燃气锅炉余热回收的理论与应用

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重庆大学硕士学位论文燃气锅炉余热回收的理论与应用姓名:张世军申请学位级别:硕士专业:工程热物理指导教师:陈清华20060501摘要天然气是环保型的珍贵化石燃料。

我国正在加快发展和推进生活及工业用燃气锅炉,使得锅炉成为天然气最主要的消费设备。

然而,目前燃气锅炉的能量利用水平普遍不高,其排烟温度较高,烟气中的余热未能得到有效利用和回收。

本文针对燃气锅炉的余热回收问题,从理论和实际应用两方面进行了系统研究。

采用Nusselt纯蒸气凝结换热过程的分析方法,引入“混合气体边界层”,首次推导出了含湿混合气体在竖壁上凝结过程的换热系数表达式。

含湿混合气体在竖壁表面凝结时,其凝结换热系数比纯蒸气凝结换热时大大降低,这主要是由于不凝气体边界层的存在,使得混合气体到气液界面的传热传质阻力增大,以及气液界面蒸气分压力下降,有效饱和温度降低所致。

随着竖壁长度的增加,液膜厚度增大,加大了气液界面到壁面传热过程的热阻。

基于分离型冷凝式燃气锅炉,考虑换热性能、耐腐蚀和制造成本三者间的平衡,设计了可加装于常规燃气锅炉尾部烟道的冷凝式余热回收换热器,并进行了工业性能测试。

设计计算结果和实测数据均表明,常规燃气锅炉加装冷凝换热器,可有效地回收烟气余热,锅炉热效率提高10%左右。

针对供热系统中单台大功率锅炉在全年大多时间能力过剩而导致供热效率下降的问题,设计了模块组合式铜管燃气热水锅炉,并进行了实验研究。

其热效率达90%以上。

分析了生活及生产用燃气锅炉加装分离型冷凝换热器的经济效益。

采用静态投资回收期法分析表明,常规燃气锅炉加装冷凝换热器以后,按满负荷运行,其投资回收期在排烟温度35~55℃时最短。

另外,由于加装冷凝换热器,锅炉排入大气的有害物质大大减少,环保效益显著。

关键词:燃气锅炉,余热回收,热效率,混合气体凝结,经济分析ABSTRACTNatural gas is an environmental benign fossil fuel. Nowadays, Gas-fired boiler used in life and industry has been boosted in our country, which causes that the boiler becomes one of the main natural gas consuming equipments. However, in our country, utilization coefficient of gas-fired boiler is not as high as occident. Due to higher temperature of flue gas, the waste heat of flue gas is not reclaimed and utilized availably. Aiming at the problem reclaiming waste heat of gas-fired boiler, this paper does systemic research work on theory and practical application.In reference to the analysis of heat transfer coefficient of Nusselt in the process of pure steam condensing, a boundary layer of noncondensable gas is defined in order to set up a mathematical model about a heat transfer process that the stationary vapor and noncondensable gas mixture condenses on a vertical wall, and the heat transfer coefficient in the condensation is worked out, which accords with some assumed conditions. The prediction about the thickness of condensate film adapt to the length of vertical wall is given. The conclusions show the difference in the condensing process under a same condition between vapor and noncondensable gas mixture and pure steam, and indicate the influence of the wall temperature in the condensing heat transfer. The conclusions accord with the results in the open literature.The paper makes optimization among heat-transfer performance, anticorrosion and costs for production as for the separated condensing gas-fired boiler, designs a condensing heat exchanger able to equip on the conventional gas-fired boiler, and finally carries out experimental study on it. The results of calculation and experiment show that the conventional gas-fired boiler equipped with a condensing heat exchanger can effectively recover the waste heat of flue gas, thus, the thermal efficiency of the boiler is enhanced by about 10%.As for the problem that heat-supplying efficiency drops as result of surplus capability of a single high-power boiler of the heat supplying during the whole year, the paper designs and studies the module copper pipes gas-fired boiler supplying hot water.The paper has also analyzed the economic efficiency of the gas-fired boiler equipped with separated condensing heat exchanger that is used in life and industry hot water boiler. Through analysis of static investment return, when the conventional gas-fired boiler with 6T/h capacity equipped with the condensing heat exchangeroperates at the full loading, its investment returning time is up to its shortest at 35~55.℃Moreover, due to the installment of the condensing heat exchanger, the deleterious substance discharged into atmosphere by the boiler is greatly reduced; therefore, the environmental benign benefits are remarkable.Keywords:Gas-fired Boiler, Waste Heat Recovery, Heat Efficiency,Gas Mixture Condensation,Economic Analysis重庆大学硕士学位论文 主要符号说明主要符号说明Cp定压比热容,J/(kg ﹒)℃ D直径,m Eff节能效率 F换热面积,m 2 G重量,kg g重力加速度,m/s 2 h焓,J ;对流换热系数,W/(m 2﹒)℃ K传热系数,W/(m 2﹒)℃ P压力,Pa q m质量流量,kg/s r汽化潜热,J/kg R热阻,K/W ;气体摩尔常数,J/(mol ﹒K) T温度,℃ u速度,m/s V 体积流量,m 3/s ;价格,元/Tα 过量空气系数δ 厚度,mФ 水蒸气冷凝率η 动力粘度,Pa ﹒sλ 导热系数,W/(m ﹒)℃ν 运动粘度,m 2/sρ密度,kg/m 3准则数λhD Nu = λνρνp c a ==Pr νuD =Re wg w s T T T T Ln −−=1 引论1.1 节能和环保的重要性、紧迫性1.1.1 能源概述能源,通常指的是能够提供能量和做功的自然资源,是经济发展和社会进步的重要物质基础。

它不仅是国民经济发展的动力,也是衡量一个国家综合国力和人民生活水平以及国家文明发达程度的重要指标。

保证稳定的能源,过去是、现在是、将来仍然是每个国家发展战略的重中之重。

随着人类社会的发展以及新的能源种类的不断发现,能源的利用量和利用方式也随之发生了变化。

18世纪的工业革命,由于蒸汽机的发明,使能源由草木转向了煤炭;19世纪末,内燃机又将能源扩展到石油。

第二次世界大战以后,人们意识到化石燃料终究会枯竭,于是核能得到大力发展,与此同时,人们又积极探索开发其他能源。

随着经济发展速度的加快,能源消耗量迅速增大。

能源的生产和消费方式对环境的影响也日益突出。

目前,世界各国都面临着经济发展与环境保护的协调问题。