美国100位历史名人榜(38)：Susan B. Anthony

改变世界历史进程的100位伟人有哪些改变世界历史进程的100位伟人有哪些?下面店铺小编为大家揭晓答案，欢迎大家阅读，更多实用资料请关注店铺。

改变人类历史发展进程的100名人排行榜：(1) 穆罕默德 (约570-632) 阿拉伯人，史上最有影响力的人物，他复兴和传播了伊斯兰教，并在一系列征服中，行成了从伊拉克代摩洛哥一连串有共同的信仰、语言、历史和文化的阿拉伯国家。

(2) 牛顿 (1642-1727) 英国历史上最伟大最有影响力的科学家。

他建立了宏伟的力学体系，奠定科学理论的基础。

(3) 耶稣 (前30-前6) 历史上最有影响力的宗教启示者，基督教的道德和精神领袖。

他阐述的基督教基本道德观、精神观和主要行为准则，深刻地影响了欧洲文化的发展。

(4) 孔子(前511-前479) 中国古代伟大的哲学家、思想家，独创了整套信仰体系，他的学说体现出中国人讲究实际的气质，影响中国人生活和文化两千多年。

(5) 圣·保罗 (前4-64) 土耳其基督教使徒，他成功的传教使基督教由一个犹太教派转变成一个世界性的宗教。

(6) 蔡伦 (?-121) 中国纸的发明者。

8世纪传入阿拉伯，12世纪传入欧洲。

(7) 释迦牟尼(前566-前486) 印度佛教的创始人，觉悟而成佛，以“苦集灭道”四命倡导修行。

其小乘教派传至东南亚一带，大乘佛派北传至中国和日本。

(8) 古腾堡 (1400-1468) 德国，发明活字印刷。

(9) 哥伦布 (1451-1506) 意大利，1492年发现美洲新大陆，这是世界历史上一个重大的转折点。

(10) 爱因斯坦 (1879-1955) 德国，20世纪最伟大的科学家，他的相对论是空时关系的新认识。

(11) 马克思 (1818-1883) 德国，和恩格斯一起创立了马克思主义学说。

(12) 巴斯德 (1882-1895) 法国，在医学史上首次倡导疾病细菌学说。

(13) 伽利略 (1564-1642) 意大利，对现实科学法轮的创立起了最大的作用。

世界100位大文豪排行榜1. 威廉·莎士比亚（William Shakespeare）。

2. 米格尔·德·塞万提斯（Miguel de Cervantes）。

3. 弗朗茨·卡夫卡（Franz Kafka）。

4. 弗朗西斯·培根（Francis Bacon）。

5. 乔治·奥威尔（George Orwell）。

6. 陀思妥耶夫斯基（Fyodor Dostoevsky）。

7. 简·奥斯汀（Jane Austen）。

8. 马克·吐温（Mark Twain）。

9. 查尔斯·狄更斯（Charles Dickens）。

10. 弗里德里希·尼采（Friedrich Nietzsche）。

11. 奥斯卡·王尔德（Oscar Wilde）。

12. 福楼拜（Victor Hugo）。

13. 埃米莉·勃朗特（Emily Bronte）。

14. 托尔斯泰（Leo Tolstoy）。

15. 奥古斯特·斯特林伯格（August Strindberg）。

16. 纳撒尼尔·霍桑（Nathaniel Hawthorne）。

17. 路易斯·卡罗尔（Lewis Carroll）。

18. 威廉·福克纳（William Faulkner）。

19. 哈尔德·斯塔克·维克（Halldór Laxness）。

20. 弗拉基米尔·纳博科夫（Vladimir Nabokov）。

21. 纪德（J.D. Salinger）。

22. 约翰·斯坦贝克（John Steinbeck）。

23. 弗朗茨·冯·克拉克（Franz von Dingelstedt）。

24. 约瑟夫·康拉德（Joseph Conrad）。

25. 詹姆斯·乔伊斯（James Joyce）。

根据互联网资料编制2010.11点击鼠标翻页•2006年底，美国的权威期刊《大西洋月刊》编辑部邀请十位著名历史学家，其中有四位是普利策奖获得者，投票选举100位美国历史上最具影响力的人物。

•关于“影响”的定义•专家们的依据之一是人物的综合影响力。

•第二个依据来自流行文化。

•但市场并不是万能钥匙，道德标准必须考虑。

历史功勋中的政治因素也是评判的标准之一。

•专家们认为：伟大的公众人物应该给人们的生活带来巨大的变化，从物质、精神和文化层面影响了美国。

•也许这个排行榜里没有你喜欢的人物，如克林顿、施瓦辛格、斯皮尔伯格、拳王阿里、“飞人”乔丹等，他们的魅力系数并不比排行榜中的大多数人物低，只是对历史人物的评价往往不是同一时代的历史学家敢贸然判定的。

•亚伯拉罕·林肯（1809～1865）：拯救了国家，解放了黑奴，再造了美国。

№1亚伯拉罕·林肯•乔治·华盛顿（1732～1799）：缔造了美利坚合众国，赶走了一个国王，也拒绝成为国王。

№2乔治·华盛顿•托马斯·杰斐逊（1743～1826）：《独立宣言》主要起草人，写下了美国历史上分量最重的五个字：“人生而平等”。

№３．托马斯·杰斐逊•富兰克林·罗斯福（１８８２～１９４５）：他告诫逆境中的美国：“我们唯一恐惧的就是恐惧本身”。

№４．富兰克林·罗斯福•亚历山大·汉密尔顿（1755～1804）：战士、银行家、科学家、政治家，他带领美国从农业社会走向了工业社会。

№５．亚历山大·汉密尔顿•本杰明·富兰克林（1706～1790）：科学家、作家，发明家、外交家。

№６．本杰明·富兰克林•约翰·马歇尔（1755～1835）：美国最高法院首席法官，三权分立制度的主要创建人。

№７．约翰·马歇尔•小马丁·路德·金（1929～1968）：用慷慨激昂的演讲，抒发种族平等的梦想，虽然道路漫长而艰险，但没有其他人能比他看得更高，走得更远。

美国历史上最有影响的100个人马丁·路德·金纪念日快来了，顺便读读美国历史。

发现《大西洋月刊》2006年末整理出来的美国百名历史风流人物中还是有不少听起来很陌生，做一个小笔记，（以绿色字体做了些加注，而以蓝色标注的则是我不先前不知晓的）那些陌生的大人物还是值得了解一下。

