下载文档原格式
第11章第二语言习得I. Multiple choices:1. ______ is defined as a conscious process of accumulating knowledge of a second language usually obtained in school settings.A. AcquisitionB. LearningC. StudyingD. Acquirement【答案】B【解析】儿童在自然环境中无意识的习得第一语言的过程被语言学家称为语言习得（acquisition），而在非自然环境下（如学校教育）经过有意识的努力学习第二语言的过程则被称为语言学习（learning）。
因此，本题的正确答案为B。
2. The distinction between acquisition and learning is put forward by ______.A. ChomskyB. KrashenC. SaussureD. Bloomfield【答案】B【解析】语言习得（acquisition）和语言学习（learning）这两个概念是由美国学者Stephen Krashen提出来的，以区分这两个过程之间的差异。
因此，本题的正确答案为B。
3. L2 learners will subconsciously use their L1 knowledge in learning a second language. This is known as______.A. language interferenceB. language fossilizationC. contrastive analysisD. language transfer【答案】D【解析】在学习第二语言时, 学习者会无意识地运用他们的一语知识，这是一种非常自然的现象，这种现象被语言学家称为语言的转移（language transfer）。
戴炜栋《新编简明英语语⾔学教程》笔记和课后习题（含考研真题）详解（⾳位学）【圣才出品】第2章⾳位学2.1 复习笔记本章要点：1. Speech Organs发⾳器官2. Distinction, Classification and the Criteria of Description between Constants and Vowels辅⾳和元⾳的区别、分类及描写规则3. Phonemes and Allophones⾳位和⾳位变体4. Phonological Rules and Distinctive Features⾳系规则和区别特征5. Syllable Structure, Stress and Intonation⾳节结构、重⾳和语调本章考点：1. 语⾳学语⾳学的定义；发⾳器官的英⽂名称；英语辅⾳的定义、发⾳部位、发⾳⽅法和分类；英语元⾳的定义和分类、基本元⾳；发⾳语⾳学；听觉语⾳学；声学语⾳学；语⾳标记，国际⾳标；严式与宽式标⾳法。
2. ⾳系学⾳系学的定义；⾳系学与语⾳学的联系和区别；⾳素、⾳位、⾳位变体、最⼩对⽴体、⾃由变体的定义；⾃由变体；⾳位的对⽴分布与互补分布；区别性特征；超语段⾳位学；⾳节；重⾳(词重⾳、句⼦重⾳)；⾳⾼和语调。
本章内容索引：I. The phonic medium of languageII. Phonetics1. The definition of phonetics2. Three research fields3. Organs of speech▼4. Voiceless sounds▼5. Voiced sounds6. Orthographic representations of speech sounds—broad and narrow transcriptions7. Classification of English speech sounds(1) Definition(2) Classification of English consonants(3) Classification of English vowelsIII. Phonology1. Relationship between Phonology and phonetics2. Phone, phoneme3. Allophone4. Some rules in phonology(1) Sequential rules(2) Assimilation rule(3) Deletion rule5. Supra-segmental features—stress, tone, intonation(1) Stress(2) Tone(3) IntonationI. The phonic medium of language（语⾔的语⾳媒介）II. Phonetics（语⾳学）1. The definition of phonetics（语⾳学的定义）Phonetics is defined as the study of the phonic medium of language; it is concerned with all the sounds that occur in the world’s languages.语⾳学被定义为对语⾔的语⾳媒介的研究；它涉及所有出现在世界语⾔中的声⾳。
第一部分选择题I. Directions: Read each of the following statements carefully. Decidewhich one of the four choices best completes the statement and put theletter A, B, C or D in the brackets. (2%×10=20%)1、As modern linguistics aims to describe and analyze the language people actually use, and not to lay down rules for "correct" linguistic behavior,it is said to be ___.A、prescriptiveB、sociolinguisticC、descriptiveD、psycholinguistic2、Of all the speech organs, the ___ is/are the most flexible.A、mouthB、lipsC、tongueD、vocal cords3、The morpheme "vision" in the common word "television" is a(n) ___.A、bound morphemeB、bound formC、inflectional morphemeD、free morpheme4、A ___ in the embedded clause refers to the introductory word thatintroduces the embedded clause.A、coordinatorB、particleC、prepositionD、subordinator主从连词5、"Can I borrow your bike?" ___ "You have a bike."A、is synonymous withB、is inconsistent withC、entailsD、presupposes6、The branch of linguistics that studies how context influences the way speakers interpret sentences is called ___.A、semanticsB、pragmaticsC、sociolinguisticsD、psycholinguistics7、Grammatical changes may be explained, in part, as analogic changes, which are ___ or generalization泛化.A、elaborationB、simplification精简C、external borrowingD、internal borrowing8、___ refers to a marginal language of few lexical items and straightforward grammatical rules, used as a medium of communication.A、Lingua franca通用语B、CreoleC、PidginD、Standard language标准语言9、Psychologists, neurologists and linguists have concluded that, in addition to the motor area which is responsible for physical articulation of utterances, three areas of the left brain are vital to language, namely, ___ .A、Broca's area, Wernicke's area and the angular gyrus角回B、Broca's area, Wernicke's area and cerebral cortexC、Broca's area, Wernicke's area and neuronsD、Broca's area, Wernicke's area and Exner's area10、According to Krashen, ___ refers to the gradual and subconcious development of ability in the first language by using it naturally in daily communicative situations.A、learningB、competenceC、performanceD、acquisition第二部分非选择题II. Directions: Fill in the blank in each of the following statements with one word, the first letter of which is already given as a clue. Note that you are to fill in One word only, and you are not allowed to change theletter given. (1%×10=10%)11、Chomsky defines "competence" as the ideal user's k of the rules of his language.12、The four sounds /p/,/b/,/m/ and /w/have one feature in common, i.e, they are all b .13、M is a branch of grammar which studies the internal structure of words and the rules by which words are formed.14、A s is a structurally independent unit that usually comprises a number of words to form a completestatement, question or command.15、Synonyms that are mutually substitutable under allcircumstances are called c synonyms.16、The illocutionary point of r is to commit the speaker tosomething's being the case, to