FITS工艺介绍
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莱卡纤维生产工艺1. 简介莱卡纤维是一种合成纤维,也被称为弹性纤维或氨纶。
它具有优异的弹性、耐久性和舒适感,广泛用于服装、袜子、泳衣等领域。
莱卡纤维的生产工艺经过多年的发展和改进,现在已经成为一种成熟的工艺流程。
2. 原料准备莱卡纤维的主要原料是聚氨酯预聚体。
聚氨酯预聚体是通过将二异氰酸酯与聚醚或聚酯反应而得到的。
在生产过程中,还需要添加一些辅助剂和稳定剂,以调整纤维的性能和稳定性。
3. 聚合反应莱卡纤维的生产过程中最关键的步骤是聚合反应。
将聚氨酯预聚体加入到一个反应釜中,并加热至适当温度。
加入催化剂来促使聚合反应发生。
在反应过程中,预聚体中的异氰酸酯与醇基发生反应,形成聚合物链。
4. 纺丝在聚合反应完成后,需要将聚合物转化为纤维。
这个过程称为纺丝。
将聚合物溶解在适当的溶剂中,形成纺丝液。
通过旋转的喷孔将纺丝液喷射到空气中。
空气中的热量和拉伸力使得纤维形成,并逐渐凝固。
5. 固化新形成的莱卡纤维需要进行固化处理,以提高其弹性和耐久性。
固化是通过加热和拉伸来实现的。
将纤维经过一系列的加热和冷却过程,使其达到适当的温度。
在拉伸机上进行拉伸处理,使纤维具有所需的弹性和强度。
6. 后处理经过固化处理后的莱卡纤维需要进行一些后处理工序,以改善其外观和性能。
这些工序包括漂白、染色、整理等。
漂白可以去除纤维表面的杂质和颜色,使其更加洁白。
染色可以给纤维添加各种颜色,以满足不同的需求。
整理则是通过热处理、压花等方式来改善纤维的手感和外观。
7. 检验和包装经过后处理的莱卡纤维需要进行检验和包装。
检验过程主要包括对纤维的物理性能、化学性能和外观质量进行检测。
只有合格的纤维才能被送往下一个环节。
将纤维按照一定的规格进行包装,并做好标识和记录。
8. 结论莱卡纤维生产工艺是一个复杂而精细的过程,需要经过多个步骤来完成。
从原料准备到聚合反应、纺丝、固化、后处理再到检验和包装,每个环节都需要严格控制和管理。
通过优化工艺流程和改进设备技术,可以提高生产效率和产品质量,满足市场需求。
关于介绍藤编的作文英文回答:Teng Bian is a traditional Chinese craft that involves weaving plant vines into various shapes and objects. It is a skill that has been passed down through generations and is still practiced today. The process of Teng Bian involves selecting and harvesting suitable vines, soaking them in water to make them more pliable, and then carefully weaving them together to create intricate patterns and designs.One of the most common uses of Teng Bian is in making baskets. These baskets are not only functional but also aesthetically pleasing. They can be used for storing various items, such as fruits, vegetables, or even small household items. The woven patterns on the baskets add a touch of elegance and uniqueness to any space.Apart from baskets, Teng Bian can also be used to create other decorative items, such as vases, lampshades,and even furniture. The versatility of this craft allowsfor endless possibilities in terms of design and creativity. The natural materials used in Teng Bian also give these items a rustic and eco-friendly appeal.One of the reasons why Teng Bian has remained popular throughout the years is its connection to nature. The useof plant vines in this craft not only adds a naturalelement to the finished products but also promotes sustainability. The vines used in Teng Bian are typically harvested from renewable sources, ensuring that the craft does not contribute to deforestation or harm the environment.Moreover, Teng Bian is a craft that requires patience, precision, and creativity. It takes time and skill to weave the vines together in a way that creates a sturdy and visually appealing object. The process of Teng Bian can be seen as a form of meditation, as it requires focus and concentration. It is a way for artisans to connect with nature and express their artistic abilities.The art of Teng Bian is not limited to China. It has gained recognition and appreciation worldwide. In recent years, there has been a growing interest in traditional crafts and sustainable practices. Teng Bian fits perfectly into this trend, as it combines traditional techniques with eco-friendly materials.中文回答:藤编是一种传统的中国工艺,涉及将植物藤条编织成各种形状和物品。