虽然这个名单未必符合所有美国人的评判标准，但如果熟知这百名影响美国历史的人物，作为一个外国人对美国的历史文化的掌握即使不能洞悉也足够了。

大家也来读读看你们听说过多少位。

目录∙•美国历史上最有影响的100个人∙•100位影响美国历史的重量级人物中你我知道多少？∙•参考文献美国历史上最有影响的100个人编辑本段回目录1 Abraham Lincoln 林肯美国百名历史风流人物He saved the Union, freed the slaves, and presided over America’ssecond founding.2 George Washington 乔治·华盛顿He made the United States possible—not only by defeating a king,but by declining to become one himself.3 Thomas Jefferson 杰佛逊The author of the five most important words in American history:“All men are created equal.”4 Franklin Delano Roosevelt德拉诺·罗斯福He said, “The only thing we have to fear is fear itself,” andthen he proved it.5 Alexander Hamilton 亚历山大·汉密尔顿Soldier, banker, and political scientist, he set in motion anagrarian nation’s transformation into an industrial power.6 Benjamin Franklin 富兰克林The Founder-of-all-trades— scientist, printer, writer, diplomat,inventor, and more; like his country, he contained multitudes.7 John Marshall 约翰·马歇尔The defining chief justice, he established the Supreme Court as theequal of the other two federal branches.8 Martin Luther King Jr.马丁·路德·金His dream of racial equality is still elusive, but no one did moreto make it real.9 Thomas Edison 爱迪生·托马斯It wasn’t just the lightbulb; the Wizard of Menlo Park was themost prolific inventor in American history.10 Woodrow Wilson 威尔逊He made the world safe for U.S. interventionism, if not fordemocracy.11 John D. Rockefeller 约翰·洛克菲勒The man behind Standard Oil set the mold for our tycoons—first bymaking money, then by giving it away.12 Ulysses S. Grant 尤利西斯·格兰特He was a poor president, but he was the general Lincoln needed; healso wrote the greatest political memoir in American history.13 James Madison 詹姆斯·麦迪逊He fathered the Constitution and wrote the Bill of Rights.14 Henry Ford福特·亨利He gave us the assembly line and the Model T, and sparkedAmerica’s love affair with the automobile.15 Theodore Roosevelt 罗斯福Whether busting trusts or building canals, he embodied the“strenuous life” and blazed a trail for twentieth-centuryAmerica.16 Mark Twain 马克吐温Author of our national epic, he was the most unsentimental observerof our national life.17 Ronald Reagan 里根The amiable architect of both the conservative realignment and theCold War’s end.18 Andrew Jackson杰克逊18年The first great populist: he found America a republic and left it ademocracy.19 Thomas Paine 托马斯paineThe voice of the American Revolution, and our first greatradical.20 Andrew Carnegie 卡内基The original self-made man forged America’s industrial might andbecame one of the nation’s greatest philanthropists.21 Harry Truman 亨利杜鲁门An accidental president, this machine politician ushered in theAtomic Age and then the Cold War.22 Walt Whitman ,惠特曼He sang of America and shaped the country’s conception ofitself.23 Wright Brothers 赖特兄弟They got us all off the ground.24 Alexander Graham Bell亚历山大·格雷厄姆By inventing the telephone, he opened the age of telecommunicationsand shrank the world.25 John Adams亚当斯约翰His leadership made the American Revolution possible; his devotionto republicanism made it succeed.26 Walt Disney 迪士尼The quintessential entertainer-entrepreneur, he wielded unmatchedinfluence over our childhood.27 Eli Whitney ?艾惠His gin made cotton king and sustained an empire for slavery.28 Dwight Eisenhower 艾森豪威尔He won a war and two elections, and made everybody like Ike.29 Earl Warren 厄尔华伦His Supreme Court transformed American society and bequeathed to usthe culture wars.30 Elizabeth Cady Stanton伊丽莎白卡迪stantonOne of the first great American feminists, she fought for socialreform and women’s right to vote.31 Henry Clay 亨利粘土One of America’s greatest legislators and orators, he forgedcompromises that held off civil war for decades.32 Albert Einstein 爱因斯坦His greatest scientific work was done in Europe, but his humanityearned him undying fame in America.33 Ralph Waldo Emerson 爱默生The bard of individualism, he relied on himself—and told us all todo the same.34 Jonas Salk 盟瘟His vaccine for polio eradicated one of the world’s worstplagues.35 Jackie Robinson 济臣He broke baseball’s color barrier and embodied integration’spromise.36 William Jennings Bryan 威廉吉·布莱恩“The Great Commoner” lost three presidential elections, but hispopulism transformed the country."37 J. P. Morgan 摩根大通The great financier and banker was the prototype for all the WallStreet barons who followed.38 Susan B. Anthony 苏珊乙安东尼She was the country’s most eloquent voice for women’s equalityunder the law.39 Rachel Carson卡森雷切尔The author of Silent Spring was godmother to the environmentalmovement.<40 John Dewey 杜威He sought to make the public school a training ground fordemocratic life.41 Harriet Beecher Stowe的Harriet格尔斯托Her Uncle Tom’s Cabin inspired a generation of abolitionists andset the stage for civil war.42 Eleanor Roosevelt 罗斯福She used the first lady’s office and the mass media to become“first lady of the world.”43 W. E. B. DuBois 特约e.乙杜波伊斯One of America’s great intellectuals, he made the “problem of thecolor line” his life’s work.44 Lyndon Baines Johnson 贝恩斯约翰逊His brilliance gave us civil-rights laws; his stubbornness gave usVietnam.45 Samuel F. B. Morse 塞缪尔莫尔斯乙六Before the Internet, there was Morse code.46 William Lloyd Garrison 威廉劳埃德驻军Through his newspaper, The Liberator , he became the voice ofabolition.47 Frederick Douglass 道格拉斯After escaping from slavery, he pricked the nation’s consciencewith an eloquent accounting of its crimes.48 Robert Oppenheimer 奥本海默The father of the atomic bomb and the regretful midwife of thenuclear era.49 Frederick Law Olmsted 法检欧姆斯德The genius behind New York’s Central Park, he inspired thegreening of America’s cities.50 James K. Polk 詹姆斯悦结论POLKThis one-term president’s Mexican War landgrab gave us California,Texas, and the Southwest.51 Margaret Sanger 霭桑戈The ardent champion of birth control—and of the sexual freedomthat came with it.52 Joseph Smith 约瑟夫·史密斯The founder of Mormonism, America’s most famous homegrownfaith.53 Oliver Wendell Holmes Jr.霍姆斯保守派苦海wendellKnown as “The Great Dissenter,” he wrote Supreme Court opinionsthat continue to shape American jurisprudence.54 Bill Gates 盖茨The Rockefeller of the Information Age, in business andphilanthropy alike.55 John Quincy Adams 约翰-昆西·亚当The Monroe Doctrine’s real author, he set nineteenth-centuryAmerica’s diplomatic- course.56 Horace Mann 贺拉斯·曼His tireless advocacy of universal public schooling earned him thetitle “The Father of American Education.”57 Robert E. Lee 罗伯特李e.He was a good general but a better symbol, embodying conciliationin defeat.58 John C. Calhoun 约翰丙卡尔洪The voice of the antebellum South, he was slavery’s most ardentdefender.59 Louis Sullivan沙利文路易The father of architectural modernism, he shaped the definingAmerican building: the skyscraper.60 William Faulkner 福克纳The most gifted chronicler of America’s tormented and fascinatingSouth.61 Samuel Gompers 塞缪尔gompersThe country’s greatest labor organizer, he made the golden age ofunions possible.62 William James 威廉詹姆斯The mind behind Pragmatism, America’s most important philosophicalschool.63 George Marshall 马歇尔乔治As a general, he organized the American effort in World War II; asa statesman, he rebuilt Western Europe.64 Jane Addams 阿珍addamsThe founder of Hull House, she became the secular saint of socialwork.65 Henry David Thoreau 亨利大卫梭罗The original American dropout, he has inspired seekers ofauthenticity for 150 years.66 Elvis Presley 猫王The king of rock and roll.67 P. T. Barnum 第汤匙barnumThe circus impresario’s taste for spectacle paved the way forblockbuster movies and reality TV.68 James D. Watson 理丁沃森He codiscovered DNA’s double helix, revealing the code of life toscientists and entrepreneurs alike.69 James Gordon Bennett詹姆斯治疗Bennett戈登As the founding publisher of The New York Herald , he invented themodern American newspaper.70 Lewis and Clark 刘易斯和克拉克They went west to explore, and millions followed in their wake.71 Noah Webster71年诺亚韦伯斯特He didn’t create American English, but his dictionary definedit.72 Sam Walton 萨姆尔登He promised us “Every Day Low Prices,” and we took him up on theoffer.73 Cyrus McCormick 鲁士和McCormickHis mechanical reaper spelled the end of traditional farming, andthe beginning of industrial agriculture.74 Brigham Young 翰What Joseph Smith founded, Young preserved, leading the Mormons totheir promised land.75 George Herman “Babe” Ruth乔治赫尔曼"贝"罗思He saved the national pastime in the wake of the Black Soxscandal—and permanentl-y linked sports and celebrity.76 Frank Lloyd Wright 赖特America’s most significant architect, he was the archetype of thevisionary artist at odds with capitalism.77 Betty Friedan 傅瑞She spoke to the discontent of housewives everywhere—and inspireda revolution in gender roles.78 John Brown 约翰-布朗Whether a hero, a fanatic, or both, he provided the spark for theCivil War.79 Louis Armstrong斯特朗路易His talent and charisma took jazz from the cathouses of Storyvilleto Broadway, television, and beyond.80 William Randolph Hearst 威廉道夫hearstThe press baron who perfected yellow journalism and helped startthe Spanish-American War.81 Margaret Mead 霭蜂蜜With Coming of Age in Samoa , she made anthropology relevant—andcontroversial.82 George Gallup 乔治·盖洛普He asked Americans what they thought, and the politicianslistened.83 James Fenimore Cooper 库柏The novels are unreadable, but he was the first great mythologizerof the frontier.84 Thurgood Marshall thurgood马歇尔As a lawyer and a Supreme Court justice, he was the legal architectof the civil-rights revolution.85 Ernest Hemingway 海明威His spare style defined American modernism, and his life mademachismo a cliché.86 Mary Baker Eddy 玛丽·贝克·涡She got off her sickbed and founded Christian Science, whichpromised spiritual healing to all.87 Benjamin Spock 开展SPOCK·本杰明With a single book—and a singular approach—he changed Americanparenting.88 Enrico Fermi 费米师EnricoA giant of physics, he helped develop quantum theory and wasinstrumental in building the atomic bomb.89 Walter Lippmann 李普曼The last man who could swing an election with a newspapercolumn.90 Jonathan Edwards 乔纳森爱德华Forget the fire and brimstone: his subtle eloquence made him thecountry’s most influential theologian.91 Lyman Beecher 曼格尔Harriet Beecher Stowe’s clergyman father earned fame as anabolitionist and an evangelist.92 John Steinbeck 斯坦贝克As the creator of Tom Joad, he chronicled Depression-eramisery.93 Nat Turner 奈特·特纳He was the most successful rebel slave; his specter would stalk thewhite South fora century.94 George Eastman 乔治·伊士曼The founder of Kodak democratized photography with his handy rollsof film.95 Sam Goldwyn 萨姆goldwynA producer for forty years, he was the first great Hollywoodmogul.96 Ralph Nader 拉尔夫·纳德He made the cars we drive safer; thirty years later, he made GeorgeW. Bush the president.97 Stephen Foster 斯蒂芬·福斯特America’s first great songwriter, he brought us “Susanna” and“My Old Kentucky Home.”susanna98 Booker T. Washington 布汤匙·华盛顿As an educator and a champion of self-help, he tried to lead blackAmerica up from slavery.99 Richard Nixon 尼克松He broke the New Deal majority, and then broke his presidency on ascandal that still haunts America.100 Herman Melville 赫尔曼·梅尔维尔Moby Dick was a flop at the time, but Melville is remembered as theAmerican Shakespeare.100位影响美国历史的重量级人物中你我知道多少？编辑本段回目录The Top 100 by The AtlanticThe most influential figures in American history.1 Abraham LincolnHe saved the Union, freed the slaves, and presided over America’s second founding.2 George WashingtonHe made the United States possible—not only by defeating a king, but by declining to become one himself.3 Thomas JeffersonThe author of the five most important words in American history: “All men are created equal.”4 Franklin Delano RooseveltHe said, “The only thing we have to fear is fear itself,” and then he proved it.5 Alexander HamiltonSoldier, banker, and political scientist, he set in motion an agrarian nation’s transformation into an industrial power. 你信不信此人是诗坛情种徐志摩早年的偶像之一，徐的剑桥岁月前有一段美国留学生活学习政治经济，就是想成为中国的汉弥尔顿。

