Program feels that there is a clear divide between actual job needs and college-degree requirements.One of her chief frustration is the knowledge that many persons with ability to do paraprofessional mental-health work are lost to jobs they could hold with pleasure and profit because the training program also require a two-year associate art degree.Obviously,society can and does manipulate job status.I hope that we can manipulate it in favor of the greatest number of people.More energy should be spent in trying to upgrade the dignity of all socially useful work and to eliminate the use of human beings for any work that proves to be truly destructive of the human spirit. Outlawing the use of degrees as prerequisites for virtually every job that our media portray as“better”should carry us a long step toward a healthier society.Among other things,there is far more evidence that work can make college meaningful than that college can make work meaningful.My concern about this degree/work cycle might be far less acute;however,if everyone caught up in the system were having a good time.But we seem to be generating a college population that oscillates between apathy and hostility.One of the major reasons for this joylessness in our university life is that the students see themselves as prisoners of economic necessity.They have bought the media message about better jobs,and so they do their time.But the promised land of“better”job is, on the one hand,not materializing,and on the other hand the students is by now socialized to find such“better”jobs distasteful even if they were to materialize.One of the major improvements that could result from the proposed legislation against degree requirements for employments would be a new stocktaking on the part of all our educational pulsory schools,for example,would understand that the basic skills for work and family life in our society would have to be compressed into those years of schooling.Colleges and universities,on the other hand,might be encouraged to be unrestricted,as continuous and as open as possible.They would be released from the pressures of ensuring economic survival through a practical curriculum.They might best be modeled after museums.Hours would be extensive，fees minimal，and services available to anyone ready to comply with course-by-course demands.College under these circumstances would have a clearly understood focus，which might well be the traditional one of serving as gathering place for those persons who want to search for philosophic and scientific“truths”.This proposal should help our universities rid themselves of some strange and gratuitous practices.For example，the university would no longer have to organize itself into hierarchical levels：B.A.,M.A.,PH.D.There would simply be courses of greater and lesser complexity in each of the disciplines.In this way graduate education might be more rationally understood and accepted for what it is——more education.The new freedom might also relieve colleges of the growing practice of instituting extensive“work programs,”“internships”and“independence study”programs.The very names of these enterprises are tacit admissions that the campus itself is not necessary for many genuinely educational experiences.But,along with “external degree”programs,they seem to pronounce that whatever one has learned in life by whatever diverse and interesting routes cannot be recognized as increasing one’s dignity,worth,usefulness or self-enjoyment until it is converted into degree credits.The legislation I propose would offer a more rational order of priorities.It would help recapture the genuine and variegated dignity of workplace along with the genuine and more specialized dignity of the university.It would help restore to people of all ages and inclinations a sense of their own basic worth and offer them as many roads as possible to reach Rome.Vocabulary1.What look like generous hire-purchase terms are fundamentally just encouragement to the customer to spend his very last penny.【at bottom】2.A lot of viewers complain that there is too much crime and needless sex and violence on TV.【gratuitous无端的】3.I read a brief extract of Erving Goffman's new detective novel on the train and it has rather aroused my appetite for mysteries.【whetted引起】4.The article simply records the political changes of the last year,but it doesn't offer an honest appraisal of the government's achievements.【stocktaking评价估量】st week the city government warned that it would consider legislation to forbid smoking in public places.【outlaw不合法】6.Is it not something of an oddity to have a President of one political persuasion and a Prime Minister of another.【anomaly异常】7.These bigger companies have the money,but they don't always have the expertise to get the job done right.【know-how技能】8.As a member of the club,you must abide by its rules and regulations,otherwise you'll be punished severely.【comply with遵照，遵守】9.Asked whether she would like to work with Jack in my office，Mary replied"No" with obvious distaste.【patent显然的】10.There are many priorities,but reducing the budget deficit as soon as possible is more important than anything else.【paramount最高的】1.What monstrous perversion扭曲of the human spirit leads a sniper to open fire on a bus carrying children2.His writing is so diffuse冗长，obscure and overwrought that it is difficult to make out what it is he is trying to say3.We were in a hurry so we decided to bypass忽略Canterbury because we knew there'd be a lot of traffic there.4.The office director insisted that there was no question as to the propriety合适ofhow the benevolent funds were raised.5.Hector has been trying to get his job upgraded升级for years,but management won't because they'd have to pay him more.6.As a moody young adolescent,Mandy oscillates波动between joyous enthusiasm and melodramatic despair,most especially when it comes to boys.7·How successful they were would hang on坚持下去the speed with which the product could be distributed to the shops.8.Judging by the books sold，this young writer seems to have a strong hold over the reading public.9.If I were you,I would never allow my daughter to attend a such apathy冷漠exists among both the students and teachers.10.She rose,came up to me and said:“Could you provide me with a clear rationale 解释for taking this course of action"2.Unit Two The Middle Class中产阶级The middle class is distinguishable more by its earnestness and psychic insecurity than by its middle income.I have known some very rich people who remain stubbornly middle-class,which is to say they remain terrified at what others think of them,and to avoid criticism are obsessed with doing everything right.The middle class is the place where table manners assume an awful importance...The middle class,always anxious about offending,is the main market for"mouthwashes," and if it disappeared the whole"deodorant"business would fall to the ground.中产阶级有另别于其他阶级的特征是他们一本正经的生活态度和缺乏安全感的精神状态，而不是他们的中等收入。