the truth of what has been said.17、Words are created outright to fit some purpose. Such a method of enlarging the vocabulary is known as word c .18、Wherever the standard language can use a contraction (he+is→he's), Black English cand the form of "be".19、The basic essentials of the first language are acquired in the short period from about age two to puberty, which is called the c period for first language acquisition.20、As a type of linguistic system in 12 learning, i is a product of L2 training, mother tongue intereference, overgeneralization of the target language rules, and learning and communicative strategies of the learner.III. Directions: Judge whether each of the following statements is true orfalse. Put a T for true or F for false in the brackets in front of eachstatement. If you think a statement is false, you must explain why youthink so and give the correct version. (2%×10=20%)()21、In modern linguistic studies, the written form of language is given more emphasis than the spoken form for a number of reasons.()22、V oicing is a phonological feature that distinguishes meaning in bothChinese and English.()23、The compound word "bookstore" is the place where books are sold. Thisindicates that the meaning of a compound is the sum total of the meaningsof its components.()24、Syntactic categories refer to sentences (S) and clauses (C) only.()25、Dialectal synonyms can often be found in different regional dialectssuch as British English and American English but cannot be found withinthe variety itself, for example, within British English or AmericanEnglish.()26、Only when a maxim under Cooperative Principle is blatantly violatedand the hearer knows that it is being violated do conversationalimplicatures arise.()27、The territory in which the Indo-European languages are mainly spokentoday also includes languages that are not Indo-European.()28、In most bilingual communities, two languages have the same in speechsituations known as domains.()29、According to the strong version of the Sapir-Whorf hypothesis,speakers' perceptions determine language and pattern their way of life.()30、All normal children have equal ability to acquire their firstlanguage.IV. Directions: Explain the following terms, using one or two examples forillustration. (3%×10=30%)31、duality32、diachronic linguistics33、broad transcription34、morphological rules35、phrase structure rule36、relational opposites37、componential analysis38、context39、euphemism40、brain lateralizationV. Answer the following questions. (10%×2=20%)41、Explain how the inventory of sounds can change, giving some examples inEnglish for illustration.42、Briefly discuss the individual factors which affect the acquisition ofa second language.英语语言学试题（2）一、单项选择题(在每小题的四个备选答案中，选出一个正确答案，并将正确答案的序号填在题干的括号内。
第8章语言与社会I. Multiple choices:1. A special language variety that mixes languages and is used by speakers of different languages for purpose of trading is called______.A. dialectB. idiolectC. pidginD. register【答案】C【解析】pidgin洋泾浜是原本讲不同语言的人们由于某些特殊原因（如商业交流）的直接交流目的而产生的特殊语言混合体。
dialect的意思是方言，idiolect是个人方言，register是语域。
因此，本题的正确答案为C。
2. The distinctive features of a speech variety may be all the following EXCEPT ______.A. lexicalB. syntacticC. phonologicalD. psycholinguistic【答案】D【解析】语言的变体可以是词法、句法、音位方面的变化。
心理语言学是语言学的一个分支。
因此，本题的正确答案为D。
3. Which of the following is NOT the speech variety?A. Regional dialects.B. Sociolects.C. Registers.D. Discourse accents.【答案】D【解析】在社会语言学的研究中，人们对三种言语变体特别感兴趣，即：地域方言、社会方言和语域。
因此，本题的正确答案为D。
4. Which of the following does NOT fall into dialectal varieties?A. Regional dialects.B. Sociolects.C. Registers.D. Idiolects.【答案】C【解析】一门语言的变体是该语言的一般概念的实际体现，它们被假定为与语言的使用者和语言的用途相关。
戴炜栋语言学试题及答案一、选择题（每题2分，共20分）1. 语言学研究的核心对象是什么？A. 语言B. 文学C. 历史D. 社会答案：A2. 下列哪项不是语言学的分支学科？A. 语音学B. 语法学C. 心理学D. 语用学答案：C3. 语言的最小意义单位是什么？A. 音素B. 词C. 句子D. 语篇答案：A4. 语言的三大功能包括：A. 表达、交流、记录B. 交际、表达、记录C. 交际、表达、思考D. 交际、思考、记录答案：C5. 下列哪个术语不属于语义学的研究范畴？A. 同义B. 反义C. 词源D. 句法答案：D二、填空题（每题2分，共20分）1. 语言的音位学研究的是语言的_________。
答案：声音系统2. 语言的语法学研究的是语言的_________。
答案：结构规则3. 语言的语用学研究的是语言的_________。
答案：使用方式4. 语言的语料库语言学研究的是语言的_________。
答案：实际使用数据5. 语言的语义学研究的是语言的_________。
答案：意义三、简答题（每题10分，共30分）1. 请简述语言的社会功能。
答案：语言的社会功能包括但不限于：交际、记录、教育、娱乐、文化传承等。
2. 什么是语言的双重性？答案：语言的双重性指的是语言既有形式又有内容，形式指的是语言的音位、词汇、语法等结构，内容指的是语言所表达的意义。
3. 请简述语言的演变过程。
答案：语言的演变过程是一个复杂且持续的过程，它包括语音、词汇、语法等方面的变化。
这些变化可能是由于社会、文化、技术等因素的推动，也可能是语言内部的自然发展。
四、论述题（每题30分，共30分）1. 论述语言与文化的关系。
答案：语言与文化之间存在着密切的关系。
语言不仅是文化的载体，也是文化的重要组成部分。
一方面，语言反映了一个社会群体的价值观、信仰和行为模式；另一方面，文化也影响着语言的发展和使用。
例如，不同文化背景的人可能会使用不同的词汇和表达方式来描述相同的事物，同时，语言中的特定词汇和表达方式也能够帮助人们理解一个文化的独特之处。
第10章语言习得I. Multiple choices:1. In general, language acquisition refers to children’s development of their______.A. first languageB. second languageC. foreign languageD. dialectal language【答案】A【解析】一般来说，语言习得指的是儿童的第一语言发展，即儿童在其长大成人所在的社区的本族语的发展。
因此，本题的正确答案为A。
2. ______ holds that language learning is simply a matter of imitation and habit formation.A. The behaviorist viewB. The innatist viewC. The naming theoryD. The contextualism【答案】A【解析】布龙菲尔德的行为主义论（the behaviorist view）认为，语言学习是一个简单的接受语言刺激、模仿语言、形成语言习惯的过程。
因此，本题的正确答案为A。
3. ______ holds that children are born with an innate mechanism that allows them to acquire language.A. The behaviorist viewB. The innatist viewC. The naming theoryD. The contextualism【答案】B【解析】先天主义论（the innatist view）认为儿童生来大脑就具有学习语言的机制，受到一定的语言刺激后就可以激活该机制习得语言。