影响美国的１００位人物２００６年底，美国的权威期刊《大西洋月刊》编辑部邀请十位著名历史学家，其中有四位是普利策奖获得者，投票选举１００位美国历史上最具影响力的人物。

名人一百排行榜（排名引自《大西洋月刊》２００６年１２月号）：１．亚伯拉罕·林肯（１８０９～１８６５）：拯救了国家，解放了黑奴，再造了美国。

２．乔治·华盛顿（１７３２～１７９９）：缔造了美利坚合众国，赶走了一个国王，也拒绝成为国王。

３．托马斯·杰斐逊（１７４３～１８２６）：《独立宣言》主要起草人，写下了美国历史上分量最重的五个字：“人生而平等”。

４．富兰克林·罗斯福（１８８２～１９４５）：他告诫逆境中的美国：“我们唯一恐惧的就是恐惧本身”。

５．亚历山大·汉密尔顿（１７５５～１８０４）：战士、银行家、科学家、政治家，他带领美国从农业社会走向了工业社会。

６．本杰明·富兰克林（１７０６～１７９０）：科学家、作家，发明家、外交家。

７．约翰·马歇尔（１７５５～１８３５）：美国最高法院首席法官，三权分立制度的主要创建人。

８．小马丁·路德·金（１９２９～１９６８）：用慷慨激昂的演讲，抒发种族平等的梦想，虽然道路漫长而艰险，但没有其他人能比他看得更高，走得更远。

９．托马斯·爱迪生（１８４７～１９３１）：白炽灯、留声机、炭粒话筒、电影放映机……他创办了世界上第一个工业研究实验室，拥有１０９３项发明专利权，上帝也惊讶自己居然创造了这么一位发明天才！１０．伍德鲁·威尔逊（１８５６～１９２４）：第２８任美国总统（１９１３～１９２１），国际联盟的首倡人，１９１９年诺贝尔和平奖的获得者。