Lesson 11.就连乔·巴顿，对全球变暖持怀疑态度、来自得克萨斯州的共和党众议员，都谴责BP 管理人员“对安全和环境问题表现得漠不关心”。

2.显然，考虑到清理费用和对BP 声誉的影响，高管们真希望可以回到过去，多花些钱让“深水地平线”更安全。

他们没有增加这笔费用就表明他们认为钻机在当时的状态下不会出问题。

3.埃克森公司瓦尔迪兹漏油事件发生后，在1990 年的一个法案很少引人注意的一项条款中，美国国会将钻机泄漏清理费用的责任上限定为7 500 万美元。

即使对旅游业、渔业等造成的经济损失高达数十亿美元，责任方也仅需要支付7 500 万美元。

4.不过，如果认为我们目前仍然低估的只是那些突然间引人注目的风险，那是非常愚蠢的。

Lesson21It is a cliché,as it is to talk of apocalypse and nightmare,but when something is beyond our experience,we reach for the points of reference we have.说到世界末日和噩梦又是老生常谈，但是当事情超出我们的经验时，我们总会寻找现有的东西作为参照。

2Lest you should ever forget the smallness of being human,the iconic Mount Fuji,instantly reco gnisable yet somehow different on every viewing,is an extinct volcano.唯恐你会忘记作为人类的渺小，标志性富士山，一眼即能认出但不知何故每次观看又呈现出不同景象，就是一座死火山。

3It surprised me,over the following months that the gas attack seemed to dominate the national media coverage,whereas Kobe,after the initial weeks of horrifying footage,slipped somewhat i nto the background.在随后的几个月里，让我吃惊的是毒气攻击似乎占据了国家媒体报道的主要内容，而阪神大地震经过了最初几周骇人听闻的电视报道后，已经退居次位了。