人类拥有学习和使用语言的先决条件，就如鸟类一样，从生物学的意义上来讲已经“预置”（prewired），可以学会同类的歌唱。
第1章导言I. Multiple choices:1. Which of the following does NOT state how the linguist discovers the nature and the rules of the underlying language system?A. He has to collect and observe language facts.B. He has to display and then generalize some similarities of the language facts.C. He has to formulate some hypotheses about the language structure.D. He has to deal with the basic concepts, theories, descriptions, models andmethods applicable in any linguistic study.【答案】D【解析】语言学家为了找出潜在的语言系统中的实质和规则，须要收集和观察语言事实，找出某些语言事实的相似性并对其作出概括；然后，对语言结构进行某种假设，再对照所观察到的事实进行反复验证以充分证明它们的有效性。
因此，本题的正确答案为D。
2. Which of the following is NOT a distinctive feature of human language?A. Arbitrariness.B. Productivity.C. Cultural transmission.D. Finiteness.【答案】D【解析】语言的区别性特征有五个：arbitrariness（任意性），productivity（多产性）或creativity（创造性），duality（二重性），displacement（移位性），cultural transmission （文化传递性）。
第9章语言与文化I. Multiple choices:1. Which of the following is NOT the correct relationship between language and culture?A. Language expresses cultural reality.B. Language embodies cultural identity.C. Language symbolizes cultural reality.D. Language determines cultural reality.【答案】D【解析】文化是语言的内容，语言是文化的载体，语言能够表达文化、体现文化，也是文化的象征和标志。
语言不能决定文化。
因此，本题的正确答案为D。
2. In a broad sentence, culture includes ______.A. patterns of beliefB. customs, objects and institutionsC. techniques and languageD. all the above【答案】D【解析】文化，从广义上来说，是指一个民族的整体生活方式，包括信仰、习俗、物质、体制、技能、语言、价值观等。
因此，本题的正确答案为D。
3. According to linguists, there are two types of culture: the more concrete and observable ______ and the more abstract and hidden ______.A. material culture, spiritual cultureB. national culture, local cultureC. spiritual culture, material cultureD. local culture, national culture【答案】A【解析】广义上的文化包含内容甚广，主要可以划分为物质文化和精神文化两种类型，物质文化具体可见，而精神文化则抽象隐含。
第7章语言变化I. Multiple choices:1. The ______ century is considered to be the beginning of modem English.A. 20thB. 19thC. 18thD. 17th【答案】C【解析】18世纪被认为是现代英语的开始。
公元450～1100年为古英语时期；14世纪～15世纪为中世纪英语时期；16世纪～17世纪为早期现代英语时期；18世纪～20世纪为现代英语时期；最近50年为当代英语时期。
因此，本体的正确答案为C。
2. Which of the following does NOT belong to the methods of the addition of new words?A. Acronyms.B. Back-formation.C. Functional shiftD. Semantic shift.【答案】D【解析】新词的添加主要通过以下几种方式：coinage创新词，clipped words缩略词,blending紧缩词，acronyms词首字母缩略词，back-formation逆构词法，functional shift功能转换，borrowing借用。
Semantic shift属于词义的变化。
因此，本题的正确答案为D。
3. “Fridge” is a ______ and “B2B” is ______.A. blend, clipped wordB. clipped word, acronymC. back-formation, loan wordD. acronym, coined word【答案】B【解析】fridge是较长的词refrigerator的缩写，是缩略词（clipped word）；B2B是由几个词Business-to-Business的首字母构成的词，是词首字母缩略词acronym。
第12章语言与大脑I. Multiple choices:1. ______ is the study of language in relation to the mind.A. PsycholinguisticsB. SociolinguisticsC. LinguisticsD. Semantics【答案】A【解析】心理语言学是对语言和心理之间的关系所作的研究。
顾名思义，心理语言学是心理学和语言学的交叉学科。
因此，本题的正确答案为A。
2. ______ studies the relationship between brain and language.A. PsycholinguisticsB. SociolinguisticsC. NeurolinguisticsD. Semantics【答案】C【解析】神经语言学研究的是人类语言和大脑之间的关系。
因此，本题的正确答案为C。
3. A signal coming in the left ear will go to the ______ hemisphere.A. rightB. leftC. frontD. back【答案】A【解析】人脑分为左脑和右脑，也可以被称为左半球和右半球，左脑负责接收来自右侧身体的信号，右脑则负责接收来自左侧身体的信号。
因此，本题的正确答案为A。
4. Which of the following is NOT the primary function of the left hemisphere of the brain?A. Analytic reasoning.B. Temporal ordering.C. Associative thought.D. Visual and spatial skills.【答案】D【解析】左右脑容量大约相当，但是它们分管不同的认知功能，左半球主要负责语言和言语行为能力、分解推理、时间顺序、读写能力、计算、联想等，右半球则主要负责非语言声音的感知、整体推理、视觉及空间能力、模型辨认、音乐旋律的识别等。
戴炜栋《新编简明英语语言学教程》（第2版）笔记和课后习题（含考研真题）详解完整版>精研学习䋞>无偿试用20％资料
全国547所院校视频及题库全收集
考研全套>视频资料>课后答案>往年真题>职称考试
第1章导言
1.1复习笔记
1.2课后习题详解
1.3考研真题与典型题详解
第2章音位学
2.1复习笔记
2.2课后习题详解
2.3考研真题与典型题详解
第3章形态学
3.1复习笔记
3.2课后习题详解
3.3考研真题与典型题详解
第4章句法学
4.1复习笔记
4.2课后习题详解
4.3考研真题与典型题详解
第5章语义学
5.1复习笔记
5.2课后习题详解
5.3考研真题与典型题详解
第6章语用学
6.1复习笔记
6.2课后习题详解
6.3考研真题与典型题详解
第7章语言变化
7.1复习笔记
7.2课后习题详解
7.3考研真题与典型题详解
第8章语言与社会
8.1复习笔记
8.2课后习题详解
8.3考研真题与典型题详解
第9章语言与文化
9.1复习笔记
9.2课后习题详解
9.3考研真题与典型题详解第10章语言习得
10.1复习笔记
10.2课后习题详解
10.3考研真题与典型题详解第11章第二语言习得
11.1复习笔记
11.2课后习题详解
11.3考研真题与典型题详解第12章语言与大脑
12.1复习笔记
12.2课后习题详解
12.3考研真题与典型题详解。
戴炜栋新编简明英语语言学教程第2版配套题库展开全文第一部分考研真题精选一、选择题1. Derivational morpheme contrasts sharply with inflectional morpheme in that the former changes the _____ while the latter does not.（北二外2017研）A. meaningB. word classC. formD. speech sound【答案】B查看答案【解析】morpheme语素，分为自由语素和黏着语素，其中黏着语素包括词根和词缀两种类型，词缀分为派生词缀（derivational affixes）和屈折词缀（inflectional affixes）。
派生词缀黏附在词根语素上构成新词，也即增加了新的词汇义内容或改变了词的类别归属。
屈折词缀只能改变一个词的形式，不能构成新词。
也即屈折词缀增加的是表示句法范畴的意义，并且总是不改变词的类别归属。
即两者重要区别在于是否改变了词的类别，故B为正确答案。
2. Which of the following are homographs?（对外经贸2015研）A. lead, leadB. rest, wrestC. lie, lieD. beat, bit【答案】C查看答案【解析】homographs同形异义词，指在语法形式上拼写和发音完全相同，而意义不同的词。
lie“躺着”，还有“说谎”的意思，所以C选项中两个词是同形异义词。
3. _____ deals with the relationship between the linguistic element and the non-linguistic world experience.（西安交大2008研）A. ReferenceB. ConceptC. SemanticsD. Sense【答案】A查看答案【解析】指称指拥有某些属性的具体实体，它处理的是语言元素与非语言世界的关系。