１１．约翰·Ｄ·洛克菲勒（１８３９～１９３７）：创办俄亥俄美孚石油公司，美国第一个托拉斯（１８８１）的缔造者。

１２．尤利西斯·格兰特（１８２２～１８８５）：美国第１８任总统（１８６９～１８７７），美国内战时期林肯帐下得力干将。

影响美国的100位人物第1-50名1, 亚伯拉罕·林肯（Abraham Lincoln，1809-1865年）：第16任美国总统（1861-1865年），赢得了美国南北战争（美国内战）、拯救了国家，废除了奴隶制度、解放了黑奴，实现了美国经济的现代化、再造了美国，他在其著名的《葛底斯堡演说》（Gettysburg Address）中曾说道：“要让民有、民治、民享的政府永世长存（Government of the people, by the people, for the people, shall not perish from the earth）”。

2, 乔治·华盛顿（George Washington，1732-1799年）：第1任美国总统（1789-1797年），缔造了美利坚合众国，赶走了一个国王，也拒绝成为国王，制定了美国总统任期上限（最多两届）的规则。

3, 托马斯·杰斐逊（Thomas Jefferson，1743-1826年）：第3任美国总统（1801-1809年），《独立宣言》主要起草人，写下了美国历史上分量最重的五个字：“人生而平等（All men are created equal）”，他还创办了美国弗吉尼亚大学。

4, 富兰克林·罗斯福（Franklin D. Roosevelt，1882-1945年）：第32任美国总统（1933-1945年），运用罗斯福新政，帮助美国摆脱金融危机，他告诫逆境中的美国：“我们唯一恐惧的就是恐惧本身（The only thing we have to fear is fear itself）”。

5, 亚历山大·汉密尔顿（Alexander Hamilton，1755-1804年）：第1任美国财政部长（1789-1795年），战士、银行家、科学家、政治家，他带领美国从农业社会走向了工业社会。

6, 本杰明·富兰克林（Benjamin Franklin，1706-1790年）（又译班哲明·富兰克林、班杰明·富兰克林），出生于美国马萨诸塞州波士顿，美国著名的政治家、物理学家，同时也是出版商、印刷商、记者、作家、慈善家；更是杰出的外交家及发明家。

影响世界的100位人物1. 亚历山大大帝2. 查理斯王朝3. 蒙特卡罗4. 拿破仑5. 文森特·菲茨杰拉德6. 莎士比亚7. 开普勒8. 希特勒9. 曼昆10. 亨利八世11. 阿尔弗雷德·希特勒12. 科学家拉斐尔13. 马克思14. 文学家霍尔15. 奥斯卡·王尔德16. 查尔斯·狄更斯17. 弗兰西斯·福克纳18. 斯蒂芬·霍金19. 马歇尔·F·斯科特20. 贝尔·贝克21. 马克·吐温22. 斯蒂芬·茨贝格23. 马丁·路德·金24. 爱因斯坦25. 尼古拉斯·马尔斯26. 乔治·华盛顿27. 埃及法老艾西蒙28. 乔纳森·斯佩尔29. 女权主义者玛格丽特·黑塞30. 斯大林31. 乔治·t·莫里斯32. 阿瑟·斯坦利·斯特拉特33. 莫扎特34. 比尔·克林顿35. 乔治·卫斯理36. 富兰克林·富尔顿37. 罗斯福38. 埃拉·夸对39. 健康者让·贝芙40. 尼克松41. 杜鲁门42. 英国女皇伊丽莎白二世43. 马丁·路德·金44. 埃德加·爱思唯尔45. 乔治·威尔斯46. 萨谢尔·阿里47. 谢里·布鲁克斯48. 弗朗西斯·福克纳49. 爱迪生50. 乔布斯51. 哥白尼52. 佐拉·奥尔德林53. 拉戈·邦坎普54. 戴安娜·卡特55. 塞缪尔·拉米雷斯56. 苏荷57. 让·雅克·巴黎58. 鲁迪·费舍59. 乔治·华盛顿·西奥多60. 阿瓦特·拉佩斯61. 尤金·贝尔62. 罗伯特·肯尼迪63. 克里斯蒂安·贝尔64. 贾马尔·苏贝克林65. 比罗·布朗66. 马友67. 拉里·金68. 梵谷69. 尤金·奥尔德林70. 艾滋·萨米格71. 尼基·普里斯72. 托马斯·杰斐逊73. 伊丽莎白·米利森74. 罗伯特·穆勒75. 桑德斯76. 开发者卡特77. 鲍德温·布尔默78. 奥巴马79. 冯·弗里德曼80. 杨维斯81. 杰哈德·埃弗里特82. 贝克特83. 马克思·霍尔特84. 乔治·戴维斯85. 彼得·克鲁索夫86. 阿尔伯特·爱因斯坦87. 杰弗里·多诺费奥88. 马努·耶布尔89. 威廉·莎士比亚90. 科林·米尔斯91. 小罗伯特·唐尼92. 蒙娜·丽莎93. 李·凯勒94. 奥斯曼·萨利赫95. 天才爱迪生96. 哥伦布97. 威廉·萨默维尔98. 托马斯·爱迪生99. 詹姆斯·鲍德温·拉美尔100. 比尔·盖茨。