皮带滚抽制作工艺流程The process of making belt roller blinds involves several steps to ensure the final product is of high quality and meets the standards required for its intended use. 皮带滚抽制作工艺流程包括几个步骤,以确保最终产品具有高质量,并满足其预期使用的标准。
First and foremost, it is essential to select the right materials for the belt roller blinds. This includes choosing the appropriate fabric for the blinds, as well as the components for the roller mechanism. The fabric should be durable and resistant to wear and tear, while the roller mechanism should be made of high-quality materials to ensure smooth operation. 首先,选择合适的材料对于制作皮带滚抽非常重要。
这包括为百叶窗选择合适的布料,以及选择滚动机构的各种部件。
布料应当耐用且抗磨损,而滚动机构应当由高质量材料制成,以确保平稳的操作。
Once the materials have been selected, the next step in the process is to cut the fabric to the appropriate size and shape. This requires precision and attention to detail to ensure that each piece of fabric fits the roller blind mechanism perfectly. After the fabric has been cut, it is then sewn together to create the individual blinds. 选定了合适的材料之后,下一步是将布料裁剪成适当的尺寸和形状。
皮夹克的生产工艺流程英文回答:The production process of a leather jacket involves several steps, starting from the design phase to the final product. Let me walk you through the process.Firstly, the design phase begins with the creation of a concept for the leather jacket. This involves sketching the jacket's style, shape, and detailing. Once the design is finalized, patterns are created for each component of the jacket, such as the front, back, sleeves, and collar.Next, the selected leather material is cut according to the patterns. This is usually done using cutting machines or sometimes by hand. The precision and accuracy of the cuts are crucial to ensure that all the pieces fit together perfectly.After the leather pieces are cut, they are sent to thesewing department. Here, skilled seamstresses stitch the pieces together using specialized sewing machines. Theyjoin the front and back panels, attach the sleeves, and add any additional details like pockets or zippers.Once the main construction is complete, the jacket goes through a process called "grading." This involves checking the measurements and making any necessary adjustments to ensure that the jacket fits properly. For example, if a medium-sized jacket is being produced, the grading process ensures that all medium-sized jackets have consistent measurements.After grading, the jacket moves on to the finishing stage. This involves adding the final touches to the jacket, such as attaching buttons, snaps, or buckles. Any necessary adjustments or repairs are also made at this stage.Finally, the jacket goes through a quality control inspection. This is done to ensure that the jacket meetsthe desired quality standards. The jacket is checked forany defects, such as loose stitches or irregularities inthe leather. Once it passes the inspection, it is ready for packaging and shipment.中文回答:制作一件皮夹克涉及到几个步骤,从设计阶段到最终成品。