第2章音位学Ⅰ. Multiple choices:1. ______ is the study of the phonic medium of language.A. PhoneticsB. PhonologyC. PhoneD. Phoneme【答案】A【解析】语音学被定义为对语言的语音媒介的研究，它涉及所有出现在世界语言中的声音；音位学的研究目的是发现一门语言中的语音是如何形成的，这些语音是如何在语言交际中传达意义的；音素是一个语音单元或音段，我们在交际中所听到和发出的语音都是音素；音位是一个具有区别性意义的抽象单位，它不是任何一个特定的语音，而是由一个特定音素（phone）在一定语音语境中来表达或实现的。
因此，本题的正确答案为A。
2. Which of the following is NOT a branch of phonetics?A. Articulatory phonetics.B. Auditory phonetics.C. Acoustic phonetics.D. Articulate phonetics.【答案】D【解析】语音学的三个分支分别为发音语音学、听觉语音学和声学语音学。
其中发音语音学的历史最长，然而，声学语音学和听觉语音学中一些重要的事实已经被发现或证实了。
因此，本题的正确答案为D。
3. Which of the following is NOT the organ of speech?A. The pharyngeal cavity.B. The oral cavity.C. The nasal cavity.D. The vocal cavity.【答案】D【解析】人类发音器官包含在三个重要区域中：咽腔—喉咙；口腔—口；鼻腔—鼻。
声腔不属于发音器官。
因此，本题的正确答案为D。
4. ______ is the minimal sound segments of language systems that distinguish meaning.A. PhoneticsB. PhoneC. PhonemeD. Allophone【答案】C【解析】音位是语言系统中可以区分意义的最小语音音段；而语音学被定义为对语言的语音媒介的研究，它涉及所有出现在世界语言中的声音。
Chapter I IntroductionT 1. Linguistics is generally defined as the scientific study of language.F 2.Linguistics studies particular language, not languages in general.F 3. A scientific study of language is based on what the linguist thinks.T 4. In the study of linguistics, hypotheses formed should be based on language facts and checked against the observed facts.T 5. General linguistics is generally the study of language as a whole.T 6. General linguistics, which relates itself to(in contrast to) the research of other areas, studies the basic concepts, theories, descriptions, models and methods applicable in any linguistic study.T 7. Phonetics is different from phonology in that the latter studies the combinations of the sounds to convey meaning in communication.F 8. Morphology studies how words can be formed to produce meaningful sentences.T 9. The study of the ways in which morphemes can be combined to form words is called morphology.F 10. Syntax(rules that govern the combination of words to form grammatically permissible sentences in L) is different from morphology in that the former not only studies the morphemes, but also the combination of morphemes into words and words into sentences.T 11. The study of meaning in language is known as semantics.F12. Both semantics(L is used to convey meaning- the study of meaning) and pragmatics( the study of meaning is conducted in the context of language use) study meanings.T 13. Pragmatics is different from semantics in that pragmatics studies meaning not in isolation, but in context.T 14.Social changes can often bring about language changes.T 15. Sociolinguistics is the study of language in relation to society.F 16. Modern linguistics is mostly prescriptive, but sometimes descriptive.T 17. Modern linguistics is different from traditional grammar.F 18. A diachronic历时（it changes through time）study of language is the description of language at some point in time. Synchronic 共时F 19 Modern linguistics regards the written language as primary, not the spoken language.F 20. The distinction between competence语言能力and performance语言运用was proposed by F. de Saussure. N. ChomskyChapter 2：Phonology1. Voicing is a phonological feature that distinguishes meaning in both Chinese and English. (T)2. If two phonetically similar sounds occur in the same environments and they distinguish meaning, they are said to be in complementary distribution. （F）3. A phone is a phonetic unit that distinguishes meaning. （F）4. English is a tone language while Chinese is not. （F）5. In linguistic evolution, speech is prior to writing. （T）6. In everyday communication, speech plays a greater role than writing in terms of the amount of information conveyed. （T）7. Articulatory phonetics tries to describe the physical properties of the stream of sounds which a speaker issues with the help of a machine called spectrograph. （F）8. The articulatory apparatus of a human being are contained in three important areas: the throat, the mouth and the chest. （F）9. Vibration of the vocal cords results in a quality of speech sounds called voicing. （T）10. English consonants can be classified in terms of place of articulation and the part of the tongue that is raised the highest. （F）11. According to the manner of articulation, some of the types into which the consonants can be classified are stops, fricatives, bilabial and alveolar. （F）12. Vowel sounds can be differentiated by a number of factors: the position of tongue in the mouth, the openness of the mouth, the shape of the lips, and the length of the vowels. （T）13. According to the shape of the lips, vowels can be classified into close vowels, semi-close vowels, semi-open vowels and open vowels. （F）14. Any sound produced by a human being is a phoneme. （F）15. Phones are the sounds that can distinguish meaning. （F）16. Phonology is concerned with how the sounds can be classified into different categories. （F）17. A basic way to determine the phonemes of a language is to see if substituting one sound for another results in a change of meaning. （T）18. When two different forms are identical in every way except for one sound segment which occurs in the same place in the strings, the two words are said to form a phonemic contrast. （F）19. The rules governing the phonological patterning are language specific. （T）20. Distinctive features of sound segments can be found running over a sequence of two or more phonemic segments.