美国历史最有影响力的人物排名美国历史上最有影响力的人物排名名字生卒/年点评99理查德?尼克松1913-1994登月；访华；辞职72山姆?沃顿1918-1992沃尔玛超市66埃维斯?普雷斯利1935-1977猫王，摇滚之王63乔治?马歇尔1880-1959马歇尔计划57罗伯特?李1807-1870南方统帅54比尔?盖茨1955-信息时代的洛克菲勒50詹姆斯?波克1795-1849总统，夺得加州，德州等国土49 费里德克?奥姆斯德1822-1903园林设计师48罗伯特?奥本海默1904-1967原子弹之父47费里德克?道格拉斯1817-1895抗奴者46威廉?加里森1805-1879废奴主义者45 塞缪?摩尔斯1791-1872摩尔斯电码44林登?约翰逊1908-1973民权法；越战43杜波依斯1888-1963泛非（黑人）主义者42 埃莉诺?罗斯福(女)1884-1962世界的第一夫人41哈莉特?斯托(女)1811-1896《汤姆叔叔的小屋》40 约翰?杜威1859-1952实用主义教育家39莉奇?卡森(女)1907-1964环保运动之母38苏珊?安东尼(女)1820-1906女权运动者37约翰?皮尔邦?摩根1837-1913金融家，银行家36威廉?布莱恩1860-1925平民主义者35杰克?罗宾逊1919-1972黑人棒球手34乔纳斯?索尔克1914-1995脊髓灰质炎疫苗33 拉夫?爱默生1803-1882思想家，文学家32 阿尔伯特?爱因斯坦1879-1955科学家31亨利?克莱1777-1852美国经济现代化倡导者30 伊丽莎白?斯坦顿(女)1815-1902最早的女权活动家29厄尔?沃伦1891-1974“米兰德”法令等28艾森豪威尔1890-1969赢得第二次世界大战和两届总统27 伊莱?惠特尼1765-1825发明轧花机，铣床26沃特?迪斯尼1901-1966动画；儿童世界25约翰?亚当斯1735-1826开国元勋；国家政治学24亚历山大?贝尔1847-1922发明电话，电讯时代23怀特兄弟1871-1948把我们带离地面22沃特?惠特曼1819-1892美国自由诗之父21哈里?杜鲁门1884-1972原子时代；“冷战”开始20 安德鲁?卡耐基1835-1919钢铁大王；慈善家19汤马斯?佩恩1737-1809美国独立革命思想启蒙者18 安德鲁?杰克逊1767-1845杰克逊式民主17罗纳德?里根1911-2004自由体制；拖垮苏联16马克?吐温1835-1910第一位真正的美国作家15 西奥多?罗斯福1858-1915带领美国进入现代14亨利?福特1863-1947汽车大王13詹姆斯?麦迪逊1751-1836宪法之父；人权法案12尤利西斯?格兰特1882-1885总统；统帅；政治回忆录11 约翰?洛克菲勒1839-1937石油大王10伍德罗?威尔逊1856-1924美国安全介入世界09汤马斯?爱迪生1847-1931发明大王08马丁?路德金1929-1968种族平等07约翰?马歇尔1755-1835建立高等法院“三权等立”06本杰明?富兰克林1706-1790多领域开创在者05亚历山大?汉密尔顿1755-1804美国经济政策构思者04富兰克林?罗斯福1882-1945“我们唯一恐惧的，就是恐惧本身”03 汤姆斯?杰斐逊1743-1826“人人生来平等”02乔治?华盛顿1732-1799开国之父；主动离任01亚伯拉罕?林肯1809-1865结束分裂；解放黑奴；第二次开国。

美国100位历史名人榜(72)：Sam WaltonHe promised us “Every Day Low Prices,” a nd we took him up on the offer.我们都相信了他的天天平价的承诺。

