研究生课程论文作业

研究生“论文写作指导”课程教学改革与实践发布时间：2023-03-28T03:07:30.407Z 来源：《教育学文摘》2022年10月总第424期作者：丁丛通讯作者：朴钟宇[导读] 论文写作指导作为一门研究生必修课程，以培养研究生文字撰写能力、逻辑思维能力、掌握写作技巧与规范以及形成良好的学术价值观为教学目标。

针对本课程普遍存在的知识点零散、教学模式和考核方法单一、缺少实践环节等问题，本文通过整合教学内容、丰富教学模式、制定动态量化考核机制等改革手段，实现以学生为主体，培养研究生的综合创新能力，为提供高质量、高层次人才提供有力支撑。

◆丁丛浙江工业大学机械工程学院浙江杭州310023；通讯作者：朴钟宇摘要：论文写作指导作为一门研究生必修课程，以培养研究生文字撰写能力、逻辑思维能力、掌握写作技巧与规范以及形成良好的学术价值观为教学目标。

针对本课程普遍存在的知识点零散、教学模式和考核方法单一、缺少实践环节等问题，本文通过整合教学内容、丰富教学模式、制定动态量化考核机制等改革手段，实现以学生为主体，培养研究生的综合创新能力，为提供高质量、高层次人才提供有力支撑。

关键词：论文写作指导教学内容教学模式考核机制一、引言在全国教育大会上，习近平总书记指出，培养什么人，是教育的首要问题。

中国研究生教育以“立德树人、服务需求、提高质量、追求卓越”为工作主线，其中，教育引导学生培养综合能力和创新思维具有重要意义。

近年来，我国研究生人数显著增长，为了保障我国研究生人才培养结构持续完善，质量把控是研究生教育的核心。

因此，与研究生培养密切相关的课程建设与改革必须持续推进。

研究生教育的重要一环就是科研素养和科研能力的培养与提升，而论文写作指导就是一门促使研究生形成规范严谨的学术态度、提高科技论文撰写水平和能力的课程。

在教学内容和教学方法等方面，不同高校的教学工作者采用的方式方法各有不同。

例如，刘克思等人将文献检索方法与论文写作结合在一起，通过检索操作演示等方式实施课堂教学。

上海理工大学课程(交通地理信息系统)(共12页)-本页仅作为预览文档封面，使用时请删除本页-研究生课程（论文类）试卷2015 /2016 学年第二学期课程名称：交通地理信息系统课程代码：论文题目：基于网络的大型超市服务水平分析学生姓名：专业﹑学号：学院：课程（论文）成绩：课程（论文）评分依据（必填）：题目自立，内容为GIS在交通领域的应用。

1、理论方法概述（15分）2、案例背景介绍（15分）3、模型建立、计算（35分）4、结果输出、结论（35分）任课教师签字：日期：年月日课程（论文）题目：基于网络的大型超市服务水平分析内容：摘要：随着GIS技术的不断发展和完善，它的应用越来越广泛，其中在交通中发挥的作用也越显得重要起来。

基于网络的大型超市服务水平分析问题是GIS在区域综合分配功能中的重要部分。

本文重点讲设施服务水平分析问题应用到超市的设施服务水平分析中，提供了区域设施服务水平的现状分析。

关键字：地理信息系统；网络分析；服务水平图1 上海杨浦区示意图通过统计各人员聚集点的人员数目，建筑物的位置以及各路径长度，将地图导入AutoCAD中，按照地图上的道路路径及建筑物位置绘制此区域的路径图及建筑位置点。

图2 路线及大型超市位置绘制图在使用ArcCatalog中在目标文件夹下建立个人数据库（Personal Geodatebase），取名GIS作业.mdb。

然后在此基础之上建立要素集合（featuredateset），取名课程论文。

将上述CAD绘图导入，并对加载之后得到的要素集合输入CAD图中必要的点（point），线（polyline）和面（polygon）要素类，其中由于在CAD中已经将线分不同的同颜色区分过，所以在输入时保留color字段，以便在Arcmap中能显示。

然后对建立的polyline做拓扑检查，是否有不正确的地方，如果出现就要进行修改。

建立网络数据集启用地图文档GIS homework .mxd，建立4个图层：点状图层“supermarket”，线状图层“道路”、线状图层“分区界线”以及面状图层“人口统计区”。

中国传媒大学研究生学期课程论文撰写规范为规范我校研究生学期课程论文撰写格式，参照国家相关标准及兄弟院校相应规定，制定本研究生学期课程论文撰写规范。

1 学期课程论文撰写基本要求学期课程论文要求对所学课程及所研究的课题有新见解或新成果，应由研究生本人独立完成，不得违背学术道德规范和基本学术规范。

学期课程论文应当用规范汉字进行撰写，除古汉语研究中涉及的古文字和参考文献中引用的外文文献之外，均采用简体中文撰写。

论文须用计算机打印，字迹应清晰，标点符号应正确使用。

2 学期课程论文基本结构学期课程论文基本结构包括前置部分、主体部分和结尾部分。

2.1 前置部分包括：(1) 研究生课程作业提交单（含独创性申明）(2) 论文题目(3) 论文摘要及关键词2.2 主体部分：(1) 引言（绪论）(2) 正文(3) 结论2.3 结尾部分：(1) 参考文献(2) 附录(可根据需要)(3) 索引(可根据需要)3 撰写规范与要求3.1 前置部分3.1.1 研究生课程作业提交单（含独创性申明）：请见附件1《中国传媒大学研究生课程作业提交单》3.1.2 论文题目：应准确概括整个论文的核心内容，简明扼要，一般不能超过25个汉字，必要时可以加副标题。