（T）Chapter 3：Morphology1. Morphology studies the internal structure of words and the rules by which words are formed.（T）2.Words are the smallest meaningful units of language. （F）3. Just as a phoneme is the basic unit in the study of phonology, so is a morpheme the basic unit in the study of morphology.（T）4. The smallest meaningful units that can be used freely all by themselves are free morphemes.（T）5. Bound morphemes include two types: roots and affixes.（T）6. Inflectional morphemes manifest various grammatical relations or grammatical categories such as number, tense, degree, and case.（T）7. The existing form to which a derivational affix can be added is called a stem, which can be a bound root, a free morpheme, or a derived form itself.（T）8. Prefixes usually modify the part of speech of the original word, not the meaning of it.（F）9. There are rules that govern which affix can be added to what type of stem to form a new word. Therefore, words formed according to the morphological rules are acceptable words.（F）10. Phonetically, the stress of a compound always falls on the first element, while the second element receives secondary stress.（T）Chapter 4： 1. Syntax is a subfied of linguistics that studies the sentence structure of language, including the combination of morphemes into words. （F）2.Grammatical sentences are formed following a set of syntactic rules.（T）3. Sentences are composed of sequence of words arranged in a simple linear order, with one adding onto another following a simple arithmetic logic.（F）4.Universally found in the grammars of all human languages, syntactic rules that comprise the system of internalized linguistic knowledge of a language speaker are known as linguistic competence. （T）5. The syntactic rules of any language are finite in number, but there is no limit to the number ofsentences native speakers of that language are able to produce and comprehend. （T）6. In a complex sentence, the two clauses hold unequal status, one subordinating the other. （T）7. Constituents that can be substituted for one another without loss of grammaticality belong to the same syntactic category.（T）8. Minor lexical categories are open because these categories are not fixed and new members are allowed for.（F）9. In English syntactic analysis, four phrasal categories are commonly recognized and discussed, namely, noun phrase, verb phrase, infinitive phrase, and auxiliary phrase. （F）10. In English the subject usually precedes the verb and the direct object usually follows the verb.（T）11.What is actually internalized in the mind of a native speaker is a complete list of words and phrases rather than grammatical knowledge.（F）12. A noun phrase must contain a noun, but other elements are optional.（T）13. It is believed that phrase structure rules, with the insertion of the lexicon, generate sentences at the level of D-structure.（T）14. WH-movement is obligatory in English which changes a sentence from affirmative to interrogative.（T）Chapter 5 Semantics1. Dialectal synonyms can often be found in different regional dialects such as British English and American English but cannot be found within the variety itself, for example, within British English or American English. （F）2. Sense is concerned with the relationship between the linguistic element and the non-linguistic world of experience, while the reference deals with the inherent meaning of the linguistic form. （F）3. Linguistic forms having the same sense may have different references in different situations. （T）4. In semantics, meaning of language is considered as the intrinsic and inherent relation to the physical world of experience. （F）5. Contextualism is based on the presumption that one can derive meaning from or reduce meaning to observable contexts. （T）6. Behaviourists attempted to define the meaning of a language form as the situation in which the speaker utters it and the response it calls forth in the hearer. （T）7. The meaning of a sentence is the sum total of the meanings of all its components. （F）8. Most languages have sets of lexical items similar in meaning but ranked differently according to their degree of formality. （T）9. “it is hot.” is a no-place predication because it contains no argument. （T）10. In grammatical analysis, the sentence is taken to be the basic unit, but in semantic analysis of a sentence, the basic unit is predication, which is the abstraction of the meaning of a sentence. （T）Chapter 6：Pragmatics1.Both semantics and pragmatics study how speakers of a language use sentences to effect successful communication（F）2.Pragmatics treats the meaning of language as something intrinsic and inherent. （F）3.It would be impossible to give an adequate description of meaning if the context of language use was left unconsidered. （T）4.What essentially distinguishes semantics and pragmatics is whether in the study of meaning the context of use is considered. （T）5.The major difference between a sentence and an utterance is that a sentence is not uttered while an utterance is. （F）6.The meaning of a sentence is abstract, but context-dependent. （F）7.The meaning of an utterance is decontexualized, therefore stable. （F）8.Utterances always take the form of complete sentences （F）9.Speech act theory was originated with the British philosopher John Searle. （F）10.Speech act theory started in the late 50’s of the 20th century.