Early lifeSam Walton was born to Thomas Gibson Walton and Nancy "Nannie" Lee (née Lawrence) near Kingfisher, Oklahoma on March 29, 1918.[1] There, he lived with his parents on their farm until 1923. Sam's father decided farming did not generate enough income on which to raise a family, so he decided to go back to a previous profession of a mortgage man. So he and his family (now with another s on, James born in 1921) moved from Oklahoma to Chesterfield, Missouri. There they moved from one small town to another for several years. While attending 8th grade in Shelbina, Sam became the youngest Eagle Scout in the state's history.In adult life, Walton became a recipient of the Distinguished Eagle Scout Award from the Boy Scouts of America.Growing up during the Great Depression, Walton had numerous chores to help make financial ends meet for his family. He milked the family cow, bottled the surplus, and drove it to customers. Afterwards, he would deliver newspapers on a paper route. In addition, he also sold magazine subscriptions. Upon graduating, he was voted "Most Versatile Boy."After high school, Walton decided to attend college, hoping to find a better way to help support his family. He attended the University of Missouri and majored in economics and was an ROTC officer. During this time, he worked various odd jobs, including waiting tables in exchange for meals. Also during his time in college, Walton joined the estimable Zeta Phi chapter of Beta Theta Pi fraternity. He was also tapped by QEBH, the well-known secret society on campus honoring the top senior men. Upon graduating in 1940, he was voted "permanent president" of the class.Walton later joined JC Penney's as a management trainee in Des Moines, Iowa three days after graduating from college.[4] This position earned him $75 a month. He resigned in 1942 in anticipation of being inducted into the military for service in World War II. In the meantime, he worked at a DuPont munitions plant near Tulsa, Oklahoma. Soon afterwards, Walton joined the military in the U.S. Army Intelligence Corps, supervising security at aircraft plants and prisoner of war camps. In this position he served at Fort Douglas in Salt Lake City, Utah. He eventually reached the rank of captain.The first storesIn 1945, after leaving the military, Walton opened a variety store. With the help of a $20,000 loan from his father-in-law, plus $5,000 he had saved from his time in the Army, Walton purchased a Ben Franklin variety store in Newport, Arkansas.[4] The store was a franchise of the Butler Brothers chain.It was here that Walton pioneered many concepts that would prove to be crucial to his success. Walton made sure the shelves were consistently stocked with a wide range of goods at low prices. His store also stayed open later than most other stores, especially during the Christmas season. He also pioneered the practice of discount merchandis ing by buying wholesale goods from the lowest priced supplier. This allowed him to pass on savings to his customers, which drove up his sales volume. Higher volumes allowed him to negotiate even lower purchase prices with the wholesaler on subsequent purchases. Walton's store led in sales and profits in the Butler Brothers' six-state region. One factor that made this store successful was its central location, making it accessible to a wide range of customers. In an attempt to limit the expansion of his main competitor, the Sterling Store, W alton leased a nearby Kroger store and opened it in 1950 as the "Eagle" department store, but it didn't fare as well.Due to the variety store's enormous success, the landlord, P.K. Holmes, refused to renew the lease when it expired, des iring to pass the store onto his son. The lack of a renewal option, together with the outrageous rent of 5% of sales, were early business lessons to Walton. Despite forcing Walton out, Holmes bought the store's inventory and fixtures for $50,000, which Walton called "a fair price".A chain of Ben Franklin storesWalton went on to open more Ben Franklin Stores with the help of his brother, father-in-law, and brother-in-law. In 1954, he opened a store with his brother James "Bud" Walton in a shopping center in Ruskin Heights, a suburb of Kansas City. He opened another in Arkansas, but it failed to be as successful as his other stores. Walton decided to concentrate on the retail business instead of the shopping centers and opened larger stores which were called "Walton's Family Center."Walton offered managers the opportunity to become limited partners if they would invest in the store they oversaw and then invest a maximum of $1,000 in new outlets as they opened. This motivated themanagers to always try to maximize profits and improve their managerial skills. By 1962, Walton and his brother Bud owned sixteen variety stores in Arkansas, Missouri, and Kansas (fifteen Ben Franklin and the one independent Fayetteville store).LegacyIn 1985, Sam Walton began a program designed to stem the 'tide of communism' in Central America by promoting capitalism and privatization.In 1998, Walton was included in Time's list of 100 most influential people of the 20th Century. Walton was honored for all his pioneering efforts in retail in March 1992, when he received the Presidential Medal of Freedom from President George H. W. Bush. Also that year, the Jiangsu province of the People's Republic of China awarded him the Golden Star Foreigner's Award for "tireless assistance in the development of People's owned factories in the Suzhou area".Forbes ranked Sam Walton as the richest man in the United States from 1982 to 1988, ceding the top spot to John Kluge in 1989 when the editors began to credit Walton's fortune jointly to him and his four children. (Bill Gates first headed the list in 1992, the year Walton died). Wal-Mart Stores, Inc. als o runs Sam's Club warehouse stores. Wal-Mart stores operate in Argentina, Brazil, Canada, Chile, China, Costa Rica, El Salvador, Guatemala, Honduras, Japan, Mexico, Nicaragua, Puerto Rico, South Korea, the United Kingdom, and the United States.At the University of Arkansas, the Business College (Sam M. Walton College of Business) is named in his honor.Mr.Walton was inducted into the Junior Achievement U.S. Business Hall of Fame in 1992.Sam Walton was one of the most successful entrepreneurs of our time. He was also a self-made man. Starting from scratch, with a singularity of focus, he built Wal-Mart into the largest and most successful company in the world.As a continuous learner, Walton was committed to constantly increasing his own knowledge. He challenged existing business theories and paradigms by developing and implementing a new set of rules and used this new information to build and improve every aspect of Wal-Mart. During his career, Walton—who associates respectfully referred to as "Mr. Sam"—developed a list of what he considered the most important rules for entrepreneurial success. As far as he was concerned, there were ten key result areas that he considered pivotal to his own success.In The 10 Rules of Sam Walton, author Michael Bergdahl offers you an insider's perspective of Mr. Sam's genius, by revealing the story behind the self-professed rules Walton embraced in order to become successful. Entwined in each of these rules are reoccurring themes of innovation, common sense, hard work, the power of positive thinking, and how to treat people.Each of Mr. Sam's ten rules is easily understandable and can be duplicated by anyone in both their professional and personal lives. But, like so many things Wal-Mart does, these rules require a high degree of discipline to implement.As a former Wal-Mart employee, Bergdahl had the opportunity to work directly with Sam Walton. These experiences have provided him with a treasure trove of great lessons, experiences, and stories that he now shares throughout the pages of The 10 Rules of Sam Walton.Sam Walton was a man who took chances, never said never, and kept on fighting the odds. He was like no other man in this world. All through his life he has fought an up hill battle and in the end he won. Sam Walton was a leader not a follower. Sam Walton grew up during the depression and knew that hard work and thrift were a way of life. Sam was described as to be industrious, always trying to get the most out of money, and had a burning ambition to succeed. This is all apparent by: how he helped his family through the depression, started his own business from almost nothing, and how he c hanged the field of management.Sam Walton was born on March 29, 1918 to Thomas Gibson and Nancy Lee Walton near Kingfisher, Oklahoma. In Oklahoma, they owned and lived on a farm until 1923. The Walton's then decided that the farm was not profitable enough to raise a family on. So, Sam and Jame's (Sam's younger brother born in 1921) dad decided he would go back to being a Farm Loan Appraiser. Once this job started the Walton family moved out of Oklahoma and moved from town to town in Missouri. This would traumatize most children but for the Walton boys though it was no big deal. This could be seen when Sam was in8th grade at Shelbina he became the youngest boy in the state's history to become an Eagle Scout and this was only a start of his many of accomplishments.As Sam Walton grew up he was always an ambitious boy. He attended Hickman High School in Columbia there he played basketball and football, in which he was the starting quarterback for the football team and lead them to the state title in 1935. He wasn't the most smartest person at school but he was determined to do good so with hard work and lots of studying he became an honors student. Besides being athletic and smart he was also a political figure at school, too. He severed as V ice- President of his Junior Class and President of the Student Body his senior year. Don't think this is all Sam did though, he also had to help support his family, along with his father and brother because money was lacking due to the depression. Sam's job was to milk the family cow, bottle the milk, and then deliver the surplus of to customers and then went off to deliver newspapers afterwards. When he graduated from high school he was voted the "Most V ersatile Boy" in his class. During this time it would have beeneasy for Sam to just give up on school and go to work full time. Seeing though how his family was struggling to make ends meet, he decided he was going to stay in school and attend the University of Missouri.At the University of Missouri Sam majored in Economics. He could not really afford to attend school so he worked extra hard to get the money. Sam waited tables in exchange for meals, lifeguarded at the school pool, and also delivered newspapers. While he was not doing that he was either at his fraternity in which he was an officer, or at a student government meeting since he was a member of the student senate, or fulfilling his duties as an ROTC Officer, and then on Sundays he was President of a Sunday School Class in which many of his fellow classmates attended. While accomplishing all this he was also in the National Honor Society. When Sam Walton graduated in 1940 he was voted the permanent President of his class. Three days after graduation he entered the retail world working at JcPenney's in Des Moines, Iowa as a management trainee earning a salary of $75.00 a month.As Sam grew up and anyone could see how determined he was to succeed and as time passed he went from being a poor town boy to the richest man in the world. He gained experience at Penney's but in early 1942 Walton resigned to wait to be inducted into the military services for World War II. While waiting, Sam took a job in a Du Pont munitions plant near Tulsa, Oklahoma. While working and living near Tulsa, Sam met his future wife Helen Robson. She lived in a little town called Claremore where she attended Claremore High School and graduated valedictorian of her class and went on to attend college at the University of Oklahoma at Norman and graduated with a degree in business. They met in April of 1942 and were married on February 14, 1943. In 1944 they had their first son, Samuel Robson (Rob), John Thomas was born in 1946, James Carr (Jim), born in 1948, and Alice born in 1949. Her father was L.S. Robson, a prosperous banker and rancher who would go on to help Sam start his first store.Soon after they were married, Sam went to serve in the US Army intelligence corps in the continental United States, supervising security at aircraft plants and prisoner of war camps. By the time Sam was discharged from the war he was ranked as captain and decided he wanted to own his own department store. This dream came a reality in the fall of 1945 when he purchased a store in Newport with the help of his father-in-law. Sam borrowed $20,000.00 from his father-in-law and had $5,000 saved from the military.Sam's store was a franchisee of the Butler Brothers, who consisted of two chains. One chain was the Federated department stores, which were small department stores and then the Ben Franklin variety stores. Sam store was going to a variety store and with the assistance of the Butler Brothers, his store led in sales and profits in the six-state region. Sam made this possible by properly stocking all the shelves with a wide range of goods with very low prices, keeping his store centrally located so it was easily accessible to many customers, stayed open later than most stores especially during Christmas seasons, and experimented with discount merchandising ( buying straight from the wholesaler which enable him to lower his price per item and then was able to sell a greater quantity of goods, and thereby increasing his sales volume and profits). All these were ideas were new to businesses but Sam caught on fast and was able to use them to his advantage. Since his store was such a success everyone wanted a piece of the action. So, when his lease was up his landlord would not renew the lease because he wanted the business for his son. Sam sold the store and made a profit over $50,000.00. This deal was complete in January 1951 and the new owner then took possession of the store. This did not stop Sam from continuing with his dream. Before the sale was even finalized between him and his landlord Sam started looking for a new place in town but he would have no such luck. In 1950 