骨格门制作工艺流程英文回答:The process of making a skeletal door involves several steps, starting from the initial design to the final finishing touches. Here is a breakdown of the typical process:1. Design and Measurement: The first step is to createa design for the skeletal door. This involves determining the size, shape, and style of the door. Measurements are taken to ensure accuracy in the construction process.2. Material Selection: Once the design is finalized, the next step is to select the appropriate materials for the door. Common materials used for skeletal doors include wood, metal, and glass. The choice of material depends on factors such as the desired aesthetic, durability, and budget.3. Frame Construction: The frame is the backbone of the skeletal door and provides support and structure. The frame is usually made of wood or metal and is constructed according to the design specifications. It is important to ensure that the frame is sturdy and properly aligned.4. Panel Installation: After the frame is constructed, panels are installed to fill the spaces between the frame. These panels can be made of various materials, such as glass, wood, or metal. The panels are carefully fitted into the frame and secured in place.5. Hinge and Hardware Installation: Hinges and other hardware components, such as handles and locks, are installed on the skeletal door. These components allow the door to be opened and closed smoothly. It is important to choose high-quality hardware to ensure the longevity and functionality of the door.6. Finishing and Paint: Once the skeletal door is fully assembled, it is time to apply the finishing touches. The door may be sanded to create a smooth surface and thenpainted or stained to enhance its appearance. The choice of paint color or stain depends on personal preference and the overall design of the door.7. Quality Check and Testing: Before the skeletal dooris ready for installation, a thorough quality check is conducted. This involves inspecting the door for any defects, ensuring that it opens and closes properly, and checking that all hardware components are functioning correctly.8. Installation: Finally, the skeletal door isinstalled in its designated location. This may involve attaching the door to a door frame or mounting it on hinges. Proper installation is crucial to ensure that the door functions properly and fits securely in its opening.中文回答:骨格门制作的工艺流程包括几个步骤,从最初的设计到最后的装饰。
竹板工艺品工艺流程Bamboo handicrafts are a traditional craft that has been practiced for centuries in many Asian countries, including China, Japan, and Vietnam. The process of creating bamboo handicrafts involves a series of intricate steps that require skill, patience, and attention to detail. From selecting the right bamboo to shaping, cutting, and assembling the pieces, each step plays a crucial role in producing a high-quality finished product.竹板工艺品是一种传统工艺,几个世纪以来一直在许多亚洲国家如中国、日本和越南等地受到传承和发展。