（T）11.Austin made the distinction between a constative and a performative. （T）12.Perlocutionary act is the act of expressing the speaker’s intention.（F）Chapter 10&11：（Second）Language Acquisition1.L1 development and L2 development seem to involve the same processes. （F）2.The capacity to acquire one's first language is a fundamental human trait that all human beings are equally well possessed with. （T）3.All normal children have equal ability to acquire their first language. （T）4.Children follow a similar acquisition schedule of predictable stages along the route of language development across cultures, though there is an idiosyncratic variation in the amount of time that takes individuals to master different aspects of the grammar. （T）5.Humans can be said to be predisposed and biologically programmed to acquire at least one language.6.Some languages are inferior, or superior, to other languages. (T)nguage acquisition is primarily the acquisition of the vocabulary and the meaning of language.(F)8.Human beings are genetically predetermined to acquire language, this genetic predisposition is a sufficient condition for language development. (F)9.Children who grow up in culture where caretaker speech is absent acquire their native language more slowly than children who are exposed to caretaker speech. (F)10.In mother tongue acquisition, normal children are not necessarily equally successful. (F)11.For the vast majority of children, language development occurs spontaneously and require little conscious instruction on the part of adults. (T)12.The available evidence to date indicates that an explicit teaching of correct forms to young children plays a minor role at best. (T)13.Correction and reinforcement are not key factors in child language development as they were claimed to be. (T)14.Imitation, plays at best a very minor role in the child's mastery of language. (T)15.Observations of children in different language areas of the world reveal that the developmental stages are similar, possibly universal, whatever the nature of the input. (T)16.A child's babbling seems to depend on the presence of acoustic, auditory input. (F)17.In general, the two-word stage begins roughly in the second half of the child's first year. (F)18.Children's two-word expressions are absent of syntactic or morphological markers. (T)19.Children first acquire the sounds in all languages of the world, no matter what language they are exposed to, and in late stages acquire the more difficult sounds. (T)20. Language acquisition begins at about the same time as lateralization does and is normally complete, as far as the essentials are concerned, by the time that the process of lateralization comes to an end. (T)Chapter12：language & brain (Psycholinguistics)1.The linguistic ability of human beings depends primarily on the structure of the vocal cords. （F）2.Human beings are the only organisms in which one particular part of the left half of the brain is larger than the corresponding part of the right half. （T）3.The case of Phineas Gage suggests that if our language ability is located in the brain, it is clear that it is not situated right at the front. （T）4.In general, the right side of the brain controls voluntary movements of, and responds to signals from, the left side of the body, whereas the left side controls voluntary movements of, and responds to signals from, the right side of the body. （T）nguage functions are believed to be lateralized primarily in the left hemisphere of the brain. （T）6. The language we speak determines the way we perceive the world and therefore the nature of thought. （F）7. Human beings can not think without language, just as they can not speak without thinking. （F）8.If a language lacks a word, its speakers will not be able to grasp its concept. （F）9. Generally speaking, left hemisphere is responsible for language and speech, analytic reasoning, associative thought, etc., while the right hemisphere is responsible for perception of nonlinguistic sounds, holistic reasoning, recognition of musical melodies, etc. （T）10. Language by no means determines the ways we perceive the objective world, but by its convenience, availability, and habitual use, does influence the perceptions of human being. （T）Chapter 7：Language Change（Historical Linguistics）1.One of the tasks of the historical linguists is to explore methods to reconstruct linguistic history and establish the relationship between languages. （T）nguage change is a gradual and constant process, therefore often indiscernible to speakers of the same generation. （T）3.The history of the English language is divided into the periods of Old English, Middle English and Modern English. （T）4.Middle English began with the arrival of Anglo-Saxons, who invaded the British Isles from northern Europe. （F）5.In Old English, all the nouns are inflected to mark nominative, genitive, dative and accusative cases. （F）6.In Old English, the verb of a sentence often precedes the subject rather than follows it. （T）7.A direct consequence of the Renaissance Movement was the revival of French as a literary language. （F）8.In general, linguistic change in grammar is more noticeable than that in the sound system and the vocabulary of a language. （F）9.The sound changes include changes in vowel sounds, and in the loss, gain and movement of sounds. （T）10.The least widely-spread morphological changes in the historical development of English are the loss and addition of affixes. （F）11.In Old English, the morphosyntactic rule of adjective agreement stipulated that the endings of adjective must agree with the head noun in case, number and gender. （T）12.The word order of Modern English is more variable than that of Old English.