3.1.3 论文摘要及关键词：摘要是论文内容的总结概括，应简要说明论文的研究目的、基本研究内容、研究方法、创新性成果及其理论与实际意义，突出论文的创新之处。

不宜使用公式、图表，不标注引用文献。

摘要的字数一般为300--500个左右。

摘要最后另起一行,列出4—8个关键词。

关键词应体现论文特色，具有语义性，在论文中有明确的出处。

3.2 主体部分包括引言（绪论）、正文和结论。

3.2.1 一般要求3.2.1.1 引言（绪论）：应包括论文的研究目的，流程和方法等。

论文研究领域的历史回顾，文献回溯，理论分析等内容。

3.2.1.2正文：主体部分由于涉及不同的学科，在选题、研究方法、结果表达方式等有很大的差异，不能作统一的规定。

研究生课程论文封面（2012—2013学年第二学期）课程名称：自然辩证法课程类型：公共选修课授课教师：郭伶俐学时：18.0学分： 1.0批阅意见：论文题目：从煤矿安全生产角度看科学技术的第一生产力功能姓名：研究生学号：211201020078年级： 2012级专业：安全工程学院：安全科学与工程学院注意事项：1、以上各项由研究生本人认真填写；2、研究生课程论文应符合一般学术规范，具有一定学术价值，严禁抄袭或应付；凡学校检查或抽查不合格者，一律取消该门课程成绩和学分，并按有关规定追究相关人员责任；3、论文得分由批阅人填写，并签字确认；批阅人应根据作业质量客观、公正的签写批阅意见（原则上不少于50字）；4、原则上要求所有课程论文均须用A4纸打印，加装本封面，左侧装订；5、课程论文由学生所在学院（系）统一保存，以备查用。

河南理工大学研究生学处制从煤矿安全生产角度看科学技术的第一生产力功能摘要：科学技术最直接的作用就是它的生产力的功能，高新科学技术革命发挥了强大的社会功能和作用。

同时，煤矿的安全和生产同样离不开科学技术的革新和前进，矿井安全设备有了新的提高，煤炭开采、建井、洗选加工和设备制造技术有了新发展，大中型煤矿采掘机械化程度明显提高，一批具有国际领先水平的现代化煤矿和高产高效矿井脱颖而出。

最终得出科学技术是第一生产力，是先进生产力的体现和标志。

关键词：科学技术现代化煤矿煤矿安全生产力From the coal mine safety production discipline the first productivityfunctions of Science and technologyAbstract:Science and technology, the most direct effect is the productivity of its function, high and new science and technology revolution played a strong social function and role.At the same time, the coal mine safety and production is also inseparable from the innovation and progress of science and technology, coal mine safety equipment to a new record high, coal mining, built well, has a new washing and processing equipment and manufacturing technology development, large and medium-sized coal mining mechanization degree increased significantly, a number of international leading level of modernization of coal mine and high yield and efficient mine stand out. Eventually lead to science and technology is the first productive force, is the embodiment of the advanced productive forces and flags. Keyword：Science and technology Modern coal mines coal mine safety productivity一、科学技术是煤矿安全生产生产力系统中的主导因素“十五”时期，党和政府在煤矿安全生产领域采取了一系列重大举措，加强了煤矿安全生产工作。