制作竹板工艺品的过程包括一系列复杂的步骤,需要技巧、耐心和细致的注意力。
从选择合适的竹子到成形、切割和组装各个部分,每个步骤都在生产高质量成品中发挥着至关重要的作用。
The first step in the bamboo handicraft process is the selection of the right bamboo. Artisans must carefully choose bamboo that is mature, straight, and free of defects such as cracks or pests. Mature bamboo is essential for ensuring the strength and durability of the finished product, while straight bamboo is necessary for creating uniform pieces without bends or twists. By selecting high-quality bamboo,artisans can ensure the overall quality and longevity of their bamboo handicrafts.竹板工艺品的制作过程中的第一步是选择适当的竹子。
高强高模-聚乙烯纤维工程技术发布时间:2008-01-31 08:58:10 来源:中国纺织品进出口商会[转载]文字选择:大中小盐城市宏迭纺织器材有限公司盐城超强高分子材料工程技术研究所郭子贤上世纪七十年代后期,以粉末状超高分子量聚乙烯为原料,采用全新的冻胶纺丝及超拉伸技术,制得了超高强高模的聚乙烯纤维,使化学纤维和化学纤维工业开始了新的飞跃。
超高分子量聚乙烯纤维具有优异物理机械性能,成为继碳纤维和芳纶之后出现的第三代高性能纤维。
就强度而言,目前绳索可以吊起来的最大重量是同样粗细钢丝绳吊起的最大重量的八倍,是目前已经工业化的纤维中强度最高的纤维,此外,超高分子量聚乙烯纤维的密度小于碳纤维和芳纶,还具有优异的耐化学性和耐气候性,高能量吸收性,低导电性,防水性等特点。
鉴于上述性能,该纤维称为继碳纤维和芳纶之后又一种主要的高性能纤维,目前国际上只有荷兰DsM公司、美国霍尼维尔公司、日本东洋纺公司和中国等几家公司已形成工业化规模的生产。
我国于八十年代后期由东华大学率先提出对超高分子量聚乙烯纤维项目的研究与工业化,到九十年代后期相继出现r宁波大成、北京同益中、湖南中泰在东华大学研究的lT艺成果基础上进行r小试、巾试工业化生产开发。
时至今日,上述三家企业都已形成了规模产业化生产,但由于受到工艺和装备技术不成熟条件的限制,三家企业尽管都耗费了大量的人力、物力,也走上了效益化的生产道路,但由于二三家企业的工艺力式,设备配置各不相同,故而,三家企、Ik的单机产量,产品质量,差异较大。
根据国内外用户的反映,目前,国内厂家纤维品质最好的厂家是北京同益中特中纤维技术开发有限公司、山东爱地高分子材料有限公司。
盐城市宏达纺织器材有限公司从八十年代初开始从事化纤设备的研发与制造,特别对纤维加热设备的研发具有较强的基础与实力,本公司1998年与北京同益中公司达成共同开发年产100吨高强高模聚乙烯纤维工程、装备技术的协议。
此要求在当时可谓技术难度大,起点比较高,就国内而言属革命性技术突破。
固定修复体数字化制作工艺流程The process of digitizing the production of fixed prosthetics is essential in modern dentistry. It allows for more precise and efficient fabrication of dental restorations, leading to better outcomes for patients. The use of digital technology in dentistry has revolutionized the way dental professionals approach restorative treatments. From scanning the patient's mouth to designing and manufacturing the prosthesis, every step can now be done using computer-aided design and manufacturing (CAD/CAM) software.数字化制作固定修复体的工艺流程在现代牙科中至关重要。
它使得牙科修复的制作更加精确和高效,从而为患者带来更好的治疗效果。
数字技术的运用彻底改变了牙科专业人员处理修复治疗的方式。
从扫描患者口腔到设计和制造义齿,每一个步骤现在都可以使用计算机辅助设计和制造(CAD/CAM)软件来完成。
One of the main advantages of digitizing the production of fixed prosthetics is the ability to create restorations that are more precise and accurate. With traditional methods, there is a margin for error in measurements and fabrication, which can lead to ill-fittingprosthetics. However, with digital technology, the entire process is highly automated, reducing the chances of human error and ensuring a better fit for the patient.数字化制作固定修复体的主要优势之一是能够制作更加精确和准确的修复体。
FITS加氢新工艺在油品加氢中的应用
FITS加氢技术介绍
FITS简介
管式液相加氢(FITS)新工艺开发了氢气的纳米级微孔分散并与油品混合的技术,首次采用了管式反应器进行油品液相加氢,通过提升油品的传质效率和反应效率,明显简化了加氢工艺,大幅度降低了投资和运行费用,国内外未见同类技术的报道,新颖性和创新性显著,具有自主知识产权和自由运作权。
该技术由中石化长岭分公司与湖南长岭石化科技开发有限公司联合开发,并已申请多项专利。
技术特点
●流程灵活。
FITS工艺流程简单,占地面积小,可镶嵌在已有流程中,实现工业装置模块化。
●高效率。
FITS工艺具有高空速的特点,反应器小巧,催化剂用量少,同时易于实现定量给氢,反应选择性较高。
●低投资。
FITS工艺没有复杂的氢气循环系统,设备简单,可降低装置建设投资60%以上,且建设周期更短。
●高收益。
FITS工艺取消了循环氢压缩机和循环油泵,电力消耗可降低50%以上,瓦斯消耗可降低20~30%,且氢气损失及泄露率更少,环保效益显著。