（F）13.Derivation refers to the process by which new words are formed by the addition of affixes to the roots, stems, or words. （T）14.“Smog” is a word formed by the word-forming process called acronymy. （F）15.“fridge” is a word formed by abbreviation. （F）16.Modern linguists are able to provide a consistent account for the exact causes of all types of language change.（F）17.Sound assimilation may bring about the loss of one of two phonetically similar syllables in sequence, as in the case of change of “Engla-land” to “England”. （T）18.Rule elaboration occurs when there is a need to reduce ambiguity and increase communicative clarity or expressiveness. （T）nguage change is always a change towards the simplification of language rules （F）20.The way children acquire the language is one of the causes for language change.（T）Chapter 8：Language and Society (Sociolinguistics)1. Sociolinguistics is the sub-discipline of linguistics that studies social contexts. （F）2. Language as a means of social communication is a homogeneous system with a homogeneous group of speakers.（F）3. Language use varies from one speech community to another, from one regional group to another, from one social group to another, and even from one individual to another. （T）4. The goal of sociolinguistics is to explore the nature of language variation and language use amonga variety of speech communities and in different social situations. （T）5.The linguistic markers that characterize individual social groups may serve as social markers of group membership. （T）6. From the sociolinguistic perspective, the term “speech variety ” can not be used to refer to standard language, vernacular language, dialect or pidgin. （F）7.Functional speech varieties are known as regional dialects. （F）8. The most distinguishable linguistic feature of a regional dialect is its grammar and uses of vocabulary. （F）9.Geographical barriers are the only source of regional variation of language. （F）10. A person's social backgrounds do not exert a shaping influence on his choice of linguistic features. （F）11.Two speakers of the same language or dialect use their language or dialect in the same way. (F)12. Every speaker of a language is, in a stricter sense, a speaker of a distinct idiolect. (T)13. The standard language is a better language than nonstandard languages. (F)14. A lingua franca can only be used within a particular country for communication among groups of people with different linguistic backgrounds. (F)15.Pidgins are linguistically inferior to standard languages. （F）16. A pidgin usually reflects the influence of the higher, or dominant, language in its lexicon and that of the lower language in their phonology and occasionally syntax. （T）17.The major difference between a pidgin and a creole is that the former usually has its native speakers while the latter doesn't. （F）18.Bilingualism and diglossia mean the same thing. （F）19.The kind of name or term speakers use to call or refer to someone may indicate something of their social relationship to or personal feelings about that individual. （T）20.The use of euphemisms has the effect of removing derogatory overtones and the disassociative effect as such is usually long-lasting. （F）。
第3章形态学I. Multiple choices:1. ______ is the study of the way how morphemes, representation of sounds, are arranged and combined to form words.A. LexicologyB. MorphologyC. PhonologyD. Morphological rule【答案】B【解析】题干是对形态学的解释，形态学是研究词素如何组合构成词的学科。
A项为词典学，C项为音位学，D项为词素音位规则。
因此，本题的正确答案为B。
2. Which of the following is CORRECT?A. Content words of a language are sometimes called closed class words.B. New words can be added to content words regularly.C. Open class words consist of “grammatical” or “functional” words.D. The number of such words as conjunctions, prepositions, articles andpronouns is large and unstable, since many new words are added.【答案】B【解析】因为经常有很多新词能增加进入实义词范畴，它们有时也称为开放性词类，B项正确；而连词、介词、冠词和代词等由“语法性的”或“功能性的”词构成，而此类词相对量少，由于通常不添加新词，所以它们也被称为封闭性词类。
因此，本题的正确答案为B。
3. What is the minimal unit of meaning?A. Phoneme.B. Morpheme.C. Allophone.D. Allomorph.【答案】B【解析】词素是最小的意义单位。