.1. 论文写作前的积累包括哪些（2/2分）实验细节Idea专业知识讲座正确答案:实验细节Idea专业知识讲座答案解析:论文写作前的积累包括实验细节、Idea、专业知识、讲座、文献追踪多选2. 文献一般重点引用哪些（2/2分）重要文献最新文献便捷获取文献大家的文献正确答案:重要文献最新文献答案解析:答案如选项多选3. 提高研究与写作的技巧包括（0/2分）导师的言传身教大量阅读与思考联系很重要学会和学术期刊打交道正确答案:导师的言传身教大量阅读与思考联系很重要学会和学术期刊打交道答案解析:提高研究与写作的技巧包括：提高研究与写作的技巧包括、大量阅读与思考、联系很重要、学会和学术期刊打交道多选4. 学术论文质量标准包括（2/2分）形式标准质量标准内容标准学术标准正确答案:形式标准内容标准答案解析:学术论文质量标准包括形式标准和内容标准多选5. 什么情况下可以发表你的成果（0/2分）研究有原创性对既有研究有提升文章的逻辑和文字都很完美对某领域有独特领悟的总结正确答案:研究有原创性对既有研究有提升对某领域有独特领悟的总结答案解析:答案如选项多选6. 如何同期刊打交道（0/2分）善于察言观色善于认识编辑善于推荐自己善于交流正确答案:善于推荐自己善于交流答案解析:同期刊打交道包括：善于推荐自己、善于交流多选7. 编辑认为好的学术论文应具备的条件（0/2分）知识积累创新思维学术功底研究（写作）技巧正确答案:学术功底研究（写作）技巧答案解析:编辑认为好的学术论文应具备的条件有：学术功底、研究（写作）技巧多选8. 研究生阶段学习和科研（论文作业）结合的好处（0/2分）节约时间可以得到老师的真正指导积累写作经验尽快发表论文正确答案:节约时间可以得到老师的真正指导积累写作经验答案解析:研究生阶段学习和科研（论文作业）结合的好处有：节约时间；可以得到老师的真正指导；积累写作经验多选9. 如何培养科研兴趣（0/2分）本身就热爱做成后产生多读论文兴趣无所谓正确答案:本身就热爱做成后产生答案解析:培养科研兴趣，要么本身就热爱，要么做成后产生多选10. 科技论文语言的特征是（2/2分）清晰客观准确简明正确答案:清晰客观准确简明答案解析:答案如选项多选11. 研究生读书计划应包括（0/2分）专业读书计划研究方向读书计划学位论文读书计划专业拓展读书计划正确答案:专业读书计划研究方向读书计划学位论文读书计划答案解析:研究生读书计划应包括专业读书计划、研究方向读书计划、学位论文读书计划多选12. 怎样泛读文献（0/2分）摘要要读，前言最后一段要读实验部分有新方法才读讨论部分感兴趣才读结论可读可不读正确答案:摘要要读，前言最后一段要读实验部分有新方法才读讨论部分感兴趣才读结论可读可不读答案解析:答案如选项多选13. 学术不端行为包括（2/2分）伪造数据篡改数据剽窃模仿正确答案:伪造数据篡改数据剽窃答案解析:学术不端行为包括：伪造数据、篡改数据、剽窃多选14. 找到值得研究的问题的方法包括（2/2分）在课程学习过程中找读书中发现问题写综述研究生论坛及学术会议征稿正确答案:在课程学习过程中找读书中发现问题写综述研究生论坛及学术会议征稿答案解析:找到值得研究的问题的方法包括：在课程学习过程中找、读书中发现问题、写综述、研究生论坛及学术会议征稿、浏览期刊，关注热点多选15. 选择审稿人应注意（2/2分）最好是合作者最好都是华人最好不是合作者最好不都是华人正确答案:最好不是合作者最好不都是华人答案解析:选择审稿人最好不是合作者、最好不都是华人多选16. 论文写作的基本能力要素是（2/2分）逻辑数学语言专业正确答案:逻辑数学语言答案解析:答案如选项多选17. 规范、严谨的英文写作包括（2/2分）简洁的表达语法逻辑严谨润色文章正确答案:简洁的表达语法逻辑严谨润色文章答案解析:答案如选项多选18. 学术出版物的关键作用包括（2/2分）注册认证传播保存正确答案:注册认证传播保存答案解析:答案如选项多选19. 论文中处理图表的要点包括（2/2分）坐标轴一般4~6个数据刻度字号足够大重点内容突出表示颜色对比鲜明正确答案:坐标轴一般4~6个数据刻度字号足够大重点内容突出表示颜色对比鲜明答案解析:答案如选项多选20. 什么样的论文需要精读（2/2分）有意思经典开创性引用高正确答案:经典开创性引用高答案解析:答案如选项单选21. 一般名牌大学学报所看重的风格是（0/2分）观点新颖“短、频、快”的文章朴实厚重特色栏目正确答案:朴实厚重答案解析:一般名牌大学学报所看重的风格是文风的朴实厚重单选22. 研究生阶段对于学习课程的论文作业最好能（0/2分）平均用力，每一篇都尽全力对待应付即可，主要精力投入到科研之中做好一门最感兴趣的课程的作业看老师的要求而定正确答案:做好一门最感兴趣的课程的作业答案解析:研究生阶段对于学习课程的论文作业最好能做好一门最感兴趣的课程的作业单选23. 如何选择自己的科研领域（0/2分）机遇导师的意见兴趣发展前景好正确答案:兴趣答案解析:选择自己的科研领域主要看兴趣单选24. 我国学术型硕士一般需几年（2/2分）1年2年3年4年正确答案:3年答案解析:我国学术型硕士一般需3年单选25. 学术论文最高层次的创新是（0/2分）首创革新原创突破正确答案:原创答案解析:学术论文最高层次的创新是原创单选26. 《研究生学术入门手册》的作者是（2/2分）钟伟民葛兆光王小盾张五常正确答案:葛兆光答案解析:《研究生学术入门手册》的作者是葛兆光单选27. 面对审稿人的质疑应该如何应对（2/2分）强硬回复婉转回复投其所好置之不理正确答案:婉转回复答案解析:答案如选项单选28. Cover Letter的重点是（2/2分）讨好编辑强调创新性强调自己的努力强调自己的原有成果正确答案:强调创新性答案解析:Cover Letter的重点是强调创新性单选29. 一般文章再发表之前一般会经历（2/2分）直接接收1~3轮返修2~4轮返修3~5轮返修正确答案:1~3轮返修答案解析:一般文章再发表之前一般会经历1~3轮返修单选30. 当描述已知的事实和假设时，应使用什么时态（0/2分）现在时过去时将来时进行时正确答案:现在时答案解析:当描述已知的事实和假设时，应使用现在时单选31. 选择期刊最重要的是（0/2分）期刊的声望期刊的影响因子期刊的读者群发表速度正确答案:期刊的声望答案解析:选择期刊最重要的是期刊的声望单选32. Elsevier的前身在何时成立（0/2分）14世纪15世纪16世纪17世纪正确答案:16世纪答案解析:Elsevier的前身在16世纪成立单选33. 本科阶段的学习更多体现（0/2分）眼学耳学口学心学正确答案:耳学答案解析:本科阶段的学习以听课为主单选34. 对于数学在科研中的重要性，以下说法正确的是（2/2分）数学对科研无所谓，会本专业的知识就行基本的数学知识就足够了数学还是需要掌握到一定程度一定要是数学专业才能做科研正确答案:数学还是需要掌握到一定程度答案解析:在科研中，数学很重要，尽量多掌握单选35. 初次写论文是最好选一个（2/2分）大些的题目，可以写的比较多中观或比中观略小的题目，比较好把握小些的题目，比较容易无所谓大小，关键是研究价值正确答案:中观或比中观略小的题目，比较好把握答案解析:初次写论文是最好选一个中观或比中观略小的题目，比较好把握单选36. 论文中最应该避免的语言错误是（0/2分）拼写错误句子结构错误时态及语法错误没有全文使用英文正确答案:拼写错误答案解析:论文中最应该避免的语言错误是拼写错误单选37. 方法部分一般使用什么语态（0/2分）主动语态被动语态正确答案:被动语态答案解析:方法部分一般使用被动语态判断38. 标题里除了公认的缩写如DNA之外一般不应使用缩写？（0/2分）正确错误正确答案:正确答案解析:标题里不可以使用缩写判断39. 论文翻译后再出版在有些情况下是可以的（2/2分）是否正确答案:是答案解析:经出版商许可，和相应的引用后，翻译后出版是可以的判断40. 一般论文在作者投稿后就进入同行评审（0/2分）是否正确答案:否答案解析:论文在作者投稿后先要通过编辑初审判断41. 通讯作者必须是第一作者（2/2分）是否正确答案:否答案解析:通讯作者可以是第一作者，也可以是其中比较资深的作者判断42. 摘要在索引工具中可以免费获得（2/2分）是否正确答案:是答案解析:摘要在索引工具中一般是免费的判断43. 对于研究中不想表达的数据可以隐藏（0/2分）是否正确答案:否答案解析:数据不应该隐藏判断44. 文章中对于副词的使用没有什么特别限制（2/2分）是否正确答案:否答案解析:文章中应尽量避免使用副词判断45. 以高质量成果目标就一定要做出高质量的科研成果（2/2分）是否正确答案:否答案解析:以高质量成果目标可能会得到一个平淡的成果判断46. 审稿人会有一定的收入作为报酬（2/2分）是否正确答案:否答案解析:审稿人是免费工作判断47. 科技论文中可以经常出现长难句，以体现文章表达的精准性（0/2分）. 是否正确答案:否答案解析:科技论文中应尽量避免出现长难句判断48. isn't won't 这样的用词在文章中没问题的（2/2分）正确错误正确答案:错误答案解析:文章中应避免isn't won't 这样的缩略词判断49. 同行评审人的个数一般是2~3人（2/2分）正确错误正确答案:正确答案解析:同行评审人的个数一般是2~3人判断50. 学术道德的责任只有作者（2/2分）是否. 正确答案:否答案解析:学术道德的责任除了作者，还有机构、出版商、编辑等。