知识产权状况
FITS加氢技术是具有自主知识产权,在国际国内具领先水平的工艺技术,目前已提交申请相关专利5项,并有13项专利计划提交申请。
●一种烃油加氢处理方法,CN2013/083791
●一种重整生成油加氢处理方法,CN2013/083786
●一种气液混合方法及其应用和气液反应方法,
●一种航空煤油液相加氢精制方法,
●一种柴油加氢处理方法,
FITS工艺在重整生成油加氢脱烯烃中的应用
工艺简介
重整生成油FITS加氢工艺通过在重整现有工艺流程中镶嵌入FITS工艺模块,即可实现重整生成油原料在较大空速下选择性深度脱烯烃。
该工艺可脱除重整生成油单馏分、BTX馏分或全馏分中的烯烃,工艺流程灵活。
该工艺于2012年成功应用于中石化长岭分公司重整生成油加氢装置,并于2013年7月11日获得中国石化科技部组织的鉴定,目前正在石家庄炼化积极推进工业化。
催化剂性质
重整生成油FITS加氢工艺使用市售的贵金属商业催化剂,主要性质如下。
项目指标
活性金属,%
堆密度,Kg/m3760
比表面,m2/g184
孔容,ml/g
强度,N/mm110
典型工业数据
以下数据以中石化长岭分公司70万吨/年催化重整生成油脱烯烃工艺为例。
项目指标
反应
条件
反应入口温
度,℃
138140
反应入口压力,
MPa
体积空速,v/v
体积氢油比
油品性质
全馏分重
整油
产品
脱戊烷
油
产品溴指数,
mgBr/100g
314080246041芳烃,wt%
效益分析
重整生成油FITS加氢工艺可完全取代原有的抽提原料加氢和白土吸附精制工艺,具有流程简单、氢气损耗少、加氢选择性高、运行成本低、投资小、占地少等优点,并可提高二甲苯和重芳烃产品品级。
经济效益分析
(以中石化长岭分公司70万吨/年催化重整生成油脱烯烃工艺为例)
●取消抽提原料加氢装置,年均节约运行费用万元。
●停用白土精制工艺,降低成本万元。
●降低氢气消耗200Nm3/h,降低运行成本225万元。
合计,总经济效益可达万元/年。
注:本经济效益分析主要考虑运行成本,该工艺节省的设备成本、人力成本、环保成本以及优质产品带来的效益未计算在该经济效益之内。
社会效益分析
●减小了氢气消耗量和能源消耗。
●理论上可以完全消除填埋废弃白土造成的环境污染。
●白土更换频次的下降也降低了更换过程中芳烃油气对环境的污染和
工人劳动强度。
FITS工艺在航煤加氢精制中的应用
工艺简介
航煤FITS工艺作为工业模块镶嵌在常减压流程中,或作为单独工业装置建设,可在较大空速下高选择性的脱除常一线馏分中的硫醇硫和酸性物,生产合格精制航煤。
该工艺于2012年成功开展工业侧线试验,获得了较好的试验结果,并于2013年7月11日通过中国石化科技部组织的技术评议,目前正在长岭分公司和北海炼化公司开展工业化。
催化剂性质
航煤FITS加氢工艺使用市售的常规Mo/Ni体系商业催化剂,主要性质如下。
项目指标
活性金属,%19
堆密度,Kg/m3750
比表面,m2/g137
孔容,ml/g
强度,N/mm25
典型工业侧线数据
以下数据以中石化长岭分公司350吨/年航煤FITS加氢工业侧线装置为例。
项目指标
反应条件
反应入口温度,℃260
反应入口压力,MPa2
体积空速,v/v10
体积氢油比2
油品性质原料产品
硫醇硫,wt%
酸值,mgKOH/g
硫含量,wt%
效益分析
航煤FITS加氢工艺具有流程简单、氢气损耗少、硫醇加氢选择性高、运行成本低、投资小、占地少等优点。
以中石化长岭分公司20万吨/年航煤加氢滴溜床和液相循环工艺为例进行对比,FITS工艺比滴流床工艺降低运行成本元/吨,比液相循环加氢工艺降低运行成本元/吨。
项目滴流床液相循环FITS 压缩机能耗,
6// kw/t
循环泵能耗,
/3/ kw/t
瓦斯消耗,Nm3/t261818
总氢耗,Nm3/t30182
折合成本,元
33
FITS工艺在柴油加氢精制中的应用
工艺简介
柴油FITS加氢工艺能在没有循环氢和循环油的情况下对直馏柴油组分进行加氢精制,生产国Ⅴ车用柴油。
该工艺于2013年成功开展成功开展工业侧线试验,获得了较好的试验结果,目前正在积极准备进行工业化。
催化剂性质
柴油FITS加氢工艺使用市售的常规Mo/Ni/W体系商业催化剂,主要性质如下。
项目指标
活性金属,%40
堆密度,Kg/m31000
比表面,m2/g135
孔容,ml/g
强度,N/mm30
典型工业侧线数据
以下数据以中石化长岭分公司350吨/年柴油FITS加氢工业侧线装置为例。
项目指标
反应
条件
反应温度360360
反应压力56
体积空速76
体积氢油比5050
油品
性质
原料1产品1原料2产品2
馏程,℃184~302
220~342
硫含量,ppm208861777
氮含量,ppm4790
十六烷值
效益分析
●柴油FITS加氢工艺产品硫含量满足国Ⅴ车用柴油的要求;
●该工艺空速大,投资小,运行成本低,产品质量稳定;
●该工艺氢气损耗小,可缓解炼厂氢气资源紧张局面;
●该工艺流程简单,容易实现与上游装置的耦合,优化炼厂流程;
●该工艺提供了一条简单的柴油质量升级技术路线,社会效益显著FITS工艺在催化回炼油加氢中的应用
工艺简介
催化回炼油FITS加氢工艺使催化回炼油通过部分加氢成为一种富含氢化芳烃的供氢剂,将该供氢剂应用到渣油延迟焦化装置上,可提高焦化液收、降低焦炭和干气产率。
该工艺已完成小试研究,并在连续焦化装置评价装置上进行了评价试验,取得较好的试验结果,工业应用试验正在开展之中。
催化回炼油
减压渣油
焦化干气
焦化液化气及石脑油焦化柴油
焦化蜡油
催化剂性质
回炼油FITS 加氢工艺使用湖南长岭石化科技开发有限公司开发的Mo/Ni 体系催化剂,主要性质如下。
项目 指标 活性金属,%
30 堆密度,Kg/m 3
890 比表面,m 2
/g 130 孔容,ml/g 强度,N/mm
30
典型试验数据
以下数据以湖南长岭石化科技开发有限公司实验室评价试验为例,回炼油FITS 加氢试验数据如下。
项目
指标 反应条件
反应入口温度,℃ 360 反应入口压力,MPa 8 体积空速,v/v 1
体积氢油比 300
油品性质
原料 产品 密度,kg/m 3
馏程,℃ 230~461
170~426
多环芳烃,wt%
加氢回炼油掺炼焦化工艺试验数据如下。
焦化产品组成 渣油焦化工艺 渣油+5%加氢回炼油焦化工艺
增效贡献
Δ%
干气,%
汽油,%
柴油,%
蜡油,%
焦炭,%
效益分析
以长岭分公司120万吨/年焦化装置为例,掺炼5%的加氢回炼油,在原料成本基本不变的基础上,可为炼厂增加效益亿元,掺炼前后焦化产品收率及经济效益估算如下。
项目
掺炼前
×104t/a
掺炼后
×104t/a
价格
元/吨
价格差
亿元
干气3188
焦化汽油4845
焦化柴油4590
焦化蜡油3825
焦炭1020
收入合计,亿元///
注:本经济效益估算主要考虑产品销售收入,该工艺对进一步优化焦化操作条件、延缓焦化加热炉结焦、降低焦化循环比等带来的效益未计算在内。