though, he purchased a store in Bentonville, Arkansas, which ended up being called Walton's 5 & 10, this store was also a member of the Butler Brothers' Ben Franklin chain. Before this store opened it needed many improvements but to Sam that was no problem. He was never discouraged for a second. To introduce his store to the new town in July 1950, Walton staged his first sales promotion , called the "remodeling sale" and then the following March he had the grand opening. During this time Sam operated both stores the one in Newport and the one in Bentonville. In 1951 after his landlord took over the Newport store his family and him moved to Bentonville and settled in quite nicely. They became quite involved with town activities, such as Walton served as president of Rotary Club and the chamber of commerce. He was elected to the city council and served on the hospital board and in 1954 he launched a Little League baseball program in town. This is only to name a few of his activities and accomplishments in the community.Most people would not have time to do anything else but Sam did, he decided to start a second store in Fayetteville, located about 20 mile south of Bentonville. This was also named Walton 5 & 10 but it was not a Ben Franklin franchise but it was just as successful as the other Walton 5 & 10. Walton knew though he needed a qualified manager to run the store so it would be as successful as his other store. So, he said, " I did something I would do for the rest of my run in the retail bus iness without any shame or embarrassment whatsoever: nose around other people's stores searching for good talent" ( Scott 11 ). With this search he hired Willard Walker, the manager of a TG&Y variety store in Tulsa. He attracted Walker by offering him a percentage of the store's profits, now known as profit sharing. Even with this new manager Sam did not neglect the new store. He visited once a week to make sure everything was running smoothly and once a month he examined the store's books and compiled a profit-and-loss statement.To keep his stores running in tip top shape Sam was always trying to find new ideas to improve business. The next new thing he found was a concept known as self-service. This is that the cash registers that were located at the counters throughout the store would be replaced by checkouts located in the front of the store where customers would pay for everything at one time.The cashier would unload the new light weight baskets and ring the goods up and put them in bags and then the customer was ready to exit the store. Some other customs, Sam had to keep customers happy were: he had a wide assortment of goods, had special promotions, kept the place well lighted and clean, demanded that the staff be loyal and did this by sharing a percentage of the profits with the employees.As time passed Sam opened more stores with the help of his brother, father-in-law and brother-in-law. In 1954 he opened a store with his brother in Ruskin Heights, a suburb near Kansas City in a shopping center. This store was quite profitable, too. He decided to take this idea to Arkansas but it was not quite as successful as his other stores. At that time Sam decided to go back and just concentrate on retail business instead of the shopping center business. Sam opened larger stores which were called Walton's Family Center. To keep management on their toes and on top of the game, Sam offered them the opportunity to become limited partners if they would invest in the store they were to oversee and then invest a maximum of $1000.00 in new outlets as they opened. This kept the managers always trying to keep profits at a maximum and kept them improving their manager skills. His ways were proven to be successful because by 1962 Sam and his brother Bud owned 16 variety stores in Arkansas, Missouri, and Kansas. With all these ideas and new management techniques that is how Wal-Mart got it start and that is why they are different from any other store today.Wal-Mart first opened in 1962 and became the world's number one retailer. Wal-Mart's success has also given many people today an opportunity for a bigger job market. More than 600,000 Americans work at Wal-Mart. The reason for its popular success it still follows Sam Walton's values: by hometown identity, each person is welcomed personally by People Greeters, each store honors a graduating high school senior with a college scholarship, bake sales to benefit a local charity, associates determine where charitable funds are donated, and the prices are low and customers do not have to wait for a sale to see savings. This is only to name a few of the things that Wal-Mart does for the community. Wal-Mart goes according to what Sam W alton believed, "Each Wal-Mart store should reflect the values of its customers and support the vision they hold for their community" ( The Wal-Mart Story). With this saying always in mind the Wal-Mart community outreach programs are steered by local associates who grew up in the area and understand its needs.Sam Walton always made quite an impression on everyone. Sam Walton has done so much for the retail world. He has gone beyond what any other owner or manager has ever done or will ever do and was honored for all his hard work in March of 1992 when he received the Medal of Freedom from President George Bush in which he said,"We're all working together; that's the secret. And we'll lower the cost of living for everyone, not just in America, but we'll give the world an opportunity to see what it's like to save and have a better lifestyle, a better life for all. We're proud of what we've accomplished ; we've just begun." (The Wal-Mart Story) Today, Wal-Mart is the world's #1 retailer, with more than 4,150 stores, including discount stores, combination discount and grocery stores, and membership-only warehouse stores (Sam's Club). Learn Walton's winning formula for business.Sam Walton: The Bottom Reason Wal-Mart Is Today(1)Abstract:Sam Walton, whether you like him or not, has become so well-known in retail sector. Most people view his life as a legend. Under his leadership, Wal-Mart grows from a little grocery store to a world class retail giant. This report shall analyse in detail how Sam Walton’s management theories, skills and behaviors have influenced or are influencing this company. Furthermore, the report shall point out some potential crisis that Wal-Mart might encounter in future and some possible solutions.1. IntroductionIt is an odd thing to think about: the head of world‟s 500 most powerful e nterprise does not fall into the category of oil, steel, or Information Technology sectors, but belongs to the retail world. With several decades‟ growth, the US-based retail giant Wal-Mart has truly become a world wide retail brand, with a lot of stores scattered across the United States and many other stores established or being established in other countries, Wal-Mart enjoys a more and more tremendous profit by non-stop expansion. Wal-Mart Stores, Inc. is the world‟s largest retailer, with $285.2 billion in sales in the fiscal year ending Jan. 31, 2005. 1.3 million Associates work at Wal-Mart in the U.S. Overall the company employs 1.6 million associates worldwide through more than 3,800 facilities in the United States and more than 2,400 units in Argentina, Brazil, Canada, China, Costa Rica, El Salvador, Germany, Guatemala, Honduras, Japan, Mexico, Nicaragua, Puerto Rico, South Korea and the United Kingdom. More than 138 million customers per week visit Wal-Mart stores worldwide Knowing all of these, p eople will naturally ask: what‟s behind Wal-Mart‟s big success? Why it is Wal-Mart but not other stores? Did the founder of the corporation have some magic power? After a objective search and some deep surveys, we analyse from several aspects how and why, Sam Walton, Wal-Mart‟s founder had lead the corporation into a prosperous statues quo. At last, we take an overall view of Wal-Mart‟s development. There is no power that can stay in the dominating position forever, and so does Wal-Mart. T oday‟s prosperity does not mean that Wal-Mart can stick to its strategy forever yet gaining more and more profits. And Sam Walton‟s management theories, skills and behaviors may not apply well in future (so far we have seen some signs of potential crisis). It must be modified with modern ideas. After all, Sam Walton lived in an era that is not the same with today‟s.2. A Charming Personality Leads to Sam Walton’s initial successSam Walton was a man who took chances, never said never, and kept on fighting the odds. He was like no other man in this world. All through his life he has fought an up hill battle and in the end he won. Sam Walton was a leader not a follower. Sam Walton grew up during the depression and knew that hard work and thrift were a way of life. Sam was described as to be industrious, always trying to get the most out of money, and had a burning ambition to succeed. This is all apparent by: how he helped his family through the depression, started his own business from almost nothing, and how he changed the field of management. Basically we conclude the following characters of him.2.1 IndustriousSam Walton was born on March 29, 1918 near Kingfisher, Oklahoma. Several years later the Walton family moved out of Oklahoma and moved from town to town in Missouri. This would traumatize most children but for the Walton boys though it was no big deal. This could be seen when Sam was in 8th grade at Shelbina he became the youngest boy in the state's history to become an Eagle Scout and this was only a start of his many of accomplishments.Sam Walton wasn't the most smartest person at school but he was determined to do good so with hard work and lots of studying he became an honors student. Besides being athletic and smart he was also a political figure at school, too. He severed as Vice- President of his Junior Class and President of the Student Body his senior year. Don't think this is all Sam did though, he also had to help support his family, along with his father and brother because money was lacking due to the depression.At first Sam's store was a franchisee of the Butler Brothers, who consisted of two chains. One chain was the Federated department stores, which were small department stores and then the Ben Franklin variety stores. Sam store was going to a variety store and with the assistance of the Butler Brothers, his store led in sales and profits in the six-state region. Sam made this possible by properly stocking all the shelves with a wide range of goods with very low prices, keeping his store centrally located so it was easily accessible to many customers, stayed open later than most stores especially during Christmas seasons, and experimented with discount merchandising (buying straight from the wholesaler which enable him to lower his price per item and then was able to sell a greater quantity of goods, and thereby increasing his sales volume and profits). All these were ideas were new to businesses but Sam caught on fast and was able to use them to his advantage. Since his store was such a success everyone wanted a piece of the action. So, when his lease was up his landlord would not renew the lease because he wanted the business for his son. Sam sold the store and made a profit over $50,000.00. This deal was complete in January 1951 and the new owner then took possession of the store. This did not stop Sam from continuing with his dream. Before the sale was even finalized between him and his landlord Sam started looking for a new place in town but he would have no such luck. In 1950 though, he purchased a store in Bentonville, Arkansas, which ended up being called Walton's 5 & 10, this store was also a member of the Butler Brothers' Ben Franklin chain. Before this store opened it needed many improvements but to Sam that was no problem. He was never discouraged for a second. To introduce his store to the new town in July 1950, Walton staged his first sales promotion , called the "remodeling sale" and then the following March he had the grand opening. During this time Sam operated both stores the one in Newport and the one in Bentonville. In 1951 after his landlord took over the Newport store his family and him moved to Bentonville and settled in quite nicely. They became quite involved with town activities, such as Walton served as president of Rotary Club and the chamber of commerce. He was elected to the city council and served on the hospital board and in 1954 he launched a Little League baseball program in town. This is only to name a few of his activities and accomplishments in the community.2.2 Initial and AggressiveAt the beginning, in 1972, Sam Walton compared the performance between his own retail store, Wal-Mart, and Kmart Corporation. At that time, Wal-Mart just had fifty retail stores, eleven groceries and the sale-quantity just got eight thousands US dollars only. On the other side, Kmart Corporation already had five hundred groceries and retail stores, and the sale-quantity reached thirty million US dollars. When he was facing that situation, he decided to treat Kmart Corporation as his “testing laboratory”. He always went there for researching, talking with Kmart’s sales in order to find out their working style, problem solving methods. And he discussed with the customers to find out their feelings. In that case, we can see that Sam Walton is going to find out the competitive advantage which is a basis on which to identify a relative superiority over competitors. This is the fundamental step for management. Also, he also applied competitive intelligence which is a systematic way to obtain and analyze public information about competitors. He finds out what Kmart are doing, and these include keeping track of existing and new competitors, having specialists visit their facilities, and hiring their workers and questioning their suppliers and customers. His strategy and skills when he facing the competition with other business mans. According to his memoir, it is suggested to face the competition rather than waiting for the competition. In his memoir, we can find many real cases show that how he is dealing with problems. His main idea is more competition, more improvements. Now, we will have a deep look on his management skills in the following.2.3 Not Afraid of Changes。