研究生课程考核论文（作业）
课 程 名 称_________________________
论文（作业）题目____________________________ ___________________________________________
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学院名称 专业年级 姓
名
学
号
任课教师
提交时间
订
线
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论文（作业）基本内容、写作格式要求和成绩评定
(一)基本内容要求（教师编写）
(二)写作格式要求
1、论文（作业）题目。

用3号宋体，加粗，居中；
2、论文摘要与关键词。

摘要用小4号宋体，加粗，居中；关键词用小4号宋体，加粗，左顶格，
3、论文分级标题。

统一用1，1.1，1.1.1层次编写，左顶格。

4、论文开本。

论文开本大小为A4纸；正文采用小4号宋体。

5、注释。

引用他人的成果必须标明出处。

所有引用过的文献，应按引用的顺序以脚注的格式每页独立顺序编号排列。

6、参考文献。

参考文献格式参阅北方工业大学学报或学位论文要求。

(三) 成绩评定指标和评分(教师自定)
指标体系最高分值评分
总成绩100
评阅人签字：。

一、项目名称：车床主轴的可靠性设计研究关键词：车床主轴;可靠性设计;有限元分析二、检索目的：通过自拟命题并针对性检索相关文献资料，了解和熟悉文献检索的步骤和过程，锻炼自己独立完成查找国内外文献资料的能力，了解本专业最新的科研成果和前沿动态，使自己有一定的知识储备，为以后的工作和学习打下良好的基础。

三、检索步骤和结果：1.超星数字图书（远程）检索：1.1检索输入条件：书名：机械可靠性设计1.2检索结果（摘选主要6本）：KI期刊检索(题名检索)：2.1检索输入条件：篇名：机床主轴并含可靠性2.2检索结果：共以机床主轴为例,采用ANSYS有限元分析软件进行了可靠性分析,具有一定的工程应用价值。

3.万方博硕论文检索主题检索(主题检索)：3.1检索输入条件：主题（模糊）：机床主轴与关键词（精确）：设计与全部（精确）：可靠性万方给出了检索表达式，所以这里给出：主题:(机床主轴) * 关键词:("设计") * "可靠性" * Date:-2014 DBID:WF_XW3.2检索结果：共6篇：金属学与金属工艺(3) 自动化技术、计算机技术(1) 机械、仪表工业(1) 一般工业技术(1)动力学研究（索，挑选主要文献，检索结果如下：[1]孙志礼,陈良玉. 实用机械可靠性设计理论与方法[M].北京:科学出版社,2003.[3]H S Blanks. Quality and reliability research into the nextcentury[J].Quality and Reliability International,1994,(03):179-184.[4]常亮明. 稳健可靠性理论的数学基础－凸集和凸模型[A].质量与可靠性,2001,(2):21-24.[6]邱志平. 非概率集合理论凸方法及其应用[M].北京:国防工业出版社,2005.[7][8][9]郭书祥,吕震宙. 结构非概率可靠性方法和概率可靠性方法的比较[J].计算力学学报,2003,(03):107-110.[10]Ben-Haim Y. A non-probabilistic measure of reliability of linearsystems based on expansion ofconvex models[J].Structural Safety,1995,(02):91-109.[11]常亮明. 稳健可靠性：概念、方法和应用[A].质量与可靠性,2001,(1):19-22.[14]常亮明. 与时间有关问题的稳健可靠性[J].质量与可靠性,2002,(06):15-18.[17]Ben-Haim Y. Robust reliability of structures[J].Advances In AppliedMechanics,1997.1-41.[18]Ben-Haim Y. Reliability of vibrating structures with Uncertaintyinputs[J].The Shock and Vibration Digest,1998,(02):106-113.[20]郭书祥,吕震宙,冯元生. 机械静强度可靠性设计的非概率方法[J].机械科学与技术,2000,(zk):106-107.[22]吴波,黎明发. 机械零件与系统的可靠性模型[M].北京:化学工业出版社,2003.[26]朱文予. 机械概率设计与模糊设计[M].北京:高等教育出版社,2001.[27]安伟光,蔡荫林,陈卫东. 随机结构系统可靠性分析与优化设计研究[M].哈尔滨:哈尔滨工程大学出版社,2005.四、检索结论：关于机床主轴可靠性设计的研究除了需要阅读学习可靠性相关的书籍材料外，还应该熟悉掌握MATLAB软件，具有牢固的概率统计，线性代数和控制工程等方面知识，同时了解机械制造基本的材料和热处理知识。