第一部分选择题I. Directions: Read each of the following statements carefully. Decidewhich one of the four choices best completes the statement and put theletter A, B, C or D in the brackets. (2%×10=20%)1、As modern linguistics aims to describe and analyze the language people actually use, and not to lay down rules for correct linguistic behavior,it is said to be ___.A、prescriptiveB、sociolinguisticC、descriptiveD、psycholinguistic2、Of all the speech organs, the ___ is/are the most flexible.A、mouthB、lipsC、tongueD、vocal cords3、The morpheme vision in the common word elevision is a(n) ___.A、bound morphemeB、bound formC、inflectional morphemeD、free morpheme4、A ___ in the embedded clause refers to the introductory word thatintroduces the embedded clause.A、coordinatorB、particleC、prepositionD、subordinator主从连词5、Can I borrow your bike? ___ You have a bike.A、is synonymous withB、is inconsistent withC、entailsD、presupposes6、The branch of linguistics that studies how context influences the way speakers interpret sentences is called ___.A、semanticsB、pragmaticssociolinguistics、CD、psycholinguistics7、Grammatical changes may be explained, in part, as analogic changes, which are ___ or generalization泛化.A、elaborationB、simplification精简C、external borrowingD、internal borrowing8、___ refers to a marginal language of few lexical items and straightforward grammatical rules, used as a medium of communication.A、Lingua franca通用语B、CreoleC、PidginD、Standard language标准语言9、Psychologists, neurologists and linguists have concluded that, in addition to the motor area which is responsible for physical articulation of utterances, three areas of the left brain are vital to language, namely, ___ .A、Broca's area, Wernicke's area and the angular gyrus角回B、Broca's area, Wernicke's area and cerebral cortexC、Broca's area, Wernicke's area and neuronsD、Broca's area, Wernicke's area and Exner's area10、According to Krashen, ___ refers to the gradual and subconcious development of ability in the first language by using it naturally in daily communicative situations.A、learningB、competenceC、performanceD、acquisition第二部分非选择题II. Directions: Fill in the blank in each of the following statements with one word, the first letter of which is already given as a clue. Note that you are to fill in One word only, and you are not allowed to change theletter given. (1%×10=10%)11、Chomsky defines competence as the ideal user's k of the rules of his language.12、The four sounds /p/,/b/,/m/ and /w/have one feature in common, i.e, they are all b .13、M is a branch of grammar which studies the internal structure of words and the rules by whichwords are formed.14、A s is a structurally independent unit that usually comprises a number of words to form a completestatement, question or command.15、Synonyms that are mutually substitutable under allcircumstances are called c synonyms.16、The illocutionary point of r is to commit the speaker tosomething's being the case, to the truth of what has been said.17、Words are created outright to fit some purpose. Such a method of enlarging the vocabulary is known as word c .18、Wherever the standard language can use a contraction (he+is→he's), Black English cand the form of e.19、The basic essentials of the first language are acquired in the short period from about age two to puberty, which is called the c period for first language acquisition.20、As a type of linguistic system in 12 learning, i is a product of L2 training, mother tongue intereference, overgeneralization of the target language rules, and learning and communicative strategies of the learner.III. Directions: Judge whether each of the following statements is true orfalse. Put a T for true or F for false in the brackets in front of eachstatement. If you think a statement is false, you must explain why youthink so and give the correct version. (2%×10=20%)()21、In modern linguistic studies, the written form of language is given more emphasis than the spoken form for a number of reasons.()22、V oicing is a phonological feature that distinguishes meaning in bothChinese and English.()23、The compound word ookstore is the place where books are sold. Thisindicates that the meaning of a compound is the sum total of the meaningsof its components.()24、Syntactic categories refer to sentences (S) and clauses (C) only.()25、Dialectal synonyms can often be found in different regional dialectssuch as British English and American English but cannot be found withinthe variety itself, for example, within British English or AmericanEnglish.()26、Only when a maxim under Cooperative Principle is blatantly violatedand the hearer knows that it is being violated do conversationalimplicatures arise.()27、The territory in which the Indo-European languages are mainly spokentoday also includes languages that are not Indo-European.()28、In most bilingual communities, two languages have the same in speechsituations known as domains.()29、According to the strong version of the Sapir-Whorf hypothesis,speakers' perceptions determine language and pattern their way of life.()30、All normal children have equal ability to acquire their firstlanguage.IV. Directions: Explain the following terms, using one or two examples forillustration. (3%×10=30%)31、duality32、diachronic linguistics33、broad transcription34、morphological rules35、phrase structure rule36、relational opposites37、componential analysis38、context39、euphemism40、brain lateralizationV. Answer the following questions. (10%×2=20%)41、Explain how the inventory of sounds can change, giving some examples inEnglish for illustration.42、Briefly discuss the individual factors which affect the acquisition ofa second language.英语语言学试题（2）一、单项选择题(在每小题的四个备选答案中，选出一个正确答案，并将正确答案的序号填在题干的括号内。