1..1.a . , , . . ,a , , , ... ... .因为英语是个杀手。

正是英语造成了康瑞克、康尼施、诺恩、曼科斯等语言的消亡。

在其中一部分岛上还有相当多的人使用在英语到来之前就已存在的语言。

然而，英语在日常生活中无处不在。

所有的人或几乎所有的人都懂英语。

英语对现存的凯尔特语——爱尔兰语、苏格兰盖尔语及威尔士语的威胁是如此之大，它们的未来岌岌可危。

2. a (a ). , "" , ( ) —— , a .同时，他认为这些政策和他称之为语言歧视（和种族歧视、性别歧视的情况类似）的偏见密切相关。

在菲利普森看来，在以白人英语为主导的世界，最重要的机构和个人（有意或无意地）鼓励或者至少是容忍了（肯定没有反对）英语霸权主义式的传播。

这种传播始于三个世纪之前的经济及殖民扩张。

3. , , . ,a .总的来说，我们现在或多或少地把这些语言看作有利的语言。

在谈到与之相关的文化及其为世界所做的贡献时，我们常怀有崇敬与赞赏，而且这样做也没有太大的风险，因为这些语言现在已不会构成什么威胁。

4. a . , a , a , a .然而，许多人把英语看成是一件幸事。

在此，我暂且不谈任何世界语言所具有的明显优势，例如广泛的通信网，强大的文化传媒体系，及强有力的文化教育机构。

5. , , , .讲英语的南非英国后裔并不强烈反对种族隔离政权，而黑人反对力量，其成员讲多种语言，在初期软弱无力且缺乏组织。

6. 's .这一象征表明这种世界通用语的使用者应充分发掘这一幸事为我们带来的好处,同时尽能避免招来灾难。

21 . I , I .苹果公司发生的这些事情丝毫的没有改变这一点。

我被驱逐了,但是我仍然钟爱我所做的事情。

2 a , ..因为，作为一个成功者的负重感被作为一个创业者的轻松感觉所重新代替, 没有比这更确定的事情了。

这让我觉得如此自由, 进入了我生命中最有创造力的一个阶段。

3 (可怕的好可怕糟糕的 ) i . a . 't . 这个良药的味道实在是太苦了,但是我想病人需要它。

研究生英语精读教程（第三版上）Unit 4B. great regretC. great despairD. great disappointment2. I have nothing but disdain for such a person.A. respect3. The grass was interspersed with beds of flowers.A. scattered4. I am sure disease must propagate in such unsanitary and crowded areas.D. generate5. There was a meager attendance at the council meeting.B. enoughC. ampleD. haughtyA. negotiationB. punishment7. We can't rule out the possibility that he will come after all. B. refuse C. accept D. takeC. tied toD. shut on9. We three were the sole survivors in the traffic accident.A. luckyB. fortunateC. blessed10. I slept through her dull speech.D. imaginativeA. lettersB. dealingsC. writingsA. piecesB. slips D. portions13. The old lady ______ the sweet-smelling flowers into a garland. A. tied C. curved D. twistedB. prudentC. shrewdD. rudeA. areaB. placeC. districtA. firingB. lighting D. glowing17. Sports, and not learning, seem to ______ in that school. A. appear B. occupy18. Each chess player will have five minutes to ______ his next move.A. hoped C. wished D. wished toB. A wordC. WordsD. The wordUnit 51. His beautiful writing is akin to drawing.A. asB. fromC. above2. His knowledge on the subject seems to be on a par with my own. A. different fromC. related toD. in accordance with3. Tom and Mary were married a week after they met and soon found themselves at odds about religion.D. criticized5. The Mississippi flood of 1973 was a major catastrophe in which a great many lives were lost.A. casualty C. change D. threat6. She almost yielded to an unexpected impulse to dance in the street. A. urgent desireC. good ideaD. fancy thought7. Mr. Green posed as a rich man though he owed more than he owned.A. workedB. lookedC. clothedB. IllnessC. troubleD. ailment9. Some people have a bias against foreigners.B. dislikeC. hatredD. favourA. goodB. suitableB. surprisingC. fastD. unexpectedA. sum C. difference D. surplusA. glowedB. lighted D. soundedA. talksB. refers D. indicatesA. projectsB. showsC. displaysA. able C. experienced D. activeA. giveB. show D. causeit, this sentence doesn’t make any __. A. meaning B. sound C. progress19. I tried to find my keys but I was ______ by my thick gloves. A. helped C. annoyed D. upsetB. interestedC. amusedD. disturbedUnit61. The patient clenched the arms of the dentist's chair.B. touchedC. placed onD. pressed2. The retiring professor was exalted by his colleague.A. criticized D. examined3. All the tourists were impressed by the amazing grandeur of Niagara Falls.A. power C. speed D. height4. We stared in awe at the president himself.B. concernC. satisfactionD. envy5. The term “paper” i s a little misleading when you consider the strength and endurance of the constructionB. uniqueC. elementD. current status7. Edward8. The teacher had unusual insight into children’s emotions and knew clearly how to treat them.10. Property on which money has been lent is redeemed when the loan is paid back.D. dischargedA. faulty12. He is an honest person. His actions are always ______ his words.A. contradictory toC. agreed with13. They called for "immediate, absolute, ______ separation from the North" and elected their own president, Jefferson Davis.friendly B. lifelong D. lastingA. heldB. graspedC. grippedD. enthusiasticA. intenseB. internalC. instantD. subjectD. supposedA. facingD. a