计算机研究生论文虽然计算机的计算能力随着硬件技术的发展一再提高，但科学的进步使人们对它的需求和期望也在不断增加。

下面是店铺为大家整理的计算机研究生论文，供大家参考。

计算机研究生论文范文一：计算机教育信息安全问题分析摘要：二十一世纪是信息化的时代，在网络技术快速发展的今天，加快信息化发展已成为当今社会不可缺少的方面。

人类的生产生活依赖于网络，新世纪的教育更应该离不开网络。

然而，科学技术是一把双刃剑，在引起人类社会生活及生产的历史性变革的同时也引发了一些信息安全问题。

由于网络自身存在的缺陷，网络安全已成为社会关注的焦点，随着新的入侵攻击手段的出现，网络安全技术手段也不断涌现，这对于提高其安全性和可靠性非常重要。

本论文就当前计算机信息安全教育方面所面临的问题，以及计算机网络本身所存在的问题进行了探讨，并对信息安全问题提出了安全解决策略。

关键字：计算机教育;信息安全;计算机网络;解决策略随着计算机网络的不断发展与普及，人类生活已经入信息化、数字化时代，在我们的日常生活、学习、工作等诸多领域都有着网络的痕迹，而目前获取信息进行交流的主要手段也是网络。

众所周知，一个国家国民教育程度的高低对整个国家国民素质的发展有着重要的影响。

因此，网络化教育已经成为教育发展的必然趋势，国家的发展离不开教育，而教育的发展离不开网络。

然而，由于种种原因，网络也有其不足之处，我们在进行网络教育的过程中必然存在很多问题。

为了提供一个安全可靠的网络环境，在培养信息安全人才的同时，还必须加大网络安全系统建设的投入，这是确保信息安全的关键。

网络系统的信息安全是指防止信息被故意或偶然的非法泄露、更改、破坏或使信息被非法系统识别、控制等。

所以，强化网络的信息安全，解决信息安全问题，才能使信息更加持续化，向健康的方向发展。

1目前学校网络教育中信息安全教育存在的问题当前，尽管全球信息化正在飞速发展，但信息在网络上也面临着随时被窃取、篡改和伪造的危险，这就对保障信息安全带来了很多挑战。

摘要通过对中国知网作业查重系统的数据收集和对部分学生的交流访谈，分析了2019—2020学年Z 大学研究生课程论文（作业）学术不端行为存在的一些主要问题，从而进一步剖析学生学术不端行为产生的原因，梳理Z 大学现有制度及多年的教学改革经验，对预防学生学术不端行为提出了一些建议。

关键词作业查重；研究生；学术不端Analysis on the Causes and Countermeasures of Academic Misconduct in Graduate Course Papers (Assignments):Taking Z University as an Example //LIU XiujuanAbstract Based on the data collected from the CNKI assignment detection system and the interviews with some students,this pa-per analyzes the main problems existing in the academic miscon-duct of graduate course papers (assignments)in Z University from 2019to 2020,further analyzes the causes of students’academic misconduct,combing the current system and years of teaching reform experience of Z University,and puts forward some sug-gestions for preventing students from academic misconduct.Key words assignment detection;graduate students;academic misconduct近年来，教育行政部门陆续出台了一系列文件，采取了一系列举措，对新时期健全研究生培养管理体系、提高研究生培养质量起到了关键性作用。

贵州师范大学研究生作业（论文）专用封面作业（论文）题目An Analysis of Transitivity System in The Selfish Giant 课程名称：功能语言学任课教师姓名：梁梅研究生姓名：郑亚伟学号：4201110500274年级：2011专业：外语语言学及应用语言学学院（部、所）：外国语学院任课教师评分：评阅意见：任课教师签名：2013年07 月12 日An Analysis of Transitivity System in The Selfish Giant摘要：概念功能是系统功能语法的一个重要组成部分，是三个元语言功能之一。

它用语言来谈论生活中的体验，概念功能的实现方式主要是及物性、语态和归一性。

本文只对《自私的巨人》中的及物性做以分析。

《自私的巨人》是奥斯卡·王尔德一部重要的短篇童话故事，故事描写了一群孩子在巨人的花园里快乐的玩耍，直到自私的巨人回来将孩子们赶出了花园。

从此孩子失去了快乐的乐园，巨人的花园再也没有了春天。

直到有一天一群孩子翻过了围墙，迎来了花园的春天，终于让巨人意识到了自己的花园没有春天的原因，醒悟之后的他喜欢孩子到他的花园里来玩，并最后得到了上帝的宽恕进入了天堂。