【美国历史人物】美国历史名人资料简介大全[第2页]尼克松 1913—美国前总统 (1969—1974) ，共和党人。

出生于洛杉矶，爱尔兰人后裔。

从小自谋生活，当过清洁工、看门人等。

靠半工半读，1934年获惠特尔学院学士学位。

后进杜克大学专修法律。

1937 —1942年当律师。

1942—1946年在海军服役，获海军少校衔。

1947—1950 年任国会众议员，以反共著称。

1951 —1952年任参议员。

1953—1961年任两届副总统。

其后重操律师旧业。

1969—1974年当选总统。

1974年8月9日因与“水门事件” 有牵连而被迫辞职。

总统任内提出“尼克松主义” 。

1972年访问中国，发表联合公报，并在同年与苏联签订第一个限制战略武器协议。

1973年签署结束越南战争的巴黎协定。

著有《六次危机》、《尼克松回忆录》、《领袖们》等。

基辛格亨利·基辛格(1923 — )。

美国前国务卿(1973—1977)。

出生于德国费尔特市一犹太人家庭。

1938年因不堪纳粹的迫害而全家移居英国，再转美国。

1943年入美国籍。

第二次世界大战中在美国陆军服役。

战后在哈佛大学攻读政治学，1950年以最优异的成绩毕业。

1952年获文学硕士、1954年获哲学博士学位。

1951 —1969年任哈佛大学国际研究班执行主任，先后任哈佛大学讲师、副教授、教授、国际问题研究中心负责人等职务。

1969—1974年任尼克松总统的国家安全事务助理。

1969—1975年任国家安全委员会主任。

1973—1977 年任国务卿。

1977年以来在乔治教大学任客座教授，兼任全国广播公司顾问。

大通曼哈顿银行国际顾问委员会主席等职。

是美国历史上第一个原籍非美国人的国务卿和第一个兼任总统国家安全事务助理的国务卿。

任职期间，推行“均势外交” 、“穿梭外交” 。

在中东调停、越南停战和打开中国大门等事情上起了重要作用。

1973年获诺贝尔和平奖。

著有《核武器与对外政策》、《选择的必要：——美国外交政策展望》、《麻烦的伙伴关系：大西洋联盟的重新估价》、《白宫岁月》等。