lawUnit101、Samsung, with a capitalisation as high as $57bn, has grown as one of the world’s most powerful technologyA. money C. profit D. turnoverHe just laughed, and dismissed the idea as unimportant.B. judgedC. estimatedD. supposed3、His new book received accolades from the papers.A. criticismB. stressC. underestimationB. refusedC. dismissedD. laughed at5、You should have bought the shares a month ago, and now you’ve missed the party.A. been slowC. failedD. wasted the money6、He is a very versatile performer; he can act, sing, dance and play the piano.A. goodB. skilful D. emotional7、The high IQ sets him apart from other children as an infant prodigy.A. puts him apartC. brings him apartThough he is a famous writer, his new book, we can only say, is prosaic.B. annoyingC. dullD. not so good9、The stream eroded a channel in the solid rock.A. brokeB. destroyed D. corrupted10、The actor coasted11、C. judgedD. empowered12、A. welcomedC. good-sellingD. best-soldA saved B. dismissed D. shuntedB. give them no adviceC. give them some adviceD. let them exercise themselvesand desirable on the world market. C. second-hand products D. low-end goodsA. broughtB. touched D. raisedB. was alikeC. was differentD. was similar19. Loyal friA. helpB. support D. base20. A saying goes like this: out of a ______, one can draw the most beautiful paintings.A. drawing boardC. painted scrollUnit111. More and more overseas students are coming back to China to develop their careers; this will definitelyD. partnership2. Tryouts for community orchestras are frequently judged by B. AdvertisementsC. NoveltiesD. AuditionsA.entertainingB. ignoringC. drawing4. The Ford Foundation is one of the world’s wealthiest philanthropic organizations.A. multi-nationalC. profligate5. What may be considered courteous in one culture may be interpreted as arrogant in another.A.clumsy D. flimsy6. Rival traditions of acting have coexisted in western theater since antiquity.A.MyriadB. RudimentaryC. Stylistic7. Failure to limit the expansion of the industry will eventually lead to its collapse.8. We all appreciate his acute perception of other people’s emotions.B. intentionC. distinctionD. understanding9. In order to win the presidential election, the candidates vie with each other in recruiting a team of the brightestA.summoningB. congestingD. recollecting蚜虫) unmatched in the insect world.A. unqualifiedC. unrecognizedD. underestimatedD. collectle.A.given in D. given away15. Because the_____ of such writing is important, we expect the familiar essayist to work by instruction, to be subtle instead of obvious.A.noteB. tuneC. rhythmD. dispersed17. She tried to______ all the money she spent when she was studying abroad.A. get hold ofC. bring forward to18. Man’s understanding and his mastering of matter and energy______ his claim to superiority, provide him withA.designate D. illustrateB. obligeC. contributeD. attributeUnit121. The club's code of dress requires men to wear ties at dinner.A. signalB. letterC. numberD. ruled inA. status D. register4. The Roman Empire rapidly waned in power in the 5th century.D. seized6. The passengers on the disabled ship were in great peril.A. fearB. Despair D. inconvenience7. The President's enemies are spreading rumors to undermine his authority.A. preventB. prevailC. wipe out8. Your compliance with his request pleased your father.A. refusal9. He told us an amusing anecdote of the President's childhood.D. hearsay10. The director of this play took liberties with Shakespeare's writing.A. thought little ofC. thought no end of11. You needn’t ask him to come; he’ll come _____.B. subsequentlyD. insteadB. taken afterC. taken fromD. taken inA. providesB. hasC. leavesB. teasedC. worriedD. hurtA. delay C. scorn D. depriveB. moralC. curativeD. slightA. serious C. chronic D. acute18. The children _____ the forest because they did not want to go through it. B. were afraid of C. disliked D. took a devious routeA. add to D. support20. All questions about the future of mankind will be ______ unless we take measures to protect the naturalB. satisfiedC. troubledD. anxious1.这些年轻的工人技术员具备我们能希望他们有的一切条件。