本文通过对《自私的巨人》中的及物性系统的三个主要要素，既过程，参与者及环境的分析阐释了及物性系统对于语篇分析的重要意义。

关键词：概念功能；及物性；《自私的巨人》；过程；参与者；环境Abstract: Ideational function which is a major element of systematical-functional linguistics is one of three metafunctions. It refers to using language to talk about the experience of the world, including the worlds in people’s minds, to describe events and states and the entities involves in people. It is realized mainly by three ways, that is transitivity, voice and polarity. This paper mainly analyzed the transitivity system in The Selfish Giant. The Selfish Giant is one of the most important fairy tales written by Oscar Wilde. It tells that a group of children were used to playing in giant’s garden happily and merrily until the giant came back and driven them out. Form then on, the giant’s garden was never visited by spring. Until children scramble over the wall one day and followed by spring did the giant understand that only children can bring spring. Then he welcomed children to his garden and was permitted to enter into paradise at last. This paper study three elements in transitivity system, namely processes, participants and circumstances in The Selfish Giant. This paper also elaborate the significance of transitivity system in analyzing discourses.Key Words: Ideational Function; Transitivity System; The Selfish Giant; processes; participants; circumstances.1 Theoretical background1.1 An Introduction of Halliday’s Systematical-Functional LinguisticsThe Systematical-Functional Grammar(SFG) proposed by M.A.K. Halliday consists of Systemic Grammar and Functional Grammar. It is an effective theoretical framework to analyze texts and discourses. In Systematical-Functional Linguistics, language is regarded as the production fo social activities and it always performs various functions.The Systematical-Functional Linguistics are used to explaining the internal relations in language, it views language as “system network” or “meaning potentials”. Writers and speakers can choose the most appropriate language forms in order to express fully what they want to convey. In other words, these choices are assumed to be meaningful and relate the speakers’intentions to the concrete forms of the language. Systematical-Functional Linguistics is based on two facts:(1) language users actually make choices in a system and try to realize different semantic functions in social interaction; (2) language is inseparable from social activities of the human.1.2 Three metafunctions of LanguageIn SFG, three kinds of metafunctions of language are defined; ideational, interpersonal and textual functions. First of all, language serves for the expression of content, that is, of the speaker’s experience of the real world, including the inner world of his own consciousness and the outer world. Halliday calls this ideational function(Halliday, 1971:58). Secondly, language serves to establish and maintain social relations. The speaker uses language as the means of his own intrusion into the speech event: the expression of his comments, his attitudes, and evaluations, and also of the relationship that he sets up between himself and the listener-in particular, the communication role he adopts, of informing, questioning, persuading, and the like. This function of language is called interpersonal function. Finally, language has to provide for making links with itself and with features of the situation in which it is used. This is called the textual function, which is concerned with the creation of text, and enables the listener or reader to distinguish a text from a random set of sentences. In this paper, only ideational function will be analyzed in this paper.Ideational Function refers to that “we use language to talk about our experience of the world, including the worlds in ur own minds, to describe events and states and the entities involves in them”(Thompson:1996:28). That is to say, it conveys a message about one’s experience of the phenomena of the real world and his experience of the internal world of his own consciousness, his reactions, perceptions, cognitions and his linguistic acts of speaking and understanding. The experience consists of happening, doing, sensing, meaning, being and becoming. All these can be categorized in the grammar of discourse, expressed through language.Systemic Functional Grammar is “or purpose of text analysis” (Halliday,1985/1994:x), and the notion of “choice” is as important in Halliday’s theory as in stylistic studies. Halliday regards language as networks of interlocking options, or as a system of meanings, and the meanings as choices made in the system; and style is viewed as conscious or unconscious choices made by writers or speakers in the language. The literary stylists using the functional grammar, led byHalliday, attempt to connect linguistic features of literature date with the functions of language in a wider, social context; they tend to regard detailed linguistic examination as a powerful tool for explaining the meaning of the texts.Halliday is not only concerned with theoretical explorations, but also with the use of his principles in the analysis of literature. He analyzed Yeats’s “Leda and the Swan”(1964). After that, his analysis of William Golding’s novel The Inheritors is a classical work of applying SFG. By transitivity analysis, Halliday finds the difference between the native and the invaders’activity, perception of the world are revealed by distinct choices from the transitivity system. Since then on, transitivity analysis has shed new light on understanding the text better and deeper. It enables listeners and readers to have a better understanding of the contents, the inner thoughts of the characters and outer surrounding around the characters.2 Realization of Ideational Function:TransitivityIdeational Function is realized mainly by transitivity, voice and polarity, and In this paper only transitivity system will be discussed and used to analyzed the text The Selfish Giant. Transitivity system consists of three main components: processes, participants and circumstances.In traditional grammar, the term transitivity is defined as a way to distinguish between verbs according to whether they have an object of not. However, in Halliday’s framework, it is a fundamental and powerful semantic concept, it refers to a system for describing the whole clause, rather than just the verb and its object. It is a linguistic expression of various processes, and of the participants associated with them.2.1 Six different Processes of Transitivity.Transitivity system includes six different processes: material process, mental process, relational process, behavioral process, verbal process and existential process. In transitivity system, different processes worked together with participants and circumstantial elements to realize the ideational functions of language.2.1.1 Material ProcessThe material process is the process of doing something. It represents the notion that some entity “does” something. So what we can know or what we can probe is : what did someone or something does to whom or what. There are two inherent participants in material process: one is the”actor” which refers to someone or something that carry out the action. The other participant is called the “goal”, at which the actions is directed. The following are some examples to show the structure of the material process from the text The Selfish Giant.Actor Process: material GoalThe birds sat on the treeshe saw the childrenAccording to Halliday, there are mainly two subdivisions fo material process. One kind is animate or intentional, the other kind is inanimate or involuntary. The following are some examples.Actor Process: material GoalHe Built(intentional) a high wallThe car Accelerated( involuntary)2.1.2 Mental ProcessMental processes are processes of “sensing”. It is the process describes what happens in the internal world of the mind that refers to such processes as thinking, imaging, wanting, liking, seeing, etc. Mental processes can be divided into three subdivisions: affection process(of liking, hating), cognition process (of deciding, understanding, knowing, etc.) and perception processes ( of seeing, hearing, etc.). In mental processes there will always a human-like participant that can feel, think or perceive. That is to say, the participant should be endowed with consciousness. This human-like participant is called Senser. The other participant is the Phenomenon, which is the thing that is sensed, felt, thought or seen. This kind processes are usually two-way processes, which is different from material process, that is to say, either the Senser or the Phenomenon acts as the subject, the clause can keep the active voice. The following are some examples from the text The Selfish Giant.Actor Process: mental Goal CircumstanceThe Giant loved him the bestany one can understand thatI hope there will be a change in the weatherI believe the Spring has come at lasthe heard some lovely music2.1.3 Relational ProcessesRelational processes are processes of “being”. Relational processes identify the relationship between concepts or entities. They can be classified into two modes: Attributive and Identifying. If one concept or entity is ascribed one or more attributes, the clause involves an Attributive relational process. The two participants of this type process are Carrier and Attribute. The following are some examples from the text The Selfish Giant.Carrier Process: relational(attributive) AttributeIt was a large lovely garden his conversation was limitedthe roadand (the road)waswas full ofvery dustyhard stones Attributive Relational ProcessIdentified Process: relational(identifying) IdentifierThe only people were the Snow and the Frostit must be the King’s musiciansHe was a very selfish Giantmy garden shall be the children’s playgroundIt was really only a little linnetthe children are the most beautiful flowers of allIdentifying Relational Process2.1.4 Verbal ProcessVerbal processes are processes of verbal action: saying and all its synonyms such as speak, phrase, say, tell, talk, praise, boast, describe so on. A verbal process typically contains three participants:Sayer, Receiver, and Verbiage. The Sayer is the one responsible for the process. The Reviver is the one to whom the verbiage is addressed. The Verbiage is the function that corresponds to what is said. Compared with mental process, Sayer can be anything being the source of an exchange of signal rather than a conscious participant. Here are some examples from the text The Selfish Giant.Sayer Process: verbal Verbiage(the children)talk about talk about the beautiful garden insidethe children said that they did not know where he livedVerbiage Sayer Process: verbal“Spring has forgotten this garden,”They criedVerbiage Process: verbal Sayer“We don’t know,” answered the children2.1.5 Behavioral ProcessThe behavioral processes are processes of physiological and psychological behaviour, like breathing, dreaming, smiling and coughing. The basic framework is made up of Behaver and Process. Grammatically they fall between material and mental processes. There are few distinctive grammatical features, and are largely identified on semantic grounds. They relate to specifically human physiological processes. Such as “breath, star, laugh, cry, gasp, grimace, sigh, frown, snarl, whine, cough, yawn”etc. Here are some examples from the text The Selfish Giant.Behaver Process(behavioral) Circumstance(he was ) crying bitterly(the flowers were) laughingthe child smiled on the Giant smiled on the Giant2.1.6 Existential ProcessThe existential process is the process expressing something exists or happens, typically introduced by “there” followed by the verb “be”, the verb “be” can be replaced by its synonyms such as “exist, arise, occur, remain, follow, stand, hang”etc. And a normal group as Existent. There only one participant in such clauses: the Existent. The existent can be a phenomenon of any kind or an event. There may be other detailed information about the existent, but most of which are occurred in the circumstances. Existential processes has no functional label in transitivity analysis, as it is not encoding any representational meaning. Existential processes can also help to minimize agency, since they just encode meaning about state of being, not suggesting any degree of agency. Some examples form The Selfish Giant are shown on the following table.Process Existentthere were no childrenthere were twelve peach-treesCircumstance Process Existent underneath it stood the little boyhung down fromsilver fruitthemwas a treeIn the farthest corner ofthe gardenall over the country there were little blossoms andlittle birdsCircumstance Process ExistentHere and there over the grass stood beautiful flowers 2.2 The Study of CircumstanceCircumstance, one of the three major constituents of processes, expresses location, extent, manner, cause, accompaniment, matter and role of the particular processes and participants. According to Halliday(1994), there are nine types of circumstances in English. They are Extent(expresses spatial distance), Location(expresses space or time), Manner, Cause (expresses reason, purpose and behalf), Contingency(expresses condition, concession and default), Accompaniment (expresses comitation, and addition), Role (expresses guise and product), Matter (expresses what is described, referred to in a verbal process), Angle (expresses who the Sayer is ina verbal process).3 Oscar Wilde and The Selfish GiantThe Selfish Giant is a fairy tale written by the famous Irish novelist Oscar Wilde whose works have attracted much attention around the world. As a master of aestheticism in the late nineteenth century, Oscar Wide advocated “art for art’s sake”. The Selfish Giant is a short fairy story form Wilde’s first collection of fairy tales The Happy Prince and Other Tales, which was published in May, 1888. The story is about the processes of a giant changing from a selfish person to a generous one. The giant has a lovely garden. When he was away form home, the children loved to play in his garden after school every day. But when the giant came bake seven years later, he driven children away and set up a high wall to stop children form coming in, because he want to enjoy his own garden himself. From then on, the garden was full of snow, forest, hail and cold northern wind. The giant longed for spring, but spring never came. One day, he heart some lovely music, he looked out and found some children were playing in the garden on the tree. His garden was full of birds and spring. Then the giant understood that it was his selfishness that deterred thecoming of spring, he also understood that it is the children who bring the spring to his garden. So he invited the children in and helped one of them. The boy who he helped was the Jesus, Jesus forgiven his selfishness and led him found his kindness, led him into paradise at last.4 Transitivity Analysis of Three Paragraphs of The Selfish GiantIn this part, three paragraphs from The Selfish Giant are analyzed including paragraph four, paragraph nine, and paragraph seventeen. From the figures shown in the table by the study, the readers will get a clear overview of the distributions of material process, mental process, relational process, verbal process, behavioral process and existential process in these three paragraphs. Also the distributions of the frequently of participants as well as the circumstance elements occurred are also displayed in the table . All these three parts are worked together to give a detailed description of the main features shown by the statistics in order to help the readers understand the text better. Detailed procedures can be divided into four steps. Firstly, each sentence in each paragraph is analyzed, and the type of the process used in each sentence is distinguished. Secondly, after the analysis of different types of processes of all the sentences, the number of each process type will be counted. After that, the percentage of each type of process is calculated, the similar procedure is applied to participant and circumstance element. The final procedure is to analyze the date collected.Transitivity analysis of Fourth, ninth and seventeenth paragraph will be given below.Sentence Number ProcessTypeProcess Participant(s) Circumstance1 relational was It, a large lovely garden with soft greengrass2 existential stood Here and there, beautifulflowers over the grass, like stars3 existential and were There,twelve peach-trees4 material broke out into That(trees),delicate blossoms of pinkand pearlIn the spring- time 5 material bore And (trees), rich fruit in the autumn6 material sat onand sang The birds,the treesso sweetly7 material used to stoptheir games inorder to listen tothe children, them8 relational are We, How happy here!9 verbal cried to they , each otherAnalysis of Each Sentence in Paragraph TwoTotal Material Relational Mental Verbal Behavioral ExistentialSentence Number4,5,6,7 1, 8 9 2, 3Total number 9 4 2 0 1 0 2 Percentage 100% 44.5% 22.2% 0% 11.1% 0% 22.2%Distribution of Each Process in Second ParagraphSimilar to the detailed analysis of each sentence, in the following two paragraphs, detailed analysis will be omitted, here only the distribution of each sentence process of ninth and seventeenth paragraph will be listed, Each typy of each sentence will be given in sentence number below.Total Material Relational Mental Verbal Behavioral ExistentialSentence Number 33 1,4,6,7,10,11,14,16,17,18,19,20,21,27,28,29,30,31,323,9,12,13,24,338 22,25,26 15,23 1,5Totalnumber33 19 6 1 3 2 2 Percentage 100% 56.6% 18.1% 3.0% 9.1% 6.1% 6.1%Distribution of Each Process in Ninth ParagraphTotal Material Relational Mental Verbal Behavioral ExistentialSentence Number 29 1,2,3,6,8,11,12,13,14,15,16,17,18,19,22,23,26,27,28,295,7,9,21,244,10,20 25Totalnumber29 20 5 3 1 0 0 Percentage 100% 69.0% 17.3% 10.3% 3.4% 0% 0%Distribution of Each Process in Seventeenth ParagraphTotal Material Relational Mental Verbal Behavioral Existential Totalnumber71 43 13 4 5 2 4 Percentage 100% 60.6% 18.3% 5.6% 7.1% 2.8% 5.6%Distribution of Each Process of Three ParagraphsThrough above analysis, we can see clearly that in all the processes, material and relational processes take the largest portion for 60.6% and 18.3% respectively. Verbal process followed next for 7.1%, mental and existential process for 5.6% and 5.6% respectively, behavioral process taking for the least portion that is 2.8%.Generally speaking, Most of the processes representing narrative meaning are material processes. It is easy to find that there are forty three material process in all, that means this three paragraphs mainly focused on the narration, this three paragraphs tells what happens, who did these thing, in what time and what place. The reason why the material process takes so large a portion is because it is a story told to children, the story is told in an oral way.Relational and existential processes are used for description, it shows the relation betweentwo entities or one entity and other contributive element. It always describe the quality characters and so on. So it is the directest way for evaluation and judgment. As three paragraphs mainly is the introduction of giant’s garden, so a lot of descriptions are listed in those paragraphs. So it is also very natural for Wilde to use so much relational and processes. In these three paragraphs relational process describe the circumstances and relations between children and giant, people and nature, people and God.The reason why the verbal process takes a third place is that the passage is mainly focused on the narration, therefore, talks between children and giant, giant and God, the inner thought must be revealed in a oral way. Wilde want to show up the vivid picture of the reason why the children liked the garden, he also shows us what the garden like.It is also very important to study the circumstantial element, it can be seen from the analysis of each adverbial and prepositional circumstances. They are used to express the beauty and loveliness of the garden, the circumstantial element used as “lovely, with soft grass, like stars, sweetly” in second paragraph are all used to describe the beauty and attraction of the garden and loveliness and cute of children. In paragraph nine, “all over the country” in first sentence, “still”and ”Only in the garden of the Selfish Giant” in sentence three, “again” in sentence ten, “all the year round”in sentence 16, “with her great white cloak”in sentence 17, “all day”in sentence twenty two, “very day for three hours”in sentence twenty eight are all used to describe the desolation of the garden, the coldness and cruelness snow, frost, wind and hail brought to tis garden. In paragraph seventeen, “quite softly”in sentence two, “gently”in sentence thirteen, “now”in sentence twenty four are all used to describe the kindness after the giant realized his mistake, he want to show his love and welcome to children. Also, “at once”in sentence fifteen showed that the spring want to settle in giant’s garden.ConclusionThrough above analysis we can see that transitivity system can be used to help readers to understand the article deeper and more comprehensive, three main elements namely processes, participants and circumstances all worked together to analysis the article better. This system not only can reveal the main type of the text according to the largest portion of the processes whether it is descriptive or narrative or any other types. The study of participants and circumstances in particular texts can also reveal the relation between entities, inside and outside world and so on. Transitivity analysis has become a effective way to analysis different texts in many fields and it has attracted a lot of attentions from both native and foreign scholars.Bibliography[1]Brown,G & Yule, G. 1983.Discourse Analysis[M]. Cambridge. Cambridge University Press.[2]Halliday，M.A.K. 1971. 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